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Preserving for the Future Preserving for the future 01 How the Leibniz research museums deal with our cultural heritage CONTENT INVITATION Research for preservation 04 INTRODUCTION Preserving our cultural heritage 05 LEIBNIZ Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum 06 RESEARCH MUSEUMS Deutsches Museum Munich 07 German Maritime Museum Bremerhaven 08 Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg 09 Museum für Naturkunde Berlin 10 Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz 11 Senckenberg Gesellschaft 12 Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig Bonn 13 VIDEOS A look behind the scenes 15 Infrared reflectography is used at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg to reveal the underdrawing beneath the paint layers of a late- medieval painting. 03 Research for preservation Many of the everyday objects which surround us today will one day fea- ture in a museum collection. The Osborne 1 from 1981, for instance, which is one of the first portable computers is now stored in the Deutsches Museum in Munich. Many people are aware of the importance of research in interpreting our museum collections. The research and expertise required to preserve this heritage is less well known. In the case of Osborne 1, this relates to its function but also to changes in the plas- tic of the casing and interior, being analysed in order to minimise the deterioration processes. The research museums of the Leibniz Association cover the thematic 04 range from natural history and cultural history to technology. Conduct- ing research with their collections is one of their key objectives. Such collections form the foundation for research of changes and developments in the past and present as well as for communicating and explaining their meaning and possible conclusions. Experts in restoration, conser- vation and preparation are thus continuously developing new methods for preserving the more than 100 million objects in the Leibniz research museums for use in research and education. It therefore pleases me greatly that the Leibniz research museums are providing deeper insights into this topic with a wide-ranging pro- gramme during the European Year of Cultural Heritage. I cordially invite you to engage with our “experts in preservation” at the various events and exhibitions hosted by the Leibniz research museums. MATTHIAS KLEINER President of the Leibniz Association Preserving our cultural heritage — a challenge for the science of conservation The intention of the European Year of Cultural Heritage is to This may sound like typical materials science. However, the make Europe a little more tangible to Europeans. The aim is conservation experts must also be well-versed in art history, already revealed in the title: “Shared Heritage”. Our own cultural history and natural history in order to be able to history and that of our neighbours is told through objects. assess the objects in their specifi c form and conduct the These objects frequently highlight our eventful relations — stabilising and protective measures in line with the objects’ our exchanges of technology, our trade links, our wars. Some historic importance and signifi cance to natural history. of the objects are centuries, even millennia, old. And yet we This places high demands on those performing the still expect even fragile pieces to be made accessible to us work. They are always working with unique objects and can- in museums. However, this is by no means an easy task. not afford to “experiment”. There is also always an inherent Instead, it is the result of the great scientifi c skill and arti- tension between traditional and modern techniques. The tried- sanship with which restorers, conservators and preparators and-tested methods are predictable in terms of the likely treat the objects, which are composed of a huge range of effects that protective substances will have on the objects. materials. This is because the objects are highly sensitive High-tech procedures, which are the subject of intensive 05 to physical, chemical and biological infl uences. Decay is a research, take account of new or previously unsolved threat natural process inherent to all materials. Delaying this pro- scenarios such as climate change. cess and therefore preserving the objects in the long term This fi eld of work is broad, topical and exciting. It is the task of the experts in conservation science. ranges from preserving the earliest products of Earth’s ge- The scientists in this fi eld take an interdisciplinary ological formation, to stabilising the pharaoh’s mask of Tut- approach to their work. They use methods from the natural ankhamon, through to handling modern plastic products cre- sciences and technology in order to understand material ated to have only a limited useful life. structures, manufacturing processes and biological geneses. The following contributions show how broad the spec- How do natural factors such as temperature, moisture, vi- trum of activities is that restorers, preparators, chemists brations and light affect a material? What are the effects of and conservation scientists so passionately