Cultural Heritage Assessment of the Proposed Drilling Platforms To

Cultural Heritage Assessment of the Proposed Drilling Platforms to Undertake a Surface Drilling Programme as Part of a Prospecting Right Granted to BSC Resources (Pty) Ltd, near Mount Ayliff, Eastern Cape

For Umhlaba Environmental Consulting CC PO Box 731504 Fairland 2030 Tel: 011 795 3636 Fax: 011 795 3336

By Francois P Coetzee Department of Anthropology & Archaeology University of South Africa PO Box 392 Pretoria 0003 Tel: (012) 429 6297 Fax: (012) 429 6091 [email protected]

July 2011 Revised: 22 July 2011 Version: Final Report Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Executive Summary

This report focuses on the results from a cultural heritage investigation of the proposed drilling platforms located in the general area south of Kokstad. A total of 7 proposed drill platform sites were investigated which form part of two separate prospecting applications which are EC 37 PR and EC62 PR.

Stone Age settlement

No Stone Age tools, manufacturing areas, base camps or features associated with this period, were identified during the survey.

Iron Age settlements

No Iron Age sites, structures, features or artefact were recorded in the survey areas.

Historical buildings and features

No historical structures or features older than 60 years were recorded.

Graves

Two graves were recorded at Target site Aa at EC 62 PR which situated on the periphery of a spur. The graves are of high local importance and should be fenced off as a precautionary measure. Additionally a buffer zone of 20 metres should be maintained during any drilling operations in the area. No direct impact is envisaged on the graves and they will remain in situ.

Although burial dates could be established for some of the graves (some older than 60 years), most are located outside of a formal cemetery managed by a local authority. In terms of Section 36(3) of the National Heritage Resources Act (Act no. 25 of 1999) it is assumed that these undated burials are older than 60 years and therefore protected by the act.

Other legislative measures which may be pertinent include the Removal of Graves and Dead Bodies Ordinance (Ordinance no. 7 of 1925), the Human Tissues Act (Act no. 65 of 1983, as amended), the Ordinance on Excavations (Ordinance no. 12 of 1980) as well as any local and regional provisions, laws and by-laws that may be in place.

However, also note the following:

It should be kept in mind that archaeological deposits usually occur below ground level. Should archaeological artefacts or skeletal material be revealed in the area during prospecting and mining activities, such activities should be halted, and a university or museum notified in

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

order for an investigation and evaluation of the find(s) to take place (cf. NHRA (Act No. 25 of 1999), Section 36 (6)).

Definitions and abbreviations

Midden: Refuse that accumulates in a concentrated heap.

Stone Age: An archaeological term used to define a period of stone tool use and manufacture (see Table 3)

Iron Age: An archaeological term used to define a period associated with domesticated livestock and grains, metal working and ceramic manufacture (see Table 3)

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Contents 1. Introduction ...... 5 2. Terms of Reference ...... 5 3. Nature of the Proposed Activity or Development ...... 5 4. Definitions and Approach ...... 6 5. Methodology ...... 9 5.1 Maps and Other Sources ...... 9 5.2 Fieldwork ...... 9 5.3 Visibility and Constraints ...... 9 6. Description of Study Area ...... 9 7. Archaeological Sequence ...... 11 8. Archaeological Context ...... 12 8.1 Stone Age Sequence ...... 12 8.2 Iron Age Sequence ...... 12 8.3 Historical Background...... 13 9. Location of Sites ...... 14 9.1 Permit Area EC 37 PR ...... 14 9.1.1 Target Aa & Ab ...... 15 9.1.2 Target B ...... 16 9.1.3 Target Ca & Cb ...... 18 9.1.4 Target D ...... 21 9.1.5 Target E ...... 23 9.1.6 Target Fa & Fb...... 23 9.2 Permit Area EC 62 PR ...... 26 9.2.1 Target Aa & Ab ...... 26 10. Summary of Sites ...... 31 11. Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 31 Bibliography ...... 33

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

1. Introduction

The aim of this cultural heritage survey is to record and document cultural heritage remains consisting of visible archaeological and historical artefacts, structures (including graves) and settlements of cultural significance (including rock art) within the defined areas of the proposed drilling platforms. A cultural heritage impact assessment was requested for the proposed prospecting at various selected locations near Mount Ayliff, Eastern Cape. The report is prepared to adhere to environmental impact requirements and for submission to gain approval to undertake a surface drilling programme within the Insizwa Lobe (EC 37 PR) and Tabankulu Lobe (EC 62 PR) in terms of prospecting rights granted to BSC Resources (Pty) Ltd which is in partnership with Vale South Africa (Pty) Ltd. The report was requested by Umhlaba Environmental CC on behalf of the clients.

