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American Samoa Subregion Hawaiian Islands Subregion chain. Limited landmass, only 6,540 mi2 (16,939 km2), Description of the Subregion translates to limited land base for shorebirds. Add to this the mostly mountainous nature of the Main The Hawaiian Archipelago lies within the tropical Islands, and it becomes clear that there is little and subtropical North Pacific, and consists of 132 space for lowland wetlands and coastal strands. Thus islands, reefs, and shoals stretching 1,523 miles impacts on coastal habitats, used by shorebirds, are Hawaiian Islands (2,452 km) from the Island of Hawai`i at Latitude amplified. There is a distinct wet (windward) and dry 18˚ 54’ N to Kure Atoll at 28˚ 15’ N. There are (leeward) side to each island. Windward coasts and eight, large volcanic islands, collectively called the slopes have rainfall areas that can exceed 400 inches Main Islands (Figure 3, Appendix 3) and numerous (1,016 cm) per year, whereas leeward habitats can be associated rocks and islets. The Leewards, or quite arid with less than 10 inches (250 cm) per year. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, comprise nine small islands/atolls extending from Nihoa to Kure. As a result of this inequity of precipitation, most of Hawai`i’s wetlands are located in river valleys and estuaries on the windward coasts of the Main Islands. There are exceptions. For example, Pearl Main Hawaiian Islands Harbor is located on O`ahu’s south (dry) coast. In addition, basaltic islands possess perched freshwater As one proceeds northwest along the chain from lenses in the porous rock, resulting in coastal springs the island of Hawai`i (also known as Big Island), and groundwater wetlands, even on the leeward the largest and youngest island, the islands become shores. The USFWS estimates the area of coastal progressively older. Ni`ihau, the oldest of the Main plain wetlands decreased by 31 percent between Islands, is privately owned. Until 1990, Kaho`olawe, 1780 and 1990, from 22,475 ac (9,095 ha) to 15,474 the smallest of the Main Islands, was used as a Navy ac (6,262 ha) (Dahl 1990). Approximately 70 percent bombing range. Access is restricted on both islands. of the remaining wetlands are overgrown with invasive plants and have altered surface and ground The Main Islands lie completely within the tropics hydrology (Shallenberger 1977). Many of and comprise 99 percent of the landmass of the FIGURE 3. Hawaiian Islands Subregion 175˚ W 170˚ W 165˚ W 160˚ W 155˚ W 30˚ N Kure Atoll Midway Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Atoll Pearl and Hermes Reef Laysan Island Lisianski Island Maro Reef 25˚ N Gardner Pinnacles Necker French Frigate Island M Shoals ain Hawaiian Islands Nihoa Island Kaua'i O'ahu Ni'ihau Moloka'i Maui Lana'i Kaho'olawe 20˚ N Hawai'i Miles 0 200 Hawaiian Islands Subregion 19 Hawai`i’s largest wetlands have been protected (Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes, French Frigate by State and Federal agencies as sanctuaries and Shoals) have fringing coral reefs and interior lagoons refuges. However, protection of the remaining that are open to the ocean. Laysan Island has a areas, restoration, and active management are high closed lagoon (technically a lake) that is hypersaline, priorities. and the only natural wetland in the leeward islands. Historically Midway, Kure, and French Frigate In contrast to the loss of wetlands, grassland Shoals were operated as military installations and habitats on the Main Islands have increased since consequently have been highly altered. All have human colonization. Much of this increase was at runways and permanent buildings. Midway, with the the expense of native forests, which were cleared longest history of human occupation, has a well- Hawaiian Islands and converted for agriculture, pastures, and human developed, non-native ironwood forest (Casuarina dwellings. Large ranches, especially on the islands equisetifolia). Midway Naval Air Station closed of Hawai`i and Maui, provide extensive areas of non- in 1996, and the Coast Guard Loran Stations on grazed and grazed grasslands. Grassland acreage on Kure and French Frigate Shoals were closed in these islands has declined over the past thirty years, 1991 and 1979, respectively. Today, all are protected due to shifts in land values and crop economics, and as National Wildlife Refuges or State Wildlife Hawaiian Islands development for an expanding human population Sanctuaries and public access is restricted and (Table 3). The Island of Hawai`i accounts for over 55 controlled by permit. USFWS maintains a small percent of the total farm acreage, mostly as pasture, permanent staff at Midway and French Frigate and Maui accounts for an additional 20 percent, Shoals and a private contractor maintains staff at mostly as diversified agriculture (Morgan 1983, Midway