Volume 16, Nomor 1, Juni 2007 ISSN 0215-191X
ZZOOOO IINNDDOONNEESSIIAA Jurnal Fauna Tropika
THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE GOLD MINING PROJECT AREA IN NORTH SUMATRA: SPECIES RICHNESS BEFORE EXPLOITATION ACTIVITIES. Hellen Kurniati...... 1
ENDOPARASIT PADA FESES BABI KUTIL (Sus verrucosus) DI KEBUN BINATANG SURABAYA. Kartika Dewi & R.T.P Nugraha ...... 13
ARTHROPODA GUA DI NUSAKAMBANGAN CILACAP, JAWA TENGAH Cahyo Rahmadi ...... 21
CATATAN KOLEKSI LARVA NYAMUK (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) PADA RUAS BAMBU DI TAMAN NASIONAL GN. GEDE- PANGRANGO DAN TAMAN NASIONAL. GN. HALIMUN. Awit Suwito ...... 31
SUGAR ANALYSIS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF Tabanus rubidus (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE). Sri Hartini, Janita Aziz & Chairul ...... 49
Zoo Indonesia Volume 16 (1) 1-50 2007 ISSN 0215-191X
Ketua Redaksi
Dr. Dede Irving Hartoto (Limnologi)
Anggota Redaksi
Dr. Hagi Yulia Sugeha (Oseanologi) Dr. Rosichon Ubaidillah (Entomologi) Dr. Dewi Malia Prawiradilaga (Ornitologi) Ir. Ike Rachmatika MSc. (Ikhtiologi)
Sekretaris Redaksi & Produksi
Rochmanah S.Kom Yulia Aris Kartika S.Kom
Mitra Bestari
drh. L.E Setyorini Ir. Endang Purwaningsih Garth Taylor BSc Dr. Sri Hartini Dr. Hari Sutrisno Dr. Sampurno Kadarsan
Alamat Redaksi Zoo Indonesia Bidang Zoologi, Puslit Biologi LIPI Gd. Widyasatwaloka Jl. Raya Bogor-Jakarta KM. 46 Cibinong 16911
Telp. (021) 8765056 Fax. (021) 8765068 [email protected]
Masyarakat Zoologi Indonesia (MZI) adalah suatu organisasi profesi dengan anggota terdiri dari peneliti, pengajar, pemerhati dan simpatisan kehidupan fauna tropika, khususnya fauna Indonesia. Kegiatan utama MZI adalah pemasyarakatan tentang ilmu kehidupan fauna tropika Indonesia, dalam segala aspeknya, baik dalam bentuk publikasi ilmiah, publikasi popular, pendidikan, penelitian, pameran ataupun pemantauan.
Zoo Indonesia adalah sebuah jurnal ilmiah di bidang fauna tropika yang diterbitkan oleh organisasi profesi keilmiahan Masyarakat Zoologi Indonesia (MZI) sejak tahun 1983. Terbit satu tahun satu volume dengan dua nomor (Nopember & Juni). Memuat tulisan hasil penelitian dan tinjauan ilmiah yang berhubungan dengan aspek fauna, khususnya wilayah Indonesia dan Asia. Publikasi ilmiah lain adalah Monograph Zoo Indonesia - Seri Publikasi Ilmiah, terbit tidak menentu.
THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE GOLD MINING PROJECT AREA IN NORTH SUMATRA : SPECIES RICHNESS BEFORE EXPLOITATION ACTIVITIES: Zoo Indonesia Vol. 16(1):1 - 11
THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE GOLD MINING PROJECT AREA IN NORTH SUMATRA: SPECIES RICHNESS BEFORE EXPLOITATION ACTIVITIES
Hellen Kurniati
Zoology Division, Research Center for Biology Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Widyasatwaloka Building Jln Raya Cibinong Km 46, Cibinong 16911, e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Kurniati, H. 2007. The herpetofauna of the gold mining project area in North Sumatra: Species richness before exploitation activities. Zoo Indonesia 16 (1): 1- 11. Field surveys of herpetofauna (amphibians & reptiles) were conducted in and around the PT Newmont Horas Nauli Martabe Project Area for 23 days prior the exploration. Surveys involved visual observations, light attraction, hand collection and trapping in all major amphibian and reptile habitats. A total of 42 species of amphibians and 28 species of reptiles (nine snakes, 16 lizards & three turtles) were identified. Based on interviews with local people at Batang Toru Village, there was reliable observation of two additional species of turtle (Cyclemys dentata & Manouria emys) and one species of snake (Python curtus). Of the more than 42 amphibians species and 28 reptile species observed, 12 represented unknown species (10 frogs & two skinks); one frog species (Occidozyga laevis) might be a new record for Sumatra. Similarity index calculations indicated that herpetofauna diversity at the six sites was divided between forested and heavily disturbed habitat.
Keywords: gold mining area, Martabe, Sumatra, herpetofauna, biodiversity.
ABSTRAK
Kurniati, H. 2007. Herpetofauna Pada Area Proyek Tambang Emas di Sumatra Utara: Kekayaan Jenis Sebelum Aktivitas Eksplorasi. Zoo Indonesia Vol. 16 (1): 1- 11. Telah dilakukan studi keanekaragaman jenis herpetofauna (amfibia & reptilia) yang berlangsung selama 23 hari di area tambang emas PT. Newmont Horas Nauli, Sumatra Utara, sebelum aktivitas eksplorasi berlangsung. Metode yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan jenis adalah dengan cara observasi, tangkap langsung, penyinaran dan perangkap lem pada semua tipe habitat herpetofauna. Jumlah total jenis yang didapat adalah 42 jenis amfibia dan 28 jenis reptilia (9 jenis ular, 16 jenis kadal & 3 jenis kura- kura). Berdasarkan wawancara dengan penduduk lokal di Desa Batang Toru, didapatkan tambahan informasi dari jenis reptilia yang terdapat di area tambang emas, yaitu kura-kura Cyclemys dentata dan Manouria emys, serta satu jenis ular, yaitu Python curtus. Dari 42 jenis amfibia, 9 takson kodok belum diketahui jenisnya; sedangkan dari 28 jenis reptilia, 2 takson kadal belum diketahui jenisnya. Dari studi ini didapatkan kodok jenis Occidozyga laevis yang merupakan catatan baru untuk Sumatra. Hasil dari analisis kesamaan jenis diantara 6 lokasi studi didapatkan dua pengelompokan lokasi, yaitu kelompok hutan dan kelompok non-hutan.
Kata kunci: area tambang emas, Martabe, Sumatra, herpetofauna, biodiversitas.
1 THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE GOLD MINING PROJECT AREA IN NORTH SUMATRA : SPECIES RICHNESS BEFORE EXPLOITATION ACTIVITIES: Zoo Indonesia Vol. 16(1):1 - 11
INTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS
In the main land of Sumatra, there are The main survey areas were located in approximately 93 species of frogs, six sites: Terapung Wetland, Rubber with 14 species are endemic (Iskandar Plantation, Gerhana, Purnama, Kejora & Colijn 2000; Mistar 2003; CI/CABS and Teluk Nauli; with altitudes IUCN/SSC 2004), 72 species of between 50 meters at Terapung lizards, with 16 species are endemic wetland to 850 meters above sea level (Iskandar & Colijn inpress), 133 (asl) at Teluk Nauli secondary forest. species of snakes, with 26 species are This ecology survey was based largely endemic (Iskandar & Colijn 2001) and on field surveys conducted from 6th - 13 species of non-marine turtles 28th July 2003 together with records (Iskandar, 2000) are all well from local residents. described. However many new species are being discovered and Five major habitat types were described. Generally, the recognized within the survey area; herpetofauna (amphibians and brief descriptions of the habitats that reptiles) of Sumatra remain very little were found during field survey are to be studied; only in a portion that has following: been studied comprehensively such as in Leuser National Park (Mistar 1. Edificarian: Buildings and other 2003). manmade structures of wood and other materials provide an The Newmont Horas Nauli gold mining important habitat especially for areas (Figure 1) consist of Martabe some gecko special that are Project Area that include Purnama, commensal with humans. Kejora and Gerhana survey sites. 