2. Terms of Reference

The terms of reference of this survey are as follows:

* Provide a detailed description of all archaeological artefacts, structures (including graves) and settlements * Estimate the level of significance/importance of the archaeological remains within the area * Assess any possible impact on the archaeological and historical remains within the area emanating from the proposed development activities * Propose possible mitigation measures provided that such action is necessitated by the development

3. Nature of the Proposed Activity or Development

In terms of prospecting rights EC 37 PR and EC 62 PR a drilling programme is envisaged at selected sites in the survey area. Each drill site will consist of the following: • A cleared area of approximately 20 X 20 m to facilitate drilling activities • A small cement slab of approximately 1.5 X 1.5 m for the drilling rig • A sump of approximately 1.5m3 for the recycling of water • A camp site within the local area for the duration of the drilling programme.

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Map 1: Regional location of the two survey areas

4. Definitions and Approach

- Archaeological remains can be defined as human-made objects, which reflect past ways of life, deposited on or in the ground.

- Heritage resources have lasting value in their own right and provide evidence of the origins of South African society and they are valuable, finite, non-renewable and irreplaceable.

- All archaeological remains, features, structures and artefacts older than 100 years and historic structures older than 60 years are protected by the relevant legislation, in this case the National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA) (Act No. 25 of 1999, Section 34 & 35). The Act makes an archaeological impact assessment as part of an EIA and EMPR mandatory (see Section 38). No archaeological artefact, assemblage or settlement (site) may be moved or destroyed without the necessary approval from the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA). Full cognisance is taken of this Act in making recommendations in this report.

- Cognisance will also be taken of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (Act No 28 of 2002) and the National Environmental Management Act (Act No 107 of 1998) when making any recommendations.

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

- Human remains older than 60 are protected by the NHRA, with reference to Section 36. Human remains that are less than 60 years old are protected by the Human Tissue Act (Act 65 of 1983 as amended).

- Mitigation guidelines (The significance of the site):

Rating the significance of the impact on a historical or archaeological site is linked to the significance of the site itself. If the significance of the site is rated high, the significance of the impact will also result in a high rating. The same rule applies if the significance rating of the site is low (also see Table 1).

Significance Rating Action Not protected 1. None Low 2a. Recording and documentation (Phase 1) of site adequate; no further action required 2b. Controlled sampling (shovel test pits, augering), mapping and documentation (Phase 2 investigation); permit required for sampling and destruction Medium 3. Excavation of representative sample, C14 dating, mapping and documentation (Phase 2 investigation); permit required for sampling and destruction [including 2a & 2b] High 4a. Nomination for listing on Heritage Register (National, Provincial or Local) (Phase 2 & 3 investigation); site management plan; permit required if utilised for education or tourism 4b. Graves: Locate demonstrable descendants through social consulting; obtain permits from applicable legislation, ordinances and regional by-laws; exhumation and reinterment [including 2a, 2b & 3] Table 1: Rating the significance of sites.

- With reference to the evaluation of sites, the certainty of prediction is definite, unless stated otherwise.

- The guidelines as provided by the NHRA (Act No. 25 of 1999) in Section 3, with special reference to subsection 3, and the Australian ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites) Charter (also known as the Burra Charter) are used when determining the cultural significance or other special value of archaeological or historical sites.

- It should be kept in mind that archaeological deposits usually occur below ground level. Should archaeological artefacts or skeletal material be revealed in the area during prospecting and mining activities, such activities should be halted, and a

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

university or museum notified in order for an investigation and evaluation of the find(s) to take place (cf. NHRA (Act No. 25 of 1999), Section 36 (6)).

