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National Park Service National Mall and Memorial Parks U.S. Department of the Interior Newspaper • FREE

August 2011 • Volume 4, Issue 8 Special Martin luther , jr. RANGER Programs OFFERED DAILY The Pride and Power Memorial Section - P. 5 of Non-violence by Ranger Nathan King restrooms or eat in restaurants in Speaking for the eyes of the law, but the quality, n early May, 1963, Birmingham, comfort, convenience, and dignity Freedom Alabama firefighters turned high of the separate facilities were I by Ranger John Donoghue pressure fire hoses on blacks; police clearly unequal. used dogs, tear gas, and clubs to In Kansas, once the bulwark harass civilians; and thousands – of abolitionism and liberalism, ev. Dr. Martin Luther King, including children – were arrested, state law allowed for segregated RJr. traveled to Washington, nhance your National Mall filling the jails to D.C. many times advocating for experience and join a National E capacity. The images equal rights for all . His Park ranger for short talks and site and film from the most famous visit to the District tours in some of the park’s major was to give the keynote speech attractions. All programs are free. event shocked the on Aug. 28, 1963, at the Lincoln No prior sign-up is required. nation. Why did such a scandalous Memorial during the on Short presentation and tour times: event occur? This Washington for Jobs and Freedom. 10 a.m., 12 p.m., 2 p.m., 4 p.m., episode of violence The demonstration marched 6 p.m., 8 p.m., and 10 p.m. was not by chance. down Constitution Avenue and Instead, it was a culminated with speeches on the Join these programs at: highly successful steps of the Memorial. non-violent protest: Dr. King’s “” • World War II Memorial • a group of peaceful speech, partially written in the city’s • Thomas Jefferson Memorial citizens invoking Willard Hotel, is one of the most • Vietnam Veterans Memorial their right to freedom familiar addresses in American • Korean War Veterans Memorial of speech while history: “… I still have a dream. • Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial seeking to bring an It is a dream deeply rooted in the end to segregationist Martin Luther King, Jr. flanked by a national park ranger Look inside this issue for other American dream that one day this laws. This was the at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, nation will rise up and live out the ranger-guided programs, walks, runs, Washington, D.C., August 28, 1963. bike rides, and more! genius of Martin true meaning of its creed.” Luther King, Jr.’s The speech and march brought brand of “creative protest” that schools in the larger cities. In 1951, the injustices of sought to bring an end to centuries the National Association for the and institutional in the IN THIS ISSUE of inequality. Advancement of Colored People to the forefront of the Following the end of the (NAACP) spearheaded an effort national conscience. An interracial Page 2 • Program and Activity Civil War in 1865, the 13th, 14th, to desegregate schools through Calendar group of approximately 200,000 Page 4 • How to Visit the and 15th Amendments to the the courts. In 1954, the Supreme people attended the march, and Washington Monument Constitution of the United States Court ruled on Brown V. Board millions watched via live television • Cell Phone Tours of America granted freedom, of Education, determining that Page 5 • Martin Luther King broadcast. Memorial Section citizenship, and equal separate facilities are inherently Page 9 • Games Page rights to African-Americans, unequal. This ruling opened the Speeches continued on page 12 • New Lincoln Memorial millions of whom were slaves at door for desegregation efforts Interactive Website National Mall Page 10 • Ranger Q&A the outset of the war. However, throughout the country, and other and Memorial Parks Page 11 • Bookstores after the Plessy V. Ferguson ruling communities saw similar court 900 Ohio Drive, SW • Concessions in 1896, which established the battles. Washington, DC 20024 • Tourmobile Park Headquarters: 202-485-9880 • Trust for the National “” doctrine, Although Martin Luther Visitor Information: 202-426-6841 Mall discrimination against blacks and King, Jr. saw victories such as Page 12 • Old Post Office Tower systematic disenfranchisement of Brown V. Board of Education as Park Websites: www.nps.gov/nama Page 13 • Kids’ Page www.nps.gov/mall Page 14 • Map & Site Information black voters persisted in the South. positive steps, he believed this National Mall Plan Website: Blacks and whites may have had method of attacking injustice www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan equal opportunities to use public Radio: 1670 AM Non-violence continued on page 4 Highlights Inside

This newspaper is also available online. Programs Martin Luther Map and Visit www.nps.gov/nama & Activities King, Jr. Memorial and click on NEWS. Calendar Memorial Guide Editor-In- Chief: Susan Martin 2 5 14 PAGE 2 PAGE 5 PAGE 14 Editors: Ruth Epstein, Kathryn Williams, Kawther Elmi, Nathan King

August 2011, Volume 4 Issue 8 National Mall Times 1 Programs & Activities - August

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 - 7 p.m. 6 - 8 p.m. 6 - 7 p.m. 6 - 6:30 p.m. 6 - 8 p.m. 1 - 4 p.m.

6 - 7 p.m.

6 - 8 p.m.

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 6 - 8 p.m. 6 - 7 p.m. 6 - 7 p.m. 6 - 9 p.m. 10 - 10:30 a.m. 6 - 9 p.m. 1 - 4 p.m.

6 - 8 p.m. 6 - 7 p.m. 6 - 8 p.m. 6 - 8 p.m.

7 - 8 p.m.

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 8 - 9 a.m. 6 - 8 p.m. 6 - 7 p.m. 10 - 10:30 a.m. 6 - 7 p.m. 6 - 7 p.m.

6 - 8 p.m. 6 - 6:30 p.m. 6 - 8 p.m.

6 - 8 p.m.

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 - 4 p.m. 2 - 2:30 p.m.

6 - 8 p.m.

6 - 8 p.m.

28 29 30 31 Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Dedication

In addition to these special programs, daily ranger talks and site tours begin on the even hours - 10 a.m., 12 p.m., 2 p.m., 4 p.m., 6 p.m., 8 p.m., and 10 p.m. - at many of the sites. Look for ranger talk signs posted in the memorials to join in!

