Emerging Urban Land Use Characteristics of City

Janki Prasad 1

Abstract Jhansi city is characterised by multifarious uses of land under different urban functions such as commercial, residential, industrial, administrative, recreational, etc. It also characterised by mixed land use in various parts like administrative-cum-residential in civil line, commercial- cum-residential in walled city, etc. The land use zones are not yet developed in the city due to lack of proper implementation of master plans. The city is growing with the increase of population and the urban functions. Topographical features and socio-economic factors made centralised or decentralised urban functions in different parts of the city. Surface configuration, city wall, administrative, transportation and commercial functions played a vital role in the shaping of land use in Jhansi city. Rapid urbanisation and means of transportation caused urban sprawl especially along the radiating roads and established various social and economic institutions as well as residential buildings. The study is an attempt to describe the land use characteristics of entire urban landscape and identify its processes that shape the built environment in different forms. It will be helpful in preparation of development plan of the city. The study will be useful for the administrators and planners as well as applied geographers. © 2014 GSS Journals. All rights reserved. Keywords: City, Land Use Characteristics, Shaping Processes & Built Environment. Introduction Urban land provides base for the interactions between spatial configurations and functions. Urban land uses differ with development of the modern society in each other not only in their areal coverage terms of its built environment. The urban but also in their different morphological land use pattern is the result of the main structures. Its study becomes essential as a municipal functions that hold central part of analysis of different functions’ importance to planning, research and (Sharma and Mishra, 2011, p.11). ‘Land use action in urban geography. ‘Land use in a pattern of a city is a reflection of city has a unique structure because of its anthropogenic transformation of land and

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, I.G.N. Tribal University, Amarkantak-484887, District- Anuppur (MP). Email:[email protected] (Corresponding Author) 1 Emerging Urban Land Use… dynamicity of the city which is conditioned, The present map of urban land used is controlled and shaped by various phases of prepared on the basis of Google image histogenetic evolution and are guided by updated in 2012. The primary work played a location, topography and accessibility’ very important role in the identification of (Singh, 2010, p.75). uses of land under various urban functions. The topographical maps (54 K/10, 54K/11), Study Area municipal boundary map and land use map The city is located between 250 21' 19.9" N to (2000) are used as base maps for 250 31' 54.12" N latitude and 780 30' 9.47" E georeferencing and the demarcation of to 780 39' 20.33" E longitude. The town of various forms of land uses which are Jhansi lie on an undulating plateau platform collected from Survey of , Jhansi Nagar surface configuration. The area comes under Nigam and Town and country planning the gneissic region of Bundelkhand upland. department (UP), respectively. The latest GIS The average elevation of the city is 284m technology is used for georeferencing, above mean sea level and its general slope digitization, and calculation of area of tends towards north and eastward. It various land uses and the Arc GIS 10.1, an receives an average amount of 87.5cm improved version of software is used in these annual rainfall and falls under semi-arid type processes. Other relevant information and of climatic conditions. In summer season, city data are taken from books, journals, thesis, experiences temperatures up to 47ºC while it survey reports and Census of India, 2011. falls as low as 40 C in winter season. The rocky surface of the city contributes to Emerging Urban Land Use Characteristics extreme temperature conditions in different Jhansi is a historical city that has connection seasons. to the Bundela rulers of Orchha state and The city has population of 5, 47,638 in which later on it comes under the Maratha rules. 2, 89,698 are males and 2, 57,940 females. The construction of Jhansi fort, city wall and Thus, the sex ratio of the city comes to 890. the water body Lakshmi Tal are indigenous The literacy rate of the city is 83.65% while while establishment of cantonment, civil male literacy goes to 89.25% and female’s station, railway area and many institutions literacy slightly low, 77.2% (Census, 2011). such as superintendency, court and jail are The city occupies an area of 169.5 Sq. the legacy of British. All these constructions kilometres. The city is divided into 60 are given shape of urban morphology and municipal wards to sustain the facilities and land use. The present form and functions services. have historical root of development of the city and the modern one. After Objectives independence, various initiatives taken by the objective is to describe and explain the governments and the present politico- various characteristics of urban land uses of economic system, developmental activities Jhansi city and to interpret the factors and and market driven forces are given the processes undergoing in the shaping urban present shape of its morphology, land use land uses. and urban sprawl. The uses of land of the city Data Base and Research Methodology reflect that 41.52% of land is developed, i.e., The study is based on both primary and 7,036.95 ha. The highest proportion of land is secondary sources of data and information. occupied by the residential area that is