- Architectural significance: • Does the site contain any important examples of a building type? • Are any of the buildings important examples of a style or period? • Do any of the buildings contain fine details and or reflect fine workmanship? • Are any of the buildings the work of a major architect or builder? • Are the buildings important examples of an industrial, technological or engineering development? • What is the integrity of the buildings? • Are the buildings still utilised? • Has the buildings been altered and are these alterations sympathetic to the original intent of the design?

- Spatial significance of architecture: • Is the site or any of the buildings a landmark in the city or town? • Does the plant contribute to the character of the neighbourhood/region? • Do the buildings contribute to the character of the street or square? • Is the place or building part of an important group of buildings?

- Architecture: Levels of significance are: • Protect • Highly significant • Possible significance • Least significance • No significance

- Architecture: Levels of protection are:

Retain and protect Considered to be of high significance. The building or structure can be used as part of the development but must be suitably protected. Should not include major structural alterations. If the building is older than 60 years a modification permit is required from SAHRA. Retain and re-use Considered to be of moderate significance. The building or structure can be altered to be accommodated within the development plans. Structural alterations can be included. If the building is older than 60 years a modification permit is required from SAHRA. Alter and re-use Considered to be of low significance. The building or structure can be structurally altered or destruction can be considered following further documentation. If the building is older than 60 years a modification/destruction permit is required from SAHRA. Can be demolished Considered to be of negligible significance and can be demolished. If the building is older than 60 years a destruction

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

permit is required from SAHRA. Table 2: Level of protection of buildings/structures

- A copy of this report will be lodged with the SAHRA as stipulated by the National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA) (Act No. 25 of 1999), Section 38 (especially subsection 4).

- Note that the final decision for the approval of permits, or the removal or destruction of sites, structures and artefacts identified in this report, rests with the SAHRA (or relevant PHRA).

5. Methodology

5.1 Maps and Other Sources

The survey area was localised by using aerial images and 1:50 000 topographic maps of which the following were used: • 3029CD • 3029CC • 3029CB • 3029CA • 3129AB.

5.2 Fieldwork

An intensive site visit was conducted on 13 & 14 July 2011. The area was accessed by using existing roads and trails. Selected areas were investigated in more detail by using pedestrian survey techniques. Oral history and the location of graves in the local communities were facilitated by Freedom Mgadi (BSC Resources: Liaison Officer for the local community).

5.3 Visibility and Constraints

No severe physical restrictions were encountered where areas could be accessed.

Also note that due to the subterranean nature of cultural remains this report should not be construed as a record of all archaeological and historic sites in the area.

6. Description of Study Area

The survey area is divided into two sections in terms of the prospecting right application. To the north is EC 37 PR which is situated on and near the Ntsizwe Mountains. As a result the area is very mountainous with intersecting streams and springs. The slopes are scattered with houses and house complexes, linked with a network of dirt roads. Very little infrastructure exists in the area. The prospecting right is associated with a geological feature known as the Insizwa Lobe, near which most of the drilling will take place.

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

To the southern survey area is associated with prospecting permit EC 62 PR and is also situated in a very mountainous area, south of a small town known as Tabankulu.

Figure 1: General view of the survey area within EC 62 PR

Figure 2: General view of the survey area within EC 62 PR

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Figure 3: General view of the survey area within EC 37 PR

7. Archaeological Sequence

Table 2 provides a general overview of the chronological sequence of the archaeological periods in South Africa.

PERIOD APPROXIMATE DATE

Early Stone Age More than c. 2 million years ago - c. 250 000 years ago Middle Stone Age c. 250 000 years ago – c. 25 000 years ago Later Stone Age c. 25 000 years ago - c. AD 200 (up to historic (Includes San Rock Art) times in certain areas) Early Iron Age c. AD 400 - c. AD 1025 Late Iron Age c. AD 1025 - c. AD 1830 (Stonewalled sites) (c. AD 1640 - c. AD 1830)

Table 3: Chronological sequence of archaeological sites in South Africa

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

8. Archaeological Context

8.1 Stone Age Sequence

Concentrations of Early Stone Age (ESA) sites are usually present on the flood-plains of perennial rivers and may date to over 2 million years ago. These ESA open sites may contain scatters of stone tools and manufacturing debris and secondly, large concentrated deposits ranging from pebble tool choppers to core tools such as handaxes and cleavers. The earliest hominins who made these stone tools, probably not always actively hunted, instead relying on the opportunistic scavenging of meat from carnivore fill sites.

Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites also occur on flood plains, but are also associated with caves and rock shelters (overhangs). Sites usually consist of large concentrations of knapped stone flakes such as scrapers, points and blades and associated manufacturing debris. Tools may have been hafted but organic materials, such as those used in hafting, seldom preserve. Limited drive-hunting activities are also associated with this period.

Sites dating to the Later Stone Age (LSA) are better preserved in rock shelters, although open sites with scatters of mainly stone tools can occur. Well-protected deposits in shelters allow for stable conditions that result in the preservation of organic materials such as wood, bone, hearths, ostrich eggshell beads and even bedding material. By using San (Bushman) ethnographic data a better understanding of this period is possible. South African rock art is also associated with the LSA.

8.2 Iron Age Sequence

In the northern regions of South Africa at least three settlement phases have been distinguished for early prehistoric agropastoralist settlements during the Early Iron Age (EIA). Diagnostic pottery assemblages can be used to infer group identities and to trace movements across the landscape. EIA villages were relatively large settlements which were strategically located in valleys beside rivers to take advantage of the fertile alluvial soils for growing crops (Maggs 1989, Huffman 2007). The EIA sites in the Eastern Cape dates to between circa AD 600 to AD 900. EIA sites in the region of the survey can be divided into the following ceramic facies (Maggs 1989; Huffman 2007): • Msuluzi (AD 500-700); • Ndondondwane (AD 700 – 800); • Ntshekane (AD 800 – 900).

The vast majority of Early Iron Age sites occur along the coastal areas of the study area to the north of the Great Fish River and below the 1000m in the large river valleys with a rainfall of less than 700mm a year. These sites are therefore usually located on low-lying spurs close to water.

The Late Iron Age (LIA) settlements are characterised by stone-walled enclosures situated on defensive hilltops (circa AD 1640 - AD 1830). This occupation phase has been linked to the arrival of ancestral Northern Sotho, Tswana and Ndebele (Nguni–speakers) in the northern

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

regions of South Africa with associated sites dating between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries AD. Early sites during the LIA in the Eastern Cape are associated with the Blackburn and Moor Park facies. The terminal LIA is represented by late 18th/early 19th century settlements associated with the Nguni-speaking people. Since the 1780s the social landscape changed when a shift towards a more centralized political state occurred in parts of northern KwaZulu-Natal. The Zulu kingdom, established by King Shaka however became the most powerful in KwaZulu-Natal in the early years of the 19th century and had a marked influence on the local Nguni chiefdoms of the project area.

8.3 Historical Background

The historical depth of the region is illustrated by three small towns in the area which are Kokstad, Flagstaff and Tabankule. Kokstad had its beginning in 1862 when the Griquas under the leadership of Adam Kok III migrated from Philippolis to what became known as Griqualand East. In 1860 the Reverend William Dower from the London Missionary Society came to the area to establish a mission. The Griquas were convinced to come down from Mount Currie and settled in the area that later became Kokstad. Fragstaff was started as a tradepost by Z.G. Bowls and G. Owen in 1875. They put up a white flag on Sundays to indicate to the locals when they were closed. The small town Tabankulu originated when two traders Blenkinsop and Meth. Other traders joint them later and the town was laid out in 1909 (Bulpin 2001: 581, 498).

The mountain Thaba Ntsizwa, between Mount Ayliff and Mount Frere is a living heritage and a historic battlefield site associated with a battle between the amaBhaca and Zulu which took place around 1820.

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

9. Location of Sites

9.1 Permit Area EC 37 PR

Map 2: Position of the various target sites (with alternatives) at prospecting area EC 37 PR

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

9.1.1 Target Aa & Ab

The proposed alternative drill sites are situated adjacent and on agricultural fields and have been disturbed to a large extent. No cultural heritage material was recorded near or on the sites.