Programs August 7 and 21 August 11 and 18 August 20 6 – 8 p.m. 10 – 10:30 a.m. 6 – 7 p.m. August 3 and 17 The Victims of Communism Remembered The Big Three 6 – 7 p.m. Memorial It would have been a delight to hear President Franklin Delano Roos- World War II’s Forgotten Veterans The Victims of Communism Me- the conversations as first African evelt, British Prime Minister Win- The U.S. Merchant Mariners morial honors the 100 million American supreme court justice ston Churchill, and Soviet Premier brought war supplies to every people that have been killed by Thurgood Marshall crossed paths Joseph Stalin met twice during theater of the second World War. this totalitarian system all around with , Charles Hamil- WWII. These men and their deci- These brave civilians faced high- the world since 1917.Please join us ton Houston, and LBJ. We remem- sions had a great impact on WWII er casualty rates then the mili- as we explore how Communism ber Thurgood Marshall with an and the Cold War. What were the tary, yet they were not extended emerged and why it claimed so airport and sculptures by Antonio historical decisions? Meet at the veterans status until 1988. Come many lives. Meet at the Victims of Mendez. Meet at the Lincoln Me- World War II Memorial. For more hear their incredible story. Meet Communism Memorial. For more morial by Lincoln’s left hand. For information contact Ranger Paul at the World War II Memorial. information contact Ranger Mike more information contact Park O’Brian at 202-438-7066. For more information contact Balis at 202-438-9710. Ranger Joseph Mohr at 202-359- Ranger Miriam Hornstein at 1532. August 27 202-359-7080. August 11 2-2:30 p.m. 6 – 7 p.m. August 19 Casmir Pulaski August 4 and 18 Nixon and Vietnam 6 – 7 p.m. With encouragement from Ben- 6 – 6:30 p.m. President Nixon ‘s administration Stalingrad jamin Franklin in Paris, Polish The Wall during the Vietnam conflict was In August 1942 the Germans at- nobleman Casmir Pulaski came The Vietnam Wall stands as a sym- interesting and controversial. How tempted to take the city of Stalin- to Philadelphia to aid George bol of recognition for the sacrifice was Nixon’s administration differ- grad. Immediately, they began to Washington and his army in the of our nations Vietnam Veterans. ent from the way President John- realize the Soviets were going to American Revolution. This expert We will discuss different aspects son handled the Vietnam War? fight hard for it. By early 1943 over horseman helped train American and symbolism of the memorial, How did Nixon’s role-play dur- a million Russian soldiers and over cavalry and played a critical role battles, and individual veterans ing the Vietnam War relate to his 700,000 German soldiers were in- prior to his untimely death at the who are among the 58,272 names role in the Cold War? Meet at the volved in this epic battle. Meet at age of 31. Meet Park Guide David listed on the wall. Meet at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. For the World War II Memorial. For Newson at the Pulaski statue on Vietnam Veterans Memorial. For more information contact Ranger more information contact Ranger Freedom Plaza at 13th & F Streets more information contact Ranger Paul O’Brian at 202-438-7066. Paul O’Brian at 202-438-7066. NW. For more information call Victor Pillow at 202-286-1624. 202-606-8691.

2 National Mall Times Bike Tours Chit-Chat runs

All riders MUST provide their Chit-Chat Runs are a great way to own bike, helmet and water. Meet visit the park and exercise at the at the Thomas Jefferson Memori- same time! Runs are every 2nd al. For more information contact: weekend of the month. Routes av- Ranger Richard Ayad erage about 3.5 to 4 miles, we run 202-438-3456 at a beginner pace, with interpre- [email protected] tive stops included. Reservations are not required. For more infor- August 6 mation contact: 1 – 4 p.m. Ranger Susan Martin Liberation of France 202-437-1888 The liberation of France was the [email protected] beginning of the liberation of Eu- rope in 1944. This tour includes August 13 the FDR Memorial, the WWII 7 – 8 p.m. August 10 and 12 Memorial, the 1st & 2nd Divi- 1861: The Transforming of 6 – 9 p.m. sion Memorials, the United States America Walking Tours An Evening with a Park Ranger Navy Memorial, and the National The Civil War began 150 years Spend an evening with a Park Japanese American Memorial to ago and ended in 1865. Come August 1, 6, 8 and 9 Ranger and learn about the his- Patriotism. Meet at the Thomas and explore some of the person- 6 – 7 p.m. tory of the Mall and memorials Jefferson Memorial. For more alities and events of the Civil War. Martin Luther King, Jr. in D.C . while discovering the beauty of information contact Ranger Paul How did the Civil War impact Martin Luther King, Jr. is com- the park at night. Bring water O’Brian at 202-438-7066. the city of Washington and the memorated in various locations and a flashlight. Wear comfort- United States in the 19th century? throughout the nation’s capital, able shoes. Meet at the Franklin August 13 Meet inside the circle of flags at and is soon to have a national me- Delano Roosevelt Memorial. For 1 – 4 p.m. the Washington Monument. For morial dedicated to him. Come more information contact Ranger Art in the Park more information contact Ranger learn about these places, and visit Kathy Kagle at 202-438-5377. We are lucky to have had both Paul O’Brian at 202-438-7066. the exterior work site of the future American heroes over time, and memorial. Note: the Official Me- August 13 stellar city planners, architects, August 14 morial dedication will be August, Lincoln Haunts Jaunts landscape architects, sculptors 8 – 9 a.m. 28. Meet at the Korean War Veter- 6 - 8 p.m. and painters who knew how to re- Meaning in the Memorials ans Memorial Ranger Kiosk. For Want to walk in Lincoln’s foot- mind us of what they did. Join us Join a Park Ranger to discover more information, contact Ranger steps and see some the places fa- to look at the most famous exam- some surprising subtleties within Don Stanko at 240-375-4857. miliar with America’s Civil War ples of art at the park. Meet at the a few of the National Mall’s icon- president? Meet at the Washington Thomas Jefferson Memorial. For ic memorials. Meet inside the August 2, 5 and 15 Monument. For more information more information contact Ranger circle of flags at the Washington Four Score and Four Years: From contact Ranger Lowell Fry at 202- Jan Buerger at 202-497-1397. Monument. For more informa- the Civil War to World War II 438-9603. tion contact Ranger Neil Koch at 6 – 8 p.m. August 21 202-438-6640. On this walking tour, we will visit August 14 and 21 1 – 4 p.m. sites marking our three deadliest Have We Learned Anything Yet? Unexplored Tales of the City conflicts. We will compare Lin- Remembering the Holocaust Were you taught that George coln’s and Roosevelt’s wars, and 6 – 8 p.m. Washington cut down a cherry discover how the conflict from Are the horrors of the camps re- tree or Abraham Lincoln wrote his 1861-1865 impacted World War II. treating into distant mental mists? Gettysburg Address on the back Meet at the Lincoln Memorial. For In learning what the GIs of World of an envelope? These tours prove more information contact Ranger War II saved and destroyed, our once and for all that true Ameri- Lowell Fry at 202-438-9603. gratitude towards them will be can history is stranger than ficti- rekindled, and discover the Ho- tious American history. For more August 6, 13, and 20 locaust’s subtle menance. Meet at information please contact Ranger 6 – 8 pm the World War II Memorial. Richard Ayad 202-438-3456. Long Live the Revolution! For more information con- Please join us as we examine four tact Ranger Lowell Fry at 202- memorials along Ave. 438-9603. We will explore why each revolu- tion occurred when it did, how it August 14 unfolded, and its legacy for Latin United States Navy America and the world. Meet at Memorial the Foggy Bottom Metro (in front 6 – 8 p.m. of GW Hospital). For more infor- Please join us as we explore mation contact Ranger Mike Balis the U.S. Navy’s role in the at 202-438-9710. Second World War. Meet at the United States Navy August 7 Memorial on Pennsylvania 6 – 8 p.m. Ave. For further information Chillin’ With a Ranger contact Ranger Michael Ba- Avoid the brutal Washington heat lis at 202-438-9710. and learn about some of D.C.’s sights and memorials, not all well know, in the late afternoon. Wear sturdy walking shoes. Meet at the Washington Monument. For more information contact Ranger Lowell Fry at 202-438-9603.

