Agricultural Practices and Farmers Education in Ponda Taluka of Goa
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AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND FARMERS EDUCATION IN PONDA TALUKA OF GOA A Thesis submitted to Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.) in Economics under Faculty of Social Sciences by Ms. Sharmila B. Dessai Under the Guidance of Dr. SeemaPrabirRath Department of Economics Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune (March 2017) CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis titled, “Agricultural Practices and Farmers Education in Ponda Taluka of Goa”, which is being submitted herewith for the award of the Degree of Vidyavachaspati (Ph.D.) in Economics of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune is the result of original research work completed by Smt. Sharmila B. Dessai under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the work incorporated in this thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree or similar title of this or any other University or examining body upon her. Place: Pune. Date: 07.03.2017. (Dr. Seema Prabir Rath) ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis titled, “Agricultural Practices and Farmers Education in PondaTalukaof Goa”, completed and written by me has not previously been formed as the basis for the award of any Degree or other similar title upon me of this or any other Vidyapeeth(University) or examining body. Place: Pune (Ms. Sharmila B. Dessai) Date: 07.03.2017. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have received immense help and encouragement to complete this research work and submit the findings in the form of a thesis. It is my honour and privilege to express my sincere gratitude to some people and institutions, which have helped me directly and indirectly over the last three and half years to complete this humble research work and present the thesis in the present form. At the outset, I express my gratitude to the esteemed Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth (TMV), Pune and all its officials for providing me the research platform leading to Ph. D. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my guide Dr. Seema P. Rath, Associate Professor of Economics and Ex- Officiating Principal, Government College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Khandola, Goa for her continuous support, motivation and sincere guidance using her wisdom and knowledge. Without her advice and guidance, I would have not thought of taking up the challenge of this research work. I will be always indebted to her for her constant guidance, support and encouragement that motivated me all the time to handle the research exercise with complete dedication during all the stages of my research endeavour and writing phase of this thesis. I express my gratitude to all the authors and leading personalities, whose contributions have been quoted or referred in this thesis. It may not be possible to acknowledge any of them by names, but all of them are gratefully acknowledged here. I also take this liberty to apologizebefore each one of them through this if I have unknowingly used their contribution and have missed to quote their contribution since it has not been done with any intention and I am not claiming others contribution as that of mine. I take this opportunity to express my thankfulness to Dr. Praveen Jadhav, Head of the Department of Economics, Tilak Maharashtra Vidhyapeeth, Pune for his suggestions, guidance and unstinted support from time to time. My sincere thanks goes to Mr. Nitin K. Bakhale, Zonal agricultural officer Ponda, Goa and Mr. Perni, Assistant Director of Agriculture, Govt. of Goa, Tonca- iii Caranzalem, Panjim, Goa for providing valuable information and secondary data required for the study. I would like to extend my special gratitude to our family friend Mr. SudinJamble for readily shouldering the responsibility of accompanying me during the primary data collection from the farmers of different villages of Pondataluka. He solved all the constraints encountered while collecting such precious information from the farmers while working in the field or while taking rest near their farms. I also record my sincere thanks to all my farmer respondents, who spared their valuable time in providing the necessary information, which forms the soul and the body of my thesis. I express my sincere thanks to Dr. VithalSukthankar, well known Faculty, Goa Institute of Management (GIM, Goa) and Dr. AtanuBhattacharjee, Statistician for their valuable suggestions and extra ordinary help during the statistical analysis and compilation and presentation of empirical data. I am thankful to the Officials and staff of Center for Multidisciplinary Development Research (CMDR), Dharwad, Karnataka University, Dharwad, College of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, Central Library, Goa, Goa University Library, Goa, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Old Goa, Government College of Arts Science and Commerce, Khandola, Goa, for permitting me to make use of their libraries to collect valuable information during my research work. I would also like to sincerely