Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo PUC-SP Arturo Benito Hartmann Pacheco a Reformulação Globalizada Do Espaço E

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Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo PUC-SP Arturo Benito Hartmann Pacheco a Reformulação Globalizada Do Espaço E Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP Arturo Benito Hartmann Pacheco A reformulação globalizada do espaço e da violência na Palestina: o mecanismo político global-local dos Acordos de Oslo Doutorado em Relações Internacionais São Paulo 2020 Arturo Benito Hartmann Pacheco A reformulação globalizada do espaço e da violência na Palestina: o mecanismo político global-local dos Acordos de Oslo Doutorado em Relações Internacionais Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Relações Internacionais sob a orientação do Prof. Livre-Docente Reginaldo Nasser Mattar e do Prof. Dr. Ilan Pappè (Exeter Universty). São Paulo 2020 Arturo Benito Hartmann Pacheco A reformulação globalizada do espaço e da violência na Palestina: o mecanismo político global-local dos Acordos de Oslo Doutorado em Relações Internacionais Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Relações Internacionais sob a orientação do Prof. Livre-Docente Reginaldo Nasser Mattar e do Prof. Dr. Ilan Pappè (Exeter Universty). Banca Examinadora Prof. Livre-Docente Reginaldo Mattar Nasser _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo) Prof. Titular Ignacio Alvarez-Ossorio _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) Prof. Doutor José Arbex Jr. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo) Prof. Titular Martín Alejandro Martinelli _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Universidad Nacional de Luján) Prof. Titular Sebastião Velasco e Cruz _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Universidade Estadual de Campinas) São Paulo, 15 de dezembro de 2020 O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Código de Financiamento 001. O presente trabalho foi também realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – através do Programa de Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior, processo 88881.189831/2018-01, realizado no Instituto de Estudos Árabes e Islâmicos da Universidade de Exter, no Reino Unido. AGRADECIMENTOS Inicialmente, gostaria de agradecer o apoio da Capes (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), como justificado acima, sem o qual o esforço de pesquisa não teria sido possível. Devo também apontar a contribuição dos membros do Geci (Grupo de Estudos sobre Conflitos Internacionais da PUC-SP), especialmente no início da pesquisa, que, em meio às discussões de textos e trabalhos, me ensinaram muito, além de mostrar a necessidade de burilar melhor o corpo teórico que iria utilizar. Claro, aqui um agradecimento especial a meu orientador, prof. Reginaldo Nasser, que foi um grande apoio em meio a atribulações teóricas e burocráticas. Quero agradecer imensamente também a todas e todos que me receberam no Instituto de Estudos Árabes e Islâmicos, na Universidade de Exeter, durante meu período de doutorado- sanduíche. A colegas que, nos seis meses em que estive lá, tornaram a convivência, acadêmica e pessoal, extremamente prazerosa. Especial agradecimento a Nadia Najjab, que compartilhou suas memórias e conhecimento sobre a 1ª Intifada na Palestina, e Ilan Pappè, meu orientador em Exeter, um acadêmico extremamente generoso que compartilhou seu conhecimento sobre a história da Palestina e suas impressões sobre o processo de paz. Devo também agradecer a Geraldo Campos e Ahmed Zoghbi, dois irmãos que caminham já algum tempo ao meu lado e coordenam o que talvez seja hoje no Brasil uma das experiências mais transformadoras sobre estudos de Oriente Médio, com o Centro de Estudos Árabes e Islâmicos na Universidade Federal de Sergipe. É com extrema honra que participo dessa iniciativa. Um agradecimento mais que especial vai também para Helena Manfrinato, Maura Silva, Henrique Sanchez e Mouhammad Othman, pessoas com quem compartilhei os mais recentes anos da minha vida e estiveram presentes sempre, nos bons e maus momentos. Irmãs e irmãos que caminham juntos, que compartilham e apoiam, sem os quais não haveria tese. Claro, nem todos vou poder listar aqui. Mas devo agradecer Juliana Sada, grande amiga que, na reta final, deu apoio indispensável. Bruno Huberman e Anna Mariutti, com quem dividi o período fora em longas conversas em Londres. Também devo apontar o dedicado trabalho feito no Programa San Tiago Dantas e agradecer o apoio dado por Giovana Vieira, Isabela Silvestre e Samuel Soares. Na PUC-SP, Paulo Pereira e Flávia Campos. Cinco anos é um período longo, então claro que há aqueles e aquelas que perdemos no meio do caminho, porque laços se rompem, ou porque a vida muitas vezes pesa mais do que imaginamos. A todas e todos, onde estejam, devo-lhes muito nesta tese. Por fim, devo agradecer a mãe, Silene Hartmann, e pai, José Benito Pacheco, pelo apoio que me deram por toda a vida. E pelos legados que, sem dúvida, estão impressos nessas páginas. Ironia, mas