2 Janki Prasad 14.69% to the total area and 35.40% to the land lies under the public and semi-public developed land. It is followed by Army cant use which has also a good proportion of land which is 12.85% to the total area and 30.95% that is 6.52% to the total area and 15.70% to to the developed land. The 1,104.48 ha of the developed land. Table 1: Urban Land Use of Jhansi City, 2013. Municipal Corporation Sl. Land Use % to Developed % to the Total Land No. Area in ha land 1. Commercial 121.61 1.73 0.72 2. Residential 2,490.95 35.40 14.69 3. Industrial 373.42 5.31 2.20 4. Governmental 254.91 3.62 1.50 5. Army Cantonment 2,178.35 30.95 12.85 6. Recreational 77.05 1.09 0.45 7. Public and Semi-Public 1,104.48 15.70 6.52 8. Transportation 436.18 6.20 2.57 Developed Land 7,036.95 100.00 41.52 9. Water Body 48.32 - 0.29 10. Hills 159.56 - 0.94 11. Open Space and 57.26 9,705.17 - Cultivated land Undeveloped Land 9,913.05 - 58.48 Total Area 16,950.00 - 100.00 Source: Google Image updated 2012 and field check, 2013 The transportation occupies 436.18 ha which Commercial contributes 2.57% to the total area while Commercial land use of any city is known as 6.20% to the developed land. Industries the backbone of the economy which plays a occupied 373.42 ha that is 2.20% and 5.31% vital role in its development. Commercial to the total and developed area, respectively land use determines consumers’ behaviour that lie in outskirts of the city, especially in and commercial activities and is linked with the south and northwest. Governmental land other uses of land either directly or covers an area of 254.91ha which is 1.5% of indirectly. ‘The commercial activities are well the total area and 3.62% of the developed defined business areas and specialised land and serves as headquarters of district markets which contribute towards the and divisional administration. Some of the growth of the city. The significance of offices assume regional and national commercial areas of cities is far greater than importance. The commercial function their limited extent’ (Singh, 2011, p.113). occupies 121.61 ha which contributed 0.72% The commercial land use of Jhansi city to the total and 1.73% to the developed area. includes both retail and wholesale and The recreational (parks and playgrounds) warehouses/ godawns while the buildings land comes under marginal area that and space of other commercial importance covered only 77.05 ha that is 0.45% to the such as banks, hotels, showrooms, cold total area and 1.09% to the developed area. storages, gas service and petrol filling 3 Emerging Urban Land Use… stations, etc. are also incorporated in this and Subhash ganj (former wholesale) while land use. The 121.61 ha land is occupied by two other retail markets are SCA and this function. The land under commercial use developed outside the city wall such as Sipiri reflects that commercial activities play an bazaar in Sipiri and Sadar bazaar in important role in the economy of the city as Cantonment area. Today the bazars are well as district and the surrounding region turning gradually into the modern concept with the providing variety of goods and of ‘market’ a pure economic concept of services. The neighbourhood shopping commodity exchange. Bazars are shedding centres have included in the in this land use away their sociological implications (Mishra which cropped up in the residential and and Sharma, 2009, p.7). The earlier bazaars nearby crossings. The present commercial played its role as social also. ‘Urban functions are characterised by globalisation geographers have a particular interest in the and liberalisation and with the arrival of spatial and hierarchical organisation of private commercial institutions in the city. retailing within the city’ (Pacione, 2009, p.243). ‘CBD or the core of the city, is its functioning heart, in which are located its highly specialized central function, which serve areas far beyond the municipal limits’ (Alam, 1965, p.104). The wholesale market is located near Rishala barrier along NH 25 that connects to and the barrier is also a meeting point of NH 39. Thus, the market is availing the better transport facility. The neighbourhood shopping centres are developed in various residential localities and near crossings while specialised markets occupied specific locations within and beyond the wall. Former specialised markets evolved in separate streets of Bada bazaar and have historic root of its development such as bisati bazaar, sunaraau gali, mithiaau gali, etc. The machinery and its spares are found along new road and the building construction materials and agricultural Figure 1: Land use of Jhansi city, 2013. equipments are available in Antia Tal road The commercial structure of the city is people called it Loha mandi also. constituted with retail, wholesale, Residential neighbourhood shopping centres and the ‘Residential areas play most important part specialised markets. The main retail markets both quantitatively and qualitatively in the of the city are developed as central morphology and sustenance of the city. They commercial area (CCA) and the secondary provide shelter and living accommodation to commercial areas (SCA). The CCA is its inhabitants’ (Taneja, 1968, p.185). The developed in the walled city which land on which the dwellings are built is constituted with Bada bazaar, Manik chowk marked as residential area which is an