Figure 4: Alternative site Aa which has been disturbed by agricultural activities

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Figure 5: Alternative site Ab which is situated on an agricultural field

9.1.2 Target B

The proposed drill site is situated adjacent to the main dirt access road at the foot of an elevated area. No features or artefacts of cultural significance were recorded near the site.

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Figure 6: Site B is situated adjacent to the main access road in the area

Although two graves (one adult and one juvenile) were recorded a few hundred metres from the drill site (also at a higher elevation) they will be in no way affected by the activities. The graves have an east-west orientation with the headstone on the western side.

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Figure 7: Graves situated in the area (no impact)

9.1.3 Target Ca & Cb

The proposed alternative drill sites are situated in old agricultural field. Mr Boy George (born 1942) occupies the house complex (four houses) which is situated a few hundred metres from the drill sites. Site Ca is situated in an old agricultural field and Site Cb is situated on an open area which is near the foundations of an earlier house of Mr George which was vacated some years ago. Next to the houses that are currently occupied a large graveyard (containing 19 graves) was recorded. No impact is envisaged on the house complex or graveyard.

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Figure 8: Alternative drill site (the large central area below the tree line)

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Figure 9: House foundations near alternative Site Cb

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Figure 10: The house complex of Mr George (no impact)

9.1.4 Target D

The proposed drill site is situated next to the access road to the area. A church is situated a few hundred metres further down the road. No other heritage features or remains were recorded in the area that will be affected by the drilling activities. There will be no impact on the church building and associated structures.

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Figure 11: Church building with painted white walls and corrugated iron roof

The proposed drill site has already been disturbed during the construction of the dirt road.

Figure 12: Open area adjacent to the dirt road earmarked as the proposed drill site

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

9.1.5 Target E

The proposed drill site is situated adjacent to the main access road in the area. No cultural heritage structures or remains were recorded at the site. Part of the site was also disturbed during the construction of the dirt road.

Figure 13: Proposed drill site E is open and accessible

9.1.6 Target Fa & Fb

Both alternative drill sites Fa and Fb are situated adjacent to the main access road to the area. No cultural heritage structures or remains were recorded on either of the sites. However the Silasvile Primary School is situated quite near alternative Fb which might be problematic in terms of noise pollution. Also, a new house and some older house foundations were recorded near Site Fa. Please note that none of these structures will be impacted on during drilling activities.

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Figure 14: Alternative drilling site Fa which is situated adjacent to the dirt road

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Figure 15: Alternative drilling Site Fb which is also situated next to the road but also near the school

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

9.2 Permit Area EC 62 PR

Map 3: Alternative drilling Site Aa and Ab located on EC 62 PR

9.2.1 Target Aa & Ab

The two alternative drilling sites for ER 62 PR are situated on the western slope of the mountain. Site Aa is situated adjacent to the access road which leads into various house hold area. The site is situated on a spur with a rocky outcrop to the one side. Two graves were recorded on the site and are situated on the northern corner of the spur (near the road). A local resident Mr Zamile Mjoli (born in 1947) informed us that the graves date to possibly 1995 or 1998 and that a man and a woman (both Mpondo) were buried at the site. The rest of the family vacated the plot in 1998.

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Figure 16: Alternative drilling site Aa which is situated on an open spur with some rocky outcrops

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Figure 17: Alternative drilling site Ab which is situated in an old erosion donga

A. GENERAL SITE DESCRIPTION

This site consists of two graves demarcated with packed stones. Both graves have an east-west orientation with the headstones on the western side. The graves were probably interred in 1995/8 and are that of a man and a woman. No inscriptions were found on the graves and no grave offerings were recorded on the graves.

