Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

Project Number: 36188 November 2008

NEPAL: Preparing the Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (Financed by the: Japan Special Fund and the Netherlands Trust Fund for the Water Financing Partnership Facility)

Prepared by:

Padeco Co. Ltd. in association with Metcon Consultants, Nepal Tokyo, Japan

For Department of Urban Development and Building Construction

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and th e Gove rnment can not be held lia ble f or its contents. (Fo r p roject p reparatory techni cal assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.

TA 7182-NEP PREPARING THE SECONDARY TOWNS INTEGRATED URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

V o l u m e 11: BIRATNAGAR SURVEY DATA

in association with

TA 7182-NEP PREPARING THE SECONDARY TOWNS INTEGRATED URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

FINAL REPORT Volume 11: Biratnagar Survey Data

June 2010

Prepared for the Asian Development Bank and the Government of Nepal

in association with

Tsunashima No. 2 Building METCON Consultants 3-20-12 Yushima P.O. Box 4412 Bunkyo-ku 43 / 15 Dandibaba Marg, Tangal, Tokyo 113-0034 Kathmadu-2, Japan Nepal Tel: +81-3-5812-1091 Tel: +977-1-441-2902 Fax: +81-3-5812-1092 Fax: +977-1- 441-8478 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank

CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Kinds of Discrimination against Women

CLBSA Community Led Basic Sanitation for All

CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation

DUDBC Department of Urban Development and Building Construction

DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

ENPHO Environment and Public Health organization

GoN Government of Nepal

INGOs International Non Governmental Organizations

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MuAN Municiapal Association of Nepal

NCSA National Committee for Sanitation Action

NSA Non State Actors

NSWC National Sanitation Week Campaign

NWSC National Water Supply Corporation

OBA Output-based aid

PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal

SLTS School Led Total Sanitation

SSHE School Sanitation and Hygiene Education

SSTWSSP Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

STIUEP Secondary Town Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement

WATSAN Water and Sanitation

WUA Water User Association

WUSC Water User and Sanitation Committee

TA 7182-NEP - i - Final Report, Vol. 11 Contents

1 Introduction ...... 1

2 Community questionnaire ...... 2

2.1 Introduction...... 2

2.2 Findings and observations of the Survey ...... 9

2.3 Community characteristics ...... 9

2.4 Water supply ...... 16

2.5 Sanitation and Drainage: ...... 17

2.6 Solid Waste Management ...... 19

2.7 Roads and transport ...... 21

2.8 Markets for kitchen supply: ...... 32

2.9 Prioritization of needs: ...... 34

3 Focus groups ...... 37

3.1 Overall status of Biratnagar ...... 37

3.2 Drainage ...... 38

3.3 Use and condition of sanitation ...... 39

3.4 Condition of roads and footpaths ...... 43

3.5 Solid waste management ...... 44

3.6 General poverty situation in Biratnagar ...... 44

3.7 Gender consideration ...... 46

3.8 Problem analysis ...... 46

4 Water quality ...... 47

4.1 Introduction...... 47

4.2 Water Quality Sampling & Analysis ...... 47

4.3 Sampling Sites ...... 47

4.4 Water Quality...... 49

4.5 Conclusion ...... 53

5 Engineering Surveys ...... 54

TA 7182-NEP - ii - Final Report, Vol. 11 Appendices

A Community questionnaire

B Water Quality Test

C Maps

TA 7182-NEP - iii - Final Report, Vol. 11 1 Introduction

1 This is Volume 11 of the Final Report for a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to the Government of Nepal (GoN) for the Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (hereafter “the project” or “STIUEIP”). It provides an overview of the project and appendices that together explain the rationale for the project. 2 The PPTA commenced on 1 May 2009. The Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) is the executing agency for the project preparation.

3 On 17 August 2009, the Steering Committee approved the selection of the municipalities of Biratnagar, Birgunj, and Butwal for the project. Since then the consultant has carried out surveys, held meetings with stakeholders, and undertaken analyses of the engineering, institutional, social, financial, economic and environmental aspects of the proposed project.

4 The Final Report comprises nineteen volumes as follows:

1. Project Rationale

2. Drainage and Sanitation

3. Solid Waste Management

4. Roads and Lanes

5. Public-Private Partnerships

6. Poverty Reduction and Social Strategy

7. Major Environmental Issues

8. Economic Analysis

9. Institutional Analysis

10. Butwal Water Supply

11. Biratnagar Survey Data

12. Birgunj Survey Data

13. Butwal Survey Data

14. Financial Assessments

15. Biratnagar Social Safeguards

16. Birgunj Social Safeguards

17. Biratnagar Initial Environmental Assessment

18. Birgunj Initial Environmental Assessment

19. Butwal Initial Environmental Assessment

TA 7182-NEP - 1 - Final Report, Vol. 11 2 Community questionnaire

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 The context

5 STIUEIP conducted a survey in all the three project cities – Biratnagar, Birgunj and Butwal, using the Project designed „Community Questionnaire‟ survey focusing on Drinking Water, Drainage and Sanitation, Solid Waste Management, and Roads and Lanes components.

6 The principal source of the data presented in this section of the Final Report was the Key Informants, their selection criteria being length of residence in the relevant cluster or Tol or block, adequate level of knowledge of the tol, presentation skills, representation of the social, ethno/religious/cultural, political and economic structure or strata of the society of the locality and finally, willingness to cooperate. The key informant was assisted by one or (depending on the size of the ward and clusters) two other informants in order to arrive at a valid and consensual response to go into the report.

7 The survey was carried out after an on – the - spot training workshop organized for the survey enumerators by the project in all the three municipalities.

8 Preliminary visits of the municipalities STIUEIP consultants indicated that Biratnagar and Birgunj listed Drainage and Sanitation as the number one priority followed by Solid Waste Management and Roads. The third municipality – Butwal – had clean and pure drinking water and instead, road and footpaths, were listed as one major need. The questionnaire was designed to address this needs of Butwal as well. Altogether, there were eight sections in the survey questionnaire – namely: population characteristics and dwelling type, water supply, drainage and sanitation, solid waste management, roads and transport, access to existing facilities, markets, and needs/prioritization (see Appendix).

9 The Key Informants‟ responses to the questions asked under these eight sections form the bulk of the data presented herein in the Tol level tabular format.

2.1.2 Objectives of the study

10 The study was conducted with the following objectives:

General Objectives

 The general objective of the baseline survey is to assess the present status of water supply, sewerage, solid waste management and local roads in Biratnagar municipality.

TA 7182-NEP - 2 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Specific Objective of Baseline Survey

 To assess the present status, the affected population and management system of water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, and local roads at the ward level.

 To collect the perceptions of the local people and the relevant stakeholders on the above issues

 To assess the gaps in information at the local level (tol level) and relevant organizational level

2.1.3 Scope and limitation of work

The scope

11 The scope of the study was not limited to data collection only; it also covered the socio- economic aspects of the community in question. It covered all the 22 wards of the municipality and the tols were the study samples. The samples were drawn in such a way that they represent the diverse conditions and situations of the wards of the municipality in general and the tols (clusters) in particular.

The limitations

12 The survey was limited to the issues of water and sanitation, solid waste management, and roads only. The samples drawn from the tols would reveal the situational analysis and proportionate information only. The numeric figures of the wards and municipality obtained this way could, in many cases, not tally with the secondary information already available, as this was a sample survey of the tols (clusters) and not a detailed household survey.

13 Because of the time constraints, some of the desired samples in the wards might have been left out. The informants were identified on reaching the spot; however, the best alternatives were included as and when required.

14 The baseline data was collected using a structured questionnaire, which was pre designed by the consultants in Kathmandu, meant to suit for average conditions elsewhere too. There was no room for any local creativity in design and upgrading it for specific requirement of the city in question.

15 The information contained in the report is mainly based on the perception of the respondents. All possible attempts have been made to dig out relevant information, but some information might still be biased to certain extent.

2.1.4 Information on Biratnagar municipality

16 Biratnagar municipality is an industrial city and a major business center in the eastern region of Nepal. It is in the Morang District of the Kosi zone. Elongated north to south, it borders with India in the south, Tanki Sinwari VDC in the north and extends up to Keshaliya river in the west and Singiya river in the east. With an area of 59.9 square kilometers, it has been divided into 22 wards.

TA 7182-NEP - 3 - Final Report, Vol. 11 17 About 19.8 per cent of the population of Morang district lives in Biratnagar. It has 79,010 women and 87,664 men with a total population of 166,674 (National Census Report of 2001, CBS Nepal). Total households reported are 33,678 with an average household size of 4.95 persons. The average population density of the municipality was 2,783/km2, with an annual population increment of 2.53 per cent. In the fiscal year 2006-07, the average density of population was estimated to have increased to 3,007 persons per square kilometer with the highest population density in ward no. 21 (16,597), followed by ward no. 12 (15,806), and ward no. 14 (9,840), as reported by the household survey conducted by the municipality. Similarly, the lowest population density was in ward no. 18 (926), followed by ward no. 5 (1096).

18 The majority of the population falls into the age group of 15-59 (61%), followed by the age group 5-14 years (24.1 per cent). The population below 4 years old is 9.6 percent and those above 60 years old equal 5.2 per cent.

19 By religion 88.1 per cent of the population is Hindu, whereas 9.1 per cent are Muslim. Buddhists (1.1 per cent) and Christians (0.1 per cent) make up the remainder. By caste, the Chhetri population is 17.5 per cent, Brahmin 9.6 per cent, Muslim 9.3 per cent, Newar 7.1 per cent, Yadav 4.5 per cent, Marwari 3.9 per cent, Terai Brahmin 3.8 per cent, Kewat 3.4 per cent, Sah Teli 2.8 per cent and Rajbansi 2.6 per cent. The Dalit population is 7 per cent, about 21 per cent are tribal groups. Some 14.9 per cent of the population are estimated to be squatters.

20 About 29.6 per cent of the population is illiterate. The literacy rate for men is 78.7 per cent and for women it is 61.1 per cent.

21 About 52.4 per cent of houses are pucca (concrete) and others (47.6 per cent) are kaccha and thatched roofed houses. According to the other household survey conducted by the municipality from 2006-07, the ratio has changed in favor of the pucca houses. Accordingly, a total of 26,999 houses have been reported with 26.39 per cent reinforced concrete (RCC) houses with pillars, 27.89 per cent cement plastered brick houses, 7.03 per cent mud plastered brick houses and the rest (38.7 per cent) are kutcha houses.

22 The house ownership of 60.7 per cent in 2001 has increased to 65.2 per cent in 2006-07. In 2001, 54.4 per cent of households had modern toilets, 21.0 per cent had pit latrines and 24.6 per cent of households practiced open defecation. Use of latrines had increased by 2006-07, with 71.8 per cent using modern toilets (with safety tank) and only 8.2 per cent pit latrines, consequently decreasing open defecation to 16.8 per cent. By then, 3.2 per cent of households also started using public toilets.

23 In 2001, 65.6 per cent households were drawing drinking water from public taps, wells and tube wells. At the time, only 33.4 per cent households had their own water source, and 1.03 per cent used other sources. By 2006-07, the dependency on public sources is found to have increased to 67.8 per cent, indicating an increased supply of these facilities.

24 In 2006-07, 85.6 per cent of households in the city were using electricity against 35.6 per cent households in the district. The household survey of 2006-07, discovered that 3.4 per cent of households disposed their solid wastes openly, 13.4 per cent in ditches and drains, 7.1 per cent on TA 7182-NEP - 4 - Final Report, Vol. 11 roads, 6.5 per cent used composting, 7 per cent were collected by the designated collectors, and 18.2 per cent deposited/dumped in containers and bins. Interestingly, 44.4 per cent of households were found to have managed solid wastes within their own compounds. Biratnagar produces 43.379 Mt and 70.765 Mt (104.144 Mt in total) of decomposable and non-decomposable solid waste, respectively each month.

25 Biratnagar has 109 km of asphalted road, 114 km gravel road, 5 km water bound macadam (WBM), 70 km kutcha (mud) road, and 3 km concrete road. These have been divided into 121 main roads (total length 80.4 km) and 1,082 side roads (total length 288.2 km). Wards 7, 11, 13 and 15 have better road connections. Many of the roads constructed earlier were not planned properly, so their expansion and upgrading faces difficulty now. About 21.2 per cent of roads fall into this category.

26 The situation of the road side drainage, which is crucial for better sanitation, is still poor. There are 304 pucca drains, 51 kutcha and 387 unspecified drains along the roads. Among them, only 40.4 per cent have proper outlets, all the others have very poor or no outlets at all.

27 About 59.68 per cent children go to private schools, whereas community schools cover 40.32 per cent of students. Some 55.03 per cent students are in primary level (class 1-5), 28.8 per cent are in lower secondary level (class 6-8) and 16.17 per cent are in secondary level (class 9-10).

Sources

 National Census Report of 2001, CBS Nepal

 Biratnagar municipality Profile, 2064

2.1.5 Methodology and approach

Methodology

28 The baseline survey was conducted in 114 different tols (clusters) from the 22 wards of the city with the help of the key informants selected from the respected tols of the wards. The key informants were selected on the basis of their history in the tol/clusters, their knowledge of the settlements they lived in, their involvement in the tol development activities and association with the TLOs. This was done to ensure the accuracy of the data. The informants thus came mostly from the TLOs and small clusters within the TLOs.

Survey approach

29 The approach of the study has been participatory and inclusive. A structured questionnaire was administered and information was gathered in an appreciative approach from the key/ informants in the cluster/ward.

Methodology:

TA 7182-NEP - 5 - Final Report, Vol. 11  The baseline survey was conducted in 114 different tols (clusters) from the 22 wards of the city. This included 87 TLOs and 27 small clusters within the TLOs.

 This involved interviews of a group of 3 respondents (in a few cases only 2) in each tol. These were drawn randomly, but represented different social categories.

 Depending upon the population/household size, this sample ranged from 4 to 10 per ward. This number had to be made inclusive considering the type of population, gender, ethnicity, deprivation and other forms of existing social and economic discrimination.

 A key informant was identified from the tol, who was supported by another two informants in answering the questionnaire. Attention was paid to include at least one respondent from the tol committee, to the possible extent.

 The informant team was made as inclusive as possible.

 The interviewers were identified from among the students of the Centre for Population and Development (CPAD), who were doing their post graduate studies. Experienced persons from local NGOs were also identified and employed for the survey.

 The interviewers were supported by supervisors and other experts.

 There were two interviewers in a team together.

 Two supervisors supported the teams for data verification.

 A consultant from STIUEIP, Kathmandu conducted an orientation for the interviewers, supervisors and the core team.

 The data was collected, processed and analyzed and finally reported by the expert core team.

2.1.6 Area coverage

30 The survey has covered all the 22 wards of the municipality, with random sampling of the survey tols within the wards. The tol sampling was based on the following criteria:

 Tols that are densely populated

 Tols that are sparsely populated

 Tols that have a mixed population

 Tols that have elite population

 Tols that have a Dalit population

 Tols with dominant population

 Tols that have poor public facilities

 Tols that have better public facilities

 Downtown tols (commercial areas)

 Tols in the periphery

TA 7182-NEP - 6 - Final Report, Vol. 11  New tols

 Very old tols

 Tols with slums and squatters

31 The survey covered 114 representative tols within the 22 wards of the municipality. Depending upon the number of households in the ward, 3 to 10 tols were selected on the basis of the above criteria.

32 The information was based on the key informant interviews. One key informant from the tol was identified and two others joined him to give required information. The key informant could represent as an executive member of the TLO or be a resident of the tol. The combination of the three would represent the geographic location, gender, ethnicity etc.

33 The analysis of the (key) interviewees reveals that out of 316 (100 per cent), there were 182 (57.6 per cent) men and 134 (42.4 per cent) women. There were 35 interviewees who were below the age of 30, 89 interviewees were in the age group of 31 to 40 years, 150 interviewees were aged between 41 to 60 years, 40 were older than 60 years, and 2 interviewees did not mention their age.

34 The detail of the interviewees by their profession is presented in Table 1.

TA 7182-NEP - 7 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 1 Interviewees by profession

SN Profession Number SN Profession Number

1 Housewife 51 1 Technician 4 2 TLO Member 51 2 Professor 4 3 Business 40 3 Ex-TLO Member 4 4 Social Service 29 4 Politician 3 5 Service 27 5 Priest 2 6 Agriculture 18 6 Student 2 7 Teacher 14 7 Doctor 1 8 Labor 14 8 Driver 1 9 Shopkeeper 11 9 Lawyer 1 10 Health Worker 6 10 Not Mentioned 33 TOTAL 316

35 A two member interview team made a transect walk of the tol and made further interviews, to verify information of the survey, as and when needed. In the process, the team was assisted and supported by supervisors and other expert consultants of the core team. The detail of the research team is presented in Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4Error! Reference source not found..

Table 2 The Supervisor Team

SUPERVISORS Frequency per cent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Jamuna Pokharel 36 31.6 31.6 31.6 Sangita Dahal 78 68.4 68.4 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

Table 3 The Surveyor Team

SURVEYORS Frequency Per cent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Hira Devi Adhikari/Sunang Subba 6 5.3 5.3 5.3 Jamuna Pokharel/ Lalita Kumari Yadav 4 3.5 3.5 8.8 Kavita Pandit/ Parbata Neupane 10 8.8 8.8 17.5 Kavita Pandit / Sanjana Karki 4 3.5 3.5 21.1 Lalita Kumari Yadav/ Bikas Adhikari 3 2.6 2.6 23.7 Lalita Kumari Yadav/ Hira Devi Adhikari 8 7.0 7.0 30.7 Mamta Bhattarai/ Manju Sah 3 2.6 2.6 33.3 Mamta Bhattarai /Tejraj Dahal 13 11.4 11.4 44.7 Manmaya Tamang/ Bikas Adhikari 1 .9 .9 45.6 Manmaya Tamang / Manju Sah 3 2.6 2.6 48.2 Manmaya Tamang /Tejraj Dahal 4 3.5 3.5 51.8 Manju Sah /Sunang Subba 1 .9 .9 52.6 Parsuram Luitel /Parbata Neupane 8 7.0 7.0 59.6 Parsuram Luitel / Samjhana Bhujel 10 8.8 8.8 68.4 Samjhana Bhujel / Manju Sah / 3 2.6 2.6 71.1 Parsuram Luitel Samjhana Bhujel /Sushma Gautam 14 12.3 12.3 83.3 Sanjana Karki /Sangita Dahal 4 3.5 3.5 86.8

TA 7182-NEP - 8 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Bheshraj Neupane/ Puja Dahal 15 13.2 13.2 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

Table 4 The Core Team

Name Designation Responsibilities

Trilok Neupane Team Leader/Researcher Planning, coordination, supervision of data collection and posting, logistic arrangements Sanjog Luintel Researcher/Computer Specialist Data management and analysis Noor Jang Thapa Researcher/Program Management Planning, data collection support, data Specialist/Data Analysis Specialist Management and analysis, report preparation Raju Shrestha Supervisor Data entry and verification, Logistics support,

2.2 Findings and observations of the Survey

36 Biratnagar municipality 22 wards of different sizes and population. These are further divided into different clusters identified as Tols or clusters, often characterized by the presence of certain ethnic population with common culture and belief. These clusters are organized into TLOs. The survey sample includes mostly these TLOs, but also includes smaller tols (clusters) in order to study the issues in more detail. From the core areas with ample physical facilities and available services, it extends to the peripheral rural areas where people still lead a subsistence lifestyle. The peripheral areas have relatively low population density but have enough arable land to produce food grains and vegetables to partially feed the city. The access of the people to the urban conveniences reduces as one proceeds away from the core areas to such peripheries. The findings of the baseline survey have been summarized in the following section.

2.3 Community characteristics

2.3.1 Major ethnic groups

37 The population of Biratnagar has a mixture of many ethnic and caste groups. The majority population is Chhetri/Bahun, in most of the sample clusters. The other major ethnic groups in the city are Newar, Kamat/Kewat, Mahato, Shah/Teli, Yadav, Kayastha, Chaudhary/Tharu, Rajbansi, Mandal, Dhimal, Rajputs/Singh, Barai/Sharma, Marwadi, Jhangad (Urao), Mushahar (Rikhiyasan), Rai, Gurung, Tamang, Bhujel etc. There is a significant presence of both tarai and hill dalit population such as the Paswan/Dusad, Marik, Dhobi, Biswakarma, Damai and Sarki ethnicity.

38 The Muslim community is also significant in several wards in terms of its population.

39 The details of the ethnicity in the sampled clusters have been presented in Appendix A. Volume 6, Appendix F, gives details from the 2001 census.

2.3.2 Main religious faiths

40 In terms of faith, the majority of the population found in the municipality is Hindu. The other significant religions are Buddhism, Islam, Kirat and Jain. The Christians are in minority, and there are few others who do not observe any of these religions. The following table summarizes the population composition by religion:

TA 7182-NEP - 9 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 5 Population distribution by religion

Religion Sum N Mean Std. per cent % of Deviation of Total Total N Sum Hindu 9013 114 79.06 71.152 100.0% 100.0% Buddhist 210 21 10.00 14.206 100.0% 100.0% Islam 920 34 27.06 30.504 100.0% 100.0% Kirat 71 12 5.92 4.010 100.0% 100.0% Jain 20 2 10.00 7.071 100.0% 100.0% Christain 3 2 1.50 .707 100.0% 100.0% Others 20 1 20.00 . 100.0% 100.0%

The details of the religion in the sampled clusters have been presented in Appendix A.

2.3.3 Major languages spoken

41 Nepali is the main contact language spoken and understood by the residents. Other languages spoken include Maithili, Tharu, Bhojpuri, Hindi, Newari, Urdu, Marwadi, Rajbansi and Bengali. The Kirats, Gurung and Tamang also have their own dialect used within their households and community. The details of the languages spoken in the sampled clusters have been presented in Appendix A.

2.3.4 Type of residence

42 Biratnagar is considered as a relatively old town in the eastern region of Nepal. Some of the areas are very old and there are some recent areas (the then VDCs) which were merged into the present municipal expansion. The surveyed sample revealed that out of 114 clusters 78 clusters (68.4 per cent) had a population which was at least two generations old (over 25 years) in Biratnagar.

Table 6 Age of Population

Residence Frequency per cent Valid per Cumulative per cent cent One Generation (up to 25 years) 36 31.6 31.6 31.6 Two and more generation (Above 25 78 68.4 68.4 100.0 years) Total 114 100.0 100.0

43 There were several alignments and adjustments in the boundaries of the wards in the past. The survey revealed that the wards 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21 and 22 had more clusters that were older in comparison. The details of the ward are presented in the Table 7:

Table 7 Length of the residence

Wards Clusters/Residence type Wards Clusters/Residence type One More than one One generation More than one generation generation generation 1 4 2 12 0 4 2 0 4 13 3 3 3 1 3 14 0 4 4 7 3 15 3 3 5 5 1 16 0 6 6 4 2 17 2 3 7 2 4 18 2 3 8 0 4 19 0 5

TA 7182-NEP - 10 - Final Report, Vol. 11 9 0 3 20 0 5 10 0 4 21 1 3 11 1 5 22 1 4 24 35 12 43 Grand Total 36 78

2.3.5 Settlement pattern (type of houses)

44 In Biratnagar, the frequency of single houses was found to be more than the others (68 of the 114), indicating adequate availability of housing plots so far, at a reasonable cost. The apartment system has not yet appeared in Biratnagar. In the semi-urban areas the houses were mostly found in clusters and a few Sajha/chowk were also found in two clusters, Daraiya Arya and Madarasa tol.

Table 8 Types of houses Type of houses Frequency per cent Valid per cent Cumulative per cent Single 68 59.6 59.6 59.6 Cluster 44 38.6 38.6 98.2 Apartment 0 0 0 0 Sajha/Chowk 2 1.8 1.8 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

2.3.6 Type of construction

45 The household clusters in the survey tols of the municipality are of mixed types, so far as the type of construction is concerned. Lately, people have started using concrete for house construction, and most people tend to use at least brick-cement to replace their thatched houses. Wooden houses (non-concrete) are now rare, as the availability and affordability of timber has gone down. Such houses constructed in the past are now very old, and many have been dismantled. However, the use of zinc sheets for roofing has still continued in certain parts of the town, especially in the peripheral areas. Thatched houses are common in the poor and semi urban or rural clusters. As Table 9 indicates, of the 114 clusters surveyed, 101 clusters in Biratnagar have mostly concrete houses, 7 clusters have non-concrete houses, and the other 6 clusters have non-concrete and thatched houses. In general, 53 per cent houses are pucca, 28 per cent are kacchi and 19 per cent are thatched houses.

Figure 1 Types of houses

TA 7182-NEP - 11 - Final Report, Vol. 11 46 All the clusters have a mix of all types of constructions in different proportions. The type of construction is poor in Ashok/Islam tol and Mukhiya tol in ward number 11, Jatuwa tol in ward number 13, Marik tol in ward number 15, Malanguwa in ward number 16, Mahato tol in ward number 17, Rajbansi tol and Gogha Hansmukhi tol in ward number 18, Harijan tol in ward number 19, Daraiya dakshin tol in ward number 20, Jahir tol and Line quarter "kha" in ward number 22.

2.3.7 Slum population

47 The municipality has scattered slum areas. As Table 9 indicates, of the 114 clusters sampled for the purpose of the survey 44 had no specific slum areas, whereas, 39 clusters had distinct slum areas. In 31 clusters, the problem was scattered. This appears to be an area to be looked into, as this might grow with increased urbanization.