4 Janki Prasad important and largest component of urban residential areas took place along the space. ‘The site of a place or a court or a outward transportation routes that shows place of worship or bazaar may be urban sprawl. The residential areas are paramount in determining the residential characterised by better residential pattern in the early stages. Later the pre- bungalows lying in middle zone that existing land use may shape the residential constituted with civil line, railway notified pattern’ (Fakhruddin, 1991, p.57). Singh and area and the army cantonment. Middle zone Dharmajog (1998, p.65) observed that ‘the is characterised by mixed type of land use- residential land use shares the largest residential-cum-administrative while the proportion of the urban land and plays a residential area of core (walled) city is mixed significant role in shaping of the urban up with retail commercial functions. morphology’. The middle class people especially business The present residential land use of Jhansi city communities are the main dwellers of walled a result of both old (fort, old market, city city but its marginal mohallas are inhabited wall) and modern functions like court and by the backward communities. The other administrative functions, railway residential land use is characterised by socio- station, the cantonment area, and the spatial segregation in the old city. Majority of institutions including medical, professional, buildings are three storeyed while rests are educational and research and the better of single and double with isolated four and connectivity of roads. The 2,490.96 ha of land five storeyed which are having single to five (2013) is covered by residential use which is rooms. The building structure of walled city the highest proportion (14.96%). The reflects old architectural styles. The residential land use of Jhansi consisted of residential land use of outside the gates of developed, semi-developed and rural areas. city wall is characterised by small living The developed areas are known as space, substandard houses and unhygienic constructed areas which includes entire environment because of the areas are walled city, Civil line, Pulia No.9, Nagra, inhabited by poor people. The Khushipura Khusipura, Talpura and enjoying more than and the Talpura are developed in the south 80% infrastructural facilities (Master Plan east from the wall and settled by scheduled 2021, p.39). Apart from above other caste people, mostly engaged in household residential areas are developed beyond the industries like bidi making and leather foot wall especially gates of the city wall and the wears. The Sipri is lies along the Shivpuri Sipri, Nandanpura, Khatibaba, Nainagarh, road and inhabited by middle class people Shivaji nagar are also marked as developed especially government employees of various areas. The Hansari gird, Rajgarh, Bijauli, departments and businessmen while it was Pichor, Kargaon, Naya gaon and Lahar gird initially developed by railway employees in are fast growing residential areas in the city. the beginning of the 20thcentury. At present, 88% of the houses are pucca The civil line a legacy of British is moderately within the limit of municipal corporation dense and inhabited by people belonging to (Census, 2011). the high and upper middle class which The residential areas vary in its size and includes politicians, industrialists, spatial structure. The density of houses is businessmen, beaurocrates, judges, high in the core especially in walled city and administrators, doctors, advocates, decreases towards the periphery. The linear engineers, etc. There is spacious and well