National Mall Times 3 Non-violence from page 1 that, after months of persistence, resulted in through the courts was too specific and too a court ruling that desegregated the buses. In gradual. By energizing millions of supporters cities across the South, activists staged lunch around the country, King aimed to do more counter sit-ins to protest segregated dining How to Visit than win a few court cases on specific issues; facilities, arriving en masse and sitting at lunch he aimed to awaken the American conscience. counters reserved for whites, refusing to leave the Washington “The arc of the moral universe is long,” King until police hauled them away. The high water said, “but it bends toward justice.” King mark in the was the Monument would bend the arc with a revolutionary form March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom of protest. in August, 1963, a rally of over a quarter King’s interest in non-violent protest million marchers, to which King delivered the as a means for social change sprang from a unforgettable “I Have A Dream” speech on variety of influences. Undoubtedly, King’s the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. Months primary influence was his Baptist upbringing after the 1963 march in Washington, a march and his study of the life for voting rights from of Jesus Christ, who said, Selma to Montgomery, “All they that take the AL sparked intense, sword shall perish with violent backlash in the sword.” King found which three marchers inspiration in Henry were murdered, David Thoreau’s “On Civil dozens beaten, and Disobedience,” an essay in hundreds jailed. which Thoreau explained Through these his non-payment of taxes demonstrations and and resulting jail sentence media coverage, the to protest a war he did injustice of segregation not support. Mohandas became apparent to all Gandhi proved a powerful the world. influence because of his As a leader organization of wide- of the movement, scale boycotts and non- King knew he was violent resistance to exposing himself and achieve equality and end his family to violent British colonial rule in backlash. King was India. King visited India routinely harassed and in 1959 seeking a greater Paul Laprad, a white college student and participant repeatedly arrested. understanding of Gandhi, in the 1960 Nashville sit-ins, was pulled from his On January 30, 1956, who “was able to mobilize barstool and brutally attacked. King’s home was and galvanize more people in his lifetime than bombed. King was stabbed in 1958, saved any other person in the history of the world,” only by open-chest surgery. J. Edgar Hoover’s King noted. Through theologian Reinhold F.B.I. tapped King’s phones. Finally, King was ashington Monument admission Niebuhr, King realized that non-violent murdered by a rogue individual in 1968. “To is free, but does require a ticket for resistance could only succeed “if the groups believe in does not mean that W everyone over the age of two. Open daily against whom the resistance was taking place violence will not be inflicted upon you,” King except July 4 and December 25. had some degree of moral conscience.” If all said. King accepted these risks; his Christian