quando escrevia as páginas sobre a intervenção de Reagan na Palestina, não me veio imediatamente a lembrança de que na mesma época ele sustentava o bombardeio na Nicarágua de meu pai. E que muitas noites na década de 1980 foram gastas para sabermos se familiares estavam bem. Sem dúvida, todas experiências de alguma forma impressas nestas páginas. Agradeço, claro, aos que se aventurarem a ler este trabalho. Boa sorte. RESUMO O presente trabalho procurou compreender como agentes internacionais, estatais e não-estatais, envolvidos na construção de paz na Palestina entrelaçaram-se às dinâmicas do confronto colonial local. O objetivo do estudo foi inserir-se nos debates mais recentes sobre impactos dos Acordos de Oslo, passados quase 30 anos de sua assinatura, para as possibilidades políticas no interior do que se convencionou chamar de questão palestina. Isso foi feito, em um primeiro momento, pela análise do quadro histórico das dinâmicas espaciais e de violência do confronto local, junto a tentativas de realização de processos de paz nos anos 1970 e 1980. Em seguida, rastreamos diferentes momentos-chave do presente processo por meio da análise de documentos e dinâmicas políticas que formataram os envolvimentos de agentes locais e globais. Por fim, na observação da junção de políticas econômicas de governança global neoliberais e de ações militares israelenses mais recentes, foi possível observarmos dinâmicas de fragmentação dos territórios da Faixa de Gaza, de Ramallah e do Vale do Jordão, detectando o papel da comunidade internacional na reformulação do espaço e da violência no confronto colonial na Palestina. Assim foi possível concluir que, na configuração específica do caso observado, a intervenção mais ampla de aparatos de ajuda internacional distorceu-se em um mecanismo político produtor de uma geografia do desastre. O trabalho espera abrir reflexões sobre os dilemas e possibilidades de resolução de conflitos na atual ordem global. Palavras-chave: Palestina; Israel; confrontos coloniais; processos de paz; peacebuilding; statebuilding; violência global; neoliberalismo ABSTRACT The present research aims to understand how state and non-state actors involved in the peacebuilding process in Palestine ended up interlocking themselves in the dynamics of the local colonial confrontation. The study’s objective is to insert itself in the more recent debates about the impact of the Oslo Accords, after almost 30 years of its signature, over the political possibilities in what we know as the Palestinian question. That was made, in a first step, with the analysis of the historical picture of the dynamics of space and violence of the local confrontation, together with the first attempts to advance a peace process, in the 1970 and 1980s. After that, we traced different key moments of the present process through the analysis of documents and political dynamics that framed the involvement of local and global agents. Finally, through the observation of the junction of neoliberal economic policies and more recent Israeli military actions, we were able to observe the dynamics of fragmentation of the territories of the Gaza Strip, Ramallah, and Jordan Valley, capturing the role of the international community in the reformulation of space and violence in the colonial confrontation in Palestine. This way, we could conclude that, in the configuration acquired in the specific case observed, the more broad intervention distorted into a political mechanism producing a geography of disaster. The research aims to open reflections about dilemmas and possibilities of conflict resolution in the current global order Key words: Palestine; Israel; colonial; peace process; peacebuilding; statebuilding; global violence; neoliberalism. RESUMEN La presente tesis ha buscado comprender cómo los agentes internacionales, estatales y no estatales, involucrados en la construcción de la paz en Palestina se conectan a las dinámicas del confronto colonial local. El objetivo del estudio fue inserirse en los debates más recientes acerca de los impactos de los Acuerdos de Oslo, pasados casi 30 años de su firma, para las posibilidades políticas dentro de lo que se suele llamar de cuestión palestina. Esto ha sido realizado, en un primer momento, por el análisis del cuadro histórico de las dinámicas espaciales y de violencia en el confronto local, junto a los intentos de realización de procesos de paz en los años 1970 y 1980. En seguida, rastrearemos distintos momentos claves del presente proceso por medio del análisis de documentos y dinámicas políticas que plasmaron los agentes locales y globales. Por fin, en la observación de la junción de políticas económicas de gobernanza global neoliberales y de acciones militares israelíes más recientes, ha sido posible constatar dinámicas de fragmentación de los territorios de Franja de Gaza, de Ramallah y del Valle del Jordán, detectando el rol de la comunidad internacional en la reformulación del espacio y de la violencia en el confronto colonial en la Palestina.
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