5 Emerging Urban Land Use… facilitative residential buildings such as are the part and parcel of municipal bungalows and villas are constructed in the corporation. These settlements are area. The civil line may be divided into four characterised by rural morphological pattern functional areas such as the administrative and organisation of social space with lack of offices, residential quarters, the educational basic urban facilities, amenities and public and hospital pockets, and the shopping utility services. centre. ‘Apart from the civil line, some HIG Industrial housing colonies have developed in the The industries act as powerful magnets outer zone of the city near the higher attracting labours from the environs, which educational and medical institutions for however, bring to the city problem of providing accommodation to their accommodation, unemployment, etc. (Khan, employees and students’ (Dube, 1976, p.50). 1994, p.121). The land under industrial Nainagarh, Nagra, Prem nagar, Gariha function is 373.42 ha in 2013. The existing phathak, Khatibaba, Christian mohallas are industrial scene of Jhansi is characterised by developed in the western side of railway area varieties of small scale industries and a few and Pulia No.9 in the south between of them are medium and large scale bifurcated rail lines. These localities are industries. There is lack of any specialisation inhabited by railway employees especially of industrial structure in Jhansi because of from lower level of services. There is general variation of industrial functions such as lack of open space, playground, and ayurvedic medicine, wooden and iron community services and amenities. furniture, agricultural implements, plastic The growth of suburbs and outgrowth are goods, utensils, bidi, fertilizers, hosiery, mainly affected by the upper middle and earthen pots, concrete pipes and pillars, lower middle class people, especially holding leather works, fabricated items, ice, other non- primary employment/ services who important industries of the city are stone have built their houses in the peripheral area crushing units. Apart from above 9 such as Avas Vikas of Nandanpura, Bajrang workshops established in Jhansi such as colony, Shivaji nagar, Veerangna nagar, railway mechanical carriage and wagon Kaimasan nagar, Brahm nagar, ITI colony, preparing workshop, irrigation workshops, Hansari gird, Rajgarh, , etc. motors and UP roadways, etc. There are two types of planned colonies Three industrial areas are marked in Jhansi emerged in the city. First, old planned city and its vicinity which are lie in outer colonies developed by the government zone and enjoying the facility of easy agencies for their employees. The residential transportation of national highways of 26, 75 colonies are related to railways, BHEL, public and 25. (i) Bijauli-Khailar lie in the southern works department, police, judicial and civil part of the city along NH 26 where small administration, electricity, irrigation scale industries are established under Uttar departments and jal nigam and jal sansthan. Pradesh State Industrial Development Second, new planned colonies are the Corporation and the Growth centre (161.88 products of present day economic system ha) while Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited and developed by private agencies. Theses (BHEL) establish as large scale industry in this colonies are took place in outer zone with area (ii) Nayagaon locality is known for multi storey buildings and having better Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan Pvt. Ltd. and the facilities and amenities. The 15 rural localities Industrial estate (5.18 ha) while Indian Hume

6 Janki Prasad Pipe Co. Ltd. is located in Karari and is lie on took place in civil line especially along the NH 75. (iii) Other units are located on Kanpur NH 25 (collectorate, district court, police line, road (NH 25) such as stone crushers in municipal corporation, deputy director Goramachiya, Parichha thermal power plant agriculture, executive engineer of Matatila in Parichha and Heidelberg cement India Ltd. dam, senior marketing inspector, (Madora). These industries are located superintending engineer, electricity outside the municipal limit. distribution division, etc.). ‘The The railway wagon workshop is located in administrative offices are not affected by railway area which is the source of market conditions rather those are enjoying employment of 5000 people. Besides, the advantages of monopoly as they are not various manufacturing industries are located competitive in nature, hence their location is in civil line, Antia tal and the Sipri which are guided predominantly by accessibility, hardware industry, agro-equipments and selection and availability of vast space’ fabrication. Hansari gird and Talpura areas (Sharma and Mishra, 2011, p.13). ‘The have concentration of manufacturing of the geographers have shown only an occasional leather goods especially foot wears whereas and sporadic interest in the study of fertilizers manufacture in cantonment area. administrative areas (Suryakant, 1988, p.256). Governmental Various government offices are operating in The city is the place of many local, regional, rented houses as these are suffering from state and national level administrative offices paucity of space. The distance between of civil, police, railways and irrigation houses of employees and the offices is not because of the city is the headquarters of satisfactory and the employees either come district and the division. The major from densely populated areas of core zone concentration of present administrative set or from scattered localities of outer zone. up is in civil line. Various administrative Recreational offices set up during the British period such The land under recreational use was 77.05 ha as Superintendency of Jhansi (after the death in 2013 and is unevenly distributed in entire of Raja Gangadhar Rao, 1953) in 1854 which urban space. There is lack of open and included the districts of Jhansi, Lalitpur and recreational land in the walled city and other Jalaun after that Jhansi jail (1851), court densely populated residential areas. The (1867) and public health department (1868) parks and play grounds are generally lie in while probationary officer appointed in 1947 middle zone especially civil line including are established. The railway protection force Major Dhyanchand stadium (4.04 ha) and the enacted under the Act of XXIII of 1957. After exhibition ground. Two other stadiums are independence (1947), the government has located in police line and railway area while proper developed the city as district and the one stadium is located in Lakshmi Vyayam divisional headquarters and the local body Mandir. The Narayan bagh lies close to the governance. embankment of Lakshmi talab which covers The civil line of Jhansi attracted the an area of 33 ha. Some small parks and play administrative set up due to its easy grounds are developed in residential areas accessibility from all localities of the city and by the local body governance. Outer zone other places and relatively availability of has high proportion of open space and space. Thus, major administrative land use cultivated land. An Akashvani and (government offices and their residences) is Durdarshan centres and 10 cinema halls, 4