2. Cultivated land: Rubber, palm oil, Tailing area that include Rubber banana and other fruit plans or plantation and Terapung Wetland; and hardwood plantation are dominant Teluk Nauli logging concession that to in this area. be proposed as wildlife refuge habitat. 3. Secondary forest: This habitat The large area (approximately consists mainly of thickets of small 200,000 hectares) of rain forest that trees, shrubs and vines where the covers most of Martabe Project is an forest has been more severely important habitat for amphibians and disturbed, and most of the mature reptiles. Many of these species rely trees have been removed. on specific habitats for their survival. 4. Rain forest: This is the most The present herpetofauna study widespread and abundant reviews the distribution and relative vegetation type on the main area of abundance of all the amphibians and sites, and has been logged to reptiles recorded on Newmont Horas varying degrees. Nauli gold mining areas. The main 5. Cloud forest: This vegetation type objectives are to consolidate is also known as moss forest. information on the distribution and Mosses and fern festoon the trunks, habitat preference of amphibians and limbs and branches of trees and reptiles and to furnish baseline shrubs, and they provide much of information that can be used for the ground cover. species richness and population changed indicator in the future. Amphibians and reptiles occupy a wide variety of habitats, ranging from below the ground to the highest tree canopy. The microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles were visited in six survey sites is:
2 THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE GOLD MINING PROJECT AREA IN NORTH SUMATRA : SPECIES RICHNESS BEFORE EXPLOITATION ACTIVITIES: Zoo Indonesia Vol. 16(1):1 - 11
Project Area
Figure 1. Location of Newmont Horas Nauli project area where the study of herpetofauna was conducted.
1. Terapung Wetland : survey site was N 1027.965’; E 99001.496’. The survey area was a swampland, which had been drained to create 3. Gerhana : land for cultivation. Palm oil, banana and the other fruit trees Habitat at Gerhana survey site were dominant in this area. consisted of rain forest that has Microhabitat types for amphibians been disturbed for several years. and reptiles were ditches, slow Elevation of survey areas was about moving water and swamp. 400 meters asl. Microhabitat types Elevation of the area was about 40 of amphibians and reptiles were meters asl. Available coordinate slow and strong moving waters, position for the survey site was N animal wallow, under fallen logs and 1025.798’; E 98058.958’. leaf litter on forest floor, and tree trunks. Available coordinate 2. Rubber Plantation : position for the survey site was N 1032.893’; E 99004.533’. Microhabitat of amphibians and reptiles at the rubber plantation 4. Purnama : survey site consisted of ditches, temporary pools, slow moving water Habitat at Purnama survey site and herbage. Elevation of the area consisted of edificarian, cultivated was about 400 meters asl. land and secondary forest. Available coordinate position for the Elevation for amphibian and reptiles survey areas in this site were
3 THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE GOLD MINING PROJECT AREA IN NORTH SUMATRA : SPECIES RICHNESS BEFORE EXPLOITATION ACTIVITIES: Zoo Indonesia Vol. 16(1):1 - 11