Americans could see the injustice inherent in faith that love can conquer hate impelled him Timed entry tickets are required and may , King believed morality would throughout the movement. be obtained in two ways: compel the nation to side with the activists. Because of the Civil Rights Movement’s The strategy of non-violence allowed pressure over the years, lawmakers slowly 1. The Washington Monument Lodge, the demonstrators to retain a clear position dismantled Jim Crow laws and elevated blacks located along 15th Street, opens at as victims of amoral oppression and violence. to full, legal equality. Victories came in the 8:30 a.m. for distribution of free, same Television, photographs, and print media form of the and the day, timed tickets on a first come, first- would allow the world to witness the drama Voting Rights act of 1965, both federal laws served basis. One person may pick up of oppression in the South. To achieve this signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Non- as many as six tickets as well as select end required an unarmed army willing to violent resistance spearheaded by Martin their preferred ticket time from what potentially absorb violence without resorting Luther King, Jr. had worked to secure equal remains available for that operating day. to violence themselves. The people who rights for African-Americans. 2. Reserved tickets may be obtained in joined King had tremendous courage. Men, For young people today, Martin Luther advance by visiting www.recreation. women, and children joined in the protests King, Jr.’s world of segregation, racism, and gov or by calling 1-877-444-6777 (for knowing that they could and would be jailed, social upheaval may seem to be ancient history, individuals) or 1-877-559-6777 (for injured, or even killed. The people’s courage but there are millions walking among us today large groups). Reserved tickets are to put themselves in harm’s way in the historic who were profoundly affected by King’s often booked 30 days or more ahead moment of the Civil Rights Movement was leadership during their own lifetime. There of time. Please plan accordingly. All fueled by generations of blacks that King said are those among us today who, to paraphrase reserved tickets carry a $1.50 conve- had been “seared in the flames of withering King, struggled together, prayed together, went nience charge. injustice,” and bolstered by faith in Dr. King’s to jail together, so that all Americans could be method of non-violence. free. By doing so, they set the standard for Operating Hours: The Civil Rights Movement took place the rest of the world to follow. The opening September 6-May 29: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. in many cities over a period of many years, of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial is a May 30 - September 5: 9 a.m. - 10 p.m. and manifested itself in various forms. In recognition of his importance for the Civil Montgomery, AL, the law required blacks to Rights Movement and his philosophy of non- sit at the rear of the bus where the engine made violence. But his memorial is also a memorial the cabin the hottest, to give up their seats for to all who participated in the Civil Rights white passengers, and to stand instead of using Movement, and an inspiration to those who Cell Phone Tours empty seats reserved for white passengers. continue to fight today. The memorial will After years of this indignity, Ms. ’s serve as a beacon for people from around refusal to give up her seat to a white man the world to come and reflect on the nation’s Lincoln Memorial: (202) 747-3420 on December 1, 1955 sparked interest in long trajectory toward freedom, and carry First Amendment: (202) 595-0085 staging a wide-scale protest. With others, on Dr. King’s legacy of standing strongly for Vietnam Veterans Memorial: (202) 595-0093 King organized a boycott of the city buses freedom, justice, and equality for all. 4 National Mall Times M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g , J r . Memorial

“With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.” -Martin Luther King, Jr.

Memorial recalls the nation’s journey towards The Stride Toward The Memorial as Park the ideals of freedom and equality.

Freedom and Landscape Symbolism The Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial honors The Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial’s a man of conscience; the freedom movement location is all-important. The memorial Each part of the Martin Luther King, Jr. of which he was a beacon; and his message of enhances the core of the magnificent “city Memorial holds significance. Its many freedom, equality, justice and love. It is the beautiful” that Pierre L’Enfant envisioned entrances and approaches symbolize the first m emorial on the National Mall devoted, in 1791 and the McMillan Plan expanded in openness of democracy. Central white not to a United States President or war hero, 1901. The goal was to create an entire granite blocks carved by Lei Yixin visualize but a citizen activist for civil rights and peace. city to remind us “what we should be trying a leitmotif from King’s “I Have A Dream” King, an African-American, brings “the image speech: “With this faith we will be able to hew of America… the melting pot of the world” to out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. the Mall, but his message was universal. His With this faith we will be able to transform the non-violent philosophy pushed insistently jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful towards the goal of the American Experiment: symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we universal freedom and equality. His principled will be able to work together, to pray together, to rhetoric illuminated the Nation’s journey. struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand With his life under constant threat, his last up for freedom together, knowing that we will public talk left us this inspiration: “I may not be free one day.” get there with you. But I want you to know The removal of “The Stone of Hope” tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the from “The Mountain of Despair” provides promised land.” visitors a central prospect of the Jefferson Memorial, a symbol of the American Experiment. A wall of quotes representing Building King’s ideals of hope, democracy, and love embrace the Stone of Hope, upon which a In 1996, Congress authorized Martin Luther 30 foot image of King emerges, captured in a King Jr.’s fraternity, , to moment of thought and standing firm. King establish a Memorial to him in Washington, faces the Tidal Basin towards Jefferson and his D.C. The Martin Luther King, Jr. National “promised land,” and Roosevelt, who took the Memorial Project Foundation held a nation’s universal ideals to the world stage. competition for the design and identified the Tidal Basin site for the memorial’s location. In 2000, a panel of professionals in landscape Concept drawing for the architecture, architecture, and fine arts Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial. The Artists selected the winning design from Devraux to achieve as a nation, as a society [and] as • Devraux and Purnell / ROMA Design and Purnell / ROMA Design Group Joint human beings on this planet.” Group Joint Ventures Ventures. McKissack and McKissack became The new memorial sits on the axis • McKissack and McKissack / Turner Architect of Record and Lei Yixin Sculptor of from the Lincoln Memorial, where King Construction Company / Tompkins Record. Construction began in 2010, and the gave his landmark “I Have a Dream” speech, Builders, Inc. / Gilford Corporation Joint Memorial’s dedication is August 28, 2011, the to the Jefferson Memorial, inscribed with Ventures 48th anniversary of the March on Washington the unfulfilled “promissory note” of the • Master Lei Yixin, sculptor and King’s “I Have a Dream” speech. Declaration of Independence: “that all men • Nicholas Benson, calligrapher are created equal.” With other memorials on the National Mall, the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Mall Times 5 The main entrance to the With a combined length memorial is through the of approximately 500 feet, “Mountain of Despair,” a the granite “Inscription massive boulder symbolizing Wall” arcs on either side of the struggle faced in the the Mountain of Despair, quest for peace and equality. engraved with Dr. King’s From within the struggle, a speeches and writings piece has been removed and which embody the universal thrust into the open plaza, themes of love, justice, the “Stone of Hope.” democracy and hope.

Photo Courtesy McKissack & McKissack

Independence Ave.

Drive Inscription Wall West Basin West Mountain of Despair Bookstore & Information

Stone of Hope

Tidal Basin

Inscription Wall

Photo Courtesy McKissack & McKissack

Master Sculptor Lei Yixin’s masterpiece, the “Stone of Hope,” includes a 28 foot tall statue of Martin Luther King, Jr. emerging from the granite.

Photo Courtesy Roma Design Group Photo Courtesy Master Lei Yixin, Sculptor of Record

6 National Mall Times Martin Luther King, Jr. March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Five score years ago, a great American in whose symbolic shadow we stand today signed the “Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.

But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free.

One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination.”

“When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir.

...Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked ‘insufficient funds.’

But we refuse to believe that the bank “I have a dream that one day of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds this nation will rise up and in the great vaults of opportunity of live out the true meaning of this nation. So we’ve come to cash this its creed: check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.” ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.’”

“From every mountainside, let freedom ring.

And when this happens, and when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children - black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics - will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual:

‘Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!’”

National Mall Times 7 Sunday, August 28, 2011 - Memorial Dedication

The week prior to the Memorial’s official dedication will be full of opportunites to learn more about Martin Luther King, Jr., the Memorial, and the Washington, DC Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation. For full details of all events and activites please visit their Memorial dedication website at:

www.dedicatethedream.org

by Ranger Michael A. Balis led them to St. Paul, MN where an international hundreds of photographs of Dr. King and collection of sculptors were creating public studied them until he held the essence of ow did the artist do it? This is a very artwork to be installed throughout the city. the man’s spirit firmly in his mind. From Hcommon question from people who They approached all 15 artists. Four of them these, he created a three-foot model of the look at a great piece of art such as Master Lei recommended the artist from China: Master sculpture. After creating a 30 foot version, Lei Yixin’s “Stone of Hope.” Lei. After the Foundation interviewed him in created four different heads for Dr. King. The The development of the memorial Washington, D.C. and examined his work in Foundation selected the current one. The concept began with the Foundation’s China, he became the official sculptor in 2007. King family agreed that it was the best likeness registration materials that of him. A 30 foot fiberglass contained ten posters with replica of the entire sculpture images and a chronology of Dr. served as a reference for the King’s life, information about stone sculpture. Lei arranged the memorial’s site in D.C., for the 159 granite blocks to be as well as the Foundation’s transported to his studio where vision for the memorial. Every he assembled and sculpted 80 prospective designer had to percent of the artwork. The work within its parameters sculpture was disassembled, and submit their drawings on transported by ship to three 24” x 36” boards to an Baltimore, and reassembled international panel of artists, at the memorial. Master Lei historians, and architects. completed the last 20 percent of 906 people entered the blind the sculpting on site, allowing competition where the jury only him to eliminate any damage knew the registration number of incurred during the long trip each entry. After three days, the and construction process. panel narrowed the submissions The result is a powerful down to 23 finalists. These physical interpretation of Dr. concepts were so good that King’s “I Have a Dream” speech the jury asked all of them to submit another Master Lei Yixin working on site. where the famous Civil Rights leader said board that further defined their designs in an Photo by Andre Mayers “With this faith we will be able to hew out of effort to find the winner. The judges selected They also found an example of the stone the mountain of despair a stone of hope.” For ROMA Design Group’s latest drawing of a they wanted for the sculpture at an art show many people who faced great obstacles during stone with Dr. King’s image that was hewed in California: shrimp pink granite. Like the these and other times , Dr. King became from the “Mountain of Despair.” artist, the stone also came from China. their “Stone of Hope” that helped them to The Foundation’s search for an artist Lei filled the walls of his studio with overcome their “Mountain of Despair.”

8 National Mall Times 1963 March on Washington is where.... Games 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 V 71 72 73 74 75 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 89 90 I F 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 S T 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124

Match each quote to the person who said it and fill in the boxes below the quote with their name. Some of the boxes have numbers below them. The letters in the numbered boxes go in the same numbered boxes in the puzzle. When all the boxes of the puzzle are filled, the message will be revealed.

Abraham Lincoln "Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope, and crossing each other from a million different centers of energy and daring those ripples build a current which can sweep down Robert F. Kennedy the mightiest walls of oppression and resistance."

Rosa Parks 18 44 48 96 45 13 23 92 104 124

Booker T. Washington "In the end, antiblack, antifemale, and all forms of discrimination are equivalent to the same thing - antihumanism."

Septima Poinsette Clark 34 47 83 76 80 31 79 114 59 97 84 W. E. B. DuBois "Life is not a spectator sport...If you're going to spend your whole life in the grandstand just watching what goes on, in my opinion you're Eleanor Roosevelt wasting your life."

Frederick Douglass 17 68 30 21 98 112 75 55 69 39 66

Harriet Tubman "I have learned over the years that when one's mind is made up, this diminishes fear; knowing what must be done does away with fear." Thurgood Marshall

Jackie Robinson 3 32 72 25 74 117 "We saw the lightning and that was the guns; and then we heard the thunder and that was the big guns; and then we heard the rain falling and that was the blood falling; and when we came to get in the crops, it was dead men that we reaped."

10 89 12 14 65 73 4 8 1 33

"Our whole constitutional heritage rebels at the thought of giving government the power to control men's minds."

121 118 26 16 94 81 64 123 85 102 "One ever feels his twoness-an Amerlican, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder."

11 24 38 27 5 22

"You gain strength, courage, and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face. You must do the thing which you think you cannot do."

63 53 101 6 111 108 122 78 51 71 28 67

"I have learned that success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in life as by the obstacles which he has overcome while trying to succeed."

107 37 86 54 9 43 82 52 15 99 46 "As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea of democracy."

For answers to the puzzle visit 2 19 57 109 60 87 29 40 49 115

Survey Lodge Ranger station or "Liberty is meaningless where the right to utter one's thoughts and oppinions has ceased to exit. That, of all rights, is the dread of tyrants. contact: It is the right which they first of all strike down." Ranger Kathryn Williams

[email protected] 95 93 41 50 35 70 61 116 56 42 113

"The greatest evil in our country today is not racism, but ignorance."