7 Emerging Urban Land Use… clubs, 1 stadium, 4 libraries, and 1 centre in Eye hospital are specific medical institutions. which half of the cinema halls are closed. Besides, Army hospital and a cantonment Two museums and one auditorium do also general hospital (cantonment area) and the exist in Jhansi. The recreational land use of railway hospital (railway area), police hospital the city is far from satisfaction of city and PAC hospitals are established for their dwellers. employees. Most of the hospitals and Public and semi-public nursing homes are located in civil line while The land under this category has developed the district hospital (172 beds) and a few 1,104.48 ha in 2013 which is 6.52% to the clinics are located in the walled city. The total area. This land use generally lies in MRLB medical college, Paramedical and PAC middle and outer zone. The land under hospital are located in outer zone. The education, health, water supply, electricity, medical college and hospital plays a vital role public utilities, religious place, and as referral hospital in the region. burial/burning grounds are taken in this Jhansi city plays a vital role in the field of category. The various community services education in this backward region with the such as post-telegraph and telephone, police establishment of various educational station, fire services, etc. are also included. institutions of different levels from primary The land use under police department is to higher and professional education. There 32.41 ha. The study of city’s public and semi- were 678 academic, research and training public services has considerable importance institutes in 2012 in the city and these are to the healthier and efficient life. scattered in entire urban space unevenly. ‘Geographers do not orderly deal with these Various educational institutions are located utilities as per se but they are concerned far away from the residential areas. with them as factors in urban land use ‘Educational institutions influence other development’ (Mayer and Kohn, 1959, functions of the city including new ways of p.567). Jhansi city is a significant centre of socio-cultural activities in urban life’ (Sharma healthcare and medical facilities in the and Mishra, 2011, pp.13-14). At present, 2 district and the surrounding region. ‘There universities, 8 degree colleges, 4 engineering are 250 hospitals and nursing homes in colleges, 4 ITIs and polytechnic, 1 medical Jhansi which include government and college, 1 Ayurvedic college, 1 paramedical, private hospitals, nursing homes and school 1farmacy and 384 primary and 194 middle health dispensaries. The medical college and 76 high schools and intermediate colleges the district hospital have 1110 beds with an are established in Jhansi city of both average occupancy rate of 60%’ government and private. Apart from this, 2 (Administrative Staff College of India, 2010). national and 1 regional research institutes The Mahrani Lakshmi Bai medical college are also established in the city. (117.4 ha and with 676 beds), district civil The modern educational and research hospital, Bundelkhand Ayurvedic college (150 institutions are the attraction of students and beds), Christian hospital (100 beds), St. Jude’s researchers from different parts of the hospital (80 beds) and other hospitals country. The schools of walled city are facing included homoeopathic hospital, district jail problems of sufficient size space and hospital and paramedical are the chief shortage of basic infrastructure because they medical institutions. The TB hospital (20 are operating in rented multi-storey beds), Transit Rogya hospital (10 beds) and buildings which were made for residential