Atoll to support the airfield. State of Hawai`i 1999). Increasing human population has resulted in Shorebird Habitat Use increased amounts of non-agricultural grasslands in the form of parks, golf courses, cemeteries, and lawns. The majority of this habitat type is privately Wetlands, estuaries, tidal flats, grasslands, and owned or owned by city, county or State agencies uplands are the most important habitats for and managed for uses other than wildlife. However, migrant and resident shorebirds. Wetlands and tidal these parklands are widely used by golden-plovers, flats support the highest diversity and density of and to a lesser degree other shorebirds. shorebirds. Grasslands and beaches are important for two priority species, Pacific Golden-Plover and Bristle-thighed Curlew. Historical notes highlight the importance of tidal flats for migrant shorebirds The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Perkins 1903, Munro 1945, Cogswell 1945). Tidal flats of Pearl Harbor were especially important These small islands are in stark contrast to the through at least the late 1950s (R. L. Pyle pers. Main Islands. In general, they are highly eroded, comm.). In 1945, surveys in Pearl Harbor yielded low sand islands and atolls that support extensive over 1,600 shorebirds (Cogswell 1945, Table 4). Most coastal strands and reefs relative to their landmass. are now overgrown with introduced mangroves. Nihoa and Necker (the youngest) are small, steep rocky islands supporting only tiny sand beaches. During high tide, golden-plovers that are utilizing Gardner and La Perouse pinnacles are also rocky tidal flats move inland, but readily return to tidal outcroppings. Sandy beaches and bunchgrass flats at low tide. Today, high numbers of golden- dunes are the dominant habitat on the remaining plovers can be found on O`ahu in Kewalo Basin, Northwestern Islands. These islands support a low Pearl Harbor, the southeastern shore from Diamond diversity of plants, mostly herbaceous species and Head to Koko Head, and on Moloka`i’s south small shrubs and trees. By definition, the atolls shore (SIGHTINGS Database, Audubon Society TABLE 3. ��������������������������������������������������������������������� ������������� ��������������������� ����������� ���� ������������������������ ����������������������� ����������������������� ���� 2,300 (932) 1,340 (543) 526 (213) ���� 1,970 (798) 1,150 (466) 420 (170) ���� 1,720 (625) 1,010 (412) 290 (118) ���� 1,440 (588) 870 (355) 290 (118) ���������� 37% 35% 45% �������������������������������������������� 20 U.S. Pacific Islands Shorebird Conservation Plan Hawaiian Islands Subregion 21 Christmas Counts, A. Engilis, Jr. unpub. data). TABLE 4. Summary of Birds Counted (mean) on Pearl Ephemeral playas and alkali wetlands also support Harbor Tidal Flats September - December 1945 large numbers of shorebirds, and are next in (Cogswell 1945) importance for diversity and abundance. Kealia �������� ����������� Pond, during fall migration (August through October), supports over 1,000 golden-plovers and ���������������������� 583 14 species of shorebirds (USFWS unpubl. data). ���������������� 585 The small hypersaline lagoon on Laysan regularly supports over 4,000 shorebirds (Ely and Clapp ������������������ 35 1973). Most other playas in the State have become ��������������� 1 Hawaiian Islands overgrown with pickleweed and fleabane and are ����������� 251 not used by shorebirds. Aerial surveys (DOFAW winter waterbird survey records) indicate Ni`ihau’s ��������������� 163 playas are important for shorebirds. However, ������ 1,618 ground surveys are needed to more accurately assess shorebird abundance and diversity. The last Hawaiian Islands reported ground survey, in 1939, provide only a glimpse of the potential of these ephemeral playas. This pattern of dependence and loss of habitat Wetland complexes comprised of wildlife refuges has occurred numerous times in the past 15-20 and aquaculture facilities (involving playas, seasonal, years with the collapse of the sugar cane industry semipermanent and permanent ponds, aquaculture, (resulting in the loss of reservoirs and wastewater and cane waste ponds) historically supported ponds) and fluctuations of the heavily subsidized numerous birds; particularly on O`ahu’s North mariculture (shrimp) industry. Data from Hawai`i’s Shore from Kahuku to Wailua (Figure 4). Peak Kona Coast verifies this over-dependence on waste shorebird numbers, in diversity and population are ponds and aquaculture (Figure 5). Reservoirs in the middle of the fall migration (Oct. – Nov.). are widely used by shorebirds, particularly when drawn down (Shallenberger 1977). Kaua`i and Maui Many managed water projects in the Main Islands support the largest concentration of reservoirs, all have become important habitat for shorebirds of which
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