Table 9 Types of houses

Slum range Frequency per cent Valid per Cumulative per cent cent No Slum 44 38.6 38.6 38.6 1-2 per cent 18 15.8 15.8 54.4 2-5% 13 11.4 11.4 65.8 Above 5% 39 34.2 34.2 100.0

Total 114 100.0 100.0

2.3.8 Squatters

48 As Table 10 indicates, significant numbers of squatters are living in 26 sample clusters, and they are scattered in 29 clusters. No squatters were found in 59 clusters.

Table 10 Types of houses

Frequency per cent Valid per cent Cumulative per cent No squatters 59 51.8 51.8 51.8 1-2 per cent 14 12.3 12.3 64 2-5 per cent 15 13.2 13.2 77.2 Above 5 per cent 26 22.8 22.8 100 Total 114 100 100

2.3.9 Housing plots (unit, average size and unit price)

49 The housing plots are measured in Katha (in 78 clusters) and Dhurs (36 clusters), and priced accordingly. As Table 11 indicates, the average size of the housing plots range from 5 dhurs (104 m2) to 5 katha (2079m2). The most housing plots have area from 10 dhurs to 1 katha. The price of a housing plot ranged from NRS 20,000 per katha (415.84m2) in Islam tol of ward number 22 to NRs 2m per dhur in Ram janaki tol in ward number 12. This gives us a trend in the price of land, but should not be taken as a real price in which transactions are normally being held.

TA 7182-NEP - 12 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 11 Types of houses

Frequency per cent Valid per Cumulative per cent cent

Valid Katha 78 68.4 68.4 68.4 (415.84 m2) Dhur 36 31.6 31.6 100 (20.8 m²) Total 114 100 100

2.3.10 Schools

50 Most of the clusters under study had access to education. Seventy two clusters had primary schools, another 20 had secondary schools, and 17 clusters had Higher Secondary Schools. Some of the clusters have more than one such facility. In 12 clusters there were other forms of educational institutions like Madarasa organized by the local Muslim population.

51 These schools belong to both public and private sectors. Most Primary schools are in public sector:

Types of schools Number

Primary 72

Secondary 20

Higher Secondary 17

Others 12

Total 121

2.3.11 Health facilities

52 Many clusters still lack proper health facilities. In many of the clusters there are chemists that supply essential basic medicines, and which also provide counseling and consultancy in case of emergency. Even grocery and small betel pan shops sell certain medicines, but generally avoid prescribing them. All the people from the clusters have to visit nurses and hospitals in case of major health problems in the family.

Health facilities Sum

Medical shops 28

Clinic 11

Nursing home 4

Hospital 1

Valid N (list wise)

2.3.12 Health education

53 The health and hygiene of the population is not only determined by the available services, but also by the level of people's awareness. Health related awareness helps people to remain TA 7182-NEP - 13 - Final Report, Vol. 11 sensitive to health hazards and to adopt preventive measures. Both government and non government organizations run health awareness programs. Out of the 114 sample clusters, 42 reported to have participated in such health awareness related education program. The other 72 clusters did not have any such programs in their clusters. Table 12 presented below demonstrates the overview of this situation.

Table 12 Types of houses

Health Program Frequency Percent Valid per Cumulative cent per cent

Valid Yes 42 36.8 36.8 36.8 No 72 63.2 63.2 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

2.3.13 Literacy program (including women literacy)

54 Biratnagar has a literacy rate of 70.4 per cent. The literacy for men is 78.7 per cent and for the women it is 61.1 per cent. In the NFE sector only 30 clusters reported to have Literacy Program implemented in their clusters, while other 83 had a negative answer to this question. The key interviewee of one cluster could not recall such events being held in the cluster at anytime in the past (Table 13).

Table 13 Literacy program

Literacy Frequency per cent Valid per Cumulative program cent per cent Valid Yes 30 26.3 26.3 26.3 No 83 72.8 72.8 99.1 DN 1 0.9 0.9 100 Total 114 100 100

55 The 30 literacy programs were almost all focused on women‟s participation. Twenty nine clusters reported that the literacy program was for the women in their clusters but no one could not confirm the status (Table 14).

Table 14 Women participation in literacy programs Women Frequency per cent Valid per Cumulative Participation cent per cent Valid Yes 29 25.4 93.5 93.5 DN 2 1.8 6.5 100 Total 31 27.2 100 Missing System 83 72.8 Total 114 100

2.3.14 Presence of cultural and heritage sites in the municipality

56 The following table presents the number of archaeological-historical sites, monuments and religious places in the Biratnagar municipality. The details have to be further explored.

TA 7182-NEP - 14 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 15 Heritage sites Sites N Sum Archaeological sites 1 1.00 Historical sites 5 5.00 Old monuments 4 4.00 Temple/Mosque/Monastery (Gumba)/Church 39 39.00

2.3.15 Percentage of sites

57 The ward/cluster wise details has been presented in Appendix A.

2.3.16 Women below the poverty line

58 All the clusters appear to be poor in this area in terms of women empowerment. Out of 114 clusters, 25 per cent or more women were reported to be under the poverty line in 57 (50 per cent) clusters. About 10 to 25 percent women were said to have been under the poverty line in another 7 (6.1 per cent) clusters.

Table 16 Poverty situation of women

Frequency per cent Valid per cent Cumulative per cent

Valid 5 % 37 32.5 32.5 32.5 5-10% 13 11.4 11.4 43.9 10-25 7 6.1 6.1 50.0 25-50% 11 9.6 9.6 59.6 Above 50% 46 40.4 40.4 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

2.3.17 Poverty reduction program implemented

59 The survey revealed that Poverty reduction program was implemented only in 9 clusters, namely, Sahid Marga tol, Rajbansi Tol, Kharji Kohbara, Malanguwa, Harinagara Bhatta, Parijat tol, Dakshin Gate tol, Daraiya Dakshin and Jahir tol. One government organization, 4 non government organizations, 3 private organizations and a community organization were involved as support organizations to implement the poverty reduction program in these clusters. A total of 270 families have benefitted from this program on poverty reduction. The tables below present the details whereas the figure below shows the number of organizations involved in poverty reduction programs.

Table 17 Poverty situation of women

Poverty Reduction Frequen Percent Cumulative Program cy per cent Valid Yes 9 7.9 7.9 No 105 92.1 100.0 Total 114 100.0

TA 7182-NEP - 15 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Figure 2 Support organizations of poverty reduction programs

Org. Working for Poverty Reduction

government

1.00

non government

4.00

private sector

3.00

community 1.00

Missing

105.00

Table 18 Beneficiaries of poverty reduction programs

Location Beneficiaries Poverty Reduction Program Total Program

WARD Households Yes 2 25 1 1 3 20 1 1 5 50 1 1 16 25 1 1 19 25 1 2 35 1 20 30 1 2 50 1 22 20 1 1 Total 270 9 9

2.4 Water supply

2.4.1 Main Source of drinking water in the Tols (Private/Public)

60 Hand pumps were the major sources of drinking water in the municipality of Biratnagar. As indicated in Table 19, of the 114 surveyed samples, 29 (25.4 per cent) clusters have direct tap connection, 2 (1.8 per cent) clusters namely Motiram marga and Navin tol have public taps and 83 (72.8 per cent) are drinking water from hand pumps.

Table 19 Drinking Water Supply

Frequency per cent Valid per Cumulative cent per cent Valid Direct 29 25.4 25.4 25.4 Connection Public Tap 2 1.8 1.8 27.2 Hand Pump 83 72.8 72.8 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

2.4.2 Public sources for water

61 The public source of water is available in 22 clusters only. These are mostly handpumps, as only 4 clusters have stand pipes. In 92 (80.7 per cent) clusters there were either no or insignificant public source of water. TA 7182-NEP - 16 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 20 Public Sources for Water

Frequency per cent Valid per cent Cumulative per cent Valid Standpipes 4 3.5 18.2 18.2 Hand pump 18 15.8 81.8 100.0 Total 22 19.3 100.0 NA 92 80.7 Total 114 100.0

2.4.3 Type of pipes used

62 The piped water supply in Biratnagar, has mostly used Galvanized iron pipes (24 clusters). Polythene pipes are being used in 10 clusters only.

Table 21 Pipe Types

Type of pipe Frequency per cent Valid Cumulative per cent used per cent Valid GI Pipe 24 21.1 70.6 70.6 Polythene Pipe 10 8.8 29.4 100.0 Total 34 29.8 100.0 Missing System 80 70.2 Total 114 100.0

2.5 Sanitation and Drainage:

2.5.1 Private toilets/types of flushing

Table 22 Private toilets

Frequency per cent Valid per Cumulative per cent cent Valid Yes 87 76.3 76.3 76.3 No 27 23.7 23.7 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

63 The survey found that 87 (76.3 per cent) clusters had private toilets, and 27 (23.7 per cent) had insufficient toilet facilities. There are 70.5 per cent toilets with septic tanks, 11.4 per cent are pit latrines and 13.6 per cent are modern toilets with modern flush system installed.

Table 23 Disposal Type

Frequency per cent Valid per cent Cumulative per cent Valid Modern 12 10.5 13.6 13.6 Septic Tank 62 54.4 70.5 84.1 Khalte (Pit) 13 11.4 14.8 98.9 DN 1 .9 1.1 100.0 Total 88 77.2 100.0 No toilets 26 22.8 Total 114 100.0

TA 7182-NEP - 17 - Final Report, Vol. 11 2.5.2 Cleaning of tanks and pits

64 In the sampled areas, toilets in 80 clusters were cleaned by the sweepers (kuchikars) which is 90.9 per cent of the total. About 2.3 per cent have used in composting, 1.1 per cent have connected to rain drain. About 5.7 per cent are not certain about and do whatever they feel like doing when needed.

Table 24 Cleaning of Tanks and Pits Frequency per cent Valid per cent Cumulative per cent Valid Kuchikar 80 70.2 90.9 90.9 Composting 2 1.8 2.3 93.2

Join to Rain 1 .9 1.1 94.3 Drain DN 5 4.4 5.7 100.0 Total 88 77.2 100.0 No toilets 26 22.8

Total 114 100.0

2.5.3 Alternatives to Private toilets

65 The majority of the people who do not have toilets (88.5 per cent) use open space for defecation purpose. Only 1.8 per cent use public toilet, as these facilities are not in sufficient numbers. Some 3.8 per cent households use the immediate available facility. This indicates serious concern about open defecation in certain areas.

Table 25 Alternatives to private toilets Frequency per cent Valid per Cumulative cent per cent Valid Public toilet 2 1.8 7.7 7.7 Open space 23 20.2 88.5 96.2 DN 1 0.9 3.8 100 Total 26 22.8 100 Missing System 88 77.2 Total 114 100

Table 26 Types of sewerages Frequenc per cent Valid per cent Cumulative per cent y Valid Close 6 5.3 5.3 5.3 Open 52 45.6 45.6 50.9 Close_Pit 1 .9 .9 51.8 No Drain 55 48.2 48.2 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

66 The municipality of Biratnagar faces serious challenge from poor sewerage system. About 55 clusters have no drain, 52 have open drains which together constitute 93.8 per cent. Only 6 clusters (5.3 per cent) have closed drains. The drains have no proper connection and outlets. Drains overflow to open space and many areas remain flooded during the rains and flood, due to lack of proper outlet and present health hazard.

TA 7182-NEP - 18 - Final Report, Vol. 11 67 Some of the drains are connected to the local rivers, but these are mostly clogged due to lack of proper and timely cleaning. From the survey samples 49 clusters said that the drains were cleaned once a year by the municipality, while the drains of other 65 clusters were never cleaned by anyone. The detailed figures are presented in the tables below:

Table 27 Outlets for drains Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid River 25 21.9 22.1 22.1 Open Space 41 36.0 36.3 58.4 Remain in the 31 27.2 27.4 85.8 drain DN 16 14.0 14.2 100.0 Total 113 99.1 100.0 Missing System 1 .9 Total 114 100.0

Table 28 Provision for strom water outlet in rainy season

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Large Drain 9 7.9 7.9 7.9 Small drain 58 50.9 50.9 58.8 Lack of Drain 47 41.2 41.2 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

Table 29 Management of rain-water drainage

Cleaning Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Once a year 49 43.0 43.0 43.0 No Cleaning 65 57.0 57.0 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

2.6 Solid Waste Management

2.6.1 Solid waste disposal bins and their condition

68 Only eight clusters reported that there were solid waste disposal bins, whereas 106 clusters dumped the garbage in the open space nearby. The bins in two clusters are well managed, others are not. The solid waste is collected by the municipality, private collectors, community residents and others. From 45 clusters the waste is collected in truck/tractors by the municipality staff; the private collectors collect from 11 clusters and in 5 clusters composting is practiced. There is no proper collection from 53 clusters where the waste remains dumped for a long time without proper attention and part of it is burnt. The tables below have the details of this practice:

Table 30 Availability of solid waste bins Presence of Bins Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Yes 8 7.0 7.0 7.0 No 106 93.0 93.0 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

TA 7182-NEP - 19 - Final Report, Vol. 11

Table 31 Condition of the solid waste bins

Management Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative of Bins Percent Valid Well managed 2 1.8 25.0 25.0 Ok 5 4.4 62.5 87.5 Chaos 1 .9 12.5 100.0 Total 8 7.0 100.0 Missing System 106 93.0 Total 114 100.0

Figure 3 Responsibility for solid waste management

Waste Management Responsibility 70

60

57 50

40

30

20

16 10 13

5

Frequency 0 Municipality Private Sector Community Other

TA 7182-NEP - 20 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Figure 4 Method of garbage disposal

Method of Garbage Disposal 50

45 40

30 31

20 22

10 11

5

Frequency 0 Truck,Tractor Dump Composting Private Collector Burn

2.7 Roads and transport

69 Biratnagar has a road network of different categories. From the survey it was revealed that 31.6 per cent is asphalt, 49.1 per cent is gravel road, the rest, 19.3 per cent, is earthen (kacchi. Nep.) road. The sampled 36 clusters have a good network of asphalt roads, 56 clusters have gravel roads, and 22 clusters have rather poor roads. The table below summarizes the types of available roads in the clusters:

Table 32 Types of road available

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Black topped 36 31.6 31.6 31.6 Gravel 56 49.1 49.1 80.7 Katchi 22 19.3 19.3 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

2.7.1 Types of road needed by the communities

70 The first choice of the people is for asphalt roads (92 clusters), whereas, 8 clusters aspire for a better rural access road, 12 clusters would like to improve their existing foot path or construct new foot path in their clusters for improved movement and external access

TA 7182-NEP - 21 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Figure 5 Road needs of the community

Road Needs of the Community

Black topped Rural access road Foothpath Management Other

2 12

8

92

Table 33 Road needs of the community

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Black topped 92 80.7 80.7 80.7 Rural access road 8 7.0 7.0 87.7 Footpath 12 10.5 10.5 98.2 Management Other 2 1.8 1.8 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

2.7.2 Mode of public transport (availability and accessibility)

71 In Biratnagar, the different modes of transport are Riksha, Tempo, Bus and Taxi, like any other town in Nepal. From the survey it was discovered that Riksha is the very popular and easy means of transport. Of the surveyed clusters all 114 (100 per cent) clusters use this mode of transport, where in 83 (72.8 per cent) clusters it is easy to get anytime one needs it, in 13 (11.4 per cent) clusters it is available sometimes, and in 18 (15.8 per cent) clusters it is not easy to get when needed.

Table 34 Rikshaw

Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Percent Percent Valid Easy to get 83 72.8 72.8 72.8 Sometimes a 13 11.4 11.4 84.2 day Difficult to get 18 15.8 15.8 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

TA 7182-NEP - 22 - Final Report, Vol. 11 72 Another mode of transport in Biratnagar is the Tempo, a three-wheeler auto-riksha machine which is the new mode in the city yet its popularity is growing fast. These are powered by gas or battery operated. Some 21 (18.4 per cent) clusters have this service of which 18 (85.7 per cent) clusters get this service easily, and for the other 3 (14.3 per cent) it is difficult to get it.

Table 35 Tempo (Auto risksha)

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Easy to get 18 15.8 85.7 85.7 Difficult to get 3 2.6 14.3 100.0 Total 21 18.4 100.0 Missing System 93 81.6 Total 114 100.0

73 Thirty nine clusters under study use the Bus as a mode of transport. For 33 it is easy to get it, three clusters get it sometimes and for the other three there is less availability.

Table 36 Bus

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Easy to get 33 28.9 84.6 84.6 Sometimes a 3 2.6 7.7 92.3 day Difficult to get 3 2.6 7.7 100.0 Total 39 34.2 100.0 Missing System 75 65.8 Total 114 100.0

74 Eighteen clusters studied use taxi for their travel. However, 15 can get it easily whenever needed and the other 3 get it with difficulty. The taxi service is yet to reach to all 96 clusters surveyed.

Table 37 Taxi

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Easy to get 15 13.2 83.3 83.3 Difficult to get 3 2.6 16.7 100.0 Total 18 15.8 100.0 Missing System 96 84.2 Total 114 100.0

2.7.3 Presence of street lights

75 In Biratnagar 98 (86 per cent) surveyed clusters reported to have street lights in their clusters, and only 16 (14 per cent) did not have this facility. The presence of the street lights in the town is encouraging, but the management and maintenance is reported to be very weak.

TA 7182-NEP - 23 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Figure 6 Presence of street lights

Street Light

No

16.00

Yes

98.00

2.7.4 Public Parks

76 In Biratnagar, public parks are not sufficient to cater to the need of the residents and are not only poorly managed and maintained but in many cases are encroached upon by squatters. In 13 of the 114 surveyed clusters, there is some open space considered as public parks.

Figure 7 Presence of play grounds

PLAY GROUND

Yes

11.00

No

103.00

2.7.5 Access to public facilities:

77 The survey had looked into the mode of transport and walking time in minutes from the clusters to the public facilities in the cluster or in the neighborhood. The modes of transports considered were cycle, Car/bus, Riksha and walking on foot. The number of clusters using different modes and time to reach the post office, telephone services, bus stop, banks, shopping centers, vegetable markets, primary schools, secondary schools, higher secondary/colleges, medicine shops, clinics, nursing homes, hospitals, etc. were recorded and presented in the tables below:

TA 7182-NEP - 24 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 38 Post office (Mode of transport)

Mode of Transport Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Walk 33 28.9 28.9 28.9 Cycle 48 42.1 42.1 71.1 Car/Bus 5 4.4 4.4 75.4 NA 2 1.8 1.8 77.2 Riksha 26 22.8 22.8 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

Table 39 Post office (Walking distance)

Walking time in minutes Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 5 17 14.9 15.2 15.2 7 1 .9 .9 16.1 10 21 18.4 18.8 34.8 15 17 14.9 15.2 50.0 16 1 .9 .9 50.9 20 20 17.5 17.9 68.8 25 2 1.8 1.8 70.5 30 22 19.3 19.6 90.2 35 1 .9 .9 91.1 45 5 4.4 4.5 95.5 60 5 4.4 4.5 100.0 Total 112 98.2 100.0 Missing System 2 1.8 Total 114 100.0

Table 40 Telephone office (Mode of transport)

Mode of Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Transport Percent

Valid Walk 98 86.0 86.0 86.0 Cycle 11 9.6 9.6 95.6 Car 1 .9 .9 96.5 Porting 1 .9 .9 97.4 NA 2 1.8 1.8 99.1 Rikshaw 1 .9 .9 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

TA 7182-NEP - 25 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 41 Telephone office (Walking distance)

Walking time in minutes Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0 35 30.7 30.7 30.7 4 1 .9 .9 31.6 5 43 37.7 37.7 69.3 6 1 .9 .9 70.2 10 22 19.3 19.3 89.5 12 1 .9 .9 90.4 15 7 6.1 6.1 96.5 20 2 1.8 1.8 98.2 30 2 1.8 1.8 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

Table 42 Bus stop (Mode of transport)

Mode of Transport Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Walk 57 50.0 50.0 50.0 Cycle 26 22.8 22.8 72.8 Car 1 0.9 .9 73.7 Porting 1 0.9 .9 74.6 Rikshaw 29 25.4 25.4 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

Table 43 Bus stop (Walking distance)

Walking Time in Minutes Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0 1 0.9 .9 .9 5 25 21.9 21.9 22.8 10 26 22.8 22.8 45.6 15 22 19.3 19.3 64.9 20 11 9.6 9.6 74.6 25 2 1.8 1.8 76.3 30 17 14.9 14.9 91.2 40 1 0.9 .9 92.1 45 6 5.3 5.3 97.4 60 3 2.6 2.6 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

Table 44 Banks (Mode of transport)

Mode of Transport Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Walk 48 42.1 42.1 42.1 Cycle 41 36.0 36.0 78.1 Car 3 2.6 2.6 80.7 Porting 1 .9 .9 81.6 Rikshaw 21 18.4 18.4 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

TA 7182-NEP - 26 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 45 Banks (Walking distance)

Walking Time in Minutes Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0 2 1.8 1.8 1.8 4 1 .9 .9 2.7 5 14 12.3 12.4 15.0 10 32 28.1 28.3 43.4 15 17 14.9 15.0 58.4 20 17 14.9 15.0 73.5 25 1 .9 .9 74.3 30 23 20.2 20.4 94.7 40 1 .9 .9 95.6 45 3 2.6 2.7 98.2 60 2 1.8 1.8 100.0 Total 113 99.1 100.0 Missing System 1 .9 Total 114 100.0

Table 46 Shopping center (Mode of transport)

Mode of Transport Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Walk 68 59.6 59.6 59.6 Cycle 27 23.7 23.7 83.3 Car 1 .9 .9 84.2 Rikshaw 18 15.8 15.8 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

Table 47 Shopping center (Walking distance)

Walking Time in Minutes Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 0 8 7.0 7.0 7.0 5 27 23.7 23.7 30.7 10 19 16.7 16.7 47.4 15 20 17.5 17.5 64.9 20 13 11.4 11.4 76.3 25 3 2.6 2.6 78.9 30 19 16.7 16.7 95.6 45 3 2.6 2.6 98.2 60 2 1.8 1.8 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

Table 48 Vegetable markets (Mode of transport)

Mode of Transport Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Walk (without load) 77 67.5 67.5 67.5 Cycle 23 20.2 20.2 87.7 Walk (With load) 1 .9 .9 88.6 Rikshaw 13 11.4 11.4 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

TA 7182-NEP - 27 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 49 Vegetable markets (Walking distance)

Walking Time in Minutes Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0 5 4.4 4.4 4.4 2 1 .9 .9 5.3 5 21 18.4 18.4 23.7 10 36 31.6 31.6 55.3 15 19 16.7 16.7 71.9 20 11 9.6 9.6 81.6 25 2 1.8 1.8 83.3 30 17 14.9 14.9 98.2 45 1 .9 .9 99.1 60 1 .9 .9 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

Table 50 Primary schools (Mode of transport)

Mode of Transport Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative percent Valid 0 1 .9 1.0 1.0 Walk 98 86.0 93.3 94.3 Cycle 5 4.4 4.8 99.0 Car/Bus 1 .9 1.0 100.0 Total 105 92.1 100.0 Missing System 9 7.9 Total 114 100.0

Table 51 Primary schools (Walking distance)

Walking Time in Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Minutes Percent Valid 0 14 12.3 12.3 12.3 1 1 .9 .9 13.2 2 1 .9 .9 14.0 5 18 15.8 15.8 29.8 8 1 .9 .9 30.7 10 38 33.3 33.3 64.0 15 12 10.5 10.5 74.6 20 16 14.0 14.0 88.6 25 2 1.8 1.8 90.4 30 9 7.9 7.9 98.2 60 2 1.8 1.8 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

TA 7182-NEP - 28 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 52 Secondary schools (Mode of transport)

Mode of Transport Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0 2 1.8 1.8 1.8 Walk 87 76.3 79.8 81.7 Cycle 15 13.2 13.8 95.4 Car/Bus 4 3.5 3.7 99.1 Rikshaw 1 .9 .9 100.0 Total 109 95.6 100.0 Missing System 5 4.4 Total 114 100.0

Table 53 Secondary schools (Walking distance)

Walking Time in Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Minutes Valid 0 14 12.3 12.3 12.3 1 1 .9 .9 13.2 2 1 .9 .9 14.0 5 18 15.8 15.8 29.8 8 1 .9 .9 30.7 10 38 33.3 33.3 64.0 15 12 10.5 10.5 74.6 20 16 14.0 14.0 88.6 25 2 1.8 1.8 90.4 30 9 7.9 7.9 98.2 60 2 1.8 1.8 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

Table 54 Higher secondary schools/ colleges (Mode of transport)

Mode of Transport Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0 1 .9 .9 .9 Walk 53 46.5 46.9 47.8 Cycle 56 49.1 49.6 97.3 Rikshaw 3 2.6 2.7 100.0 Total 113 99.1 100.0 Missing System 1 .9 Total 114 100.0

TA 7182-NEP - 29 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 55 Higher secondary schools/ colleges (Walking distance)

Walking Time in Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative percent Minutes Valid 0 1 0.9 0.9 .9 4 1 0.9 0.9 1.8 5 10 8.8 8.9 10.7 8 1 0.9 0.9 11.6 10 22 19.3 19.6 31.3 15 13 11.4 11.6 42.9 20 23 20.2 20.5 63.4 25 1 0.9 0.9 64.3 30 32 28.1 28.6 92.9 40 1 0.9 0.9 93.8 45 5 4.4 4.5 98.2 60 2 1.8 1.8 100.0 Total 112 98.2 100.0 Missing System 2 1.8 Total 114 100.0

Table 56 Medical shops (Mode of transport)

Mode of transport Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0 1 .9 .9 .9 Walk (without 79 69.3 69.9 70.8 load) Cycle 26 22.8 23.0 93.8 Walk (with load) 1 .9 .9 94.7 Rikshaw 6 5.3 5.3 100.0 Total 113 99.1 100.0 Missing System 1 .9 Total 114 100.0