8 Janki Prasad purpose. The area under some specific city, including walled city, are facing academic and research institutions such as problem of piped water supply due to low Indian grassland and fodder research and unequal pressure caused by uneven institute (1967) on 489.84 ha and Agriculture surface as connections of lower areas suck University is also founded in its area, National more water and leakage from pipes due to research centre for Agro-forestry (1988) on its old layout that get easily damaged. The 106.4 ha, Polytechnic (1958) and Women’s mohallas and colonies/ neighbourhoods that polytechnic (1995) and Industrial training suffer shortage of the water supply, institute (ITI) on 27.03 ha, Bundelkhand municipal tankers provide water during University on 75.34 ha and followed by summer season. A few areas have developed polytechnic on 32.50 ha and Ayurvedic private bore holes to supply of water in college on 10.45 ha. The electric power entire area e.g. Kodra (Shivaji nagar). The station is developed over 3.64 ha at Hansari problem of water supply in newly added 15 gird. The four sub- centres of 33KVA and 10 villages is entirely different than other wards. sub-centres of 11 KVA are constructed at There is no access of piped water supply various places in the city for the proper except in a few localities. distribution of electricity. The 132 KV electric The 60 wards of Jhansi municipal supplies are received by Panki (Kanpur). The corporation are divided into five sanitary religious and cultural institutions are found circles and each circle comprises of 12 wards in each and every road and street in the city which is managed by a sanitary Inspector but 15 religious places and 20 community and each circle is divided into sub parts also. halls are having prime importance in the city. The total man power is 1,412 of skilled, semi- There are two sources of drinking water skilled and unskilled backgrounds. At supply in Jhansi city viz., (i) surface water present, city does not have proper sanitation from Matateela dam and Pahuj dam, (ii) facilities due to shortage of workers and underground water from 14 tube wells and mismanagement. ‘The availability of 15 open wells. The total water supply in the containers for solid waste collection includes city is 71.18 million litre per day out of which 150 dustbins, 631 handcarts, 189 big 68.18 mlpd is from surface water and 3mlpd containers, 100 small containers and 215 from the underground one. There are 63,828 well’ (Jhansi Nagar Nigam, 2010). ‘The connections of water supply in the city in equipments available for sanitation services which 31,914 are service connections, 31,448 are 11 trucks, 6 dumpers, 2 mini trucks, 16 are domestic household and 466 commercial tractors, 18 tricycles and 5 JCBs and 5 (Jal Sansthan, Jhansi, 2010). ‘The 60% Loaders in the municipal corporation’ (Jhansi households of the municipal corporation Nagar Nigam, 2012). The solid waste have tap water facility of while rests collect management system of Jhansi is scientific water from other sources such as 26.78% sanitary landfill for its disposal. The wastage from the hand pumps, 6.42% from tube wells collected from secondary collection points or bore holes, 5% from the well and 1.25% are dumped in an unorganised dump site of from spring, canal, river, tank, pond and lake’ 25-30 year old. These sites cover an area of (Census, 2011). The piped water supply and 7.6 ha. The total waste generated amounts to the ground water potentiality are 300 MT/ day in which 250 MT/ day waste is considerably affected by the undulating dumped at these dumping sites while rest 50 topography of the city. Various parts of the MT/ day of waste lies unattended in the city.