B. SITE EVALUATION B1. HERITAGE VALUE Yes No Historic Value It has importance to the community or pattern of South Africa’s history or √ precolonial history. It has strong or special association with the life or work of a person, group or √ organisation of importance in the history of South Africa. It has significance relating to the history of slavery in South Africa. √ Aesthetic Value It has importance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a √ particular community or cultural group. Scientific Value

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

It has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of √ South Africa’s natural and cultural heritage. It has importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical √ achievement at a particular period. It has importance to the wider understanding of the temporal change of cultural √ landscapes, settlement patterns and human occupation. Social Value It has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group √ for social, cultural or spiritual reasons (sense of place). Tourism Value It has significance through its contribution towards the promotion of a local √ sociocultural identity and can be developed as tourist destination. Rarity Value It possesses unique, uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of South Africa’s √ natural or cultural heritage. Representative Value It is importance in demonstrating the principle characteristics of a particular class √ of South Africa’s natural or cultural places or objects. B2. REGIONAL CONTEXT Other similar sites in the regional landscape. √ B3. CONDITION OF SITE Integrity of deposits/structures. Stable C. SPHERE OF SIGNIFICANCE High Medium Low International √ National √ Provincial √ Local √ Specific community √ D. FIELD REGISTER RATING National/Grade 1 [should be registered, retained] Provincial/Grade 2 [should be registered, retained] Local/Grade 3A [should be registered, mitigation not advised] Local/Grade 3B [High significance; mitigation, partly retained] Generally Protected A [High/Medium significance, mitigation] √ Generally protected B [Medium significance, to be recorded] Generally Protected C [Low significance, no further action] E. GENERAL STATEMENT OF SITE SIGNIFICANCE Low Medium High √ F. RATING OF POTENTIAL IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT None √ Peripheral Destruction Uncertain G. RECOMMENDED MITIGATION

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

The following are recommended: • The graves should be fenced off and clearly marked to prevent any accidental damage during the drillings operations • A 20 metres buffer zone should be maintained

H. APPLICABLE LEGISLATION AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS • National Heritage Resources Act (Act no. 25 of 1999) • Human Tissue Act (Act 65 of 1983 as amended). • Removal of Graves and Dead Bodies Ordinance (Ordinance no. 7 of 1925) • Ordinance on Excavations (Ordinance no. 12 of 1980) • Local and regional provisions, laws and by-laws

I. PHOTOGRAPHS

Figure 18: One of the two graves on Target site Aa

Figure 19: One of the two graves on Target site Aa

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

10. Summary of Sites

Site Coordinates Site Type Statement of Impact Mitigation No Significance 1 29.318503°E 2 Graves High None Fenced off and clearly 31.016524°S Local marked Table 4: Summary of sites with rating, significance and mitigation measures

Target License_Nr Lat_S Long_E Aa EC37PR -30.72240 29.17142 Ab EC37PR -30.72385 29.16992 Aa EC62PR -31.01646 29.31781 Ab EC62PR -31.01616 29.31595 B EC37PR -30.73175 29.29247 Ca EC37PR -30.76976 29.20816 Cb EC37PR -30.76991 29.20500 D EC37PR -30.75435 29.15628 E EC37PR -30.72644 29.27453 Fa EC37PR -30.75021 29.23552 Fb EC37PR -30.74986 29.23544 Table 5: Summary of location of proposed drill sites (and alternatives)

11. Conclusions and Recommendations

Stone Age settlement

No Stone Age tools, manufacturing areas, base camps or features associated with this period, were identified during the survey.

Iron Age settlements

No Iron Age sites, structures, features or artefact were recorded in the survey areas.

Historical buildings and features

No historical structures or features older than 60 years were recorded.

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Graves

However, four categories of graves can be identified. These are:

• Graves younger than 60 years; • Graves older than 60 years, but younger than 100 years; • Graves older than 100 years; and • Graves of victims of conflict or of individuals of royal descent.

However, also note the following:

Coetzee, FP Drilling Platforms at Insizwa & Tabankulu Lobes, Mount Ayliff

Bibliography

Bulpin, T.V. 2001. Discovering Southern Africa. Discovering Southern Africa Productions: Muizenberg.

Huffman, T.N. 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: The Archaeology of Pre-Colonial Farming Societies in Southern Africa. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press: Pietermaritzburg.

Maggs, T. 1989. The Iron Age Farming Communities. In Duminy, A. & Guest, B. (eds.). Natal and Zululand: from the Earliest Times to 1910- A New History: pp. 28-48. University of KwaZulu- Natal Press: Pietermaritzburg.