Table 57 Medical shops (Walking distance)

Walking Time in Minutes Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0 2 1.8 1.8 1.8 5 39 34.2 34.8 36.6 10 38 33.3 33.9 70.5 15 8 7.0 7.1 77.7 20 9 7.9 8.0 85.7 30 11 9.6 9.8 95.5 40 1 .9 .9 96.4 45 3 2.6 2.7 99.1 60 1 .9 .9 100.0 Total 112 98.2 100.0 Missing System 2 1.8 Total 114 100.0

TA 7182-NEP - 30 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 58 Clinics (Mode of transport)

Mode of transport Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0 1 .9 .9 .9 Walk 53 46.5 46.5 47.4 Cycle 32 28.1 28.1 75.4 Car/Bus 5 4.4 4.4 79.8 Rikshaw 23 20.2 20.2 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

Table 59 Clinics (Walking distance)

Walking time in Minutes Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative percent percent

Valid 0 2 1.8 1.8 1.8 2 1 0.9 0.9 2.7 5 21 18.4 18.6 21.2 10 30 26.3 26.5 47.8 15 9 7.9 8.0 55.8 20 15 13.2 13.3 69.0 25 2 1.8 1.8 70.8 30 26 22.8 23.0 93.8 40 1 0.9 0.9 94.7 45 4 3.5 3.5 98.2 60 2 1.8 1.8 100.0 Total 113 99.1 100.0 Missing System 1 .9 Total 114 100.0

Table 60 Nursing homes (Mode of transport)

Mode of transport Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative Ppercent

Valid 0 1 .9 .9 .9 Walk 33 28.9 28.9 29.8 Cycle 32 28.1 28.1 57.9 Car 10 8.8 8.8 66.7 Ricksh 38 33.3 33.3 100.0 aw Total 114 100.0 100.0

TA 7182-NEP - 31 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 61 Nursing homes (Walking distance)

Walking Time in Minutes Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0 1 0.9 0.9 .9 5 12 10.5 10.6 11.5 10 20 17.5 17.7 29.2 15 10 8.8 8.8 38.1 20 15 13.2 13.3 51.3 25 1 0.9 0.9 52.2 30 38 33.3 33.6 85.8 40 2 1.8 1.8 87.6 45 6 5.3 5.3 92.9 60 8 7.0 7.1 100.0 Total 113 99.1 100.0 Missing System 1 0.9 Total 114 100.0

Table 62 Hospitals (Mode of transport)

Mode of transport Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Walk 30 26.3 26.3 26.3 Cycle 30 26.3 26.3 52.6 Car/Bus 11 9.6 9.6 62.3 Rikshaw 43 37.7 37.7 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

Table 63 Hospitals (Walking distance)

Walking Time in Minutes Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0 2 1.8 1.8 1.8 5 7 6.1 6.3 8.0 10 19 16.7 17.0 25.0 15 9 7.9 8.0 33.0 20 19 16.7 17.0 50.0 25 1 .9 .9 50.9 30 40 35.1 35.7 86.6 40 3 2.6 2.7 89.3 45 6 5.3 5.4 94.6 60 5 4.4 4.5 99.1 120 1 .9 .9 100.0 Total 112 98.2 100.0 Missing System 2 1.8 Total 114 100.0

2.8 Markets for kitchen supply:

2.8.1 Availability of local market and distance from the tol

78 The survey showed that the out of the 114 clusters, 40 clusters or 35.1 per cent had markets in the clusters with no distance. The population in each of the 34 clusters travelled 1 to 3.5 km to

TA 7182-NEP - 32 - Final Report, Vol. 11 reach the local market for consumer items. The time taken to reach these markets ranged from 0 to 90 minutes for these clusters. The following tables present the details:

Table 64 Local market distance

Distance in Meters Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0 40 35.1 35.1 35.1 100 2 1.8 1.8 36.8 200 7 6.1 6.1 43.0 300 1 .9 .9 43.9 400 2 1.8 1.8 45.6 500 27 23.7 23.7 69.3 700 1 .9 .9 70.2 1000 13 11.4 11.4 81.6 1500 3 2.6 2.6 84.2 2000 13 11.4 11.4 95.6 2500 2 1.8 1.8 97.4 3000 2 1.8 1.8 99.1 3500 1 .9 .9 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

Table 65 Local market walking distance

Walking Time in Minutes Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0 39 34.2 34.2 34.2 5 6 5.3 5.3 39.5 10 29 25.4 25.4 64.9 15 9 7.9 7.9 72.8 20 6 5.3 5.3 78.1 25 2 1.8 1.8 79.8 30 16 14.0 14.0 93.9 45 2 1.8 1.8 95.6 60 3 2.6 2.6 98.2 80 1 .9 .9 99.1 90 1 .9 .9 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

2.8.2 Number of shops in the market

79 The number of shops in the market varied for different settlements in Biratnagar. Some 36 per cent of markets had above 20 shops, 16.7 per cent markets had 11-20 shops and 47.4 per cent had 1-10 shops, as presented in the Table 66.

Table 66 Numbers of shops in survey area

Number of Shops Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1-10 54 47.4 47.4 47.4 11-20 19 16.7 16.7 64.0 Above 20 41 36.0 36.0 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

TA 7182-NEP - 33 - Final Report, Vol. 11 2.8.3 Vegetable market

80 Of the 114 clusters, 28 (24.6 per cent) had vegetable markets in the clusters; 86 (75.4 per cent) clusters did not have any such market in the cluster.

Table 67 Availability of vegetable markets Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Yes 28 24.6 24.6 24.6 No 86 75.4 75.4 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

2.8.4 Market for farm products

81 About 28 clusters sold their farm products locally, whereas, the farmers (growers) from 86 clusters adopted different means like selling in the local shops, on the city footpath, vending door to door and in periodic hat bazaars Table 68.

Table 68 Mode of marketing the farm products Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Local shop 8 7.0 9.3 9.3 City footpath 2 1.8 2.3 11.6 Door to door 6 5.3 7.0 18.6 Hat Bazaar 70 61.4 81.4 100.0 Total 86 75.4 100.0 Missing System 28 24.6 Total 114 100.0

2.8.5 Presence of hat bazaar

82 Hat bazaars are there in 82 clusters and the other 32 do not.

Table 69 Availability of Hat bazar

Presence of hat bazaar Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Yes 82 71.9 71.9 71.9 No 32 28.1 28.1 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

2.9 Prioritization of needs:

2.9.1 First priority

83 The needs of the people in 114 sample clusters were prioritized by the informants. The first priority is for sewerage, as shown below was opted by 37.7 per cent (43) clusters, and was followed by Roads, Toilets and Solid waste Management:

TA 7182-NEP - 34 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 70 First priority

First Priority Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Sewerage 43 37.7 37.7 78.9 Toilet 22 19.3 19.3 41.2 Road 22 19.3 19.3 98.2 SWM 14 12.3 12.3 21.9 Water Supply 11 9.6 9.6 9.6 Market/Hat 2 1.8 1.8 100.0 Total 114 100.0 100.0

2.9.2 Second priority

84 The second priority is also for Sewerage as demonstrated by the 31 clusters, followed by Solid Waste Management and Roads.

Table 71 Second priority

Second Priority Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Sewerage 31 27.2 27.2 78.1 SWM 29 25.4 25.4 38.6 Road 22 19.3 19.3 97.4 Water Supply 15 13.2 13.2 13.2 Toilet 14 12.3 12.3 50.9 Other 2 1.8 1.8 100.0 Market/Hat 1 .9 .9 98.2 Total 114 100.0 100.0

2.9.3 Third priority

85 The third priority list was topped by Solid waste Management (36 clusters), followed by water supply (21 clusters), and roads in 20 clusters.

Table 72 Third priority

Third Priority Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SWM 36 31.6 31.9 50.4 Water Supply 21 18.4 18.6 18.6 Road 20 17.5 17.7 94.7 Sewerage 18 15.8 15.9 77.0 Toilet 12 10.5 10.6 61.1 Market/Hat 6 5.3 5.3 100.0 Total 113 99.1 100.0 Missing System 1 .9 Total 114 100.0

2.9.4 Summary of priority:

86 The table below summarizes the priorities of the people from the surveyed clusters. The priorities for the 114 surveyed clusters/tols of Biratnagar Muicipality based on the informants‟ assessments (in descending order) appear as follows:

TA 7182-NEP - 35 - Final Report, Vol. 11  Sewerage (92 clusters)

 Solid Waste Management (79 clusters)

 Roads (64 clusters)

 Toilets (48 clusters)

 Water supply (47 clusters)

Table 73 Summary matrix of priorities

First Priority Second Priority Third Priority Total Valid Water Supply 11 15 21 47 SWM 14 29 36 79 Toilet 22 14 12 48 Sewerage 43 31 18 92 Road 22 22 20 64 Market/Hat 2 1 6 9 Other 0 2 0 2 Total 114 114 113 Missing System 0 0 1 Total 114 114 114

TA 7182-NEP - 36 - Final Report, Vol. 11 3 Focus groups

3.1 Overall status of Biratnagar

3.1.1 General

87 Biratnagar municipality is the 2nd largest and densely populated in Nepal. In the last census in 2001, the total population in this city was 166,674 with 87,664 males and 79,010 females. In 2007, it was estimated that the city has 180,138 populations approximately. Like any big city in eastern Nepal, 17 per cent of the urban populations still defecate in road sides or drain lines openly (Integrated Town Profile, 2007).Water supply has been more or less available in each Tol and locality; however, some people in slum and squatter areas during field work have expressed the urgent need for tube-wells in their localities. Drainage is a common problem everywhere but equally problematic are issues of pure and adequate drinking water and latrines in disadvantaged areas. The toilet outlets are linked to a septic tank in most areas. Septic tanks are found to be constructed of a ring type, which on average are filled in two to three years. The field observation also indicated same findings as of FGD session. The city, especially in the commercial area, has a drainage facility; however, it is problematic due to the flat topography. The municipal office has no perceived attention to solid waste. Hence, the waste is openly thrown either in nearby ponds or to the road side haphazardly. The total lengths of the road in the city are 301 km (109 km blacked topped, 114km graveled, 5 km WMB, 70 km earthen and 3 km RCC) with 1,076 total roads throughout the city (ITP, 2007).

88 This city is popular for its different trade and business centres. It is famous for jute, grills and irons, furniture, garments, soaps, steels, matches and so forth. Among them, some industries are recently shutting down in Rani Area of the city. Jogwani is a famous trade route in the borderline between Nepal and India. In Hartali Haat near Jogwani, there is a common latrine separated for male and female but they are in very poor condition (see case box –1 in section 3.3.1).

3.1.2 Participants characteristics

89 Out of the 22 wards, there are 420 Tols and 26,999 households in the city (ITP, 2007). FGD sessions were held in 21 Tols of 18 wards on account of the targeting to the four level areas as per the Project Guidelines. The session represented 6 squatter areas, 6 slums, 6 residential and 3 commercial areas as the types of settlement. The session participants furthermore have various characteristics and ranged in gender, ages, education, occupation, caste / ethnicity, marital and family status. Out of 21 sessions with 172 participants, the overwhelming majority, 95 persons (55 per cent), are females. The participants are represented from all age constituents. Out of the total participants (172), 5 (3 per cent) were unmarried. The majority of participants are only family members rather than household heads. They are from different castes and ethnicities. A majority of them are from high Hindu castes (55 per cent) followed by indigenous (21 per cent), Muslim (14 per

TA 7182-NEP - 37 - Final Report, Vol. 11 cent) and Dalit (10 per cent). The educational status ranged from basically literate (59 per cent) with education (16 participants) and illiterate (41 per cent).

3.2 Drainage

3.2.1 Existing status

90 Due to its flat and low topography, the major problem of Biratnagar is drainage. The existing physical problem on drainage is almost the same in most areas. Therefore, this is the most common problem of this city. In almost all the study areas, there was a drainage facility on both sides of a road. But due to negligible slope of drainage line, water logging in drainage lines is common. Natural drainage of this flatter land is far away from the town. Because of this problem, the drainage line of Madhumala Tol of ward-11 have not yet connected to its final disposal point i.e. natural drainage. Except in the main commercial areas, drains are open. Due to an open drain line, most local people complain of the risk of accident of children in a drain line. Further there is a possibility of mosquitoes and other vectors breeding in such areas. Solid waste dumped in the open drains adds to water logging. In most places the outlet for toilets are found to be directly added to a drainage line. This trend is found to be common in slums as well as squatter areas.

91 Lacking sewerage facilities, the water and dirty waste material do not flow and become trapped in the drainage, which causes pollution and causes different communicable diseases in the summer and rainy season. The drains in the residential areas were found full of sand, green grasses and solid wastes. Being an open drain-line, most of the non toilet households use this line as toilet. The field observation reveals that drains in the squatter area (in ward no 2) constructed by the initiation of local Maoist leaders was found clean. It was connected to the Singiyahi River flowing very close to the eastern part of the squatter area. The drain is very deep and dangerous for the small children in the rainy season when it is full of water. The drain is now used by 125 households.

92 Though most of the households in this area are aware of the need for the drain to be neat and clean, the old and open system has been hard to change. Therefore, flat topography, negligence, and old and open system are the major problems for improving drain lines. The rest of the area of the municipality has no drain system. It is very difficult to walk inside the Tol during rainy season due to a lack of drain and gravel road. The roads in the sub urban areas are muddy. The rain water collects in the pits on the road and makes it muddy.

3.2.2 Existing mechanism for the maintenance and cleanliness of drain

93 It was observed that the drains in the residential areas need regular cleaning and maintenance. It should be covered. Both the municipality and beneficiaries should be responsible for the maintenance and cleanliness of the drains. The participants‟ responded that it is the duty of the municipality to clean the drain regularly because they have paid the municipal tax. In some areas the officials of the municipality visited regularly (once in a week) to clean the drain some months ago but now this service is stopped because the municipality office has given NRs800 to every Tol for the cleanliness of the drain. There is a „Tol Sudhar Samiti‟ in every Tol in the city that is responsible

TA 7182-NEP - 38 - Final Report, Vol. 11 for the maintenance and cleanliness of the Tol including road, drain, sanitation, street light etc. The „Adhyaksh of the Tol Sudhar Samiti‟ in the focus group discussion responded that the budget was not sufficient for the maintenance of the drain- line the whole year though they are maintaining their own sources.

3.2.3 Participants willingness to participate in the project

94 The participants residing in the slum and squatter areas expressed their desires to have drains, but it was observed that one of the squatter areas solely resided by the Musahars, a Dalit community of Terai, have not planned a residence suitable to construct drain. Almost all the participants expressed their desires to have drain in their Tols. They said that they would form a user committee and collect NRs20 to NRs50 (as needed) per month per household for the maintenance of the drain and community toilet. They will hire a sweeper for regular cleaning. The germs killer powder and liquid will also be maintained. It is now very difficult for them to pour the water outside the residence. The waste water is now collected in the muddy pit dug inside and outside of every household which has become breeding place of the mosquitoes. If these facilities would be provided to them, their life would be better. They would be able to maintain their residences as well as keep the Tol neat and clean.

3.3 Use and condition of sanitation

3.3.1 Existing situation

95 The participants unanimously insisted that a toilet facility be a major component of sanitation. Toilets are normally constructed privately only in commercial areas and to some extent in residential areas. But toilets are poorly distributed in squatter and slum areas. The outlets of toilets are generally connected to a septic tank. Septic tanks are found to be constructed of a ring type, which on average fills in 2-3 years. The type of toilet is found to be permanent to temporary. But there is no toilet in any household in Saraswoti Tol of Ward 10, Mukhiya Tol of Ward 11, Prem Nagar of Ward 20, Sidharth Tol of Ward 12 and Jahir Tol of Ward 20. In Malik Tol of Ward 15, there is only one household possessing a toilet. They use open land for urination and defecation. In Hadtali Hatt of Ward 19 there are only a public toilet separately for male and female. Hadtali Hatt, which being a squatter area is used by the labor of Biratnagar Jute Mill, has public toilets in critical condition. There are twenty toilets, ten for males and ten for females. They are used by twenty six hundred people each day. Among twenty toilets, only eight toilet‟ doors are functional and the others have no doors. The outlets of these toilets connect to a septic tank which has been already filled. Because of this outflow from septic tanks, it has badly affected to the surrounding environment (see case box- 1, below).

96 Except some commercial and residential areas located near the market most of the areas have rural characteristics resided by landless, poor and middle class people having no road facility, toilets, or private water taps and tube wells. Out of the total focus group discussions conducted in different slums, residential and squatter areas all people of 2 slums and 3 squatter areas have no toilets at all. They use open space, bushy areas, others private land and Singhi river side for toilet. They carry

TA 7182-NEP - 39 - Final Report, Vol. 11 water in a separate or special container used for toilet; from home to the field for cleaning toilet or use river water. The defecated areas closed to the residence have made the sanitation polluted. It is sometimes very difficult to sit even inside the house when air blows from eastern side. Hence slum and squatter settlements have very low access to toilet facilities.

Case Box - 1: A Critical Condition of Hadtali Hatt

Hadtali Hatt is located at ward No 19 near the Indian border of Biratnagar muncipality. This is a residential quarter‟s area for the laborers of Biratnagar Jute Mill. Hadtali Hatt is a historic place from where the laborers of the Mill started the mass agitation during the anti Rana movement of 1950 (2007 BS). This particular movement was created under the leadership of the late Mr. Manmohan Adikari and the Nepali Chairman Giraja Prasad Koirala. Despite its historic background the present scenario is quite difficult. Due to extreme politicization and interference after the restoration of democracy, the Jute Mill has become bankrupt. This is clearly seen at present in the quarter areas. During the profit making period of the Mill, the quarter‟s overall condition was good. But it is in a miserable condition at present. Biratnagar is the main industrial town of Nepal, therefore the shuttering of big industries like BJM in recent years has created financial and other problems for the families that were dependent on the Mill.

There are 130 households in this area owned by the Mill. This area, being the property of the Jute Mills, is outside the administration of the municipality, which does not give any service to those who reside in this area and says it is the responsibility of Jute Mill to give basic services to their laborers in quarters. The sanitary conditions of this area are completely unhygienic. There are 20 public toilets in this area: 10 for male and 10 for female but only 8 toilets are somehow in working condition. These toilets are used by 500-600 persons per day. Recent study reveals that every day 2,600 kg of human excreta is deposited on septic tank of these toilets. But, the septic tank located behind the toilets has been already filled up and overflows can be seen around. This has badly polluted the surrounding environment. There is a great danger of spreading diseases if the overflow of septic tank continues. Now, an NGO named Lumanti is working for the upgrading the sanitation near the toilets and septic tank. At present the NGO is constructing a boundary wall around the toilet and septic areas. But the working speed seems to be very slow as compared to its urgent need. The drains are waterlogged due to solid waste dumped on open drains. There are two open drain lines in this area for disposing the waste water from the quarter. There is a single tube-well for the whole areas which is used for both drinking and domestic purposes. None of the physical structures of this area is in good condition. Each building has a zinc sheet roof and it is rusted and the rainwater comes into the rooms during rainfall. The mills have been completely closed since a year. So the laborers and their families are completely in a critical and serious condition and waiting for the decision of the Mill administration whether to stay here or to move back to their own permanent houses.

TA 7182-NEP - 40 - Final Report, Vol. 11 97 The condition of the Siddhartha Tol of Ward 12, was even more critical. There are no toilets at all. They use open drain lines for defecation and urination. If the drain line is covered with a slab, they cannot get even an open place for defecation. So, public toilets are important in such areas.

98 Of the 18 FGD sessions, Ward 7 for instance is the residential areas where 85 per cent of the residents have both septic and ring toilets, the rest, or 15 per cent, are poor people who use the canal side for toilet, Ward 1 is the squatter area where 45 households have a ring toilet; the rest of the people go to river for toilet. Ward 2 is also a squatter area where 27 households have ring toilets and the rest of the people use the river side for toilet. Ward 17 is a residential area people have built their residence on their own land and only 7 households have ring toilets while the rest of the households use others land, open space for toilets. Ward 19 is a Mill quarter area where 130 quarters were constructed having 20 toilets 10 for male and 10 for female.

99 Now the conditions of the toilets are very poor. Septic tanks are full and water from the toilet flows on the road. There are no doors in the toilet, no proper cleanliness. When the researchers with the participants went to observe the condition of the toilet, it was very difficult for them to stand more than a few minutes near the toilet due to the stench. The participants reported that mill management does not show any interest in the maintenance of the toilet and drain in the mills quarter areas (for more detail see Table 74).

TA 7182-NEP - 41 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 74 Ward wise condition and use of toilets

S.N. Name of Tol Wards Total No. of No. of HHs No. of HHS Types of Option for Households Having Having No Toilets Open Toilet Toilet Toilets

1. Abiram Tol, 7 500 425 75 Both Septic Use canal Juneli Marg and Ring side 2. Shreenagar 1 90 45 45 Ring Use Singhi Pokhariya Tol River Side 3. Purba Tol 2 125 27 98 Ring “ 4. Saraswoti Tol 10 46 0 46 - “ 5. Mahato Tol 17 45 7 38 Ring Open Space 6. Hadtali Hatt Jute 19 130 130 0 - Mills Quarter Septic area 7. Prem Nagar 20 45 0 45 - Open Space 8. Jahir Tol 22 50 0 50 - Open Space 9. Bijuli Aapis Tol 3 69 69 0 Ring - 10. Dhuniya Basti 22 250 50 200 Septic Canal Side 11. Mukhiya Tol 11 100 0 100 - Open Area 12. Siddhartha Tol 12 95 0 95 - Road Side 13. Marik Tol 15 53 1 52 Septic Road Side 14. Kocha Tol 6 250 240 10 Septic Canal Side 15. Madhumala 11 105 90 15 Septic Open area Tol 16. Khatawea Tol 21 150 50 100 Ring Canal Side 17. Gurdi Tol 14 50 45 5 Septic - 18. Santi Chok “Ka” 13 40 33 7 Septic Open Space 19. Bakari Tol 16 36 32 4 Septic Open Space 20. Jahada Tol 12 65 65 0 Septic - 21. Gurdi Tol* 14 50 45 5 Septic - Total 18 2344 1354 990

Source: Field Survey, 2066

Remark: * indicates separate group of women only

3.3.2 Participant’s willingness to participate in the implementation of the project

100 Out of the 18 areas where FGD was conducted, five areas are slum /squatter settlements where people have their homes on public land and one area is also a squatter area, but the land is registered in the name of the absentee landlord. They reported that they have been living in this area (Ward 20, Prem Nagar) for the last four generations. Out of a total 45 households, 35 households are Musahars (Terai Dalits) who have no land at all, and the rest of the 10 households have some of their own land. When they were asked for the construction of community toilet all the participants in all FGD sessions expressed their support for a community toilet in their Tols except for 1 FGD center, Ward 17 (Mahato Tol). The participants of Mahato tol expressed that a community toilet would not be useful from a cleanliness perspective. The Tol is a residential area where there is no public land for the construction of community toilet due to compact residences. They also said that it would not

TA 7182-NEP - 42 - Final Report, Vol. 11 be possible to maintain the toilet properly as it is now becoming difficult to maintain the community drains properly and also said that no one shows the interest to change the street light for example.

3.3.3 Mode of implementation of the project

101 All the participants in the FGDs especially in squatters and slums demanded community toilets. They expressed their views that they face several problems at the time of flood. During the rainy season the open space is covered with water. There is no space for toilet. If the community toilet were constructed, they would maintain by forming user groups in the respective Tols. They would estimate the cost for the regular cleanliness and maintenance. All the participants in the FGD showed the public land and location for the construction of community toilet and also said that they are capable to pay NRs20 to NRs50 per month per household for the maintenance of the toilet. They would hire a sweeper on the monthly basis for regular maintenance. They said that if the toilet is properly constructed it takes 7 to 10 years to fill it up and 4,000 liters waste is charged NRs2000 to clean. There is a section in the municipality which makes available a vehicle for cleaning the septic tanks on payment. They whole heartedly expressed their happiness that if the community toilet would be constructed in their Tols, their life would improve.

3.4 Condition of roads and footpaths

102 The Biratnagar municipality has constructed an all-weather road in almost all wards but the access of the roads is not for all Tols, especially in slums and squatter areas. Most of the roads are wide enough and the surface treatments of roads are asphalt in major city areas with gravel in residential areas. But as it was observed, it takes a 5 to 10 minutes walk to reach most of the Tols in the rural area in the municipality from main road but it is very lacking in disadvantaged areas. Most of the population, despite marginal landowners, are ready to leave land for local road construction. They even expressed their desire to donate some free labor during the road construction period. They expressed their difficulty that during rainy season it is very difficult to walk. Rain water sometimes enters into their houses due to lack of road and drain. If the road would be constructed their Tols would be neat and clean and their life would improve. It was observed that except in the commercial area there were no foot paths in any road whether big or small in any areas of the municipality. People and vehicles move on the same road.

103 Despite the well planned accommodation for traffic volume in major Tols, roads in squatter areas are not even graveled. In some area such as Madhumara Tol the black topped road has been completely turned into graveled road due to the lack of proper maintenance. During the rainy season, the road of most of areas is covered with water due to a water logging problem. Consequently, the movement of people is disturbed. Footpath and walkways are mostly found only in commercial areas. In Gundri Bajar which is like Asan of Kathmandu, there is only a foot path but no road. But, customer density is very high and it was very difficult to walk during field visit of this project.