90 110 119 20 91 36 120 58 103 7 100

Explore the award-winning interactive Lincoln Memorial website: http://www.nps.gov/linc

• Interactive Panoramas • Ranger Videos • In-Depth Information

National Mall Times 9 campgrounds, comfort stations (restrooms) 2007 the foundation selected MTTG, a in both remote and developed locations, and joint venture of McKissack and McKissack, general park infrastructure such as water Turner Construction, Tompkins Builders mains and roads. I designed a fire suppression and Gilford Corporation, to prepare the final system for Buckland Station in Churchill working drawings for the memorial and build County, NV. The station was a waypoint for it. After extensive review by the Council for the Pony Express and the Overland Stage the Fine Arts, The National Capital Planning Route. Commission and the National Parks Service RANGER plans were approved and a construction Q. What experiences shaped your NPS permit was signed by Secretary of the Interior career? Ken Salazar on October 29, 2009. Q&A The site of the memorial was chosen after I don’t think my NPS career has much shape the evaluation of many sites in and near to yet. I studied the the Mall. The site National Mall Plan required extensive in preparation for my i n f r a s t r u c t u r e interview with NPS and i m p r o v e m e n t s my goal is to be a part including new water Ned Wallace of the implementation lines, new sewer lines Civil Engineer of as much of it as I and the realignments can before I retire. The of West Basin Drive. Mall Plan has many The original soils in ed Wallace was born in Salt Lake City, parts and each of them this portion of the park Utah. His family moved to Littleton, CO N has an engineering came from dredged when he was 5 years old. His father’s great- component. There are river bottom during grandparents were Mormon immigrants to proposals to update the Army Corps of Utah in the mid 1800’s. His mother’s families and redefine certain Engineers project were also immigrants who established farms areas such as Union that created Hains in North Dakota. Ned remembers spending Square and the Capitol Point, the Washington many summers working on his uncle’s farm in Reflecting Pool. In Channel and the Sherwood, ND. The farm produced wheat, broad terms the intent Tidal Basin. From rye, oats, and alfalfa, and vegetables and is to make the area an engineering stand chickens for home consumption. Ned Wallace supervises the Martin Luther suitable for large events King, Jr. Memorial work site. point they are terrible. that now take place They have a very low Q. Where did you go to college and what on grassed portions capacity to carry any did you study? of the Mall. Ultimately this will result in weight. The King memorial is built on concrete less damage to the lawn and trees. The final piles driven to bedrock approximately 50 feet A. I have a BS in Civil Engineering from design will include visitor amenities such as below the plaza level of the memorial. Work Colorado State University, Ft. Collins shade structures and rest rooms that are not on the project began in December of 2009 but Colorado. currently available in this part of the park. it was not until spring of 2011 that any of the Civil engineering involves the design My work with this design as well as other work visible to the public was begun. and construction of the fundamental proposed projects from the Mall Plan will be structures of civilization. Water treatment, to review and direct the designers to ensure the Q. What is the best part of working on the storage and supply, sewage collection and final project meets the park’s and the public’s Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial? treatment, roads and bridges, dams and levees needs, is maintainable and sustainable, and is and buildings of all types are the work of civil fully integrated into the fabric of the park. A. The best part is getting to work with a engineers. diverse group of architects, engineers and I got my first engineering job in 1980 Q. Describe your Martin Luther King, Jr. builders who are highly skilled and motivated with a small private consulting firm. I worked Memorial duty. to deliver the highest quality of work they can. as a consultant from 1980 until 2006, spending The obvious pride they take in this memorial time at several different firms. During that A. My duties at the Martin Luther King, Jr. shows in the final results. Lorton Stone was time I designed roads, bridges, water systems, Memorial are to selected for the installation of the stone work sewer systems, school sites, observe the work, at this memorial. They have also installed the parks and building sites. I review submittals, stone at the World War II Memorial and the spent most of the last ten and confer with Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial and years of my consultant the Foundation have completed the restoration of the DC War career working with and Contractors Memorial. Also chosen for this memorial was home builders. My work to ensure that Nick Benson, a third generation stone carver. involved laying out the the construction Mr. Benson’s family also worked on both the streets and designing the conforms to FDR and WWII memorials. He designed the infrastructure for the new the Plans, font used for all the inscriptions and carved homes. Civil engineering Specifications and many of them himself. Meeting Lei Yixin the for parks involves many, if conditions of the sculptor of the centerpiece of the memorial not all of the same elements Permit. The King and getting to observe him as he finalized the of design that I learned as a Memorial was Mountain of Despair and the Stone of Hope consultant. I work on the first authorized by was the high point of the project for me. roads, drainage, water and legislation signed by sewer systems of the park Ned Wallace reviews plans in the President Clinton Q. Have you done similar work here in as well as the buildings and construction trailer. on November D.C.? I am thinking about your work near general grounds. 12, 1996. The the Kennedy Center. Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Q. What was your first park job like? Foundation was chartered in 1998 and has A. Most of my other work falls into repair been raising funds for the construction ever and rehabilitation projects. I will be the A. This is my first National Park Service since. The Foundation also chose to conduct contracting officer’s representative for the job. Prior to this I was with Nevada State a design completion for the memorial. The restoration of the Benito Juarez Monument Parks. In Nevada I was with the Planning and completion was announced in February near the Kennedy Center. The U.S. received Development branch and was responsible for of 1999 and the winning design by ROMA a statue of Benito Juárez in exchange for a projects throughout the entire state. I traveled Design Group was selected in September of statue of Abraham Lincoln. The Lincoln a lot and had a wide variety of projects to 2000. Approval of the preliminary design oversee. I worked on boat docks, boat ramps, took until December of 2005. In June of Ranger Q & A continued on page 12

10 National Mall Times Addition of Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Means National Mall Needs More Help by the Trust for the National Mall

he Trust for the National Mall is delighted to ensure that this new memorial and others Tto welcome the Martin Luther King, Jr. across the park receive sufficient resources to Memorial to the National Mall. Over the past be maintained to the highest standard. These 126 years, 12 monuments tributes to our founding and memorials have been fathers, our war heroes, constructed on the reserve and now, one of our area of the National country’s greatest civil Mall, each reflecting an rights champions, deserve important moment in our care, attention and our shared history. The support now and in the addition of the Martin future. Luther King, Jr. Memorial This month, when the adds another layer to this Martin Luther King, Jr. irreplaceable piece of our Memorial opens, another American fabric. symbol will be added The Martin Luther to the National Mall’s King, Jr. Memorial will history. The memorial to draw an estimated 5 Dr. King will sit directly million visitors each year, between the Lincoln exposing even more Memorial and Jefferson people to the National Memorial, creating a “line Mall experience. of leadership” between The Trust for the National Mall is the official However, new memorials three men whose ideals non-profit partner of the National Park also mean new costs shaped our nation and Service dedicated to restoring and improving for the National Park are now celebrated on the the National Mall. To learn more visit: Service, and increased National Mall. traffic will place more www.nationalmall.org strain on already inadequate visitor facilities. Help us protect these treasures Twitter: @thenationalmall This important addition to the National Mall for generations to come. Facebook.com/TrustfortheNationalMall means more help is needed. Support the National Mall at: Email: [email protected] The Trust for the National Mall is dedicated to working with the National Park www.nationalmall.org. Service and other partnering organizations