between 300 to 500 meters asl. and under optimal weather Microhabitat types of amphibians condition). and reptiles were slow moving 2. Fairly common (10-30 water, fast moving water, temporary sightings/day). and permanent pools, beneath 3. Uncommon (up to 10 fallen logs and among leaf litter on sightings/day on most days). forest floor, and water-filled holes in 4. Scarce (up to 5 sightings/day, but tree trunks. Available coordinate possibly unrecorded on more than position for the survey site was N half days). 1030.526’; E 99003.712’. 5. Rare (under 5 sightings in most time survey). 5. Kejora : Most of the sites were sampled only Habitat at Kejora survey site once during day or night or both. consisted of cloud forest and hill Counts were made by slowly walking forest. Elevation of survey areas through a selected habitat and was about 800 meters asl. recording individual encounters for Microhabitat types of amphibians each species. Voucher specimens and reptiles were slow moving were collected whenever possible. water, under fallen logs and leaf The suitable techniques of collecting litter on forest floor, and water-filled of the species are: holes in tree trunks. Available a. Lighting coordinate position for the survey This technique is used to catch site was N 1032.136’; E 99003.931’. frogs in the night using a powerful flashlight. The frogs are 6. Teluk Nauli : temporary blinded when the flashlight shines in their eyes, Most of habitat at Teluk Nauli making them easy to catch. survey sites consisted of secondary b. Catching by hand forest that had been cut by selected This technique is suitable for logging for ten years by Teluk Nauli snake and lizard by searching in Logging Company, however the microhabitats such as leaf litter, logging activities stopped in 2002. tree bark and buttresses, low- Microhabitat types for amphibians lying vegetation and in or under and reptiles in this sites were slow logs. moving streams, temporary and c. Trapping permanent pools (including animal This technique is fit only for small wallows), beneath fallen logs and lizard such as gekkonid among leaf litter on the forest floor, (Gekkonidae) or skinkid and water-filled holes in tree trunks. (Scincidae). The applied Elevation of the area was about 850 technique is using some small meters asl. Available coordinate woods (size 20x30 cm) covered position for the survey sites were: by rat glue will be used as lizard (1) Teluk Nauli base camp was N traps. The capture animals were 1041.123’; E 99002.451’. (2) Teluk released by cooking oil. Nauli Km 28 was N 1041.409’; E 99002.215’. (3) Teluk Nauli Km 27 Relatively little collecting effort was was N 1040.983’; E 99002.525’. expanded for animals that were easily identified, even at considerable Terms of abundance followed Buden distance. Greater effort was directed (2000); the terms were used to toward collecting examples of the appraise overall status are: animals, which are at times difficult to 1. Common (at least 30 distinguish, by sight under field sightings/day in suitable habitat conditions. All of specimens were deposited in Museum Zoologicum
4 THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE GOLD MINING PROJECT AREA IN NORTH SUMATRA : SPECIES RICHNESS BEFORE EXPLOITATION ACTIVITIES: Zoo Indonesia Vol. 16(1):1 - 11
Bogoriense (MZB), Cibinong, West we got no endemic species to Java, Indonesia. Sumatra, however 11 of these represented unknown species (9 frogs For identification, major taxonomy of and two skinks); Occidozyga laevis is amphibians followed Inger (1966), a new record for Sumatra. All of the Inger and Stuebing (1989); for lizards, unknown species are likely new to the gekkonid and skinkid were based science, but to ascertain the species, on Das (2004), de Rooij (1915) and further study of collected materials is Lim and Lim (1992); for Ophidia or needed. Additional information on snakes were based on de Rooij reptile species was obtained from a (1917), Tweedie (1983) and Stuebing reptile collector in Batang Toru Village. and Inger (1999); and for agamid Based on interviews with the collector, based on Musters (1983) and Manthey two species of snake Python curtus and Schuster (1996). Major and Python reticulatus; and three nomenclature of amphibians Iskandar species of turtle and a tortoise, Cuora and Colijn (2000) was used, for lizards amboinensis, Cyclemys dentata, and snakes Iskandar and Colijn (2001) Heosemys spinosa and Manouria and Iskandar and Colijn (in printed) emys were collected from the forest were used; and for gekkonid, Bauer inside Newmont Horas Nauli gold (1994) was used. mining area.