TA 7182-NEP - 43 - Final Report, Vol. 11 3.5 Solid waste management

104 Solid waste management was also found to be a serious problem during field observations in Biratnagar municipality as it is a problem of other municipalities too. Except the commercial and residential areas close to the heart of the city where the municipality regularly collects waste and garbage disposed by the households charging some amount of money monthly from the households, no waste collection system was seen in practice in other areas. The participants in the FGD reported that they dispose the solid waste in the nearby river or in the open space. They also dispose it digging a pit near the residence. Some of the respondents of the residential areas reported that some months ago the vehicles of the municipality regularly collected the waste charging NRs50 per household. Later, the municipality handed over the waste collection task to the private sector which is now discontinued. The participants in Ward 7, Abiram Tol, said that they collect their solid waste individually and burn it. Along with solid waste management liquid waste management is equally a problem in residential as well as squatter areas. In the residential areas where drains are constructed, people have connected the sources of tap and tube-well to the drain but in the slum and squatter areas people collect the waste liquid in a pit dug in the corner of the courtyard, outside the house or sometimes let it flow to others‟ land close to their residence. They reported that when the waste liquid flows to other lands the landlords sometimes threaten them with eviction. This type of problem arose in the Jahir Tol in Ward 22.

3.6 General poverty situation in Biratnagar

105 Poverty reduction is a major concern at global level and explicitly spelled out in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) of the United Nations. The MDGs have also been reflected in the strategic imperatives of Nepal‟s Tenth Plan (2002/03-2006/07). The plans aims to reduce rural poverty through four strategies: broad based economic growth; social sector and infrastructure development; targeted programs especially for marginalized community and regions; and good governance. The Three years Interim plan (2007- 2010) also has a similar objective focusing to poverty reduction.

106 Recently, UNDP has also published the HDI of Nepal on 5 October 2009. In the report, Nepal has 144 positions among 182 countries in the world and the gap between rich and poor segment of the society has widened. The main focus of this project will be on the status of poverty and the respondents' willingness to pay for the service. Therefore, this finding reveals that projects such as STIUEIP have to enforce remedial ways in the step of poverty reduction.

107 By observing the overall situation of Biratnagar during the FGD session, the field team found that the conditions in disadvantaged areas such as slums and squatter areas are quite miserable. In such areas (Siddharth Tol of Ward 12, Bakhari Tol of Ward 16 and Hartali Hat of Ward 19), general people are found suffering from the problems of inadequate water supply, unsanitary environments, and haphazard waste disposal. Through the program of Public–Private Partnership (PPP), some disadvantaged groups participated at first with 30 per cent local contribution. Later most of the poor segments were found unable to contribute such an amount to support the project. Based on this program, some activities (seed money scheme, loan distribution for income generation TA 7182-NEP - 44 - Final Report, Vol. 11 activities) were conducted. Consequently, new agreements were made with only 10 per cent for disadvantaged groups made effective for local participation. Unfortunately, the informants from disadvantaged groups said the PPP was not paying the loan in time and at present is in passive stage.

108 It was found that the economic conditions of a family are directly related to the overall sanitation condition of their residences. During field visit, the team observed that the households in the study areas where the economic condition is good had good personal hygiene, private toilet, and comparatively well solid waste management. In slum and squatter areas, the overall sanitation of each Tol is very poor.

109 Among 53 households in Marik Tol of ward 15, there is a single private toilet in a single household. The rest of the families use the road side for their open toilet. Solid waste from homes is thrown either in the nearby pond or on the road side haphazardly.

110 In Siddhartha Tol of ward 12, there is even no single toilet in each Tol. The Tol people use the road side for their open drain. Due to congestion, there is even no place to construct a public toilet. Solid wastes from home are thrown into an open drain on a road side which aids the logging of the drain.

111 Abiram Tol, Juneli Marga of ward 7, which is categorized as mixed economic household have private toilet facilities in 95 per cent of households. The rest use the canal side for their open toilet. For the perspective of solid waste management, the sub metropolitan office of this city has managed the facility of containers on the road side and picks up this waste regularly. But in recent day, this service is interrupted on account of not paying the fees regularly.

112 Though Biratnagar is the main industrial town of Nepal, the closure of big industries in recent years has caused problems for families that were dependent with the employment in these industries. The industries are located in the Mills Area in Rani of Biratnagar. Slums and squatter areas are also concentrated here as the labour settlements have been developed along with the growing of industry. Perceptions of communities in these areas reflect that there is massive poverty which ranges from 50 – 90 per cent of the total population of slum and squatter communities.

113 Hadtali Hatt of ward 19, which has several quarters for the jute mill laborers, has public toilets, no personal toilet was observed. However there is a separate toilet for male and female in an unsanitary condition. But due to the lack of maintenance, only 8 toilets door are workable of the total 20 numbers. Solid waste is thrown haphazardly and sub metropolitan office does not give any services for solid waste disposal. Therefore, the overall situation reveals that vulnerable situation of each society had several problems. Based on the project objective and thematic issues, community toilet in disadvantaged areas can be a useful step with local participatory planning for their cleanliness and sustainability. Private toilets are to be encouraged with subsidy to vulnerable groups or local contribution for local material collection or 20 per cent contribution. Likewise solid waste had to be managed relating to an income generation scheme. For this, garbage can be collected in Suiro (iron needle) and sold into collection centers. Similarly the garbage can be recycled as possible. The solid waste can be reused as compost manure and so forth.

TA 7182-NEP - 45 - Final Report, Vol. 11 3.7 Gender consideration

114 Women taking part in the discussions were found more articulate. Though the participation of women compared to their awareness is still low in various social organizations, most of the participants involved in FGD seemed more active and energetic. During field work, women are found representing various community based committees. But in most cases it seems that their representation is to fulfill legal obligation as it is only from 10 per cent to 30 per cent. In spite of such representation in community level committees women are also taking leading role in some communities. Biratnagar is considered as mixed settlement / town of both hilly and Terai people of different ethnicity from different parts of Nepal. In the Muslim and some other Madheshi communities, women are found to have less exposure to contact and communicate outsiders. Out of the total participants in FGD session (172), 95 participants who were women were from specially disadvantaged communities of the town. In the process of decision making for any public works women are also invited. This also reflected in the focus group discussion.

3.8 Problem analysis

115 During the field survey of different three towns, most of the common problem is found concerning with unemployment and intends to participate in different skill trainings and conducts different income generation schemes to be free from poverty. Therefore, poverty among the people residing slum and squatter areas is the major problem in the project areas. However, the priority based on thematic areas of the participants of FGD in three towns has been separate from one to another.

116 In individual case, the common problem of the most communities of Biratnagar after poverty is drainage due to the flatter topography and lagging of solid waste in the drain though it is ignored by the people from slum and squatter areas. The priorities among the major thematic issues are stated in the respective sub sections as above. The figures of each town are given separately as follows:

Table 75 Priority of the different groups

I II III IV V Women Employment Water supply Drainage Road Solid waste Groups management Dalit Groups " " Road Drainage Solid waste management Commercial Drainage Solid waste “ Sanitation Security Area management Residential Drainage Solid waste Sanitation Road Water supply Area management Slum Area Employment Water supply Road Drainage Solid waste management Squatter Area " " “ Solid waste Drainage management

TA 7182-NEP - 46 - Final Report, Vol. 11 4 Water quality

4.1 Introduction

117 In Nepal community supplied water should comply with the prescribed National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS), 2006. This means the distributed water should have stipulated physical, chemical and microbiological parameters within the threshold of NDWQS. The agency responsible for the water supply should ensure the quality of water as per NDWQS to safeguard the local people from water borne diseases, such as diarrhea, enteric fever, gastro enterititis, etc.

118 Contamination of the community water supply is probable at the pipeline networks due to leakages, even at the treatment site due to poor treatment and due to poor sanitary conditions at the private/community tap stands.

119 This report presents the findings of the water quality study of the Biratnagar, municipalities as stipulated in the Terms of Reference (TOR) (Annex 1).

4.2 Water Quality Sampling & Analysis

120 As stipulated in the TOR the water samples were taken from the specified sources in the populated built up areas of all wards of respective municipality / metropolitan city. The number of samples stipulated for the specified sources for Biratnagar is presented in Table 64.

Table 76 Municipality wise sample statistics by source type & Number

S. N. Sample Sources Biratnagar 1. Tap (T) 8 2. Tube Well (TW) 30 3. Community Water Supply System (CS) 4 Total 42

121 While sampling water from the municipalities sampling codes like T, CS & TW were assigned to identify private NWSC tap, community supply & public tube well waters respectively. Separate sampling bottles were used to sample waters for physical / chemical, microbiological and arsenic analysis in each of the sampling sites. The free residual chlorine was measured in the sampling sites by following DPD No.1 method. Overall, standard operating procedures 1 were followed for sampling, preservation, transportation and laboratory analysis.

4.3 Sampling Sites

122 Table 77 presents the type by source and location of the sampling sites in the Biratnagar Municipality with details of owner, user population etc. Of the total sample collected the percentages

1 Standard Methods for Water, APHS – AWWA – WEF, 21st Edtion, 2005.

TA 7182-NEP - 47 - Final Report, Vol. 11 of public tap stand, tube well and community supply points were about 19%, 71% and 10% respectively

Table 77 Sampling Sites for Biratnagar Municipality S. Sit User Location / ward Owner Reference Point Remarks N. es Population a. Tap Water Pankaj Photo About 10m east, Durga Major User Groups: 1. T1 Ranipath, 21 5 Studio mandir HH About 30m, water Major User Groups: 2. T2 Rani, 18 Area police Office 200 reservoir tank Office Use About 500m south Major User Groups: 3. T3 Shiva Tol, 13 Thanath Gautam 5 east from Pratibha HH Chowk Barun Prasad About 25m north from Major User Groups: 4. T4 Madhumara, 11 6 Adhikari Shiva mandir HH About 100m south Major User Groups: 5. T5 Tinpaini, 2 Sunita Modi 300 from NWSC reservoir Hotel Purpose tank Puspalal Chowk, Bishnu Prasad About 100m north from Major User Groups: 6. T6 17 4 Poudel Pushpalal Chowk HH Shivashankar About 150m northeast Major User Groups: 7. T7 Kamal Tol, 4 4 shrestha fromBargachhi Chowk HH Jilla Adalat Road, About 200m south Major User Groups: 8. T8 Dinesh Upretti 12 10 from Shahid Maidan HH / Cold store b. Community Supply System Major User Groups: CS Western Gate – About 10m south from 1. NWSC 50 pedestrian, local 1 Koshi Project, 17 Siddeshwor people Major User Groups: CS Roadshesh About 10m west from 2. NWSC 50 Local people and 2 Chowk, 14 silver jubilee pillar municipality staffs Major User Groups: CS About 20m north from 3. Main Road, 3 NWSC 200 pedestrian, local 3 sub metropolitan office people Major User Groups: CS About 200m north from 4. Shankarpur, 4 NWSC 200 pedestrian, local 4 janta Namuna School people c. Tube Well TW About 100m north from Major User Groups: 1. Rani, 22 Baban Shah 8 1 Shiva Mandir HH About 20m north east Major User Groups: TW Community 2. Haadtali Haat, 19 5000 from Raghupati Jute Persons during haat 2 Tubewell Mills period About 100m north west TW Radha Krishna Major User Groups: 3. Rambilash Shah 24 from Rani reservoir 3 Chowk, 21 Rental House tank TW Hari Prasad About 50m east from Major User Groups: 4. Barma Tol, 20 3 4 Chhetri Police training center HH TW Mahato Tol About 25m south from Major User Groups: 5. Mojhelal Mahato 10 5 (Jatuwa), 18 Bhagawatisthan HH TW Padam Bahadur About 10m east from Major User Groups: 6. Koshi Project, 17 12 6 Acharya project gate HH TW Sukrabre Majuwa About 100m west from Major User Groups: 7. Hemchandra Osti 20 7 Tol, 16 Nahar Bridge Rental House Extra water is added TW Rampur Chowk, Ramchandra About 100m west from to withdraw water 8. 500 8 15 Kamat Rampur Chowk from pump. Road side tea shop TW Sarauchiya, About 350m west from Major User Groups: 9. Krishna Tiwari 5 9 Janapriya Tol, 7 bhattichowk HH TW About 25m east from Major User Groups: 10. Pratibha Tol, 13 Khemmani Kafle 12 10 Pratibha Chowk HH TW About 20m east from 11. Jatuwa, 18 Musaru Yadav 100 Tea shop 11 Birat science campus Tw Shrawon Kumar About 50m south from Major User Groups: 12. Amar Tol, 11 4 12 Chaoudhary Amar Sewa marga HH

TA 7182-NEP - 48 - Final Report, Vol. 11 S. Sit User Location / ward Owner Reference Point Remarks N. es Population entry point TW About 200m north from Major U ser G roups: 13. Jahad Road, 13 Manju Bhatta 20 13 Shanti Chowk HH TW Suswagatam About 250m north from Major U ser G roups: 14. Prem Dalal 10 14 Marg, 10 Haat Khola Chowk HH TW Hanuman Inside t he t emple 15. Hanuman Mandir 400 Devotee 15 Mandir, 2 boundry About 5 0m no rtheast TW Major U ser G roups: 16. Pokhariya, 4 Hiranya Gautam 7 from D istrict Forest 16 HH Office TW About 100m south east Major U ser G roups: 17. Law Campus, 1 Balaram Kafle 3 17 from campus HH About 200m north east TW Mangadh M arg, Major U ser G roups: 18. Ganga Dahal 7 from P rakareshwor 18 4 HH Mandir TW Dukhanlal About 300m west from 19. Kharji, 5 20 Roadside House 19 Rajbansi Oil Nigam Chowk TW Birat N urshing About 200 m e ast from Major U ser G roups: 20. Shivaraj Sapkota 10 20 Home, 3 Birat Nursing Home HH TW Samjhana Chudamani About 200 m south Major U ser G roups: 21. 8 21 Chowk, 6 Dhakal from Samjhana Chowk HH TW About 100 m e ast from Major U ser G roups: 22. Janaki Chowk, 6 Ananta Koirala 6 22 Trimurti Chowk HH TW Satamariya G alli, About 100 m noth e ast 23. Ashok Poddar 100 Factory 23 8 from Satghumti Mod TW Thakurbaadi About 50 m w est raj 24. Khardar Mill 50 Mill Labor 24 Road, 12 Janaki Mandir Tw About 100m west from Major U ser G roups: 25. Shahid Marga, 9 Devi Luitel 6 25 baal Mandir HH TW About 25m w est f rom 26. Sankarpur, 3 Sonelal Ray 50 Tea Shop 26 Narayan oil Mill Tw About 250m east from Major U ser G roups: 27. Kamal Tol, 4 Kailash pudasaini 8 27 Bargachhi tol HH TW Traffic C howk , About 50m w est f rom 28. Raja Babu Vaidya 100 Tea shop 28 14 Traffic Chowk Tw Bhumi P rasasan Khagendra About 25m w est f rom 29. 60 Roadside 29 Chowk, 14 Niraula the chowk TW Sarmananda About 100 m south Major U ser G roups: 30. Thapa Niwas, 17 10 30 Khanal from thapa Niwas gate HH

4.4 Water Quality 123 The municipal water supply hours i n s ub metropolitan ex ceeds 1 0 hours per da y t hrough t hree major reservoir tanks. T he tap w ater is used f or d irect drinking, c ooking, ba thing & washings at the household levels. M ost o f the visited tube w ells w ere lacking a well ma naged d rain & platform. The s anitary conditions ar ound t he tap stands w ere fo und to b e

TA 7182-NEP - 49 - Final Report, Vol. 11 poor, i.e. haphazard dumping of solid wastes etc. The comparison of analytical results against NDWQS shows percentages of non compliance for all types of water (Chart No.: 4.2).

124 Both types of piped water quality complied the NDWQS for parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, hardness, calcium, ammonia, nitrate, chloride & arsenic. On the basis of result obtained from laboratory analysis the following classification is made:

TA 7182-NEP - 50 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 78 Hardness & Faecal Colifom Classification, Biratnagar

Samples Hardness Category FC Class Risk Category T1 Hard C Intermediate T2 Hard C Intermediate T3 Very Hard A No T4 Very Hard D Very High T5 Very Hard D Very High T6 Very Hard C Intermediate T7 Very Hard B Little T8 Very Hard C Intermediate CS1 Very Hard D Very High CS2 Hard D Very High CS3 Very Hard A No CS4 Very Hard D Very High TW1 Moderately Hard A No TW2 Hard D Very High TW3 Hard D Very High TW4 Moderately Hard A No TW5 Moderately Hard D Very High TW6 Hard B Little TW7 Moderately Hard A No TW8 Hard D Very High TW9 Very Hard A No TW10 Hard A No TW11 Moderately Hard A No TW12 Very Hard D Very High TW13 Very Hard A No TW14 Very Hard C Intermediate TW15 Very Hard A No TW16 Very Hard D Very High TW17 Very Hard A No TW18 Very Hard C Intermediate TW19 Very Hard A No TW20 Hard A No TW21 Very Hard A No TW22 Hard B Little TW23 Very Hard A No TW24 Very Hard C Intermediate TW25 Very Hard D Very High TW26 Very Hard D Very High TW27 Very Hard D Very High TW28 Very Hard A No TW29 Very Hard D Very High TW30 Very Hard C Intermediate

TA 7182-NEP - 51 - Final Report, Vol. 11 4.4.1 Private Tap Water Quality

125 Among the tap waters, only about 12.5% complied w ith N DWQS. Th e r emaining w ere contaminated e ither w ith iron (50%), or manganese (12.5%) or i nfected with faecal coliforms (about 88%). Arsenic was not detected in the tap w ater s amples. D ue t o m icrobial contamination, t he health r isk in th e p rivate t ap waters ra nged f rom no (12%), low (13%), intermediate (50%) & hi gh (25%) respectively (Chart No. 4.2.1).

4.4.2 Community Supply Tap Water Quality

126 All c ommunity s upplied tap w ater samples o bserved d id n ot co mply w ith th e NDWQS. Th ey w ere found c ontaminated either w ith m anganese (25%) or faecal coliforms (75%). About 75% of supplied community tap waters h ad v ery h igh h ealth risk (Chart at right).

4.4.3 Tube Well Water Quality

127 About 4 6% tu be w ell w ater samples w ere f ound m icrobially contaminated. T he p ercentage of tu be wells h aving hi gher l evels of iron a nd manganese than prescribed standards were about 50 and 43 respectively. Only 16.6% of tube wells were found safe for drinking purpose. Ammonia c oncentrations w ere higher only in tw o tu be w ells a nd in one tube w ell the arsenic c oncentration exceeded WH O g uideline values of 0.01mg/l. S o, the m ajor t hreats of p ortable w ater in the s ampled region ar e f rom m icrobial contamination, iron and manganese.

TA 7182-NEP - 52 - Final Report, Vol. 11 128 Except 27% visited tube wells (TW5, TW7, TW9, etc), about 73% tube well (Chart above) status were found to be design faulty, i. e. cracked platform (TW2, TW3, TW6, etc), improper drain or water impoundment (TW20, TW25, etc), absence of masonry platform (TW1, TW4, TW8, etc).

4.5 Conclusion

 The c omparison between t he observed values ag ainst N DWQS shows th at the p ercentage compliance of tap w ater is h igher (Chart at right) at Butwal than the other municipalities visited.

 The only contaminant in the piped water supply system observed was the faecal colliform

 Free re sidual c hlorine concentrations at the distant points from t he re servoir t anks w ere no t detected.

 The individual parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, chloride, ammonia, nitrate, total hardness, calcium and arsenic comply with the NDWQS for piped water supply systems and tube wells.

 The outlier tube well shows contaminations of iron, manganese & faecal coliform.

 The s anitary c onditions ar ound t he tap s tands w ere p oor. T he s anitary condition of t he community supplied t ap stands were p oorer than t hat of t he privately owned taps. T he ta p stands were scaled with algae, curded layers of washed water, and iron.

 The sanitary c onditions of tube wells were p oor, invariably w ithout p latform a nd ad equate drainage

 In the visited municipalities, the tap stands have been used for multiple purposes like water withdrawing (drinking, cooking), washings of clothes and utensils, and bathing.

 The waters from the tube wells have been used for multiple purposes like water withdrawing (drinking, c ooking), w ashings of c lothes and utensils, b athing as w ell as for irrigation purposes.

TA 7182-NEP - 53 - Final Report, Vol. 11 5 Engineering Surveys

129 This survey report, briefly explains the scope of the work, working methodology, summary of collected information and some suggestions about the proper use of the same.

130 This information can be reliably used in project preparation job for quantity estimate of sewage system, primary and secondary drains and related road networks and other necessary urban infrastructures under consideration in specified areas. The data is sufficient for the proper development of the major internal roads including related road furnishes.

131 As per discussion and Terms of Reference, the consultants studied the drawings and formats. Then the consultants formulated two groups each leading by sub-engineer with two supervisors for field work. The consultants used a tap for measuring cross-sections and length of short stretches roads. Motorbike mile-meter measurement was used for long distance roads. It was measured two- times by motorbike for verification of each stretch of the road where data was collected in the sites.

132 The consultants surveyed 41.975 Kilometers for the current status of roads, lanes and related primary, secondary drains and sewerage lines while also surveying 32.99 kilometers for major internal roads.

133 The following suggestions are recommended for proper use of the collected information: 1. The roads under consideration for bye-passes may overlap in the roads for drains in different stretch. (please see in different drawings) 2. Please arrange in quantity estimate for the some damaged water supply pipeline which cannot predict right now. 3. The data filled in the width of road cells are the minimum width of carriageway. ( see in typical X-section) 4. The data filled in the total width cells are the widths in the field. (see in x-section) 5. Please see carefully the road code number. A Existing urban road condition following drainage network under consideration

(VP, M,P, G)

Stretch of the road Width Length each side Road code of the crossing Name of the road drain B, (E, C) Right of way (total width) Footpath surface (B, C, O) Type roadof surface (E, B)G, Condition roadof (VP, M, P, G) If thereis side drain, type of side If thereis footpath width FPof on Condition footpathof If drainage crossing requiredis No. Type roadof UC,(UR, D,UL, F, N)

Origin Destination m m m m Nos.

North side

Kanchan Keshaliya 1 0+000 0+500 500.00 3.80 16.00 UL B P E 2 Marga Kanchan Keshaliya 0+500 1+200 700.00 4.20 16.00 UL G. P E 1 Marga 2 Kanchan Marg 0+000 0+770 770.00 5.00 12.00 UL B P E 6 3 Main Road 1+700 1+970 270.00 5.00 15.00 D B VP E 4 Namuna Marga 0+000 0+640 640.00 4.20 8.00 UR G. P E 2 3 Main Road, 1+970 2+240 270.00 5.00 15.00 D B VP E 3 Main Road- School- 5 0+000 0+135 135.00 4.00 8.00 UR B VP E Ghogha TA 7182-NEP - 54 - Final Report, Vol. 11 3 Main Road 2+240 2+450 210.00 5.00 15.00 D B VP E B 6 Samrat Marga 0+000 0+550 550.00 4.00 12.00 UR B M ( One 2 side) B 7 Radharaman Marg 0+000 0+450 450.00 4.00 7.00 UR B VP ( One 2 side) E, 8 Jamuneshwar Marg 0+000 0+175 175.00 5.80 16.00 UL B P 50%. 1 C. 1 1300.0 Ghauri Shankar Marg 0+000 1+300 4.50 16.00 UR G. P E 3 0 0 B 1 Shiva Marga 0+000 0+475 475.00 5.00 10.00 UR G. P retaini 1 ng 1 ShiromaniPath 0+000 0+650 650.00 4.00 12.00 UL B M E 2 2 1 Janaki path 0+000 0+950 950 6.50 11.00 UR B M B 5 3 E, 9 Chadani Marg 0+000 0+800 800.00 5.00 15.00 UL B VP Onesi 1 de -B

Existing urban road condition following drainage network under consideration B

(VP, M, P, G)

Stretch of the road B, C) Width Length crossing Road code Name of the road Right of way (total width) Footpath surface (B, C, O) Type roadof surface (E, B)G, Condition roadof Condition footpathof (VP, M,P, G) Type roadof UC,(UR, D,UL, F, N) If drainage crossing requiredis No. of the If thereis footpath width FPof on each side If thereis side drain, type of side drain (E,

Origin Destination m m m m Nos.

Main Road

1700.0 B ,ret 3 Main Road 0+000 1+700 0 8.00 17.00 D G. P aining 10 1500.0 B , 3 Main Road 1+700 3+200 0 9.00 15.00 D B P 1 C G 50% 10 3300.0 1.2 3 Main Road 3+200 6+500 0 8.00 13.00 UC B M 5 C M B 20 14 HighWay,. 4+900 5+500 600.00 10.00 35.00 N B M E 2 1050.0 15 Jatuwa Marga 0+000 1+050 0 4.20 10.00 UL B M E 2 1250.0 Way to outlet S5 1+050 2+300 0 4.00 10.00 UL G. P E 2 4900.0 14 High Way 0+000 4+900 0 8.00 30.00 N B M E, B 20 Ward No 11 & 13 16 Jay-nepal Marg 0+000 0+250 250.00 3.25 8.00 UR B P E 17 Chhaya Marg 0+000 0+550 550.00 3.00 10.00 UR G. P E 1 Jay-nepal Marg to 2300.0 18 Amar Marga 0+000 2+300 0 4.00 10.00 UR B M E 10 1400.0 19 Amar Sewa Marga 0+000 1+400 0 3.50 9.00 UR G. P. E 2.00 E, 20 Prativa Marga 0+400 1+025 625.00 4.50 11.00 UL G. VP 50%B 2.00 0+000 0+400 400.00 5.00 13.00 UL G. VP E 1.00 21 Binayaka Marga 0+000 0+600 600.00 3.50 10.00 UR B M E.