Eastern National Bookstores Park Concessionaires Guest Services, Inc. manages all retail operations for National Mall and Memorial Parks. This includes refreshment kiosks and gift stores throughout the park. They also operate the following recreational opportunities:

Tidal Basin Paddle Boats East Potomac Tennis Center 202-479-2426 202-554-5962 www.tidalbasinpaddleboats.com www.eastpotomactennis.com National Mall and Memorial Parks is a very inspiring and powerful place, but your experience does not have to end in Washington, D.C. Continue learning more about park sites and American history by visiting the many Eastern National bookstores throughout the park. Capture the moment, take home a book, and explore the ideas and values that make visiting National Mall and Memorial Parks such a stirring experience. Eastern National, a park partner, operates four Tourmobile bookstores located at: Sightseeing provides live, narrated shuttle Washington Monument Lodge tours with hop on/ 8:30 a.m. - 8 p.m. hop off service. You choose where to stop, Lincoln Memorial stay as long as you 9 a.m. - 8 p.m. want, then reboard and Thomas Jefferson Memorial ride to another historic Sept. 7 - Mar. 25: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. location. Purchase Mar. 26 - Sept. 6: 9 a.m. - 8 p.m. your tickets directly from the driver at any tour stop or any seasonal ticket booth. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Adults: $32.00 Sept. 7 - Mar. 25: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. Washington Monument Lodge Children 3-11: $16.00 Mar. 26 - Sept. 6: 9 a.m. - 8 p.m. 202-554-5100 www.tourmobile.com www.easternnational.org National Mall Times 11 some states almost no African- Speeches from page 1 Americans could vote. The “Prayer Old Post Office Tower The march and speech advanced Pilgrimage” was the first national his unique site stands on the civil rights bill proposed by event organized by the leaders of TPennsylvania Avenue near President Kennedy in June of the civil rights movement and was the halfway point between the 1963. The Civil Rights Act of also the largest crowd Dr. King White House and the Capitol. The 1964 passed the next summer, had addressed up to that time. Old Post Office Tower ranks third banning discrimination in public Earlier that year in Atlanta, GA, in height among the buildings of accommodations such as hotels, Dr. King founded the Southern the Nation’s Capital, soaring to a restaurants and movie theaters. Christian Leadership Conference majestic 315 feet. At the 270 foot By 1963, Dr. King was (SCLC) to coordinate civil rights level, there is an observation deck the best-known civil rights work in the South. allowing visitors an awe-inspiring leader in the country due to The “” view of Washington D.C. and the the , speech and the creation of the surrounding area. Beneath the the , and the SCLC showed the country that observation deck is the tower . These Dr. King was not just a leader of clock, now more than a century attempts to chip away at legalized a local civil rights fight, but also old. On the tenth floor are the segregation and discrimination a new leader in a national civil beautiful Bells of Congress. in the South introduced him and rights campaign for social justice. These bells are replicas of those Dr. King became the face and his fight to end segregation to at London’s Westminster Abbey, Ranger Programs: millions. The “I Have A Dream” voice of the American Civil Rights and were a Bicentennial gift speech made him the face of the Movement in the 1950s and 1960s from the Ditchley Foundation in Park Rangers are available American Civil Rights Movement as he worked toward “integration England. for many in America and abroad. based on mutual respect.” throughout the tower to Although it is his provide information. Have a most memorable speech, the question? Just ask! www.nps.gov/opot “I Have A Dream” speech was not Dr. King’s first at Operating Hours Talk for the Tower on the the Lincoln Memorial. On Half-Hour May 17, 1957, the “Prayer Summer: Memorial Day Pilgrimage” took place through Labor Day Daily at 10:30 a.m., 11:30 at the Memorial, where a.m., 3:30 p.m., 4:30 p.m. he delivered the keynote Monday - Saturday address, “Give us the ballot,” 9 a.m. - 7:45 p.m. The Old Post Office Tower about African-American always has time for you. Do disenfranchisement. “Give Sunday and Holidays you have a few minutes for the us the ballot and we will fill 12 - 5:45 p.m. Tower? Join a National Park our legislative halls with men Service ranger to learn what of good will, and send to the Winter: Labor Day through connects Ben Franklin to this sacred halls of Congressmen Memorial Day fascinating piece of iconic who will not sign a Southern architecture on Pennsylvania Manifesto because of their Monday - Saturday Avenue - America’s ‘Main devotion to the manifesto of 9 a.m. - 4:45 p.m. Street.’ Meet at the Ben justice.” Franklin statue along Disenfranchisement Sunday and Holidays Pennsylvania Avenue. Call was widespread in 1957. In Civil Rights marchers rally at the March 12 - 5:45 p.m. 202-606-8691 for more for Jobs and Freedom, August 28, 1963. information.