To measure the association of Results of similarity cluster analysis is amphibian and reptiles resemblance presented in Figure 2. The cladogram as similarity among species in six showed two distinct groups were survey sites based on absent and apparent; forested sites (Gerhana, present of the species, cluster analysis Teluk Nauli, Kejora & Purnama) were (Minitab version 13) was used to closely related, as were disturbed estimate similarities in amphibian and areas (Terapung Wetland & Rubber reptile species richness between Plantation). The Rubber Plantation survey sites. and Terapung Wetland were the most closely related sites followed by Gerhana and Teluk Nauli. Gerhana RESULTS & DISCUSSION and Teluk Nauli were more closely related to the other forested sites A total of 42 species of amphibians (Kejora and Purnama) than to the and 28 species of reptiles were disturbed Rubber Plantation and obtained during the survey in six Terapung Wetland. Specific non- survey sites; consisting of five families forest species were found only in of frogs, four families of snake, three disturbed areas including the frogs families of lizards and two families of Rana Baramica and Rana glandulosa, turtle. Detail of classification and and the lizard, bronchocela cristatella species list of the amphibians and (Table 3). These species were not reptiles which were recorded in six observed in any of the forested sites. survey sites were shown in Tables 1 & Although, Rubber Plantation and 2. The family Ranidae dominated the Terapung Wetland were such frogs fauna, with more than half of the degraded areas created by human, species (22 species; 52.49%). The however certain species inhabited in Rhacophoridae or treefrogs, with these areas as well as in the rain seven species (16.67%). The three forest. These comparisons suggest remaining families, Bufonidae, that several species had fairly wide Microhylidae and Megophryidae, are ecological tolerance and were found in represented by just six species a range of vegetation types. (14.28%), four species (9.52%) and three species (7.14%) respectively. Vegetation type and microhabitat From the well known species found, variability appear to affect species
5 THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE GOLD MINING PROJECT AREA IN NORTH SUMATRA : SPECIES RICHNESS BEFORE EXPLOITATION ACTIVITIES: Zoo Indonesia Vol. 16(1):1 - 11 richness of amphibians and reptiles in microhabitat types consisted of the six survey sites. Purnama site had edificarian, slow moving water, fast the highest species richness (41 moving water, temporary and species), and than following by permanent pools, beneath fallen logs Gerhana (20 species), Kejora (19 and among leaf litter on forest floor, species), Teluk Nauli (16 species), and water-filled holes in tree trunks. Rubber Plantation (13 species) and The fact that higher species in Terapung Wetland (12 species). Purnama than the other survey sites Vegetation types in Purnama correlated with vegetation type and consisted of rain forest, rubber and number of microhabitat convenient. hardwood plantation; whereas the
Figure 2. Cladogram of herpetofauna species richness similarity among the six survey sites.
There were more than half species standing water. Some frogs have occurred in rain forest (41 species; fairly broad ecological tolerance; they 55.94%), ten species inhabited fall into forest or non-forest species. disturbed area (13.89%), and 21 None of these species is truly at home species were confined to forest or in rain forest, although Rana disturbed area (29.17%) (Table 3). chalconota and Polypedates According to their general habits and leucomystax do well in cultivated land habitats especially for amphibians, and penetrate of the edge of rain there are three major groups of frogs forest. By far most of frogs in the in the survey sites by following Inger survey sites were confined to rain and Stuebing (1989). One group, the forest or its edges; the species fall into smaller, consists of species very forest species. closely associated with man, frogs that live in cultivation. The species fall into The general rule, however, is non-forest species. Not only do these confinement to a life in rain forest. species live close to people, but they Although the details of their life styles also seem dependent on us to create vary widely, these forest species those environmental conditions in spend their lives in four major principal which they thrive: open space, ways: disturbed ground, or puddle of
6 THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE GOLD MINING PROJECT AREA IN NORTH SUMATRA : SPECIES RICHNESS BEFORE EXPLOITATION ACTIVITIES: Zoo Indonesia Vol. 16(1):1 - 11
