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Influence of Climate on the Population of Three Milkweed Bugs in South India (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)

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Influence of Climate on the Population of Three Milkweed Bugs in South India (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) Proe. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.), Vol. 89, Number 6, November 1980, pp. 579-586. © Printed in India. Influence of climate on the population of three milkweed bugs in South India (Heteroptera : Lygaeidae) K TttANGAVELU* Entomology Research Unit, Loyola College, Madras 600034, India * Present address: Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Coimbatote 641 003, India MS received 3 Jallilary 1980 Abstract. The population trend of three milkweed bugs, Spilostethus pandurus (Scop.), Spilostethus hospes (Fabr) and Caenocoris nerii (Germar) are studied in relation to climatic condtions over a period of two years on their principal host Calotropis gigantea (L.). Of these milkweed bugs. Spilostethus pandurus is and occasional pest of several food and cash crops in India. All the three species are noted on the milkweed throughout the year. Their abundance shows regular seasonal variation. Spilostethus pandurus and Caenocoris nerii are abundant during the hotter months (March-August) and contrastingly Spilostethus hospes is more numerous during colder seasons (January-February and 0ctobcr-December). The variation in the population due to environmental factors is statistically highly signi- ficant. Of the various environmental factors maximum temperature is an impor- tant limiting factor in the population levels and distribution of all these three species. Keywords. Milkweed bugs; population trend. 1. Introduction The economic status of the Indian Lygaeidze as well as their biology, ecology and systematics are not well assessed. Though the population dynamics of several insect communities have received much attention from the ecologists, the seasonal effects on the population fluctuations are relatively less known from the tropics (Emmel 1976). An attempt has been made to study the seasonal effects on the population trend of three milkweed bugs, Spilostethus pandurus (Seop.), S. hospes (Fi.) and Caenocoris nerii (G.) in South India. Of these, S. pandurus has been reported to cause economic injury to several cultivated crops (Thangavelu 1979). Thangavelu (1978) made preliminary observations on the distribution, habitat preference, etc., .and catalogued the host plants of these bugs in South India. 2. Materials and methods During the period of two years from January 1975 to December 1976, the popu- lation incidence of the three milkweed bugs on their principal host, C. gigantea 579 580 K Thangavelu was recorded. Biotic and abiotie factors were considered together. Independant variables such as temperature and relative humidity were recorded with the help of the regional meteorological station at Madras, where this study was undertaken. Weekly counts were made on three host plaints and the popu- lation was sampled by direct counting. Counts were made on first instav to adults. The total population of the three species were subjected to statistical ana- lysis (correlation matrix and multiple regression, Snedecor and Cochran 1977) individually for estimating the effects of variables such as temperature and relative humidity. 3. Observations and results The three milkweed bugs, S. pandurus, S. hospes and C. nerii are noticed through- out the year on Calotropis gigantea. Alt of them prefer to feed on the seeds, though the nymphs occasionally feed on the inflorescence and foliage. S. pandurus and C. nerii are predominant during hotter months. The population of S. pan&t- rus increases from the first week of March and declines in the later half of October; the maximum build-up of population is recorded during April to June (hottest season of the year in South India). The climate in summer is rather hot (33.5 ° C--40.5 ° C) and the atmospheric humidity is very low (40% -60~ RH). Similar population trend is noticed in C. nerii but the population steeply declines towards July (figures 1 and 2) and in fact during the north-east monsoon (Septem- ber to November) and winter season (December to Febl'uary) the population is very small and is mostly constituted by the adults. The population trend of S. hospes is rather different from the other two species, being more prevalent during winter season (January-February and October-December) when the maxi- mum temperature rarely exceeds 30 ° C (26.8 ° C-31.2 ° C) and the minimum tempe- rature is as low as 20-6° C (20.6 ° C-25.0 ° C) while the atmospheric humidity is very high (76~-90~o RH) but the population is at its low ebb during the summer season (figures 1 and 2). In all these three species, the effect of maximum tempe- rature on the population level has very significant influe,ace and the effect is the same in the consecutive year (table~ ta-2c). The combined effect of all the inde- pendant variables contribute 55° to 84% variation in the population of these species (tables la-2c). 