TA 7182-NEP - 55 - Final Report, Vol. 11

C Existing urban road condition following drainage network under consideration

UL, D,UL, F, N)

side Width Length (E, B, C) Road code the crossing Name of the road Right of way (total width) Footpath surface (B, C, O) Type roadof surface (E, B)G, Condition roadof (VP, M, P, G) rainage crossing requiredis No. of Condition footpathof (VP, M,P, G) Type roadof UC,(UR, If d If thereis side drain, type of side drain If thereis footpath width FPof on each

Origin Destination m m m m Nos South side 22 Bank Road 0+000 0+560 560.00 4.50 11.00 UL B M B 3 23 Rani path 0+000 0+200 B, 200.00 6.70 12.70 D B P 2 oneside 23 Rani path 0+200 0+500 300.00 7.40 13.50 D B P B 4 24 Way to Mills School 0+000 0+330 330.00 4.50 10.00 UR B M B 1 25 Way to Barma Tol 0+000 0+200 200.00 4.00 8.00 UR B M E 1 26 Prajatantra Marg 0+000 1+215 B, 1215 450 10 UL B P 4 oneside 27 Prajatantra Marg 0+000 0+360 B (One 360.00 4.00 10.00 UL B P 1 Loop side) 28 21/22 Sima Sadak Custom 21/ 22 Simana Border Chhala Factory Area A 0+000 0+330 330.00 8.00 10.00 UL B VP B 2 B 0+330 0+480 150.00 3.60 8.00 UL B VP B 2 C 0+480 0+780 300.00 4.80 11.00 UL G. P B 2 D 0+780 1+380 600.00 4.80 11.00 UL G. P E 1 29 Highway to ward 0+000 0+160 160.00 4.00 7.00 UL B P B 1 boundry road 30 Highway(border to 0+000 2+200 2200.0 8.50 35.00 N. B M. E 17/19 sima road) 0 31 Kavi Dharanidhar 0+000 0+800 800.00 4.50 10.00 UL B P E,B 2 Marga 32 Kavi Lekanath Marga 0+000 1+200 1200.0 4.50 10.00 UL B P E 0 33 Sahakari Marga 0+000 0+125 125.00 6.00 10.00 UC B M B 34 Bhanu Marga 0+000 0+300 300.00 3.50 8.00 UR B VP B 35 Gudri to Roadses 0+000 1+050 1050.0 7.50 15.00 UC B M 1.5 C P B 0 36 Budha Marga 0+000 0+325 325.00 6.00 10.00 UC B M 1.5 C P B 37 Himalaya Path 0+000 0+250 250.00 10.00 15.00 UC B M 1.5 C G B 2 38 Budha Marga- 0+000 0+250 250.00 5.00 10.00 UC B M B 2 Himalaya Road 39 Drain route in ward 0+000 1+500 1500.0 4.00 10.00 UR B P E,B 7 no.13 0

D Existing urban road condition following Major bye-pass roads under consideration

(VP,

Stretch of the road B) O) M, G) Width Length P, M, G) crossing Road code UL,D, F, N) Name of the road of FP on each side required ofNo. the If drainage crossing is If thereis footpath width Type roadof UC,(UR, Condition roadof (VP, P, Right of way (total width) If thereis side drain, type Footpath surface (B, C, Condition footpathof of sidedrain B, (E, C) Type roadof surface (E, G,

Origin Destination m m m m Nos.

A Jamuneswar Marga

TA 7182-NEP - 56 - Final Report, Vol. 11

B -

*Bargachi to Ganesh chowk 0+000 0+800 800.00 5.00 15.00 UL B VP E, Oneside

*Ganeshchowk to End of BT 0+800 1+100 300.00 5.80 16.00 UL B P E, 50%C. * End of Btroad to Kesaliya R. 1+100 3+500 2400.00 6.00 16.00 UL G. P E B Main Road. 0+000 *Rajbansi Chowk- Puspalal Chowk 0+000 1+400 1400.00 6.00 12.00 UL G. VP E *Puspalal Chowk to Samrat chowk 1+400 3+900 2500.00 8.00 15.00 D G. VP E C Kanchan Marg 0+000 0+770 770.00 5.00 12.00 UL B P E D Redcross Marg 0+000 1+270 1270.00 4.00 12.00 UL B P E,B DSP Road- CDO E road 0+000 0+800 800.00 6.00 10.00 UL B P B South-North Bye F pass road *DSP road- Munal Path 0+000 0+550 550.00 4.00 8.00 UL G. P B *MunalPath- Patrakar Chowk 0+550 1+200 650.00 5.00 12.00 UL B M E * Parakar chowk- Himali Path 1+200 2+700 1500.00 5.00 10.00 UL B VP E,B Purano College G Road. 0+000 0+600 600.00 4.00 10.00 UL B P 50% B H Dharambad Road 0+000 2+800 2800.00 4.00 12.00 UL B P E,B, C 21 / 22 Simana I sadak 0+000 1+400 1400.00 4.00 11.00 UL G. VP E, B J Shiromani path 0+000 2+250 2250.00 4.00 12.00 UL B M E West Part Bye-pass K Road 0+000 13+6550 *Raniathend point- Basta paini 0+000 1+800 1800 5 15 UL B P E *Basta paini- Police Training Centre 1+800 3+350 1550 4 15 UL B P E,B *Police traning centre-Vim chowk 3+350 5+950 2600 4 20 UL G. M E *Vim Chowk- Panchamukhi Chowk 5+950 6+650 700 5 15 UL B P E,B * Panchamukhi Chowk- kesaliya 6+650 7+500 850 5 15 UL B P E,B L High way *Kanchanbari- roadses 0+000 4+900 4900.00 8.00 30.00 N B M E, B *Roadses-National Trading 4+900 5+500 600.00 10.00 35.00 N B M E

Type of road UR Urban residential D District UC Urban commercial F Feeder UL Urban link N National Type of road surface E Earthen G Gravelled B Blacktopped Condition of road VP Very poor (more than 50% of the length is not in good condition) P Poor (more than 25% of the length is not in good condition) M Minor damages (10% of the area has pot holes / breakages) G Good Footpath condition B Brick paved C Concrete O Others (pls specify) Type of side drain E Earthen B Brick lined C Concrete

TA 7182-NEP - 57 - Final Report, Vol. 11 Appendix A Community questionnaire

Table 1:Key Informant Interview Tol Name Age Sex Occupation H. H. # Population Belgachhi 'ka' Kul Pd. Bastola 65 M TLO member 73 300 Bashu Dev Dahal 63 M Service Tara Rijal 65 F Ex-TLO member Sunami marga Ramesh Khadka 70 M Service 56 300 Ram Pd. Bhattrai 40 M Teacher Govinda Katuwal 41 M TLO member Shrinagar 'ka' Laxmi Khadka 70 F TLO member 90 540 Jagatlal Tagpuriya 46 M Labour Chandra Shani 40 F Housewife Dharmashala Shankar Dhakal 50 M Teacher 45 225 Kaji Basnet 48 M TLO member Sabitra Pokhrel 40 F TLO member Tribeni tol Juna K.C 63 F TLO member 44 400 Laxmi Giri 35 F Shivu Chaudhari 40 M Vijayapur Sahadev Kamat 46 M TLO member 60 300 Jageswore Kamat 27 M Service Tej Bd. Thapa 64 M Agriculture Saraswati tol Laxmi KC 44 F Socialworker 42 170 Sabita Adhikari 45 F Housewife Bidhyamarga Subas Kamat 28 M TLO member 75 400 Parmila Shrestha 45 F Housewife Sahid marga Basanta Dhakal 63 M TLO member 55 275 Toyanath Khanal 36 M Business Kamal Bhatta 50 M Lawyer Bajarangabali Sangita Katuwal 39 F Business 100 600 Kumar Pokhrel 37 M TLO member Sanyog Giri 35 M Business Munalpath Manju Chapagain 45 F TLO member 31 150 Sabita Adhikari 42 F Social service Bijuli Office Jageswore Thakur 50 M Socialworker 58 400 Ajad Acharya 55 M Business Gita Mandal 32 F Socialworker Pragati tol Shova Shapkota 46 F Socialworker 44 260 Krishna Thapa 70 F Socialworker Rama Thapa 55 F Socialworker Rajbansi tol Lalit Shakya 49 M Business 68 450 Rupla Rajbansi 75 M TLO member Lila Rijal 46 F TLO member Nagbeli marga Khem Raj Acharya 46 M 60 300 Kedar Neupane 46 M Socialworker Hari Neupane 52 M Agriculture Madannagar Gyanu Karki 30 M Business 80 400 Kumar Adhikari 61 M TLO member Dil Kumari Tamang 40 F Housewife Pratap marg Gita Adikari 39 F TLO member 55 300 'kha' Bishnu Nirula 60 M Socialworker Bidhya Paudal 40 F TLO member Jyoti marga Sarasowati Dahal 47 F TLO member 50 300 Omprakash Siwakoti 65 M Rewatiraman Regmi 60 M Socialworker Nawajyoti Muna Tamang 32 F TLO member 40 250 marga Kalpana Dahal 29 F Teacher Gita Kharal 40 F Housewife Gograha Siva P. Rajbanshi 55 M TLO member 70 350 Rajbansi Hariraj Rajbanshi 60 M Purnima Rajbanshi 28 F TLO member Buddha chowk Tika Sangraula 40 M TLO member 145 600 Sitaram Dahal 46 M Teacher Sita Sangraula 45 F Health worker Rajbansi tol Subas Shapkota 35 M Housewife 70 400 Sarmila Ghimire 40 F Housewife Nanu Ghimire 35 F Housewife Panitanki Siva Kumar Barga 35 M Business 150 750 Prakas Dahal 50 M Technician

TA 7182-NEP A - 1 Final Report, Vol. 11 Tol Name Age Sex Occupation H. H. # Population Nejina Shapkota 25 F Housewife Sumarga tol Yubaraj Khattiwada 68 M TLO member 100 500 Krishna Pd. Bhattrai 65 M Socialworker Manju Acharya 45 F Housewife Ekata tol Radha Dahal 48 F 50 250 Bhoganath Ghimire 52 M Service Devi Dahal 52 F Sakhuware tol Rohini Koirala 70 M Socialworker 95 700 Amar Bd. Bhujel 76 M Achyut Mill Sita Luitel 38 F Service 100 500 Sarita Katuwal 31 F Housewife Kharjikobara Debaka Khatiwada 32 F Housewife 60 360 Bharat Kharel 58 M Socialworker Kanchanbari Baburam Bhattrai 42 M Services 84 500 Bina Shrestha 52 F Sita Timalsina 70 F Pipalbot Lata Sitaula 45 F Socialworker 70 350 Devi Gautam 40 F Kochakhal Knti Maulikhar 55 F Business 167 800 Anita Chaudhary 26 F Housewife Jamungachi 'ka' Arati Giral 35 F TLO member 51 300 Ambika Khatri 32 F Housewife Sita Chapagain 42 F Housewife Santi chowk Pramod Ku. Bidhya 50 M TLO member 72 350 Nilmadi Maske 56 M TLO member Bhrikuti chowk Hemlata Sharma 58 F TLO member 60 325 Kamala Parajuli 48 F TLO member Trimurti path Badri P. Bhattarai 61 M TLO member 65 325 Jhuma Koirala 39 F Housewife Samjhana Kedhar Karki 53 M TLO member 145 725 chowk Diness Khawash 31 M Health worker Rajbansi tol Jaya Prakas Shah 54 M Business 200 1200 Mahambad Sahajdad 45 M Business Ansari Rina Devi Shah 28 F Business Sitapur Om Karki 42 M Agriculture 60 300 Sila Misra 35 F Housewife Jivan Tiwari 40 M Teacher Arun marga Bhoj Raj Sedai 50 M Agriculture 35 140 'kha' Amar Shrestha 54 M Service Sharada Tamang 35 F Housewife Barampura Susma Chaudhari 22 F Socialworker 100 555 Ram Baran Kamat 24 M Health worker Rajendra Barma 65 M Labor Shivanagar Sitaram Dahal 55 M Ex-TLO member 64 384 Mamata Pokhrel 45 F Housewife Ambika Thapa 55 F Housewife Udaya tol Ramnaresh Shah 48 M Teacher 200 1200 Mustak Khan 42 M Technician Sudarsan Vagawat 65 M Business Sanimandir tol Ranjana Amatya 55 F TLO member 62 300 Sasi Malla 56 F TLO member DSP marga Jayanta Pradhananga 57 M TLO member 38 184 Jyoti Mandal 58 M Service Sarada Devi Acharya 59 F Housewife Main Road Zitendra Ku. Rathi 60 M TLO member 65 300 Zitendra Golchha 61 M Business Kalimandir tol Gyan Bu.Shakya 62 M 30 200 Keshab Dhakal 63 M Pujari Adarsha tol Pujan Ghimire 64 M Professor 115 500 Rekharaj Bhandari 65 M Health worker Devendra Ku. Karna 66 M TLO member Sanihat Sulekha Shinga 67 F TLO member 62 360 ratna Karki 68 M Business Narayan basnet 69 M Business Matrika marga Mukanda Khanal 70 M Socialworker 600 3000 Bikash Parajuli 71 M Shyam Upadhya 72 M Politician Sakambari Muralidhar Sharma 73 M Agriculture 84 348 mandir Muniraj Sharma 74 M Teacher Dhan Bd Tamang 75 M Service Omsanti tol premchandra Bhandari 76 M Socialworker 58 325 Dipak Shrestha 77 M Technician Lila Wasti 78 F Teacher

TA 7182-NEP A - 2 Final Report, Vol. 11 Tol Name Age Sex Occupation H. H. # Population Motiram Marg Toyanath Upreti 79 M Agriculture 85 450 Mahesh Bohora 80 M Business Dharmabhakta Sunira Adhikari 63 F Socialworker 70 350 Sumitra Pokhrel 61 F Socialworker Sailandra Kadel 45 M Agriculture Adarsha tol Mahambad Islam 38 M Business 160 900 Safina Khatun 45 F Shopkeeper Lila Devi Vagawat 45 F Professor Amar tol 'ka' Khagendra Pd. Pokhrel 62 M Agriculture 85 450 Dr.Medani Pd. Sharma 64 M Professor Dr.Raghuraj Pd Shing 65 M Professor Gita marga Krishna Neupane 65 M TLO member 101 500 Rama Basnet 35 F Socialworker Parshuram Rajbansi 55 M Labour Ashok chowk/ Mahambad Islam 35 M Service 150 800 Islam Mahambad Muslim 51 M Service MD Yashin Buchhi Devi Shah 50 F Shopkeeper Mukhiya tol Dularchan Mukhiya 30 M Shopkeeper 240 1400 Sushila Mukhiya 35 F Ranju Mukhiya 40 M Biswokarma tol Shiva Shankar Shah 47 M Agriculture 150 750 Ramchandra Yadav 47 M Doctor Sakuntala Shah 35 F Health worker Jayanti Devi Ray Ramjanaki tol Ramawatar Soni 52 M Business 200 1000 Ganga Mishra 59 F Sunita Soni 37 F Sajha tol Aajim Parweas 29 M Student 92 700 Jakir Husan 25 M TLO member Rupa Shah 45 F Student Shiva tol Lina Upadhaya 54 F TLO member 98 400 Kapil Aacharya 44 M Sunil Shrestha 41 M Business Sidartha tol Tonga Dhoj Karki 64 M TLO member 97 400 Muslim Mahambad Khan 40 M Business Sunita Regmi 50 F Housewife Shiva tol Meena Paudal 40 F TLO member 45 250 Madan Ku. Bakhal 38 F Teacher Sangita Niraula 40 F Service Bagaicha tol Sonlal Mandal 51 M TLO member 64 375 Laxmi Mandal 42 F Housewife Santi chowk Jurini Devi Roy 45 F TLO member 37 200 'kha' Amulya Devi Roy 45 F Housewife Dhanik Chanda Roy 30 M Business Jatuwa tol Jahuri Yadav 59 M Service 28 200 Ranjana Yadav 40 F Housewife Renu Yadav 21 F Socialworker Sombare tol Kailas Mahato 33 M Housewife 60 400 Sajan Mandal 20 M TLO member Satyanarayan Mahato 60 M Ex-TLO member Nabin tol Umeshchandra dahal 35 M Teacher 74 450 Pradip Joshi 45 M Service Anjula Karki 42 F Housewife Himalaya road Mahesh Tamrakar 46 M Business 12 70 Harischandra Lama 55 M Business Binayak tol Ram Kumar Shah 55 M Business 150 800 Raj Ku. Gupta 45 M Shopkeeper Shima Shrestha 38 F Shopkeeper Gudri tol Dinesh Shah 36 M Business 40 300 Ratan Tamang 35 M Business Rina Shah 25 F Housewife Bhanu tol Balaram Neupane 58 M Agricultur 85 425 Tara Paudal 45 F Agriculture Rajendra Thakur 50 M Service Shivamarga Rohit Koirala 26 M TLO member 50 300 Januka Bartaula 52 F TLO member Bhuwan Ku. Koirala 62 M Agriculture Janapath 'cha' Bhim Kuwar 60 M Service 40 200 Madhav Ghimire 59 M Service Alka marga Yadnarshing Karki 62 M TLO member 100 750 'gha' Badri Acharya 45 M Teacher Laxmi Subedi 42 F Housewife Buspark Bhanu Koirala 48 M Service 63 300

TA 7182-NEP A - 3 Final Report, Vol. 11 Tol Name Age Sex Occupation H. H. # Population Tanka Pd. Acharya 52 M Service Marik tol Ashok Marik 32 M Sweeper 53 375 Shankar Marik 19 M Sweeper Chhameli Marik 60 F Sweeper Alka Ramjanaki Jaya Na.Koirala 50 M Socialworker 95 475 Benu Pd. Shrestha 57 M TLO member Arati Dahal 40 F TLO member Pragati tol Prema Rai 36 F TLO member 41 246 Roji Shrestha 36 F Housewife Durga Bhandari 32 F Housewife Malanguwa Udayachan Reshidev 48 M Labour 125 625 Lakho Rajbansi 45 F Housewife Shashi Kamat 40 M Socialworker Thangachhi Rita Pokhrel 34 F Socialworker 200 1600 Dilly Parshai 32 M Teacher Chandra Neupane 35 M Socialworker Panchali Tara Sharma 52 F Agriculture 100 500 Laxmi Bhandari 50 F Business Bishnu Adhikari 48 M Laxmi marga Khilanath Bhattrai 66 M Ex-TLO member 58 250 Sita Ghimire 52 F Housewife Bakhari Narayan Kamat 39 M Secretary 35 230 Ashok Kamat 20 M Sikyahi basbari Shyam na. Yadav 44 M Agriculture 82 500 Sanju Shah 29 F Labour Kiran Shah 36 F Labour Mahato tol Chulahi Mahato 60 M Agriculture 55 400 Pappu lal Mahato 50 M Service Janwati Mahato 60 F Avibadan 'Kha' Sitesh Pd.Karn 40 M Teacher 50 300 Bimala Khanal 45 F Service Amod Ku.jha 38 M Socialworker Sainik tol Bishnu PD.Dev 45 M Labour 65 315 Radha Dhungel 46 F Housewife Badri Neupane 48 M Service Thapa niwas Hem Bd. Thapa 65 M Agriculture 51 200 Sarada Thapa 52 F Housewife Santa Paudel 38 F Socialworker Bidhyut tol Pitambar Ghemire 62 M Business 128 640 Babi Devi Koirala 36 F Business Sita Sharma 42 F Business Rajbansi tol Santosi Rajbansi 25 F Volentiar 60 420 Padmawati Rajbansi 50 F Housewife Mohanlal Biswash 31 M Agriculture Jatuwa tol Trithananda Yadav 22 M Teacher 350 2200 Kucha Devi Kuch 75 F Housewife Aanan Kumar Raut 38 M Shopkeeper Mahato tol Kirendra Mahato 46 M Agriculture 220 1200 Jayanti Devi Mahato 42 F Shopkeeper Rajkishor Ram 31 M Shopkeeper Ghogha Sharawa Yadav 30 M Labour 42 330 hansmukhi Seetal Devi Kamat 21 F Housewife Neeta Devi Paudar 35 F Housewife Harinagara Nabin Shah 43 M Business 94 450 bhatta Jasodha Shah 40 F House wife Harijan tol Ram Sunar 46 M 53 375 Sudama Chaudhari 60 F Service Mahesh kanta Chaudhari 64 M Chaudhari tol Sudama Pd. Sudhama 61 M Service 42 200 Sova Devi Chaudhari 50 F Housewife Muna Chaudhari 38 F Housewife Parijat tol Gobhardhan Bhattrai 47 M Service 73 375 Manohar Devan 53 M Business Surendra Tuladhar 55 M Tribhuban tol Abdas Ku.Shingh 56 M Service 105 630 Rukmani Gire 42 F Housewife Shyam Bihari Bhagat 48 M Service Dakshin gate tol Rita Sharma 52 F Housewife 139 900 Sanam Rai 47 M Labour Barma tol 'Gha' Sukuda Rai 35 F Housewife 60 300 Baji Lama 40 M Daraiya Arya tol Pawan Ku.Ray 42 M Service 52 300 Santos Ku. Shah 28 M Sakuntala Shah 35 F Business

TA 7182-NEP A - 4 Final Report, Vol. 11 Tol Name Age Sex Occupation H. H. # Population Barma tol 'Kha' Kamala Shrestha 41 F TLO member 81 454 Jhir Bd Tamang 59 M Service Shayama Devi Rai 45 F Housewife Daraiya dakshin Maheslal Shah 44 M Labour 177 1000 Saroj Dhakal 40 M Pusari Khatwe tol Harilal Shah 35 M Service 120 625 Jamuna Shing 38 F Business Mina Khatwe 32 F Shopkeeper Ramjanaki tol Sankar Pd Yadav 57 M Teacher 50 350 Santalal Mandal 52 M Teacher Sova Kumari Mandal 19 F Student Sudi basti Hira Bikram Shah 28 M Business 150 840 Sila Shah 27 F Business Masjid tol Md Islam 51 M TLO member 120 700 Sabnan Begham 26 F Housewife Rahila Khatun 40 F Housewife Madarsha tol' Mahambad Samin 24 Male Politician 64 500 kha' Mahambad Najir 30 '' Politician Rasida Khatun 35 Female Housewife Islam tol Sajik Safik 56 M TLO member 45 600 Dilip Kumar shah 35 M Business Fecni Fekani 40 F Housewife Jahir tol Mahambad Jahir 50 M Labour 50 400 Dukhni Khatun 40 F Shopkeeper Mahammad mahimudin 55 M Teacher Line quarter Jyoti Thapa 35 F Health worker 50 250 'kha' Krishna Ku.Lama 50 M Dhuniya basti Samsul Miya 51 M Business 80 820 Bhojkumari Tamang 36 F Service Torina Khatun 52 F Housewife Total 10244 57696

TA 7182-NEP A - 5 Final Report, Vol. 11

Table 2:Population Characteristics and Dwelling Types FORM NO Ward Tole Religion HH Percentage Language HH Percentage 1 1 Belgachhi 'ka' Hindu 72 98.6 Nepali 73 100 Buddhist 1 1.37 2 1 Sunami marga Hindu 56 100.0 Nepali 40 71.4 Maithili 16 28.5 3 1 Shrinagar 'ka' Hindu 78 86.6 Nepali 65 72.2 Islam 12 13.3 Maithili 25 27.7 4 1 Dharmashala Hindu 45 100 Nepali 35 77.7 Maithili 10 22.2 5 1 Tribeni tol Hindu 44 100 Nepali 41 93.1 Maithili 3 6.8 6 1 Vijayapur Hindu 60 100 Nepali 40 66.6 Maithili 20 33.3 7 2 Saraswati tol Hindu 42 100 Nepali 42 100 8 2 Bidhyamarga Hindu 75 100 Nepali 25 33.3 Maithili 50 66.6 9 2 Sahid marga Hindu 55 100 Nepali 55 100 10 2 Bajarangabali Hindu 100 100 Nepali 50 50 Maithili 40 40 Newari 10 10 11 3 Munalpath Hindu 31 100 Nepali 26 83.8 Maithili 1 3.2 Bhojpuri 1 3.2 Marwari 3 10 12 3 Bijuli Office Hindu 58 100 Nepali 3 5 Maithili 49 84 Marwari 6 10.3 13 3 Pragati tol Hindu 41 93.1 Nepali 42 95.4 3 6.8 Maithili 1 2.5 Bangali 1 2.5 14 3 Rajbansi tol Hindu 57 Nepali 25 36.7 Buddhist 8 Urdu 3 4.4 Islam 3 Rajbanshi 40 58.8 15 4 Nagbeli marga Hindu 60 100 Nepali 55 91.6 Bhojpuri 5 8.3 16 4 Madannagar Hindu 70 87.5 Nepali 70 87.5 Buddhist 10 12.5 Maithili 10 12.5 17 4 Pratap marg 'kha' Hindu 55 100 Nepali 55 100 18 4 Jyoti marga Hindu 50 100 Nepali 50 100 19 4 Nawajyoti marga Hindu 39 97.5 Nepali 40 100 Christian 1 2.5 20 4 Gograha Hindu 70 100 Nepali 25 41.6 Rajbansi Maithili 35 58.3 Newari 10 16.6 22 4 Rajbansi tol Hindu 70 100 Nepali 30 42.8 Rajbanshi 40 57.1 23 4 Panitanki Hindu 150 100 Nepali 85 56.6 Tharu 15 10 Marwari 50 33.3 24 4 Sumarga tol Hindu 100 100 Nepali 100 100 25 5 Ekata tol Hindu 50 100 Nepali 47 94 Maithili 3 6 26 5 Sakhuware tol Hindu 95 100 Nepali 85 89.4 Maithili 5 5.3 Tharu 5 5.3 27 5 Achyut Mill Hindu 94 94 Nepali 100 100 Buddhist 6 4 28 5 Kharjikobara Hindu 60 100 Nepali 45 75 Marwari 10 16.6 Tharu 5 8.3 29 5 Kanchanbari Hindu 84 100 Nepali 30 35.7 Maithili 14 16.6 Tharu 40 47.6 30 5 Pipalbot Hindu 70 100 Nepali 65 92.8 Tharu 5 7.1 31 6 Kochakhal Hindu 167 100 Nepali 25 15 Maithili 127 76 Tharu 15 9 32 6 Jamungachi 'ka' Hindu 51 100 Nepali 45 88 Maithili 6 12 33 6 Santi chowk Hindu 72 100 Nepali 65 90 Maithili 5 7