(1) Some frogs never leave the About half of reptiles in Newmont bank of streams. Frogs with this mode Horas Nauli gold mining areas were of life is Limnonectes kuhlii and L. found in rain forest (14 species); two laticeps, which live sympatric in similar species only found in disturbed microhabitat such as slow moving habitat, including edificarian and water. There also include here frogs cultivated land; and the other species that are confined to animal wallow in occur in rain forest or disturbed habitat the forest, species such as Microhyla (13 species) (Table 3). Although berdmorei, M. superciliaris and about half species seem to be Occidozyga laevis. restricted in rain forest, but many (2) Certain species of frogs found species of reptiles use disturbed along stream banks live away from habitat as temporary place, they still water coarsely as juvenile. The need rain forest for their native habitat. froglets hop away into the forest often Therefore, the enormous changes that moving several hundred meters. take place when forest is removed can There they feed and grow. As they quickly bring about the demise of approach adult size, they return to a species through desiccation, lethal stream where they remain, like temperatures and loss of prey items species of the first group, to breed and (Steubing and Inger, 1999). feed for as long as they live. The frogs with this mode of life include Leptophryne borbonica, Rana hosii, CONCLUSIONS and R. luctuosa. (3) The frogs species use streams Several conclusions can be made only for breeding. The adult frog lives from the herpetofauna field surveys: in the forest floor such as leaf litter the 1. Frogs were the most common remainder of its life. They return to a amphibian collected and stream at intervals only for breeding. constituted about 60% of total The frogs with this mode of life include species found which are about Megophrys nasuta and Leptobrachium 25% likely to be new to science. spp. 2. Based on the result of species (4) Many of forest frogs wander similarity cluster analysis, the six widely through the forest all ages and survey sites (Purnama , Kejora, are seen along stream banks only as Gerhana, Teluk Nauli, Rubber accidental visitors. Most of them lay Plantation and Terapung eggs in small pools of water on the Wetland) were clustered into two forest floor, but some use water-filled distinct groups, disturbed area tree holes and few even lay their eggs group and forested area group, of under floor litter where there is no which Rubber Plantation and standing water but humidity is high. Terapung Wetland are the most The species that usually use this closely sites, followed by Gerhana microhabitat are L. microdiscus and and Teluk Nauli. Pelophryne brevipes. Pools on the forest floor form when a large tree falls pulling its root mass out of the soil or ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS where forest pigs make mud wallow. Several species of tree frogs descent We were extremely grateful to Mr. to deposit their foam nest at the edge Sulaiman, Mr. Septanto, Mr. Bronto, of such pools or attach them to low Mr. Thamrin, Mr. Frans and Mr. Cecep overhanging vegetation. The frogs of PT Newmont Horas Nauli, who with this mode of life include Phrynella were helpful, efficient and gracious in pulchra, and most of three frogs, providing logistical and other support Nyctixalus pictus, P. colletti, P. to our fieldwork. We are also grateful macrotis and Rhacophorus pardalis. to the staff of PT Hatfindo Prima, particularly Mr. Garth Taylor, Mr.
7 THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE GOLD MINING PROJECT AREA IN NORTH SUMATRA : SPECIES RICHNESS BEFORE EXPLOITATION ACTIVITIES: Zoo Indonesia Vol. 16(1):1 - 11
Ahmad Kosasih, Mr. Eddy Sambas new guinean reptiles. Part II. and Mrs. Sally Rosidah. The survey Lacertilia. Binamitra. Jakarta was made successfully by the Lim, K.K.P & F.L.K Lim. 1992. A guide contribution of Mr. Zupri, Mr. Adat, Mr. to the amphibians & reptiles of Hulu, and Mr. Riono. Singapore. Singapore Scientific Centre. Singapore. Mistar. 2003. Panduan lapangan REFERENCES amfibi kawasan ekosistem Leuser. Gibbon Foundation- Bauer, A.M. 1994. Famili gekkonidae PILI-NGO Movement. (reptilian, Sauria). Part 1. Manthey, U. & N Schuster. 1996. Australia and Oceania. Walter Agamid lizards. TFH de Gruyter. Berlin. Publications, Inc. Neptune City. Buden, D.W. 2000. The reptiles of Musters, C.J.M. 1983. Taxonomy of Pohnpei, federal States of the genus Draco L (Agamidae, Micronesia. Micronesica 32 : Lacertilia, Reptilia). Zoologische 155-180. Verhandelingen 199: 1-120. CI/CABS IUCN/SSC. 2004. Global Stuebing, R.B. & R.F Inger. 1999. A amphibians assessment. field guide to the snakes of
8 THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE GOLD MINING PROJECT AREA IN NORTH SUMATRA : SPECIES RICHNESS BEFORE EXPLOITATION ACTIVITIES: Zoo Indonesia Vol. 16(1):1 - 11
Table 1. Preliminary list of amphibian species of six survey sites in Newmont Horas Nauli gold mining area, North Sumatra.