dedicate them- chemical infl uences such as pollutants in the surrounding air selves to at the Leibniz research museums. For the purposes or released by covering storage media, and how do compos- of research as well as teaching, they allow us to look back ite objects mutually affect one another? All these processes into our past and thereby give our history a future. need to be understood and evaluated. The next stage is about damage limitation. The aim is to identify methods for reduc- ing harmful infl uences and stabilising the object after it has incurred damage. STEFAN BRÜGGERHOFF is a materials scientist and director of the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, the Leibniz Research Museum of Georesources. He leads the joint programme of the research museums in the European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018, which aims to familiarise the public with the re- search and expertise on preserving the museums’ collections. » Some of my colleagues say that this work is like that of doctors working in palliative care. Deutsches Bergbau- Museum Bochum — Leibniz Research Museum of Georesources ESTABLISHED: 1930 / OBJECTS: From major technical I am a chemist and have specialised in the analysis of plastic- appliances and work tools to miners’ uniforms, coins, based museum objects. Some of my colleagues say that this and mining-themed postage stamps / RESEARCH FOCUS: Archaeometallurgy, mining history, materials sci- work is like that of doctors working in palliative care. That’s ence, mining archaeology, and the document centre because our enemy is time itself and — no matter what we for mining history do — everything decays in the end. The question is, what WWW.BERGBAUMUSEUM.DE 06 does “the end” mean? Tomorrow, or in a hundred years? Do we wish to accept this loss, or fight to preserve the wonders of technology for a little longer — things like the high-precision surveying gyro that was used to build the Channel Tunnel between Dover and Calais? Most people associate plastic with problems: microplastics in the ocean, plastic bags in supermarkets, etc. And yet plastics are a fantastic material. They are resistant to mechanical stress and heat and can be elastic or extremely hard. Life without plastics would now be unthink- able. If you don’t believe me now, you would certainly change your mind if you had to go to hospital. From sterile gloves through to artificial heart valves, doctors rely heavily in plastics to save lives. But even plastics decay, albeit in very different ways. Some become brittle, others turn to viscous masses. In most instances, we need to control the climatic conditions in order to preserve them. With rubber, we need to remove the oxygen; for polyester urethanes, we need to reduce the humidity. For composite objects made of several different materials, all of them requiring differ- ent conditions — such as a respirator or a suspended monorail used in mining — this work is very difficult to perform. It is thus inevitable that we will ultimately lose some objects. This makes the things we do manage to preserve all the more precious. Few visitors are aware of how much work the restorers, chemists and physicists put into the museum’s objects. Today, we digitalise everything in order to preserve it. Yet even with digitalisation, we ultimately encounter the same problem. That’s ELENA GÓMEZ SÁNCHEZ often travels to the past in her role as a because digitalisation relies on plastics. And who wants to watch a video chemist working in materials science at the about a mineshaft if they can stand in that mineshaft themselves, watch Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum. During a re- the machines at work and feel their power and movements around them? cent analysis of a diving suit from the turn of the twentieth century, she encountered a development by Charles Macintosh for water- « proof textiles from 1823. » At our seven depots, we store objects in an area equivalent to six and a half football pitches. Deutsches Museum Munich ESTABLISHED: 1903 / OBJECTS: From the fields of sci- The entire exhibition building of the Deutsches Museum is ence and technology; from mining to atomic physics, currently being refurbished. And because this requires all the from the Cave of Altamira to the over-sized replica of a human cell / RESEARCH FOCUS: Object research exhibits to be moved out before the renovation and to be and conservation science research; the history of brought back afterwards, we are using this opportunity to up- science, technology and environmental sciences; open date our inventory. This allows us to complete partial entries research laboratories and communicating science studies and museological research and gather digitalised information on all artefacts. Once the 07 WWW.DEUTSCHES-MUSEUM.DE first part of the building is remodelled, the second part will be closed and we will access and transport the artefacts in it. How to move a museum’s collection? We decided to first survey the objects before moving them, because we wanted to understand the context of their location on the shelves before losing it due to the transport.
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