TA 7182-NEP A - 6 Final Report, Vol. 11 FORM NO Ward Tole Religion HH Percentage Language HH Percentage Bhojpuri 2 3 34 6 Bhrikuti chowk Hindu 51 15 Nepali 35 58 Islam 9 85 Maithili 4 7 Urdu 9 15 Marwari 12 20 35 6 Trimurtipath Hindu 65 100 Nepali 64 98 Tharu 1 2 36 6 Samjhana chowk Hindu 145 100 Nepali 136 93 Maithili 4 3 Marwari 5 4 37 7 Rajbansi tol Hindu 180 90 Nepali 175 87.5 Islam 20 10 Hindi 25 12.5 38 7 Sitapur Hindu 58 96.6 Nepali 46 76.6 Buddhist 2 3.3 Maithili 14 23.3 39 7 Arun marga 'kha' Hindu 34 97.1 Nepali 35 100 Islam 1 2.8 40 7 Barampura Hindu 97 97 Nepali 10 10 Islam 3 3 Maithili 90 90 41 7 Shivanagar Hindu 64 100 Nepali 55 85.9 Maithili 9 14 42 7 Udaya tol Hindu 95 50 Nepali 60 25 Islam 105 50 Maithili 25 12.5 Hindi 115 62.5 43 8 Sanimandir tol Hindu 62 100 Nepali 33 53 Maithili 18 29 Marwari 10 16 Bangali 1 2 44 8 DSP marga Hindu 38 100 Nepali 21 55.2 Maithili 17 44.7 45 8 Main Road Hindu 50 76.9 Nepali 15 23 Jain 15 23.0 Marwari 50 76.9 46 8 Kalimandir tol Hindu 25 83.3 Nepali 112 40 Jain 5 16.6 Maithili 10 33.3 Marwari 8 26.6 47 9 Adarsha tol Hindu 115 100 Nepali 85 73.9 Marwari 30 26 48 9 Sanihat Hindu 62 100 Nepali 10 16.6 Maithili 6 10 Marwari 46 76.6 49 9 Matrika marga Hindu 600 100 Nepali 190 31.6 Maithili 10 1.6 Marwari 400 66.6 50 10 Sakambari Hindu 80 95.2 Nepali 84 100 mandir Buddhist 2 2.3 Kirat 2 2.3 51 10 Omsanti tol Hindu 55 95 Nepali 56 96.5 Buddhist 2 3.4 Maithili 2 3.4 Kirat 1 1.7 Nepali 52 10 Motiram Marg Hindu 85 100 Nepali 85 100 53 10 Dharmabhaktta Hindu 70 100 Nepali 69 98.5 Tharu 1 1.4 54 11 Adarsha tol Hindu 70 60 Nepali 40 20 Islam 90 40 Maithili 30 20 Urdu 90 60 55 11 Amar tol 'ka' Hindu 85 100 Nepali 85 1000 56 11 Gita marga Hindu 76 74.2 Nepali 80 79.2 Buddhist 15 14.8 Maithili 5 4.9 Islam 10 9.9 Newari 1 0.9 Tharu 5 4.9 Hindi 10 9.9 57 11 Ashok Hindu 60 40 Nepali 15 10 chowk/Islam Islam 90 60 Maithili 45 30 Urdu 90 60 58 11 Mukhiya tol Hindu 240 100 Nepali 160 66.6 Hindi 80 33.3 59 11 Biswokarma tol Hindu 150 100 Nepali 10 6.6 Maithili 130 86.6 Tharu 10 6.6 60 12 Ramjanaki tol Hindu 150 75 nepali 100 50 Islam 50 25 Maithili 20 10 Newari 40 20 Hindi 40 20 61 12 Sajha tol Hindu 32 34.7 Nepali 12 13 Islam 60 65.2 Hindi 80 86.9

TA 7182-NEP A - 7 Final Report, Vol. 11 FORM NO Ward Tole Religion HH Percentage Language HH Percentage 62 12 Shiva tol Hindu 83 84.6 Nepali 85 86.7 Islam 15 15.3 Maithili 2 2 Bhojpuri 2 2 Newari 3 3 Urdu 3 3 Marwari 3 3 63 12 Sidartha tol Hindu 57 58.7 Nepali 70 72.1 Islam 40 41.2 Maithili 10 10.3 Bhojpuri 7 7.2 Hindi 10 10.3 64 13 Shiva tol Hindu 45 100 nepali 17 37.7 Maithili 18 40 Kirat 5 11.1 Tharu 4 8.8 Newari 1 2.2 65 13 Bagaicha tol Hindu 59 92 nepali 33 52 Islam 5 8 Maithili 22 34.3 Urdu 5 8 Hindi 4 6.2 66 13 Santi chowk 'kha' Hindu 37 100 nepali 13 35 Maithili 24 65 67 13 Jatuwa tol Hindu 28 100 nepali 3 11 Maithili 25 89 68 13 Sombare tol Hindu 40 66.6 Maithili 40 66.6 Islam 20 33.3 Urdu 20 33.3 69 13 Nabin tol Hindu 70 95.2 nepali 65 89.2 Buddhist 4 4.7 Maithili 9 10.7 70 14 Himalaya road Hindu 12 100 nepali 12 100 71 14 Binayak tol Hindu 140 93.3 nepali 140 93.3 Islam 10 6.6 Maithili 10 6.6 72 14 Gudri tol Hindu 40 100 nepali 30 75 Maithili 10 25 73 14 Bhanu tol Hindu 73 85.8 nepali 42 49.4 Buddhist 12 14.1 Maithili 23 27.5 Bhojpuri 20 23.5 74 15 Bhanu tol Hindu 44 88 Nepali 28 Buddhist 5 10 Maithili 22 Islam 1 2 75 15 Janapath 'cha' Hindu 37 90 nepali 23 83 Kirat 3 10 Maithili 17 17 76 15 Alka marga 'gha' Hindu 90 90 Nepali 50 Buddhist 5 5 Maithili 40 Kirat 5 5 Tharu 10 77 15 Buspark Hindu 59 93.6 nepali 63 100 Kirat 4 6.3 78 15 Marik tol Hindu 53 100 Maithili 53 100 79 15 Alka Ramjanaki Hindu 90 94.7 nepali 70 Kirat 5 1.0 Maithili 10 Bangali 15 80 16 Pragati tol Hindu 41 nepali 26 Rajbanshi 15 81 16 Malanguwa Hindu 125 100 Maithili 82 65.6 Rajbanshi 43 34.4 82 16 Thangachhi Hindu 200 100 nepali 63 31.5 Maithili 137 68.5 83 16 Panchali Hindu 99 99 Nepali 90 90 Buddhist 1 1 Hindi 10 10 84 16 Laxmi marga Hindu 56 96.5 nepali 41 70.6 Kirat 2 3.4 Maithili 17 29.3 85 16 Bakhari Hindu 35 nepali 3 Maithili 32 86 17 Sikyahi basbari Hindu 71 nepali 37 Buddhist 10 Awadi 45 Islam 1 87 17 Mahato tol Hindu 51 93.8 nepali 13 20 Kirat 4 6.1 Awadi 42 80 88 17 Avibadan 'Kha' Hindu 45 90 Nepali 15 30 Kirat 5 10 Maithili 35 70 89 17 Sainik tol Hindu 45 90 Nepali 50 30 Buddhist 6 Maithili 15 Kirat 14 10 90 17 Thapa niwas Hindu 46 90.1 nepali 25 49 Islam 5 9.8 Maithili 26 50.9 91 18 Bidhyut tol Hindu 113 171.2 Nepali 115 89.8

TA 7182-NEP A - 8 Final Report, Vol. 11 FORM NO Ward Tole Religion HH Percentage Language HH Percentage Buddhist 10 7.6 Awadi 8 6.2 Islam 3 2.3 urdu 3 2.2 Christian 2 1.5 Marwari 2 1.5 92 18 Rajbansi tol Hindu 60 100 Maithili 9 15 Tharu 40 66.6 Rajbanshi 11 18.3 93 18 Jatuwa tol Hindu 350 100 Maithili 290 87.8 Tharu 60 17.1 94 18 Mahato tol Hindu 220 100 nepali 19 8.6 Maithili 201 91.3 95 18 Ghogha Hindu 41 98.4 Nepali 6 9 hansmukhi Islam 1 1.5 Maithili 36 90.9 96 19 Harinagara Hindu 69 73.4 Nepali 18 19.1 bhatta Islam 25 26.5 Bhojpuri 76 80.8 97 19 Harijan tol Hindu 38 79.4 Nepali 20 27.3 Islam 15 20.5 Maithili 33 72.6 98 19 Chaudhari tol Hindu 41 97.6 Nepali 10 23.8 Islam 1 2.3 Newari 1 2.3 Hindi 31 73.8 99 19 Parijat Tole Hindu 64 81.5 Nepali 58 79.1 Islam 1 1.3 Maithili 5 6.9 Kirat 8 11.1 Gurung 1 1.3 Kirat 8 11.1 Urdu 1 1.3 100 19 Tribhuban tol Hindu 70 47.6 Nepali 50 47.6 Islam 35 33.3 Maithili 40 38 Bhojpuri 10 9.5 Other 5 9.5 101 20 Dakshin gate tol Hindu 64 47.1 Nepali 139 100 Buddhist 60 42.2 Islam 4 Kirat 11 102 20 #REF! Hindu 60 100 Nepali 20 33.3 Maithili 40 66.6 103 20 #REF! Hindu 52 100 Nepali 12 23.0 Maithili 40 76.9 104 20 Barma tol 'Kha' Hindu 41 51 Nepali 64 79 Buddhist 40 49 Maithili 17 21 105 20 Daraiya dakshin Hindu 167 95 Nepali 13 6.5 Buddhist 5 5 Maithili 149 87.5 Islam 5 Hindi 8 4 urdu 5 Bangali 2 2 106 21 Khatwe tol Hindu 115 96 Nepali 10 8 Islam 5 4 Maithili 105 92 Urdu 5 107 21 Ramjanaki tol Hindu 50 100 Maithili 50 100 108 21 Sudi basti Hindu 150 100 Nepali 10 6.6 Maithili 140 93.3 109 21 Masjid tol Hindu 19 15.8 Nepali 3 2.5 Islam 101 84.1 Awadi 16 13.3 Urdu 101 84.1 110 22 Madarsha tol' Hindu 4 6.2 Nepali 1 1.5 kha' Islam 60 93.7 urdu 63 98.4 111 22 Islam tol Hindu 2 4 Urdu 43 96 Islam 43 96 Hindi 2 4 112 22 Jahir tol Hindu 5 10 Hindi 50 10 Islam 45 90 113 22 Line quarter 'kha' Hindu 50 100 Nepali 45 90 Hindi 5 10 114 22 Dhuniya basti Hindu 9 11.2 Nepali 10 12.5 Buddhist 1 1.2 Urdu 70 87.5 Islam 70 87.5

TA 7182-NEP A - 9 Final Report, Vol. 11

WaterTable 3: Supply

2.3 No of Public 2.4 Pipe for 2.2 Water

2.1 Water Source Standpipe/Hand Water Supply pump Supply Tole Ward

FORM FORM NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3

1 1 Belgachhi 'ka' 1 1 2 1 Sunami marga 1 1 1 3 1 Shrinagar 'ka' 1 1 4 1 Dharmashala 1 1 1 5 1 Tribeni tol 1 1 1 6 1 Vijayapur 1 1 7 2 Saraswati tol 1 1 1 1 8 2 Bidhyamarga 1 1 1 9 2 Sahid marga 1 1 1 10 2 Bajarangabali 1 1 1 11 3 Munalpath 1 1 12 3 Bijuli Office 1 1 13 3 Pragati tol 1 1 1 14 3 Rajbansi tol 1 1 15 4 Nagbeli marga 1 1 16 4 Madannagar 1 1 1 17 4 Pratap marg 1 1 1 'kha' 18 4 Jyoti marga 1 1 1 19 4 Nawajyoti 1 1 1 marga 20 4 Gograha 1 1 Rajbansi 21 4 Buddha chowk 1 1 22 4 Rajbansi tol 1 1 23 4 Panitanki 1 1 24 4 Sumarga tol 1 1 1 25 5 Ekata tol 1 1 26 5 Sakhuware tol 1 1 27 5 Achyut Mill 1 1 28 5 Kharjikobara 1 1 29 5 Kanchanbari 1 1 30 5 Pipalbot 1 1 31 6 Kochakhal 1 1 32 6 Jamungachi 1 1 'ka' 33 6 Santi chowk 1 1 34 6 Bhrikuti chowk 1 1 1 35 6 Trimurti path 1 1 36 6 Samjhana 1 1 chowk 37 7 Rajbansi tol 1 1 38 7 Sitapur 1 1 39 7 Arun marga 1 1 'kha' 40 7 Barampura 1 1 41 7 Shivanagar 1 1 1 42 7 Udaya tol 1 1 43 8 Sanimandir tol 1 1 1 1 44 8 DSP marga 1 1 45 8 Main Road 1 1 1 46 8 Kalimandir tol 1 1 1 47 9 Adarsha tol 1 1 1 48 9 Sanihat 1 1 1 49 9 Matrika marga 1 1 50 10 Sakambari 1 1 1 mandir 51 10 Omsanti tol 1 1 1 1 52 10 Motiram Marg 1 1 1 53 10 Dharmabhakta 1 1 1 54 11 Adarsha tol 1 1 55 11 Amar tol 'ka' 1 1 56 11 Gita marga 1 1 1 57 11 Ashok 1 1 chowk/Islam 58 11 Mukhiya tol 1 1 59 11 Biswokarma tol 1 1 1 TA 7182-NEP A - 10 Final Report, Vol. 11 2.3 No of Public 2.4 Pipe for 2.2 Water

2.1 Water Source Standpipe/Hand Water Supply pump Supply Tole Ward

FORM FORM NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3

60 12 Ramjanaki tol 1 1 1 1 61 12 Sajha tol 1 1 62 12 Shiva tol 1 1 1 63 12 Sidartha tol 1 1 1 1 64 13 Shiva tol 1 1 65 13 Bagaicha tol 1 1 66 13 Santi chowk 1 1 'kha' 67 13 Jatuwa tol 1 1 68 13 Sombare tol 1 1 69 13 Nabin tol 1 1 1 70 14 Himalaya road 1 1 1 71 14 Binayak tol 1 1 72 14 Gudri tol 1 1 73 14 Bhanu tol 1 1 1 1 74 15 Shivamarga 1 1 75 15 Janaphat 'cha' 1 1 76 15 Alka marga 1 1 'gha' 77 15 Buspark 1 1 1 78 15 Marik tol 1 1 79 15 Alka 1 1 Ramjanaki 80 16 Pragati tol 1 1 81 16 Malanguwa 1 1 82 16 Thangachhi 1 1 83 16 Panchali 1 1 84 16 Laxmi marga 1 1 85 16 Bakhari 1 1 1 86 17 Sikyahi basbari 1 1 87 17 Mahato tol 1 1 88 17 Avibadan 'Kha' 1 1 1 89 17 Sainik tol 1 1 90 17 Thapa niwas 1 1 1 91 18 Bidhyut tol 1 1 92 18 Rajbansi tol 1 1 93 18 Jatuwa tol 1 1 94 18 Mahato tol 1 1 95 18 Ghogha 1 1 1 1 hansmukhi 96 19 Harinagara 1 1 1 bhatta 97 19 Harijan tol 1 1 98 19 Chaudhari tol 1 1 99 19 Parijat tol 1 1 1 100 19 Tribhuban tol 1 1 1 101 20 Dakshin gate 1 1 1 tol 102 20 Barma tol 'Gha' 1 1 103 20 Daraiya Arya 1 1 1 tol 104 20 Barma tol 'Kha' 1 1 105 20 Daraiya 1 1 1 dakshin 106 21 Khatwe tol 1 1 107 21 Ramjanaki tol 1 1 1 108 21 Sudi basti 1 1 109 21 Masjid tol 1 1 1 1 110 22 Madarsha tol' 1 1 kha' 111 22 Islam tol 1 1 112 22 Jahir tol 1 1 1 1 113 22 Line quarter 1 1 1 'kha' 114 22 Dhuniya basti 1 1

TA 7182-NEP A - 11 Final Report, Vol. 11

Table 4:Solid Waste Management

4.1 Waste 4.2 Waste 4.3 Collection Bins 4.4 Method of Disposal disposal bins Management Tole Ward

FORM FORM NO 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 Belgachhi 'ka' 1 1 1 2 1 Sunami marga 1 1 3 1 Shrinagar 'ka' 1 1 1 4 1 Dharmashala 1 1 1 5 1 Tribeni tol 1 1 1 6 1 Vijayapur 1 1 7 2 Saraswati tol 1 1 1 8 2 Bidhyamarga 1 1 1 9 2 Sahid marga 1 1 1 1 10 2 Bajarangabali 1 1 1 11 3 Munalpath 1 1 1 12 3 Bijuli Office 1 1 1 13 3 Pragati tol 1 1 1 14 3 Rajbansi tol 1 1 1 15 4 Nagbeli marga 1 1 1 1 16 4 Madannagar 1 1 1 1 17 4 Pratap marg 'kha' 1 1 1 1 18 4 Jyoti marga 1 1 1 19 4 Nawajyoti marga 1 1 1 20 4 Gograha Rajbansi 1 1 1 21 4 Buddha chowk 1 1 1 22 4 Rajbansi tol 1 1 1 23 4 Panitanki 1 1 1 24 4 Sumarga tol 1 1 1 25 5 Ekata tol 1 1 1 26 5 Sakhuware tol 1 1 1 27 5 Achyut Mill 1 1 28 5 Kharjikobara 1 1 1 29 5 Kanchanbari 1 1 1 30 5 Pipalbot 1 1 1 31 6 Kochakhal 1 1 32 6 Jamungachi 'ka' 1 1 33 6 Santi chowk 1 1 34 6 Bhrikuti chowk 1 1 35 6 Trimurti path 1 1 36 6 Samjhana chowk 1 1 37 7 Rajbansi tol 1 1 38 7 Sitapur 1 1 39 7 Arun marga 'kha' 1 1 40 7 Barampura 1 1 41 7 Shivanagar 1 1 42 7 Udaya tol 1 1 1 43 8 Sanimandir tol 1 1 1 1 44 8 DSP marga 1 1 1 45 8 Main Road 1 1 1 46 8 Kalimandir tol 1 1 1 1 47 9 Adarsha tol 1 1 1 48 9 Sanihat 1 1 1 49 9 Matrika marga 1 1 1 50 10 Sakambari mandir 1 1 1 51 10 Omsanti tol 1 1 1 52 10 Motiram Marg 1 1 1 53 10 Dharmabhakta 1 1 1 54 11 Adarsha tol 1 1 55 11 Amar tol 'ka' 1 1 1 56 11 Gita marga 1 1 1 1 57 11 Ashok chowk/Islam 1 1 58 11 Mukhiya tol 1 1 59 11 Biswokarma tol 1 1

TA 7182-NEP A - 12 Final Report, Vol. 11

4.1 Waste 4.2 Waste 4.3 Collection Bins 4.4 Method of Disposal disposal bins Management Tole Ward

FORM FORM NO 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 60 12 Ramjanaki tol 1 1 1 61 12 Sajha tol 1 1 1 62 12 Shiva tol 1 1 1 63 12 Sidartha tol 1 1 1 64 13 Shiva tol 1 1 1 65 13 Bagaicha tol 1 1 1 1 66 13 Santi chowk 'kha' 1 1 1 1 67 13 Jatuwa tol 1 1 1 1 68 13 Sombare tol 1 1 1 1 69 13 Nabin tol 1 1 1 70 14 Himalaya road 1 1 1 1 71 14 Binayak tol 1 1 1 72 14 Gudri tol 1 1 1 1 73 14 Bhanu tol 1 1 1 74 15 Shivamarga 1 1 1 75 15 Janaphat 'cha' 1 1 1 76 15 Alka marga 'gha' 1 1 1 77 15 Buspark 1 1 1 78 15 Marik tol 1 1 79 15 Alka Ramjanaki 1 1 1 80 16 Pragati tol 1 1 1 81 16 Malanguwa 1 1 1 82 16 Thangachhi 1 1 1 83 16 Panchali 1 1 1 84 16 Laxmi marga 1 1 1 85 16 Bakhari 1 1 1 86 17 Sikyahi basbari 1 1 1 1 87 17 Mahato tol 1 1 1 88 17 Avibadan 'Kha' 1 1 1 89 17 Sainik tol 1 1 1 90 17 Thapa niwas 1 1 1 91 18 Bidhyut tol 1 1 1 92 18 Rajbansi tol 1 1 1 93 18 Jatuwa tol 1 1 1 1 94 18 Mahato tol 1 1 1 95 18 Ghogha 1 1 1 hansmukhi 96 19 Harinagara bhatta 1 1 1 1 97 19 Harijan tol 1 1 98 19 Chaudhari tol 1 1 1 99 19 Parijat tol 1 1 1 100 19 Tribhuban tol 1 1 101 20 Dakshin gate tol 1 1 1 102 20 Barma tol 'Gha' 1 1 1 103 20 Daraiya Arya tol 1 1 1 104 20 Barma tol 'Kha' 1 1 1 105 20 Daraiya dakshin 1 1 1 106 21 Khatwe tol 1 1 1 107 21 Ramjanaki tol 1 1 1 108 21 Sudi basti 1 1 1 109 21 Masjid tol 1 1 1 110 22 Madarsha tol' kha' 1 1 1 111 22 Islam tol 1 1 112 22 Jahir tol 1 1 113 22 Line quarter 'kha' 1 1 1 114 22 Dhuniya basti 1 1 1

TA 7182-NEP A - 13 Final Report, Vol. 11

Table 5:Priorities Needs/Prioritization

1 Water 2 S.Waste

Tole 3 Toilets 4 Sewerage 5 Transport 6 Market 7 Others Ward Supply Mgt. FORM FORM NO 1 1 Belgachhi 'ka' 4 3 5 2 1 2 1 Sunami marga 4 1 3 2 3 1 Shrinagar 'ka' 5 4 3 1 2 4 1 Dharmashala 3 4 2 1 5 1 Tribeni tol 3 4 1 2 6 1 Vijayapur 4 5 2 3 1 7 2 Saraswati tol 3 2 1 4 8 2 Bidhyamarga 2 3 1 4 9 2 Sahid marga 4 3 2 1 10 2 Bajarangabali 6 1 4 2 3 5 11 3 Munalpath 2 3 4 1 12 3 Bijuli Office 5 4 3 2 6 1 13 3 Pragati tol 2 1 3 14 3 Rajbansi tol 4 1 5 2 3 6 15 4 Nagbeli marga 4 3 6 2 1 5 16 4 Madannagar 6 4 3 2 1 5 17 4 Pratap marg 'kha' 4 2 5 1 3 6 7 18 4 Jyoti marga 4 2 5 1 3 6 19 4 Nawajyoti marga 5 2 6 3 1 4 7 20 4 Gograha 4 3 1 2 6 5 7 Rajbansi 21 4 Buddha chowk 5 3 4 1 2 6 7 22 4 Rajbansi tol 5 4 1 3 2 6 7 23 4 Panitanki 4 2 5 1 3 6 7 24 4 Sumarga tol 6 2 4 3 1 5 25 5 Ekata tol 1 4 2 3 26 5 Sakhuware tol 4 1 2 5 3 6 27 5 Achyut Mill 2 3 1 4 28 5 Kharjikobara 2 1 3 4 29 5 Kanchanbari 3 4 5 2 1 6 30 5 Pipalbot 2 4 3 1 31 6 Kochakhal 4 3 1 2 5 7 6 32 6 Jamungachi 'ka' 2 4 1 3 6 5 33 6 Santi chowk 2 3 1 34 6 Bhrikuti chowk 1 3 2 35 6 Trimurti path 1 3 2 4 36 6 Samjhana chowk 2 3 1 4 37 7 Rajbansi tol 5 3 6 2 1 4 38 7 Sitapur 3 4 5 1 2 6 39 7 Arun marga 'kha' 2 3 5 6 1 4 40 7 Barampura 4 1 6 3 2 5 41 7 Shivanagar 4 3 6 2 1 5 42 7 Udaya tol 1 2 4 3 5 6 43 8 Sanimandir tol 2 3 1 44 8 DSP marga 5 2 3 1 4 45 8 Main Road 1 2 4 3 46 8 Kalimandir tol 47 9 Adarsha tol 5 3 1 2 4 6 48 9 Sanihat 3 2 4 1 5 6 49 9 Matrika marga 1 2 3 4 5 6 50 10 Sakambari 3 4 6 1 2 5 mandir 51 10 Omsanti tol 4 3 5 1 2 6 52 10 Motiram Marg 4 1 5 2 3 6 53 10 Dharmabhakta 3 4 1 2 54 11 Adarsha tol 3 2 1 4 5 6 55 11 Amar tol 'ka' 3 4 6 2 1 5 56 11 Gita marga 6 1 2 3 4 5 57 11 Ashok 4 2 1 3 6 5 chowk/Islam 58 11 Mukhiya tol 3 2 1 4 5 6 59 11 Biswokarma tol 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 60 12 Ramjanaki tol 1 2 3 61 12 Sajha tol 1 2 4 3 5 6 62 12 Shiva tol 6 1 5 4 2 3 63 12 Sidartha tol 3 1 4 2 5 6 64 13 Shiva tol 3 5 2 1 4 6 7 65 13 Bagaicha tol 4 5 6 1 7 3 2 TA 7182-NEP A - 14 Final Report, Vol. 11 Needs/Prioritization