Sites Classification Terapung Rubber Purnama Abundance and Gerhana Kejora Teluk Nauli Wetland Plantation (300-500 m status Species list (400 m asl) (800 m asl) (850 m asl) (40 m asl) (400 m asl) asl)
Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Megophryidae Leptobrachium - - + - + - Uncommon sp. 1 Leptobrachium - - - + - - Uncommon sp. 2 Megophrys - - - - + - Rare nasuta
Family Bufonidae Bufo asper + + - + - - Common Bufo - - - + - - Common melanostictus Bufo parvus - + - + - - Rare Bufo sp. - - - + - - Rare Pelophryne - - - - + - Rare brevipes Leptophryne - - - + - - Rare borbonica
Family Microhylidae Microhyla - - - - - + Rare berdmorei Microhyla + - - - - - Common heymonsi Microhyla - - - - - + Rare superciliaris Phrynella pulchra - - - + + - Uncommon
Family Ranidae Fejervarya + - - + - - Common cancrivora Fejervarya + + - - - - Common limnocharis Limnonectes - - + + + - Fairly blythii common Limnonectes - - + + + + Common kuhlii Limnonectes - - + + + + Common laticeps Limnonectes - - - + - - Fairly malesianus common Limnonectes - - - + - - Fairly microdiscus common Limnonectes - + - - - - Common paramacrodon Limnonectes sp. - - - - - + Rare 1 Limnonectes sp. - - + + + + Common 2 Limnonectes sp. - - - + - - Fairly 3 common Limnonectes sp. - - + - + + Fairly 4 common Occidozyga - - + - - - Fairly laevis common Rana baramica + - - - - - Fairly common Rana chalconota + + + + + - Common Rana erythraea + - + + - - Common Rana glandulosa + + - + - - Uncommon Rana hosii - - - + + - Uncommon Rana luctuosa - - - + - - Rare Rana + + - - - - Common nicobariensis Rana picturata - - - + - - Common Rana sp. - - - - + - Rare
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Family Rhacophoridae Nyctixalus pictus - - - - + - Rare Polypedates - - - + - - Scarce colletti Polypedates + - - + - + Common leucomystax Polypedates - - - + + - Fairly macrotis common Rhacophorus - - - - - + Rare baluensis Rhacophorus - - - + - - Scarce pardalis Rhacophorus sp. - - - - - + Fairly common Number of 10 7 9 25 14 10 species Note: (+) species found; (-) species not found
Table 2. Preliminary list of reptile species of six survey sites in Newmont Horas Nauli gold mining area, North Sumatra.