9 Emerging Urban Land Use… There is no weighbridge available at these national highways, city’s principal roads and dumpsites. Presently, the dump sites are other internal circulatory. The national surrounded by new residential areas. The highways 25, 26, 75, 76 and 39 connect 82% of the households are having their own Jhansi city. These national highways lavatory facility in which 67% of the connected important cities of surrounding households use flush lavatory with septic regions to Jhansi such as Kanpur by NH 25, tank, 11% of khuddi and 4% use community Shivpuri also by NH 25, Lalitpur by NH 26, toilets while 18% households go to open Allahabad by NH 39, and Gwalior road by NH defecation. The 50 lavatories have been 75 and these roads cover long distance and constructed in the city by local body of reached at various major cities of India. governance and two by Sulabh International The internal circulatory system in the and 10 by NEDA. Waste water disposal city acts as a mirror reflecting the intensity of system is not well developed in the city. Only urban functions and the stage of its planned colonies have provision of development. The high road density occurs underground water disposal and sewerage in the inner zone and middle zone of the city. system. The city does not have the facility of The intensity of road network rapidly door to door collection and segregation of decreases in the outer areas of the dumping wastes. The modern underground municipality due to addition of new rural sewerage system is lacking in the city. The areas and its cultivated land while some polluted water is either stored in low lying localities are developed in pockets in middle areas or directly reaches to the river Pahuj. and outer zone of the city. The traffic flow in Transportation the city is faster and voluminous. The The transport does not only provide easy important means of transport for passengers mode of transport and exchange of goods is auto-rickshaw because of the undulating but also adds considerable significance to topography of the tableland is not the cultural landscape of the region, favourable for rickshaw pulling. The major particularly by providing greater part of the passenger traffic consists of the opportunities to hitherto unimportant and pedestrians and the rest people use different unfavourably located places (Lal, N. 1963, kinds of vehicles according to their needs, p.201). The city is well served by rail and road status, employment, standard and economic transportation and is located at the junction activities. The public transport of the city is of four national highways and the railways. under developed. The city is connected with the larger cities The internal circulation of Jhansi is operated and various capitals of India. Jhansi by six principal roads which connect parts as commands a strategic location in the road place of work, economic importance and network and it possesses a meeting point of residential areas of the city as follows: (i) Sipri north-south and east-west corridors. The bazar-Nagra road: the road starts from Sipri transport network is affected not only by bazar and passes through the railway physical development but also with the settlement and connects Nagra residential social and economic processes of the city area, near railway workshop, (ii) Sipri bazar to system. The development of the city is Khande Rao gate-Manik chowk road: this exaggerated by structure and facilities of the road starts from Avas Vikas colony of transport and communication. The transport Nandanpura and passes through Sipri bazar. structure of the city is constituted by the The road connects Manik chowk and Bada

10 Janki Prasad bazar (CBD) with other parts of walled city. there is lack of a civil aviation. Thus, recently High volume of traffic flow is the common a new civil has been announced by UP feature on this road. Encroachment of road government and it is believed that the by the standing vehicles is the main problem aviation base will be developed an airport of the road, (iii) Sipri bazar to Pulia No.9: This very soon. Area under the communication road connects Sipri bazar to railway station facilities is very low which includes and Pulia No.9 and passes through railway communication related services such as colony. (iv) Sipri to Sadar bazar: This road BSNL exchange, Aakashvani and passes through railway colony, railway Doordarshan centre and head post office and station and civil line including Allahabad sub-post offices. bank, head post office, Jhansi hotel and goes Water Bodies to Sadar bazaar, (v) Elite crossing to Minrwa Water bodies in Jhansi city are occupied a crossing: This road connects district hospital very small area 48.32 ha as per data 2013. with the central business district and the civil This land use covers an area of 0.29% of the line, and (v) Sipri to Brahma Nagar colony: total area of Jhansi city. The main water This road connects Rai ganj, Lahar ki Devi, bodies of the city are Lakshmi tal (32.52 ha), Brahma nagar colony and Guru Harkishan Pahuj river and its reservoir. degree college. Other roads serve as internal Hills residential, business, governmental offices, The hills and hillocks are the one of the colonies and industries. These roads are prominent features of the city’s surface generally 6-8 feet wide and sometimes 8-10 configuration and restrict linear growth and feet or more. This range of width frequently shaping of urban land use. Hills cover an area faces traffic problem. The network of road of 159.6 ha (2013) and constitute 0.94% to has its own importance in the transportation the total area. There are two chief hills in the while crossings gain greater importance in city namely Kaimasan and Lahar ki Devi running commercial function/ which are located in the east and west of the establishments of the city. There are seven city, respectively. main crossings in the city which connect Open Space and Cultivated Area entire city and region by its roads and The open and cultivated area of the city streets. These crossings are very busy and amounted 9,705.17 in 2013. It constituted encounter with high traffic volume. with open land and cultivated area of outer Jhansi is the headquarters of north central zone is going to be engulfed by the built-up division of railways and is connected by rail environment, widening of national with four metropolises (Delhi, Chennai, highways, construction of bypasses, Mumbai and Kolkata) including various cities development of planned colonies and other of the country. All the major trains from the urban functions in the city. north to south pass through the city. Jhansi Concluding remarks has a big railway workshop, which provides The present land use is affected by both job opportunities to five thousand of physical and cultural features and the choice employees and plays an important role in of well-to-do persons. It also affected by the the economic development of the region. An availability of land and transport facilities air strip lies on an area of 82.44 ha on Gwalior and nearness of workplace. The land use of road which is used by Indian air force for Jhansi city is characterised by a variety of training and landing of helicopters while urban functions because the city is a district