1 Water 2 S.Waste

Tole 3 Toilets 4 Sewerage 5 Transport 6 Market 7 Others Ward Supply Mgt. FORM FORM NO 66 13 Santi chowk 'kha' 1 6 5 3 7 4 2 67 13 Jatuwa tol 4 5 2 3 1 7 6 68 13 Sombare tol 2 6 4 1 3 5 7 69 13 Nabin tol 5 2 4 1 3 6 7 70 14 Himalaya road 2 1 71 14 Binayak tol 7 1 5 2 6 3 4 72 14 Gudri tol 3 1 4 2 6 5 73 14 Bhanu tol 3 2 4 1 5 6 74 15 Shivamarga 4 5 3 1 2 6 7 75 15 Janaphat 'cha' 2 3 6 1 4 5 7 76 15 Alka marga 'gha' 5 3 4 1 2 6 7 77 15 Buspark 2 1 4 3 78 15 Marik tol 5 4 1 3 2 6 79 15 Alka Ramjanaki 4 3 5 1 2 6 80 16 Pragati tol 1 3 6 4 2 5 81 16 Malanguwa 2 5 3 6 1 4 7 82 16 Thangachhi 5 4 3 2 1 6 83 16 Panchali 3 2 6 1 4 5 84 16 Laxmi marga 4 3 1 2 5 85 16 Bakhari 4 6 5 3 1 2 7 86 17 Sikyahi basbari 6 3 1 2 4 5 7 87 17 Mahato tol 5 4 2 1 3 7 6 88 17 Avibadan 'Kha' 4 2 6 1 3 5 7 89 17 Sainik tol 4 3 1 5 2 6 90 17 Thapa niwas 6 2 7 1 5 3 4 91 18 Bidhyut tol 3 6 5 1 2 7 4 92 18 Rajbansi tol 2 3 1 5 4 6 7 93 18 Jatuwa tol 1 5 2 4 3 6 7 94 18 Mahato tol 5 4 1 3 2 6 7 95 18 Ghogha 6 5 2 3 1 4 hansmukhi 96 19 Harinagara 5 2 3 1 4 6 bhatta 97 19 Harijan tol 4 2 3 1 7 6 5 98 19 Chaudhari tol 3 4 5 2 1 6 7 99 19 Parijat tol 3 2 5 1 6 4 100 19 Tribhuban tol 5 2 4 1 3 6 7 101 20 Dakshin gate tol 4 3 2 1 5 6 7 102 20 Barma tol 'Gha' 1 3 2 103 20 Daraiya Arya tol 3 4 1 2 5 104 20 Barma tol 'Kha' 3 5 6 2 7 1 4 105 20 Daraiya dakshin 7 3 1 2 5 6 4 106 21 Khatwe tol 5 2 1 4 3 6 7 107 21 Ramjanaki tol 6 4 2 3 1 5 108 21 Sudi basti 3 1 4 2 6 5 7 109 21 Masjid tol 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 110 22 Madarsha tol' 3 5 1 2 4 7 6 kha' 111 22 Islam tol 3 7 1 6 2 5 4 112 22 Jahir tol 3 6 1 5 2 7 4 113 22 Line quarter 'kha' 2 3 1 5 4 6 7 114 22 Dhuniya basti 4 1 2 3 6 5 7 Total 363 335 326 249 325 473 276

TA 7182-NEP A - 15 Final Report, Vol. 11

Table 6: New construction

FORM NO WARD TOLE PAKKI % KACCHI % THATCH %

1 1 Belgachhi 'ka' 95 5 2 1 Sunami marga 64 36 3 1 Shrinagar 'ka' 11 83 6 4 1 Dharmashala 56 11 33 5 1 Tribeni tol 90 10 6 1 Vijayapur 10 85 5 7 2 Saraswati tol 95 5 8 2 Bidhyamarga 20 76 13 9 2 Sahid marga 60 10 30 10 2 Bajarangabali 50 50 11 3 Munalpath 75 25 12 3 Bijuli Office 20 80 13 3 Pragati tol 95 5 14 3 Rajbansi tol 40 60 15 4 Nagbeli marga 83 17 16 4 Madannagar 56 38 6 17 4 Pratap marg 'kha' 91 9 18 4 Jyoti marga 80 20 19 4 Nawajyoti marga 75 25 20 4 Gograha Rajbansi 50 43 7 21 4 Buddha chowk 83 7 10 22 4 Rajbansi tol 14 14 72 23 4 Panitanki 93 7 24 4 Sumarga tol 80 20 25 5 Ekata tol 95 5 26 5 Sakhuware tol 5 5 90 27 5 Achyut Mill 95 5 28 5 Kharjikobara 5 95 29 5 Kanchanbari 50 50 30 5 Pipalbot 95 5 31 6 Kochakhal 2 90 8 32 6 Jamungachi 'ka' 75 25 33 6 Santi chowk 97 3 34 6 Bhrikuti chowk 93 7 35 6 Trimurti path 98 2 36 6 Samjhana chowk 98 2 37 7 Rajbansi tol 95 5 38 7 Sitapur 90 10 39 7 Arun marga 'kha' 100 40 7 Barampura 5 5 90 41 7 Shivanagar 100 42 7 Udaya tol 40 60 43 8 Sanimandir tol 100 44 8 DSP marga 75 25 45 8 Main Road 100 46 8 Kalimandir tol 100 47 9 Adarsha tol 57 5 38 48 9 Sanihat 87 8 5 49 9 Matrika marga 98 2 50 10 Sansari maithan 80 15 5 51 10 Omsanti tol 90 5 5 52 10 Motiram Marg 75 25 53 10 Dharmabhakta 80 20 54 11 Adarsha tol 10 90 55 11 Amar tol 'ka' 95 5 56 11 Gita marga 90 10 57 11 Islam basti 10 90 58 11 Mukhiya tol 100 59 11 Biswokarma tol 10 90 60 12 Ramjanaki tol 100 61 12 Sajha tol 10 90 62 12 Shiva tol 99 1 63 12 Sidartha tol 60 40 64 13 Shiva tol 73 11 16 65 13 Bagaicha tol 80 20 66 13 Santi chowk 'kha' 89 11 67 13 Jatuwa tol 100 68 13 Sombare tol 40 10 50 69 13 Nabin tol 65 25 10

TA 7182-NEP A - 16 Final Report, Vol. 11 FORM NO WARD TOLE PAKKI % KACCHI % THATCH %

70 14 Himalaya road 100 71 14 Binayak tol 95 5 72 14 Gudri tol 10 10 80 73 14 Bhanu tol 60 30 10 74 15 Shivamarga 66 10 24 75 15 Janaphat 'chha' 100 76 15 Alka marga 'gha' 60 20 20 77 15 Buspark 70 30 78 15 Marik tol 20 80 79 15 Alka Ramjanaki 60 30 10 80 16 Pragati tol 90 10 81 16 Malanguwa 5 95 82 16 Thangachhi 45 55 83 16 Panchali 95 5 84 16 Laxmi marga 60 30 10 85 16 Bakhari 5 95 86 17 Sikyahi basbari 25 75 87 17 Mahato tol 30 70 88 17 Avibadan 'Kha' 80 20 89 17 Sainik tol 23 30 47 90 17 Thapa niwas 100 91 18 Bidhyut tol 40 60 92 18 Rajbansi tol 100 93 18 Jatuwa tol 15 23 62 94 18 Mahato tol 10 30 60 95 18 Ghogha hansmukhi 100 96 19 Harinagara bhatta 3 97 97 19 Harijan tol 100 98 19 Chaudhari tol 30 70 99 19 Parijat tol 75 20 5 100 19 Tribhuban tol 10 90 101 20 Dakshin gate tol 100 102 20 Barma tol 'Gha' 10 90 103 20 Daraiya Arya tol 5 95 104 20 Barma tol 'Kha' 37 63 105 20 Daraiya dakshin 20 80 106 21 Khatwe tol 12 88 107 21 Ramjanaki tol 30 70 108 21 Sudi basti 10 90 109 21 Masjid tol 18 82 110 22 Madarsha tol' kha' 10 90 111 22 Islam tol 2 98 112 22 Jahir tol 100 113 22 Line quarter 'kha' 100 114 22 Dhuniya basti 28 72

TA 7182-NEP A - 17 Final Report, Vol. 11

Time requirement School Health services

NO Bus Bus Tole Veg. Sec. Post Stop Med. shop Bank other Ward Prim. office home Clinic booth Hosp. FORM FORM Phone Shops H. Sec market Nursing Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min 1 1 Belgachhi 'ka' 35 10 45 45 45 10 10 30 45 45 10 45 45 2 1 Sunami marga 45 10 45 30 30 30 15 30 45 10 10 45 45 3 1 Shrinagar 'ka' 30 15 45 15 30 30 30 30 30 45 45 45 45 4 1 Dharmashala 45 10 60 30 10 10 10 30 30 10 45 45 45 5 1 Tribeni tol 30 10 45 45 45 60 10 45 45 45 10 45 45 6 1 Vijayapur 45 10 60 30 30 0 0 60 60 10 10 60 60 7 2 Saraswati tol 7 10 10 10 15 15 5 5 20 5 10 10 10 8 2 Bidhyamarga 5 4 30 4 20 30 20 20 30 10 10 30 10 9 2 Sahid marga 5 5 10 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 2 Bajarangabali 15 5 40 40 10 10 15 20 20 10 20 20 20 11 3 Munalpath 25 5 5 10 5 10 15 15 15 5 5 5 20 12 3 Bijuli Office 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 20 5 20 13 3 Pragati tol 20 5 5 10 5 10 10 5 5 5 15 5 20 14 3 Rajbansi tol 10 5 30 5 10 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 15 15 4 Nagbeli marga 5 5 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 45 16 4 Madannagar 60 5 5 30 5 10 0 25 30 5 30 30 30 17 4 Pratap marg 'kha' 20 5 5 15 30 30 5 5 5 5 5 30 30 18 4 Jyoti marga 20 5 5 10 5 5 15 15 15 5 30 20 30 19 4 Nawajyoti marga 30 15 10 10 5 5 30 30 30 5 5 30 30 20 4 Gograha Rajbansi 20 5 5 10 15 10 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 21 4 Buddha chowk 20 20 30 30 5 10 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 22 4 Rajbansi tol 30 5 5 30 5 5 20 30 30 5 5 30 30 23 4 Panitanki 20 0 10 20 0 5 20 20 20 0 20 20 20 24 4 Sumarga tol 30 5 10 30 5 5 30 30 30 5 5 30 30 25 5 Ekata tol 30 0 15 30 15 15 15 30 30 15 25 30 30 26 5 Sakhuware tol 30 10 20 20 20 5 0 0 20 5 30 30 30 27 5 Achyut Mill 20 6 5 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 0 28 5 Kharjikobara 60 0 15 60 60 15 15 0 30 15 0 0 0 29 5 Kanchanbari 30 0 5 10 5 5 15 30 5 10 5 25 30 5 Pipalbot 30 0 5 10 10 10 0 5 30 30 30 31 6 Kochakhal 15 5 30 15 15 15 10 25 15 10 10 20 20 32 6 Jamungachi 'ka' 20 5 30 30 30 15 10 30 20 20 30 15 30 33 6 Santi chowk 10 5 10 10 15 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 15 34 6 Bhrikuti chowk 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 10 15 35 6 Trimurti path 5 0 15 10 10 10 10 10 15 10 10 10 10 36 6 Samjhana chowk 10 5 5 15 15 15 10 10 15 10 10 15 15 37 7 Rajbansi tol 15 0 15 15 15 5 10 10 20 5 20 10 20 38 7 Sitapur 30 0 30 30 30 20 5 30 30 30 30 30 30 39 7 Arun marga 'kha' 20 0 20 20 25 25 10 15 30 10 30 10 30 40 7 Barampura 60 0 30 30 30 10 60 30 30 30 30 30 41 7 Shivanagar 20 0 30 30 30 30 0 0 20 10 30 20 20 42 7 Udaya tol 10 5 10 10 5 5 0 15 15 5 10 20 30 43 8 Sanimandir tol 5 5 10 10 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 44 8 DSP marga 10 5 5 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 45 8 Main Road 10 10 5 5 5 10 0 10 5 10 10 10

TA 7182-NEP A - 18 Final Report, Vol. 11

Time requirement School Health services

NO Bus Bus Tole Veg. Sec. Post Stop Med. shop Bank other Ward Prim. office home Clinic booth Hosp. FORM FORM Phone Shops H. Sec market Nursing Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min 46 8 Kalimandir tol 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 5 5 5 10 47 9 Adarsha tol 5 5 15 10 5 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 48 9 Sanihat 5 5 10 10 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 49 9 Matrika marga 5 5 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 50 10 Sakambari mandir 16 5 5 15 15 15 10 15 15 15 15 15 15 51 10 Omsanti tol 15 10 10 10 5 5 10 10 15 5 5 10 5 52 10 Motiram Marg 5 10 15 5 5 15 5 15 15 5 5 20 5 53 10 Dharmabhakta 5 10 15 5 5 15 5 5 10 5 5 10 10 54 11 Adarsha tol 30 0 30 30 30 30 20 30 45 30 30 30 30 55 11 Amar tol 'ka' 30 0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 56 11 Gita marga 10 0 15 15 30 30 10 20 30 10 10 10 10 57 11 Ashok chowk/Islam 10 0 30 15 30 2 2 30 30 5 5 30 30 58 11 Mukhiya tol 20 0 30 30 30 30 20 20 30 30 30 60 30 59 11 Biswokarma tol 20 0 20 20 20 20 10 20 30 20 20 20 20 60 12 Ramjanaki tol 10 0 15 10 0 10 0 0 0 10 0 10 10 61 12 Sajha tol 10 5 25 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 5 5 5 62 12 Shiva tol 10 10 15 10 10 0 0 10 10 10 2 5 5 63 12 Sidartha tol 10 5 15 15 15 15 0 15 10 5 10 10 10 64 13 Shiva tol 15 15 15 20 0 10 10 20 25 10 10 30 30 65 13 Bagaicha tol 10 5 15 15 15 20 30 30 15 10 15 15 15 66 13 Santi chowk 'kha' 20 5 15 20 10 30 30 30 10 5 5 20 20 67 13 Jatuwa tol 20 10 15 20 20 30 60 60 20 30 45 30 30 68 13 Sombare tol 20 5 10 15 15 30 5 30 30 30 30 30 30 69 13 Nabin tol 5 15 15 15 20 20 10 10 5 5 5 15 20 70 14 Himalaya road 5 5 5 0 5 5 5 5 5 20 5 10 71 14 Binayak tol 20 5 10 10 10 8 8 8 5 5 20 20 72 14 Gudri tol 5 5 5 0 0 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 73 14 Bhanu tol 5 5 0 0 0 5 10 74 15 Shivamarga 10 5 10 15 10 10 10 10 15 10 30 30 30 75 15 Janaphat 'cha' 20 10 10 5 20 5 5 15 20 15 15 20 76 15 Alka marga 'gha' 20 5 30 30 10 10 15 20 30 5 5 30 30 77 15 Buspark 15 5 5 10 5 15 10 10 10 5 5 5 10 78 15 Marik tol 20 10 20 10 10 10 10 10 30 5 10 30 30 79 15 Alka Ramjanaki 10 5 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 15 20 80 16 Pragati tol 15 5 10 15 15 15 0 10 10 5 15 20 15 81 16 Malanguwa 30 30 45 45 60 30 0 30 30 30 30 40 30 82 16 Thangachhi 30 15 20 15 5 10 10 5 10 20 20 20 83 16 Panchali 20 10 10 30 15 15 30 30 5 10 10 10 10 84 16 Laxmi marga 30 10 10 30 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 85 16 Bakhari 25 20 30 30 30 30 0 5 30 20 15 20 20 86 17 Sikyahi basbari 30 5 5 10 30 30 15 30 30 10 30 30 30 87 17 Mahato tol 60 15 60 30 30 30 30 4 4 30 30 30 30 88 17 Avibadan 'Kha' 30 5 15 5 30 10 10 15 20 10 20 30 30 89 17 Sainik tol 30 30 20 20 30 10 10 20 30 15 30 30 40 90 17 Thapa niwas 30 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 15

TA 7182-NEP A - 19 Final Report, Vol. 11

Time requirement School Health services

NO Bus Bus Tole Veg. Sec. Post Stop Med. shop Bank other Ward Prim. office home Clinic booth Hosp. FORM FORM Phone Shops H. Sec market Nursing Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min 91 18 Bidhyut tol 45 10 20 25 25 25 10 10 30 10 45 45 20 92 18 Rajbansi tol 15 10 10 15 20 10 20 5 20 10 10 20 60 60 93 18 Jatuwa tol 15 10 10 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 25 40 40 94 18 Mahato tol 30 0 0 20 30 20 30 20 30 40 40 30 30 95 18 Ghogha hansmukhi 60 30 30 30 30 15 60 30 30 30 30 30 96 19 Harinagara bhatta 12 15 10 10 10 0 10 15 15 20 25 30 97 19 Harijan tol 10 30 30 20 20 20 30 40 20 20 30 30 98 19 Chaudhari tol 15 5 15 15 15 20 20 30 5 10 60 10 99 19 Parijat tol 10 5 5 5 10 10 5 10 10 5 30 30 30 100 19 Tribhuban tol 10 5 15 20 10 10 20 10 20 10 10 30 30 101 20 Dakshin gate tol 5 5 5 5 5 10 20 20 20 15 30 30 30 102 20 Barma tol 'Gha' 15 5 20 5 5 10 10 10 20 10 30 30 30 103 20 Daraiya Arya tol 15 10 20 10 5 15 25 20 20 5 15 10 10 104 20 Barma tol 'Kha' 15 5 25 5 15 15 10 10 30 10 30 30 40 105 20 Daraiya dakshin 30 10 20 30 20 20 25 20 30 60 30 60 60 106 21 Khatwe tol 15 15 15 20 15 15 30 20 20 15 15 15 20 107 21 Ramjanaki tol 10 5 5 20 5 5 15 5 20 5 10 30 30 108 21 Sudi basti 15 10 15 20 25 10 15 10 20 10 30 30 30 109 21 Masjid tol 15 15 30 30 15 10 10 10 60 15 60 60 60 110 22 Madarsha tol' kha' 10 30 20 10 10 15 30 10 20 30 30 111 22 Islam tol 30 30 0 0 0 60 60 10 15 15 15 112 22 Jahir tol 45 45 60 45 45 5 45 45 30 60 60 120 113 22 Line quarter 'kha' 15 10 15 20 10 20 5 20 10 20 60 60 114 22 Dhuniya basti 10 20 10 5 5 1 20 20 5 5 30 30

TA 7182-NEP A - 20 Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 7: Road and Transport

5.4 Access 5.7 5.1 Type of 5.2 Rode Pople 5.3 Transport 5.5 Street 5.6 Play Road wants Available Light Park Tole 1 2 3 4 Ground Ward

FORM NO 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2

1 1 Belgachhi 'ka' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Sunami marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 Shrinagar 'ka' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 Dharmashala 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 Tribeni tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 Vijayapur 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 0 5 0 1 4 2 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 5 1 5 7 2 Saraswati tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 2 Bidhyamarga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 2 Sahid marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 2 Bajarangabali 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 3 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 4 11 3 Munalpath 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 3 Bijuli Office 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 3 Pragati tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 3 Rajbansi tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 2 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 2 3 2 4 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 4 15 4 Nagbeli marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 4 Madannagar 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pratap marg 17 4 'kha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 4 Jyoti marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nawajyoti 19 4 marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gograha 20 4 Rajbansi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 4 Buddha chowk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 22 4 Rajbansi tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23 4 Panitanki 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 24 4 Sumarga tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 2 7 0 1 9 1 0 0 0 9 1 2 0 7 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 6 4 6 4 25 5 Ekata tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26 5 Sakhuware tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27 5 Achyut Mill 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28 5 Kharjikobara 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 29 5 Kanchanbari 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 5 Pipalbot 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 0 5 0 1 5 1 0 0 0 6 4 4 2 3 1 2 4 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 5 1 0 0 6 0 6 31 6 Kochakhal 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Jamungachi 32 6 'ka' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 33 6 Santi chowk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 34 6 Bhrikuti chowk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 35 6 Trimurti path 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Samjhana 36 6 chowk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 1 5 0 0 4 0 2 0 0 6 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 37 7 Rajbansi tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

TA 7182-NEP A - 21 Final Report, Vol. 11 5.4 Access 5.7 5.1 Type of 5.2 Rode Pople 5.3 Transport 5.5 Street 5.6 Play Road wants Available Light Park Tole 1 2 3 4 Ground Ward

FORM NO 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2

38 7 Sitapur 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Arun marga 39 7 'kha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40 7 Barampura 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41 7 Shivanagar 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 42 7 Udaya tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 0 2 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 1 5 0 6 43 8 Sanimandir tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44 8 DSP marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45 8 Main Road 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 46 8 Kalimandir tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 4 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 4 2 2 1 4 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 4 47 9 Adarsha tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 48 9 Sanihat 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 49 9 Matrika marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 2 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 1 2 1 Sakambari 50 10 mandir 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 51 10 Omsanti tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 52 10 Motiram Marg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53 10 Dharmabhakta 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 4 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 0 4 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 1 3 0 4 54 11 Adarsha tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 55 11 Amar tol 'ka' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56 11 Gita marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ashok 57 11 chowk/Islam 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58 11 Mukhiya tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59 11 Biswokarma tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 2 3 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 1 5 0 6 60 12 Ramjanaki tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 61 12 Sajha tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 62 12 Shiva tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63 12 Sidartha tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 4 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 4 64 13 Shiva tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 65 13 Bagaicha tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Santi chowk 66 13 'kha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 67 13 Jatuwa tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 68 13 Sombare tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 69 13 Nabin tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 0 5 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 6 1 1 1 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 70 14 Himalaya road 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 71 14 Binayak tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 72 14 Gudri tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 73 14 Bhanu tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 4 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 4

TA 7182-NEP A - 22 Final Report, Vol. 11 5.4 Access 5.7 5.1 Type of 5.2 Rode Pople 5.3 Transport 5.5 Street 5.6 Play Road wants Available Light Park Tole 1 2 3 4 Ground Ward

FORM NO 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2

74 15 Shivamarga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 75 15 Janaphat 'cha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Alka marga 76 15 'gha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 77 15 Buspark 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 78 15 Marik tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Alka 79 15 Ramjanaki 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 2 3 0 1 4 1 1 0 0 6 1 1 1 4 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 4 2 0 1 5 1 5 80 16 Pragati tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 81 16 Malanguwa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 82 16 Thangachhi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 83 16 Panchali 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 84 16 Laxmi marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 85 16 Bakhari 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 0 5 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 6 1 3 0 4 1 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 86 17 Sikyahi basbari 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 87 17 Mahato tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 88 17 Avibadan 'Kha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 89 17 Sainik tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 90 17 Thapa niwas 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 1 3 0 1 4 0 1 0 0 5 0 4 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 5 91 18 Bidhyut tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 92 18 Rajbansi tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 93 18 Jatuwa tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 94 18 Mahato tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ghogha 95 18 hansmukhi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 0 4 0 1 4 1 0 0 0 5 1 3 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 3 2 0 0 5 0 5 Harinagara 96 19 bhatta 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 97 19 Harijan tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 98 19 Chaudhari tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 99 19 Parijat tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 100 19 Tribhuban tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 1 2 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 5 2 3 3 3 0 2 0 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 3 2 0 0 5 0 5 Dakshin gate 101 20 tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 102 20 Barma tol 'Gha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Daraiya Arya 103 20 tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 104 20 Barma tol 'Kha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Daraiya 105 20 dakshin 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 2 1 0 2 4 0 1 1 0 5 0 1 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 5 0 5 106 21 Khatwe tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 107 21 Ramjanaki tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 108 21 Sudi basti 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 109 21 Masjid tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 4 0 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 4

TA 7182-NEP A - 23 Final Report, Vol. 11 5.4 Access 5.7 5.1 Type of 5.2 Rode Pople 5.3 Transport 5.5 Street 5.6 Play Road wants Available Light Park Tole 1 2 3 4 Ground Ward

FORM NO 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 Madarsha tol' 110 22 kha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 22 Islam tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 112 22 Jahir tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Line quarter 113 22 'kha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 114 22 Dhuniya basti 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 0 1 0 4 5 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 1 0 0 5 1 4

TA 7182-NEP A - 24 Final Report, Vol. 11 Table 8:Drainage and Sanitation 3.8 3.1 3.4 If No Toilets 3.7 Water Drain