Sites Classification Rubber Teluk Terapung Gerhana Purnama Kejora Abundance and Plantation Nauli Wetland (400 m (300-500 (800 m status Species list (400 m (850 m (40 m asl) asl) m asl) asl) asl) asl)
Class Reptilia Order Ophidia (Snakes) Family Boidae Python reticulatus - - - + - - Scarce
Family Colubridae Ahaetulla prasina - - - - - + Rare Boiga dendrophila - - - + - - Rare Dendrelaphis pictus + + - - - - Rare Oligodon purpurascens - - - - - + Rare Rhabdophis chrysargos - - + - + - Rare Xenochrophis trianguligerus - - - + - - Common
Family Elapidae Maticora bivirgata - - - + - - Rare
Family Viperidae Trimeresurus puniceus - - + - - - Rare
Order Lacertilia (Lizards) Family Agamidae Aphaniotis acutirostris - - + + + - Fairly common Bronchocela cristatella - + - + - - Common Draco maximus - - + - - - Rare Draco melanopogon - - + + - - Fairly common Draco volans - + - + - - Common Gonocephalus grandis - - - + - - Scarce
Family Gekkonidae Cyrtodactylus consubrinus - - + + - - Uncommon Cyrtodactylus marmoratus - - + - - + Fairly common Hemidactylus frenatus - - - + - - Common
Family Scincidae Dasia olivacea - - - + - - Fairly common Mabuya multifasciata + + + + - + Common Mabuya rudis - + + + + + Common Mabuya rugifera - - + + + + Fairly common Sphenomorphus - - + - - - Rare cyanolaemus Sphenomorphus sp. 1 - - - - + - Rare Sphenomorphus sp. 2 - - - + - - Scarce
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Order Testudinata (Turtles) Family Trionychidae Amyda cartilaginea - - - + - - Rare
Family Geoemydidae Cuora amboinensis - + - - - - Rare Heosemys spinosa - - + - - - Rare Number of species 2 6 11 17 5 6 Note: (+) species found; (-) species not found.
Table 3. Major habitats of frogs and reptiles in Newmont Horas Nauli gold mining area.
Habitat types Forest species Non-forest species Forest or non-forest species Frogs: Frog: Frog: Leptobrachium sp. 1 Bufo melanostictus Bufo parvus Leptobrachium sp. 2 Megophrys nasuta Reptiles: Reptiles: Bufo sp Hemidactylus frenatus Python curtus Leptophryne borbonica Python reticulatus Rana luctuosa Rhabdophis chrysargos Xenochrophis trianguligerus Reptiles: Mabuya multifasciata Terrestrial Maticora bivirgata Mabuya rudis Trimeresurus puniceus Cyrtodactylus consubrinus Mabuya rugufera Sphenomorphus cyanolaemus Sphenomorphus sp. 1 Sphenomorphus sp. 2 Heosemys spinosa Cyclemys dentata Manouria emys Frogs: Frogs: Limnnonectes sp. 3 Bufo asper Strong moving Rana picturata Limnonectes blythii water Limnonectes malesianus Rana hosii Frogs: Frogs: Frogs: Limnonectes kuhlii Fejervarya cancrovora Limnonectes paramacrodon Limnonectes laticeps Fejervarya limnocharis Rana chalconota Limnonectes sp. 1 Slow moving Limnonectes sp. 2 Reptile: Aquatic water Limnonectes sp. 4 Cuora amboinensis Rana sp.
Reptile: Amyda cartilaginea Frogs: Frogs: Frog: Microhyla berdmorei Microhyla heymonsi Rana chalconota Microhyla superciliaris Rana baramica Standing water Phrynella pulchra Rana glandulosa Limnonectes microdiscus Rana erythraea Occidozyga laevis Rana nicobariensis Frogs: Reptiles: Frog: Pelophryne brevipes Bronchocela cristatella Polypedates leucomystax Nyctixalus pictus Polypedates colletti Reptiles: Polypedates macrotis Ahaetulla prasina Rhacophorus baluensis Boiga dendrophila Arboreal Rhacophorus pardalis Dendrelaphis pictus Rhacophorus sp. Draco melanopogon Draco volans Reptiles: Dasia olivacea Aphaniotis acutirostris Draco maximus Gonocephalus grandis Number of species 41 10 21
11 THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE GOLD MINING PROJECT AREA IN NORTH SUMATRA : SPECIES RICHNESS BEFORE EXPLOITATION ACTIVITIES: Zoo Indonesia Vol. 16(1):1 - 11
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