11 Emerging Urban Land Use… and divisional headquarters, important in this zone. The land use of outer zone is market, junction of railways and roadways having more open area due to the spread of and the centre of education and health. cultivated land and rocky waste. The Besides, the cantonment board and railway Bundelkhand university, MRLB medical settlement notified area are an important college, paramedical, engineering college, features of the city. The residential land use Indian Grassland and fodder research is the larger component in the city, i.e., 35% institute, National Research Centre for Agro- of the built up area and the land under Forestry, Agriculture university, ITIs, public and semi-public uses also have a good Polytechnics, Industries, PAC, petrol filling proportion, i.e., 15.7% of developed land. The stations and electricity supply company are land under transportation, governmental established in this area. The zone is and industrial uses is 6.2%, 3.62% and 2.2%, characterised by a variety of higher respectively while only 1% comes under the institutions, open spaces, and cultivated land recreation. The central zone has a very small use. Thus, the zone has more attraction for area but very high density of population with residence due to nearness of work place and multi-storeyed buildings and its land use open environment. New planned colonies characterized by mixed with residential and took place in this area especially along the commercial. The area is an oldest part within national highways and subsidiary roads with city wall. Earlier, there was a wholesale better facilities and amenities. The wealthier market there but presently it is shifted near persons are purchased the land in outer to Rishala barrier. The middle zone occupies parts or they booked flats in the newly an administrative services and better emerged planned colonies. The entire open residential area especially in civil line. The environment of this zone is rapidly changing majority of health and educational into built environment. institutions and the recreational facilities lie

Reference Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad, 2010, City Sanitation Plan of Jhansi city. Alam, S.M. 1965, Hyderabad-Secunderabad (Twin cities): A Study in Urban Geography, Allied Publishers, Bombay. Census of India 2011, Primary Census Abstract. Dube, K.K. 1976, Use and Misuse of Land of KAVAL Towns of U.P., National Geographical Journal of India, Varanasi, Vol. 22(2). Fakhruddin 1991, Quality of Urban Life, Rawat Publications, Jaipur. Jhansi Master Plan, 2021, Jhansi Division Planning and Town and Country Planning Department, U.P. and Jhansi Development Authority, March, 2003. Khan, Z. T. 1994, Bilashpur: A Study in Urban Geography, Northern Book Centre, New Delhi. Lal, N. 1963, Robertsganj: A Study in Rurban Settlement, National Geographical Journal of India, Varanasi, Vol.9 (3and 4), pp. 201-210. Mayer, H.M. and Kohn, C.F. 1959, Readings in Urban Geography, The University of Chicago.

12 Janki Prasad Mishra, A.K. and Sharma, P.R. 2009, Spatial Characteristics of Commercial Land Use of Alwar City, Rajasthan, National Geographical Journal of India, Varanasi, Vol.55 (4), pp.1-12. Pacione, M. 2009, Urban Geography: A Global Perspective, 3rd edition, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York. Sharma, P.R. and Mishra A.K. 2011, An Appraisal of Spatial Characteristics and Changes in Land Use of Alwar City, National Geographical Journal of India, Varanasi, Vol. 57 (1), pp.1- 18. Singh, A.K. 2010, Urban Land Use Dynamics of Bhopal: Reflections from Development Plans, Geographical Journal of India, Varanasi, Vol.56 (2), pp.65-76. Singh, J.P. and Dharmajog, A. 1998, City Planning in India, Mittal Publication, New Delhi. Singh, S. 2011, Commercial Structure of Varanasi city, National Geographical Journal of India, Varanasi, Vol. 57 (4) pp.113-124. Suryakant 1988, Evolution of Administrative Areas in Ancient India with Special Reference to Panjab, National Geographical Journal of India, Varanasi, Vol.34 (3), pp.256-267.

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