3.2 Flush 3.3 Tank/Pit fills up 3.5 Sewerage System 3.6 Dirty Water Go Toilets Peoples goes to Outlet Mange Tole ment Ward FORM NO 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 Belgachhi 1 1 'ka' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sunami 2 1 marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Shrinagar 3 1 'ka' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 Dharmashala 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 Tribeni tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 Vijayapur 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 4 2 1 1 2 0 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 5 1 0 0 1 3 2 2 4 7 2 Saraswati tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 2 Bidhyamarga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 2 Sahid marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bajarangabal 10 2 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 4 0 0 3 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 3 0 3 1 11 3 Munalpath 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 3 Bijuli Office 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 3 Pragati tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 3 Rajbansi tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 4 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 3 2 2 Nagbeli 15 4 marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 4 Madannagar 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pratap marg 17 4 'kha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 4 Jyoti marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nawajyoti 19 4 marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gograha 20 4 Rajbansi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Buddha 21 4 chowk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 22 4 Rajbansi tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 23 4 Panitanki 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 24 4 Sumarga tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 9 1 0 9 0 0 9 0 0 0 2 3 1 2 0 2 0 8 0 1 4 3 2 0 9 1 1 9 25 5 Ekata tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sakhuware 26 5 tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27 5 Achyut Mill 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28 5 Kharjikobara 1 1 1 1 1 1 29 5 Kanchanbari 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 5 Pipalbot 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 5 1 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 6 0 6 31 6 Kochakhal 1 1 1 1 1 1 Jamungachi 32 6 'ka' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 33 6 Santi chowk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bhrikuti 34 6 chowk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 35 6 Trimurti path 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

TA 7182-NEP A - 25 Final Report, Vol. 11 3.8 3.1 3.4 If No Toilets 3.7 Water Drain

3.2 Flush 3.3 Tank/Pit fills up 3.5 Sewerage System 3.6 Dirty Water Go Toilets Peoples goes to Outlet Mange Tole ment Ward FORM NO 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 Samjhana 36 6 chowk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 5 1 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 4 2 37 7 Rajbansi tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 38 7 Sitapur 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Arun marga 39 7 'kha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40 7 Barampura 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41 7 Shivanagar 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 42 7 Udaya tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 6 0 0 3 3 0 6 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 1 1 4 0 2 2 2 3 3 Sanimandir 43 8 tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44 8 DSP marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45 8 Main Road 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Kalimandir 46 8 tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 4 0 2 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 2 1 1 4 0 47 9 Adarsha tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 48 9 Sanihat 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Matrika 49 9 marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 3 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 3 0 3 0 Sakambari 50 10 mandir 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 51 10 Omsanti tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Motiram 52 10 Marg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Dharmabhakt 53 10 a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 4 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 2 2 3 1 54 11 Adarsha tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 55 11 Amar tol 'ka' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56 11 Gita marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ashok 57 11 chowk/Islam 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58 11 Mukhiya tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 Biswokarma 59 11 tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 3 3 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 1 2 4 Ramjanaki 60 12 tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 61 12 Sajha tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 62 12 Shiva tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63 12 Sidartha tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 3 0 4 0 64 13 Shiva tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 65 13 Bagaicha tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Santi chowk 66 13 'kha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 67 13 Jatuwa tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 68 13 Sombare tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 69 13 Nabin tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

TA 7182-NEP A - 26 Final Report, Vol. 11 3.8 3.1 3.4 If No Toilets 3.7 Water Drain

3.2 Flush 3.3 Tank/Pit fills up 3.5 Sewerage System 3.6 Dirty Water Go Toilets Peoples goes to Outlet Mange Tole ment Ward FORM NO 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2

Total 5 1 0 3 2 0 3 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 1 2 0 3 0 4 2 2 4 Himalaya 70 14 road 1 1 1 1 1 1 71 14 Binayak tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 72 14 Gudri tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 73 14 Bhanu tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 4 0 1 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 2 1 4 0 74 15 Shivamarga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Janaphat 75 15 'cha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Alka marga 76 15 'gha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 77 15 Buspark 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 78 15 Marik tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 Alka 79 15 Ramjanaki 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 5 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 2 0 1 2 3 0 0 1 5 2 4 80 16 Pragati tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 81 16 Malanguwa 1 1 1 1 1 1 82 16 Thangachhi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 83 16 Panchali 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 84 16 Laxmi marga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 85 16 Bakhari 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 3 3 1 3 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 3 3 0 0 0 4 2 1 5 Sikyahi 86 17 basbari 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 87 17 Mahato tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 Avibadan 88 17 'Kha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 89 17 Sainik tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 90 17 Thapa niwas 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 4 1 0 3 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 4 1 4 91 18 Bidhyut tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 92 18 Rajbansi tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 93 18 Jatuwa tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 94 18 Mahato tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ghogha 95 18 hansmukhi 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 1 4 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 4 1 0 0 2 3 1 4 Harinagara 96 19 bhatta 1 1 1 1 1 1 97 19 Harijan tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 98 19 Chaudhari tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 99 19 Parijat tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 0 19 Tribhuban tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 3 2 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 5 0 2 3 10 Dakshin gate 1 20 tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Barma tol 2 20 'Gha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Daraiya Arya 3 20 tol 1 1 1 1 1

TA 7182-NEP A - 27 Final Report, Vol. 11 3.8 3.1 3.4 If No Toilets 3.7 Water Drain

3.2 Flush 3.3 Tank/Pit fills up 3.5 Sewerage System 3.6 Dirty Water Go Toilets Peoples goes to Outlet Mange Tole ment Ward FORM NO 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 10 Barma tol 4 20 'Kha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Daraiya 5 20 dakshin 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 4 1 1 3 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 3 0 1 3 1 0 1 1 3 2 3 10 6 21 Khatwe tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Ramjanaki 7 21 tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 8 21 Sudi basti 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 9 21 Masjid tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 3 1 0 3 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 3 2 2 11 Madarsha tol' 0 22 kha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 22 Islam tol 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 2 22 Jahir tol 2 1 1 1 1 1 11 Line quarter 3 22 'kha' 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Dhuniya 4 22 basti 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 3 1 1 0 2 3 1 4 6 8 5 2 4 3 1 5 4 6 Total of 22 Ward 87 28 12 3 14 0 0 2 1 5 5 53 4 3 6 52 1 5 0 6 1 1 6 9 8 7 49 5

TA 7182-NEP A - 28 Final Report, Vol. 11 Appendix B

Water Quality Test

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Private Tap Water, (T1) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Rani Path, Ward No. 21, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 01 – 10 - 2009

S. Observed NDWQS, Parameters Test Methods N. Values Nepal 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.8 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 396 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer N. D. (<1) 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 148 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 185 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 7 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening N. D. (<0.05) 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 32.5 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 16.3 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.08 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) N. D. (<0.02) 0.2 15. Free Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) DPD No.1 N. D. (<0.1) 0.1 - 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN Multiple Tube 16. 23 Nil Index/100ml) Fermentation

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number. Remarks: Except faecal coliform count, all observed values lie within the

prescribed NDWQS for drinking water. The water was poorly disinfected.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 1 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Private Tap Water, (T2) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Raini, Ward No. 18, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 01 -10 - 2009

S. Observed NDWQS, Parameters Test Methods N. Values Nepal 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.7 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 391 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer N. D. (<1) 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 148 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 180 - Argentometric 6. Chloride, (mg/l) 7 250 Titration 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening N. D. (<0.05) 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 32.5 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 16.3 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.06 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.04 0.2 15. Free Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) DPD No.1 N. D. (<0.1) 0.1 - 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN Multiple Tube 16. 28 Nil Index/100ml) Fermentation

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number

Remarks: Except faecal coliform count, all observed values lie within the

prescribed NDWQS for drinking water. The water was poorly disinfected.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 2 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Private Tap Water, (T3) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Shiva Tole, Ward No. 13, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 02 -10 - 2009

Observed NDWQS, S. N. Parameters Test Methods Values Nepal

1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 7.2 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 567 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 1 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 205 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 250 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 14.8 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening N. D. (<0.05) 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 59.3 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 13.9 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.14 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) N. D. (<0.02) 0.2 15. Free Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) DPD No.1 0.1 0.1 - 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 16. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number

Remarks: All observed values lie within the prescribed NDWQS for

drinking water. The free residual concentration is at marginal level.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 3 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Private Tap Water, (T4) Date Completed : 14 - 10 – 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Madhumara, Ward No. 11, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 - 10 - 2009

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 7.4 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 507 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 2 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 189 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 240 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 7 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening N. D. (<0.05) 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 50.5 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 15.3 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 2.74 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.14 0.2 15. Free Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) DPD No.1 N. D. (<0.1) 0.1 - 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 16. Multiple Tube Fermentation 1100 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number

Remarks: Except iron and faecal coliform count, all other observed values lie

within the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water. The water is poorly

disinfected.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 4 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Private Tap Water, (T5) Date Completed : 14 - 10 – 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Tinpaini, Ward No. 2, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 – 10 - 2009

Observed NDWQS, S. N. Parameters Test Methods Values Nepal 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 7.2 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 588 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 3 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 222 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 275 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 8.9 250 N. D. 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 1.5 (<0.05) N. D. 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 50 (<0.05) N. D. 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA - (<0.01) 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 61.7 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 16.5 - N. D. 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation 0.05 (<0.005) 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.41 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.42 0.2 N. D. 15. Free Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) DPD No.1 0.1 - 0.2 (<0.1) Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 16. Multiple Tube Fermentation 75 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number Remarks: Except iron, manganese & faecal coliform count, all observed

values lie within the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water. The water is

poorly disinfected.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 5 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Private Tap Water, (T6) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Pusphalal Chowk, Ward No. 4, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 - 10 - 2009

Observed NDWQS, S. N. Parameters Test Methods Values Nepal 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 7.4 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 600 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer N. D. (<1) 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 200 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 230 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 9.9 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 0.66 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 62.9 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 10.5 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) N. D. (<0.05) 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) N. D. (<0.02) 0.2 15. Free Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) DPD No.1 N. D. (<0.1) 0.1 - 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 16. Multiple Tube Fermentation 14 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except faecal coliform, the observed values lie within the

prescribed NDWQS for drinking water. The water is poorly disinfected.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 6 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Private Tap Water, (T7) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Kamal Tole, Ward No. 4, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 02 – 10 - 2009

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 7.2 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 553 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 4 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 206 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 245 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 17.7 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening N. D. (<0.05) 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 54.1 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 17.3 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 1.7 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 1.3 0.2 15. Free Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) DPD No.1 N. D. (<0.1) 0.1 - 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 16. Multiple Tube Fermentation 9 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number. Remarks: Except iron, manganese & faecal coliform count, the observed

values lie within the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water. The water is

poorly disinfected.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 7 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Private Tap Water, (T8) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Jilla Adalat Road, Ward No. 10, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 -10 - 2009

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 7.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 523 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 1 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 180 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 230 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 9.8 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 0.37 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 52.9 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 11.7 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.27 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.71 0.2 15. Free Chlorine, (mg/l) DPD No. 1 N. D. (<0.1) 0.1-0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 16. Multiple Tube Fermentation 48 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except manganese & faecal coliform count, all observed values lie within

the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water. The water is poorly disinfected.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 8 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Community Supply Water, (CS1) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Western Gate Koshi Project, Ward No. 17,

Biratnagar Sampling Date : 01 – 10- 2009

Observed NDWQS, S. N. Parameters Test Methods Values Nepal 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 7.3 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 508 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 1 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 170 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 280 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 9.8 250 N. D. 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 1.5 (<0.05) N. D. 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 50 (<0.05) N. D. 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA - (<0.01) 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 52.1 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 9.7 - N. D. 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation 0.05 (<0.005) N. D. 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.3 (3) (<0.05) AAS N. D. 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.2 (<0.02) 15. Free Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) DPD No.1 N. D. (<0.1) 0.1-0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN >1100 16. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except faecal coliform count, all observed values lie within the

prescribed NDWQS for drinking water. The water is poorly disinfected.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 9 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Community Supply Water, (CS2) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Road Shesh Chowk, Ward No. 14, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 - 10- 2009

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 7.4 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 584 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 2 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 174 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 280 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 9.8 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 0.52 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 51.3 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 11.2 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.36 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.18 0.2 15. Free Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) DPD No. 1 N. D. (<0.1) 0.1 - 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN >1100 16. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except iron & faecal coliform count, all observed values lie

within the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water. The water is poorly

disinfected.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 10 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Community Supply Water, (CS3) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Main Road, Ward No. 3, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 – 10 - 2009

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 7.9 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 584 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 2 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 214 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 275 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 9.8 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening N. D. (<0.05) 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 61.7 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 14.6 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.12 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.34 0.2 15. Free Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) DPD No.1 0.1 0.1 - 0.2 Faecal coliform Count, (MPN Nil 16. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number

Remarks: Except manganese, all observed values lie within the prescribed NDWQS

for drinking water. The free residual chlorine concentration is at marginal

level.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 11 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Community Supply Water, (CS4) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Shankar Pur, Ward No. 4, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 – 10 - 2009

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 7.0 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 576 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 2 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 212 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 275 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 10.8 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 0.22 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 60.9 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 14.6 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.16 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.39 0.2 15. Free Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) DPD No. 1 N. D. (<0.1) Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 1100 16. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except manganese & faecal coliform count, all observed values lie within

the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water. The water is poorly disinfected.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 12 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW1) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Rani, Ward No.22, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 01 – 10 - 2009

Depth : 13.7m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 41 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer N. D. (<1) 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 118 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 120 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 43.4 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening N. D. (<0.05) 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 24 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 14 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.15 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.28 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN Nil Nil 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except manganese, all observed values lie within the prescribed NDWQS

for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 13 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW2) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Hadtalihaat, Ward No.19, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 01 – 10 – 2009

Depth : 12.2 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 541 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 3 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 168 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 205 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 40.4 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 0.22 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 40.9 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 16 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.30 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.29 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 93 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except manganese & faecal coliform count, all observed values lie within

the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 14 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW3) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Radha Krishna Chowk, Ward No. 21, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 01 – 10 – 2009

Depth : 10.7 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 537 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 2 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 154 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 180 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 56.2 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.08 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening N. D. (<0.05) 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 31.3 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 18.5 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.24 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.57 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 460 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number

Remarks: Except manganese & faecal coliform count, all observed values lie within

the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 15 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW4) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Barma Tole, Ward No. 20, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 01 – 10 - 2009

Depth : 18.3 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 361 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 4 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 109 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 140 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 23.1 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.05 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 1.6 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 24.8 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 11.4 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 1.07 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.27 0.2 Faecal coliform Count, (MPN Nil 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except iron & manganese, all observed values lie within the prescribed

NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 16 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW5) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Mahato Tole, Ward No. 18, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 01 – 10 - 2009

Depth : 13.7 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 220 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer N. D. (<1) 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 77 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 105 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 14.3 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 1.18 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 19.2 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 7 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.15 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.46 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN >1100 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except manganese & faecal coliform count, all observed values lie within

the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 17 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW6) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Koshi Project, Ward No. 17, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 01 – 10- 2009

Depth : 13.7 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 424 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer N. D. (<1) 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 128 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 135 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 30.6 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 8.7 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.02) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 48.9 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 1.5 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.11 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.05 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 9 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except faecal coliform count, all observed values lie within the prescribed

NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 18 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW7) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Shukrabare Majua Tole, Ward No. 16,

Biratnagar Sampling Date : 01 10 2009

Depth : 13.7 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 249 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 1 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 82 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 92.5 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 18.7 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 2.37 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 24 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 5.3 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 1.3 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) N. D. (<0.02) 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN Nil 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except iron, all observed values lie within the prescribed NDWQS for

drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 19 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW8) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Rampur Chowk, Ward No. 15, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 01 - 10- 2009

Depth : 13.7 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 343 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer N. D. (<1) 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 128 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 152.5 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 19.7 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 0.5 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 38.5 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 7.7 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.16 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.85 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation 460 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except manganese & faecal coliform count, all observed values lie within

the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 20 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW9) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Sarauchiya, Janapriya Tole, Ward No. 7,

Biratnagar Sampling Date : 01 – 10 – 2009

Depth : 13.7 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 594 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 1 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 210 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 220 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 42.4 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 0.81 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 74.5 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 5.8 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.19 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.20 0.2 Faecal Copliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 92006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: The entire observed value lie within the prescribed NDWQS for drinking

water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 21 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW10) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Prathiva Tole, Ward No. 13, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 18.3 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 427 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer N. D. (<1) 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 144 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 175 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 29.6 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 5.97 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 46.5 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 6.8 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.12 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.04 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: The entire observed value lies within the prescribed NDWQS for drinking

water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 22 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW11) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Jatuwa, Ward No. 18, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 – 10- 2009

Depth : 18.3 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.0 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 287 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer N. D. (<1) 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 94 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 90 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 21.7 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 5.46 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 28 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 5.8 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.16 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) N. D. (<0.02) 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: The observed value for pH does not comply the prescribed NDWQS for

drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 23 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW12) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Amar Tole, Ward No. 11, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 - 10 – 2009

Depth : 16.8 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 856 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 1 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 292 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 280 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 87.8 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.05 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 4.35 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 73.7 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 26.2 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.20 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.13 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation 1100 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard - 2063; AAS: Atomic Absorption; Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic acid; NTU: Nephelometric turbidity unit; MPN: Most Probable Number

Remarks: Except faecal coliform count, all observed values lie within the

prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 24 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW13) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Jahada Road, Ward No. 13, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 16.8 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 829 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 1 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 266 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 285 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 61.1 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.11 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 12.8 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 75.3 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 19 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.21 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.12 0.2 15. E, Coli Count, (MPN Index/100ml) Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Nil

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number

Remarks: The entire observed value comply the prescribed NDWQS for drinking

water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 25 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW14) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Suswagatam Marg, Ward No. 10, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 – 10 - 2009

Depth : 13.7 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 720 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 24 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 280 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 290 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 47.3 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.08 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 0.88 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 102.6 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 5.8 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation 0.005 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 5.99 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.45 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation 48 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: The observed values for turbidity, iron, manganese & faecal

coliform do not comply the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 26 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW15) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Hanuman Mandir, Ward No. 2, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 – 10 - 2009

Depth : 16.8 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 785 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 4 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 270 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 275 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 56.2 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.29 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 0.38 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 94.6 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 8.3 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation 0.005 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 2.27 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 1.14 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except iron & manganese, all observed values lie within the

prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 27 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW16) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Pokharia, Ward No. 4, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 02 - 10 – 2009

Depth : 21.3 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 672 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 5 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 254 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 235 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 48.3 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.12 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 0.22 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 81.8 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 12.2 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 2.58 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 1.54 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation 1100 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except iron, manganese & faecal coliform, all observed values lie within

the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 28 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW17) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Law Campus, Ward No.1, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 16.3 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.6 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 711 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 1 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 268 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 365 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 7.9 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.22 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 0.66 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 93 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 8.7 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 1.35 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.19 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except iron, all observed values lie within the prescribed NDWQS for

drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 29 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW18) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Mangadh Marg, Ward No. 4, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 22.9 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 697 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 64 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 252 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 302.5 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 21.7 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.43 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening N. D. (<0.05) 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 81 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 12.2 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation 0.018 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 13.92 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 2.16 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation 48 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except turbidity, iron, manganese & faecal coliform count, all observed

values lie within the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 30 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW19) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Kharji, Ward No. 5, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 13.7 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.6 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 660 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 2 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 239 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 265 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 30.6 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.45 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 0.66 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 77 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 11.4 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 1.69 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.14 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except iron, all observed values lie within the prescribed NDWQS for

drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 31 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW20) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Birat Nurshing Home, Ward No. 3, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 02 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 19.8 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 381 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 4 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 143 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 157.5 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 20.7 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening N. D. (<0.05) 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 47.3 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 6 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 2.39 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.07 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except iron, all observed values lie within the prescribed NDWQS for

drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 32 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW21) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Samjhana Chowk, Ward No. 6, Brt Sampling Date : 02 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 16.8 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 668 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 2 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 240 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 237.5 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 60.1 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.15 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 1 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 86.6 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 5.8 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.85 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.39 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: Except iron & manganese, all observed values lie within the prescribed

NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 33 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW22) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Janaki Chowk, Ward No. 6, Brt Sampling Date : 02 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 16.8 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 505 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 3 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 178 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 155 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 44.4 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization N. D. (<0.05) 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 0.22 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 55.3 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 9.7 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.82 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.27 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation 9 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: The observed values for iron, manganese & faecal coliform count do not

comply the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 34 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW23) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Satmariya galli, Ward No. 8, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 02 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 13.7 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.7 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 1210 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer N. D. (<1) 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 456 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 415 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 75.9 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.24 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 31 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 147.5 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 21.4 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.21 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.12 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: All observed values lie within the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 35 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW24) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Thakurbadi Road, Ward No. 12, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 02 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 13.7 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 1165 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 2 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 310 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 405 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 77.9 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 10.7 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 14.4 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 101 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 14 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.35 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) N. D. (<0.02) 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation 23 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: The observed values for ammonia, iron & faecal coliform count do not

comply the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 36 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW25) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Sahid Marg, Ward No. 9, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 02 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 16.8 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 1014 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 8 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 346 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 375 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 63.1 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.35 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 1.77 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 119.4 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 11.6 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 4.15 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.9 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation 93 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: The observed values for turbidity, iron, manganese & faecal coliform

count exceed the prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 37 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW 26) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Shankarpur, Ward No. 3, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 - 10 - 2009

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 630 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 1 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 192 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 235 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 23.6 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.10 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 6.64 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 71.3 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 3.4 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.82 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.09 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation 1100 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: The observed values for iron & faecal coliform count exceed the

prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 38 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW27) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Kamal Tole, Ward No. 4, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 02 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 13.7 m

Observed NDWQS, S. N. Parameters Test Methods Values Nepal 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 454 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer 1 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 186 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 175 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 21.7 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.07 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 0.22 50 N. D. 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA - (<0.01) 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 52.1 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 13.6 - N. D. 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation 0.05 (<0.005) 13. Iron, (mg/l) 1.64 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.19 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation >1100 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: The observed values for iron & faecal coliform count exceed the

prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 39 Final Report, Vol. 11

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Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW28) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Traffic Chowk, Ward No. 14, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 02 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 13.7 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.5 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 875 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer N. D. (<1) 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 250 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 305 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 42.4 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.10 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 19.92 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 83.4 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 10.2 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.23 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.79 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation Nil Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: The observed value for manganese exceeds the prescribed NDWQS for

drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 40 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube Well Water, (TW 29) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Bhumiprashasan Chowk, Ward No. 14, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 13.7 m

Observed NDWQS, S. N. Parameters Test Methods Values Nepal 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.4 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 1287 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer N. D. (<1) 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 258 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 330 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 140.5 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 2.3 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 33.2 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 89 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 8.8 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.13 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) 0.06 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN Nil 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation 1100 Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: The observed values for ammonia & faecal coliform count exceed the

prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By)

TA 7182-NEP B - 41 Final Report, Vol. 11

NS Accreditation No. Pra. 01 / 053 - 54

Entry No. : NCL - 258 (W) (42) - 10 - 2009 Date Received : 05 - 10 - 2009

Sample : Tube well Water, (TW30) Date Completed : 14 - 10 - 2009

Client : STIUEIP Sampled By : NESS

Location : Thapa Niwas, Ward No. 17, Biratnagar Sampling Date : 03 - 10 - 2009

Depth : 18.3 m

Observed S. N. Parameters Test Methods NDWQS, Nepal Values 1. pH at 26oC pH Meter 6.3 6.5 - 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) Conductivity Meter 577 1500 3. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometer N. D. (<1) 5 (10) 4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, (mg/l) EDTA Titration 192 500 5. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3, (mg/l) Titration 185 - 6. Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration 37.9 250 7. Ammonia, (mg/l) Nesslarization 0.13 1.5 8. Nitrate, (mg/l) UV Screening 27.3 50 9. Nitrite, (mg/l) NEDA N. D. (<0.01) - 10. Calcium, (mg/l) 71.3 200 EDTA Titration 11. Magnesium, (mg/l) 3.4 - 12. Arsenic, (mg/l) Hydride Generation N. D. (<0.005) 0.05 13. Iron, (mg/l) 0.33 0.3 (3) AAS 14. Manganese, (mg/l) N. D. (<0.02) 0.2 Faecal Coliform Count, (MPN 15. Multiple Tube Fermentation 23 Nil Index/100ml)

N. D.: Not Detected

Note:

NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard – 2063 (2006); AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; UV: Ultraviolet; EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic Acid; NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; MPN: Most Probable Number.

Remarks: The observed values for iron & faecal coliform count exceed the

prescribed NDWQS for drinking water.

______

(Analyzed By) (Checked By) TA 7182-NEP B - 42 Final Report, Vol. 11

Appendix C Maps

1 Biratnagar: tole population

2 Biratnagar: solid waste collection system

3 Biratnagar: involvement of stakeholders in solid waste management

4 Biratnagar: health and education program

5 Biratnagar: settlement generation and pattern

6 Biratnagar: park, street light and playground

7 Biratnagar: local market

8 Biratnagar: sewerage

9 Biratnagar: women’s poverty and poverty related program

10 Biratnagar: water supply and sanitation

11 Biratnagar: slum and squatter

12 Biratnagar: existing and needed road

13 Biratnagar: first priority of the community

14 Biratnagar: road, Ist and IInd priority

15 Biratnagar: first priority of solid waste managmenet

16 Biratnagar: water supply, Ist and IInd priority

17 Biratnagar: drainage and sanitation Ist and IInd priority

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