expected to open by Memorial Day 2015. new facility is expected to accommodate 3000 Ranger Q & A from page 10 other Mall Plan projects I may be people for performances and be open from statue stands in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, involved with are the Sylvan Theater and early morning until evening. Constitution Mexico, and was a gift from the United States, Constitution Gardens. Sylvan Theater will Gardens is slated to receive a new food dedicated in 1966 by President Lyndon B. be replaced by a new indoor/outdoor facility service facility, additional restrooms and a Johnson. Juárez and Lincoln exchanged flexible performance space. As designs for friendly letters during the . these facilities are prepared the siting and Mexico remembers Lincoln’s opposition architectural elements will adhere to principles to the Mexican-American War. For his part, of the Mall Plan including sensitivity to views Juárez refused to aid the Confederacy and and sustainability. jailed those Confederates who sought his help. Juárez was president of Mexico from 1858 Q. How have you grown into your position to 1872 and is remembered as a progressive at the National Mall? reformer dedicated to democracy and equal rights for his nation’s indigenous people. A. I started on June 6, 2010. That was the first I will probably also be involved time I found out about the King Memorial with the construction of the American and that I would be the National Park Service Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial and the representative on the project. The biggest Eisenhower Memorial as they come on-line. adjustment is learning about all the things the The American Veterans Disabled for Life public expect me to know. There is no way to Memorial will be on a two-acre site between tell that I am an engineer when I am in uniform Washington Ave. SW (Canal St.), C St. SW, so people treat me just like a ranger. I stopped and Second St. SW, the memorial will be in at the grocery store on my way home last within full view of the United States Capitol, week (still in uniform) and a came up adjacent to the National Mall, and across from to me to tell me all about her recent trip to Independence Ave. and the United States the Wright Brothers National Memorial. The Botanic Garden. The foundation funding this Ned’s upcoming projects include restoration good news is she had a great visit, found the memorial hopes to have it open by November work at the Benito Juárez Memorial. staff there knowledgeable and friendly and 11, 2012. The Eisenhower Memorial site then thanked the entire National Park Service lies between 4th and 6th Streets, SW, south incorporating performance space, food for doing such a good job. That encounter of Independence Ave., at the base of Capitol service, restrooms, information, education was as surprising as it was encouraging. Hill and contains four acres. The memorial is and ranger office, and operations space. The

12 National Mall Times i s’ K d Col um n

Crossword Puzzle Martin Luther King, Jr. Facts:

• King met Coretta Scott by telephone when a friend gave him her number. Recalling meeting her in person, King said, “After an hour, my mind was made up.” They were married in 1953.

• King served as a preacher in his father’s and grandfather’s church.

• The Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial opens on August 28, 2011 because King gave his “I Have A Dream” speech on the same date in 1963.

• One person who marched in the 1963 rally in Washington, D.C. roller skated from Chicago to attend.

• Dr. King’s home and church in Georgia are protected by the National Park ACROSS DOWN Service.

1. The person honored with a holiday the 1. City where MLK led bus boycott third Monday in January 2. Baptist Church in Atlanta where King 4. King believed in this peaceful idea as the was pastor way to successfully get things done 3. The name given King’s famous speech What is your dream? 5. The person who killed MLK from August 1963 (4 words)

6. The Indian leader that MLK admired 9. MLK fought against this separation of I Have a Dream blacks and whites 7. The city where MLK was shot 10. Popular song during the Civil Rights 8. The college MLK attended Movement, We Shall

12. President who signed legislation for 11. City where MLK led March for Jobs and MLK Day Freedom

16. The woman who refused to give up her 13. City where MLK was born seat on the bus 14. MLK won this Peace Prize 19. MLK’s first book, Stride Toward 15. MLK led one of these against buses in 20. President who signed the Civil Rights 1955 Become a Junior Ranger! Act of 1964 17. MLK’s wife Junior Ranger books are located at the Survey 18. Term for state laws that separated blacks Lodge Ranger Station and whites (2 words) and at most memorials.

National Mall Times 13 National Mall Map

2 1 4 5

3 8

9

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Major Attractions 1 Lincoln Memorial 4 World War II Memorial 7 Jefferson Memorial A temple to “The Great The Second World War An enduring reminder of Emancipator” who saved the brought Americans together to de- the author of the Declaration of Union, the Lincoln Memorial at- fend freedom at home and abroad. Independence and a staunch ad- tracts anyone who seeks inspira- This memorial commemorates the vocate for freedom, the Jefferson tion and hope. Museum, rest- spirit of unity and honors the sacri- Memorial is located in a beauti- room, and elevator are located fice of over 400,000 American lives ful natural setting. Bookstore, on the lower level. Bookstore on in defense of freedom. Restrooms elevator, and restrooms on the the upper level. For cell phone are located near the information lower level. tours, dial 202-747-3420. booth. 8 Survey Lodge Ranger Vietnam Veterans 5 Washington Monument Station 2 A towering memorial to Get information and brochures Memorial our first president, the about the park sites, pick up or This place of healing and re- Washington Monument over- turn in a Junior Ranger booklet, membrance honors the men and looks the city named for George and get your questions answered women who served when their Washington. Tickets are required here. nation called upon them. The to enter the monument; see page Three Servicemen Statue and 4 for details. Bookstore and re- Vietnam Women’s Memorial are strooms located on 15th St. east Martin Luther King, Jr. located nearby. For cell phone 9 of the monument. tours, dial 202-595-0093. Memorial The newest memorial on the Na- Franklin D. Roosevelt tional Mall will honor the civil Korean War Veterans 6 3 Memorial rights leader and proponent of Memorial peace, justice, and equality. This A sprawling memorial in a park memorial will be dedicated on From June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953, setting, the FDR Memorial United Nations forces fought to August 28, 2011. See pages 5-8 honors the legacy of our na- for detailed information. defend freedom on the Korean tion’s longest-serving president. Peninsula. Visitors are reminded of Restrooms located at the north the hardships and sacrifice endured More to explore: George Mason Memorial, and south ends of the memorial. White House Visitor Center, 56 Signers Memo- during the conflict, and that “Free- Bookstore located on the north dom is Not Free.” rial, D.C. War Memorial, Ford’s Theater, Old end of the memorial. Post Office Tower

Ranger talks and site tours begin every day on the even hours - 10 a.m., 12 p.m., 2 p.m., 4 p.m., 6 p.m., 8 p.m., and 10 p.m. - Activities: at Lincoln, Vietnam, Korea, World War II, FDR, and Jefferson Memorials. Find this month’s special programs on page 2.

14 National Mall Times