4, Discussion The population trend of these three species, S. pamhtrus, S. hospes and C. nerii conform to their distribution and adaptability. S. pandurus and C. nerii are widespread, while S. hospes is a new world species with restricted distribution in India. S. pandurus has been reported widely in the Ethiopian, Oriental and Palearctic regions. C. nerii is southern palearctic in distribution and represents a tropical element. Distant (1903) recorded it only from North India. Thus S. pandurus and C. nerii being tropical elements are more prevalent during hotter summer months and a fairly sizable population survives throughout the other periods of the year also (figures 1 and 2). S. hospes is not represented in Effect of climate on milkweed bugs 581 Table la. Spilostethus pandurus, 1975. Correlation matrix. Temperature Relative humidity Variable S.pandurus Max. Min. Max. Min. S. pandurus (Y) 1 0"8480** 0"7856** --0"7176'* --0"5042** Max. temp. (X1) 1 0-9123 --0-8209 --0"6081 Min. temp. (X~) 1 --0-7036 --0"3818 ~v~. m-L (xo) 1 --0-3818 Min. RH (X4) 1 Partial Standard error Variable regression of partial t-value Mean coefficient regression coefficient S. pandurus (Y) ...... 33.6 Max. temp. (X1) 5-8083 1"9125 3.0371"* 32.6 Min. temp. (X.z) --0' 3119 2-4304 --0.1268 24.1 Max. RH (X3) --0" 6792 0- 6849 --0.9917 74.6 Min. RH (X4) 0" 4593 0" 5693 0" 8086 63.2 Y = -126.9908 + 5.8083 XI - 0"3119 X~ - 0.6792 Xa + 0"4593 3(4. Multiple correlation coefficient = 0.7256** ; R 2 = 0.7256**. Table lb. Caenoeoris nerii, 1975. Correlation matrix. Temperature Relative humidity Variables C. nerii Max. Min. Max. Min. C. nerii (Y) 1 6'7295** 0.6674** --0.6815"* -0.4819'* Max. temp. (X1) 1 0.9112 -0.8237 -0-6173 Min. temp. (X~) 1 --0.7038 -0-3818 Max. RH (X~) 1 0.8561 Min. RH (X4) 1 Partial Standard error Variable regression of partial t-value Mean coefficient regression coefficient C. nerii ...... 21" 0 Max. tem;x (X1) 3.5139 1" 9041 1. 8455 32.6 Min. temp. (X~) --1" 3070 2" 4517 --0' 5331 24-1 Max. RH (X3) - 1- 2803 0" 6752 --1" 8957 74.6 Min. RH (X4) 0" 7139 9' 5729 1' 2462 62" 2 Y = --11.7874 + 3-514t9 X z -- 1"3070 X~ -- 1-.2802 X 3 + 0-7139 X 4. MuLtiple correlation coefficient = 0. 7936 ; R 2 = 0' 5679**, 582 K Thangavelu Table le. Spilostethus hsopes, 1975. Correlation matrix Temperature Relative humidity Variable S. hospes Max. Min. Max. Min. ,7. hospes (Y) 1 --0.6782** -0.5295** 0.5 33** 0.5123"* Max, temp. (I"1) 1 0.9111 0.8236 0.6173 Min. temp. (X~) 1 --C-7038 --0-8561 Max. RI-I (Xs) I 0-8561 Min. RH (X4) 1 Partial Standard errors Variable regression of partial t-value Mean coefficient regression coefficient `7. hospes I Y) .. 19"1 Max. temp. (X0 -2.'2782 1.0928 --2"0846* 33"I Min. temp. (X.2) 1. 8679 1. 5626 1"1954 23'9 Max. RH (X3) -0.0472 0.4376 --0"1079 75"8 Min. RH (/(4) 0. 4675 0. 3675 1"2410 62"1 Y----24"4367 -2"2761Xt+l.8679X~-0"0371 +0"4675. Multiple correlation coefficient=0-6675 ; R~=0"4465"*. Table 2a. S. pandurus, 1976. Correlation matrix. Temperature Kelative humidity Variable S. pandurus Max. Min. Max. Min. `7. pandurus (I1) 1 0"8965* -0"7669** --0.7432** --0.4142"* Max. temp. (X1) 1 0" 8079 --0.8110 --0"4836 Min. temp. (X2) 1 --0.5616 --0.2352 Max. RH (x~) 1 0.7591 Min. RH (X,) 1 Partial Standard error Variable regression of partial t-value Mean coefficient regression coefficient `7. pandurus (I) .... 29.6 Max. temp. (X1) 4.2785 1.0407 4.1114"* 33.1 Min. temp. (X2) 1"2691 1. 4880 0-8525 23"9 Max. RH (X3) --0- 1703 0-4169 --0-4085 75"8 Min. RH (/(4) --0- 0223 0- 3588 --0-C622 62"1 Y---- --127.9299 + 4.2786 Xx- 1-2691 X~ -- 0' 1703 Xs -- 0-0223 X 4. Mttltipl¢ correlation c~ffacient = 0.9023 ; R a ----0-8142"*. Effect of climate on milkweed bugs 583 Table 2b. C. nerii, 1976. Correlation matrix. Temperature Relative humidity Variable C. nerii Max. Min. Max. Min. C. nerii (Y) 1 0"8368** 0"6713"* --0"7128"* --C'3960"* Max. temp. (X0 1 0"8709 --0"8111 --0"4836 Min. temp. (X~) 1 --0"5616 --0"2352 Max. RH (Xa) 1 0"7591 ~Vtin. Rrt (x~) 1 Partial Standard error Variable regression of partial t-value Mean coefficient regression coefficient C. nerii ( Y) .... 17"9 Max. temp. (Xx) 3" 5743 0" 8876 4"0269** 33"1 Min. temp. (X2) --1,2445 1.2691 -0"9806 23"9 Max. RH (X~) --0-5434 0. 3556 -1"5284 75"8 Min. RH (X4) -0.4166 0- 3060 l"3614 62"1 Y= --55"2626 + 3.5743 X1 - 1 "2445 X~ -- 0"5434 X3 + 0.4166 X 4.
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