thank Dr. Prabir K. Rath Associate Professor of Geography, Government College Khandola and Chairman, BOS in Geography of Goa University, Goa for his constant support, encouragement and valuable suggestions, which helped me to complete my research work and writing of report within a stipulated time. My sincere thanks to Mr. AbhayKamat an entrepreneur and expert at Micro-Magic Computer Institute for shouldering the responsibility of carrying out all the computer related work during the course of the research and finally designing the thesis and presenting in the present form. I would like to sincerely thank Mr. AjitPatil and Mrs. SudhaPatil, Pune for providing me the much needed accommodation during my trips to TMV, Pune for course and administrative works. I would like to thank all my colleagues from Government College, Khandola namely Dr. Lopamudra Bhattacharya, Ms. PriyankaPednekar, iv Mrs. RanjanaSavoikar, Mrs. Yogita Joshi and Ms. NivedaKorgaonkar for their help and words of encouragement for my research work. Completion of this research work is a part and parcel of the fulfillment of my parent’s wish of having all their daughters with highest possible qualification in their respective fields. I thank my parents Mrs. SharadaDessai and Mr. BabloDessai who succeeded in inculcating the sense and seeds of achieving higher educational levels among their children. I am also grateful to my in laws, Mr. LaxmanPatil and late Mrs. VasantiLaxmanPatil for their interest, encouragement and support in my studies. I express my thanks to sister Dr. SameetaSawant (Public Health Dentist) Australia and her family members namely Mr. AbhijitSawant, Dr. ManoharSawant and Ms. SheelaSawant, Pune, for their valuable suggestions and encouragement from time to time. I also express my gratitude to my another sister Dr. SampadaDessai, Associate Professor, Gyn-oncology, Malwar Cancer Centre, Kerela and her husband Dr. Vijay Patil, Assistant Professor (Medical Oncology), Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai for their valuable inputs. Last but not the least, I would like to extend my special gratitude towards my husband Mr. Sanjay Patil and all our family members for encouraging me to concentrate on my research work sacrificing a lot for me. I thank my two kids, namely Master Sairaj and baby Amruta to have borne a lot with me. v PAGE SR.NO. CONTENT NO. Candidate’sDeclaration i Certificate of Research from Guide ii Acknowledgements iii-v Table of Contents vi-ix List of Tables x-xii List of Figures xiii Abbreviations xiv Annexure Tables xv- CHAPTER- I INTRODUCTION 1-17 1.1 Education and Agricultural Development 2 1.2 Aims and Objectives 4 1.3 Hypothesis 5 1.4 Sources of Data and Methodology of Study 5 1.5 Importance of the Study 6 1.6 Limitations of the Study 7 1.7 Scope for Further Research 8 1.8 Chapter Scheme 8 References 13 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 18-51 2.1 Education and Economic Development 18 2.2 Education and Agricultural Productivity 23 2.3 Impact of Education on Agricultural Practices 29 2.4 Concluding Observations 44 References 46 vi PAGE SR.NO. CONTENT NO. CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESIGN 52-59 3.1 Sources of Data 52 3.2 Sampling Design 53 3.3 Methodology 57 References CHAPTER IV STATUS OF AGRICULTURE IN GOA 60-79 4.1 A Profile of Goa 60 4.2 Agriculture in Goa 64 4.2.1 Land and Climatic Condition 65 4.2.2 Agriculture during Portuguese Rule 67 4.2.3 Agriculture during Post Liberation Period 67 4.3 Pattern of Land Utilization in Goa 68 4.4 Trends in Agricultural Production in Goa 70 4.4.1 Agro Processing 75 4.4.2 Marketing 75 4.4.3 Agro tourism in Goa 75 4.5 Concluding Remarks 76 References 78 CHAPTER V FARMERS’ PROFILE IN THE STUDYAREA 80-103 5.1 Profile of the Study Area 80 5.2 Profile of the Sample Farmers 80 5.2.1 Level of Education 81 5.2.2 Size of Family and Size of Land Holdings 82 5.2.3 Size of Family and Level of Education 83 5.2.4 Type of Family System 85 5.2.5 Number of Languages Known 86 5.2.6 Age-wise Distribution of Sample Farmers 88 vii PAGE SR.NO. CONTENT NO. 5.2.7 Training and Workshops Attended by Farmers 89 5.2.8 Type of Ownership of Land 90 5.2.9 Average Size of Land Holdings 92 5.2.10 Number of Crops Grown on the same Land 93 5.2.11 Years of Experience in Farming Activity 95 5.2.12 Practicing Farming with Passion or Compulsion 97 5.2.13 Farmers Seeking Alternative Jobs 98 5.2.14 Continuation of Farming after Getting Alternative Job 99 5.2.15 Monthly Income of Farmers from Farming Activity 100 5.3 Concluding Observation 102 References 103 CHAPTER VI AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND PRODUCTIVITY 104-182 6.1 An Analysis of Cultivation of Different Types of Crops 104 6.1.1 Cultivation of Food Grain Crops 107 6.1.2 Cultivation of Non-Food Grain Crops 110 6.1.3 Cropping Pattern by Size of Holdings 113 6.1.4 Cropping Pattern by Level of Education 114 6.1.5 Area under Double Cropping 117 6.2 Net Earnings from Cultivation by Type of Crops 118 6.3 Impact of Education on Cost, Productivity and Net Income 121 6.3.1 Paddy 121 6.3.2 Cashew 124 6.3.3 Coconut 126 6.3.4 Arecanut 126 6.3.5 Banana 128 6.3.6 Vegetables 129 6.3.7 Mango 130 6.3.8 Spices 131 viii PAGE SR.NO.