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Process System Engineering in Human Physiology

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Process System Engineering in Human Physiology “The Cardio‐Respiratory Human System: a simulation study” “Process StSystem EiEngineeri ng in Human Physi ol ogy” Elisa Montain, Anibal Blanco, Alberto Bandoni Pilot Plant of Chemical Enggg,ineering, PLAPIQUI (UNS‐CONICET) Bahía Blanca, Argentina PASI 2011 Process Modeling and Optimization for Energy and Sustainability SdSaturday, JlJuly 23, 2011, Angra dos RiReis, RJ, BilBrazil PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 1 Background The cardiovascular system (CVS) is responsible for supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organsorgans.. CV diseases are a major cause of death in humanshumans.. Many experimental studies have studied the mechanisms and therapy of the CV diseases Together with experimental approaches, mathematical modeling has become a popular way to analyze the CVSCVS.. Many models have been published since the preliminary and basic model of Godins in 1959 Approaches include: hemodynamic models of the vascular system, distributed impedance and pulmonary arterial stress, lumped parameter models of the integrated CVS, hemodynamic monitoring models, etc.. etc.. In the last fewwyyears there hav e been important developments in integrated lumped parameter models of the circulatory and nervous control systems. systems. PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 2 Motivation AitAssistance ithdiiin the decision maki kifng of medi dilcal practi ce Diagnosis of diseases of the CVS (coronary arteries and heart muscles dysfunctions, valvular disorders and pulmonary disease. Comprehend the math. concepts and terms defining how CVS system behaves. To teach about the complex interactions of the cardiovascular system. HlHelp to vascu lar surgeons iiin tttreatment plilanning andtd to eng ineers in diidesigning better medical devices. A promising integration strategy involves the personalization of mathematical models based on biophysical measurementsmeasurements.. Analysis of the hemodynamics (blood flow dynamics) of the CVS. Capacity to locate factors that are not directly observable . Key role in the measurement of pump efficiency and tissue stress, to assist treatment decisions. PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 3 Motivation Anesthesia control and drug delivery control: Control of patient physiological variables during intensive care is achieved through druggy delivery. Drug delivery process depends on the value of the physiological variable under control and on the patient's condition Drugs such sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and dopamine (DP) are normally used for regulation of Media Arterial Pressure (MAP) or Cardiac Output (CO). DDoctorsoctors use their discretion to regulate variables that are difficult to quantify in practice or inferred from other measurements and patient responses to certain surgical procedures.procedures. Currently, the drug infusion is done manually or by programmable pumps. The professional is responsible for monitoring the controlled variable (MAP, CO) and the druggy delivery according to the measurement. PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 4 Objectives Development of an integrated distributed parameter model of the human cardio respiratory system. Development of a computational tool to help physicians in the diagnosis of various heart diseases. Study of the druggy delivery (()SNP, DP, etc.) The developed model contain the following sub-models: Circulatory system Baroreceptors Respiratory system Gas transport and distribution in organs Pharmacological effect of drugs on the hemodynamic variables. PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 5 Anatomy and Physi ol ogy PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 6 The Cardiovascular System The Cardiovascular System: It consists of: The heart, which is a muscular pumping device A closed system of vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries). The Heart . The heart is a hollow muscular pump that provides the force necessary to ciltirculate the bloo d toall the tissues in the bdbody throug h bloo d vessels. The normal adult heart pumps about 5 liters of blood every minute throughout life. PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 7 Heart Anatomy Aorta Superior vena cava Pulmonary truck Pulmonary Pulmonary valve vein Left Atrium Right atrium Mitral valve Tricuspid Aortic valve valve Left Right Ventricle ventricle Inferior vena cava PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 8 Functions of the Heart Generates blood pressure Routes blood Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulation Ensures one-one-wayway blood flow Heart valves ensure oneone--waway flow Regulates blood supply Changes i n cont racti on ra te an d force ma tc h bloo d de livery to changing metabolic needs Most healthyyp peop le can increase cardiac out put b y 300–500% Heart failure is the inability of the heart to provide enough blood flow to maitiintain norma l me tblitabolism PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 9 The Chambers Separated by . Interatrial Septum . Interventricular Septum Right Atrium . Bloo d from Super ior an d in fer ior venae cavae andthd the coronary s inus Right Ventricle . Receives blood from the right atrium via the right AV valve, tricuspid valve . Thin wall Left Atrium . Receives blood from R and L Pulmonary Veins Left Ventricle . Receives blood from the Left AV valve . Thick wall Pumps to body via Aortic Semilunar Valve PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 10 The Valves Two types of valves: keep the bloo d flowing in the correct direction. Between atria and ventricles: called atrioventricular valves (also called cuspid valves) Bases of the large vessels leaving the ventricles: called semilunar valves. When the ventricles contract, atrioventricular valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria. When the ventricles relax, semilunar valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles. VlVales close passilivelyunder bloo d pressure. RiblResponsible for the htheart sounds. PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 11 Circulatory System PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 12 Circulatory System DtdbldDeoxygenated blood rettturns to the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava, enters the right atrium, passes into the right ventricle, and from here it is ejected to the pulmonary artery. Oxygenated blood returning from the lungs enters the left atrium via the pulmonary veins, passes into the left ventricle, and is then ejected to the aorta. PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 13 Blood flow pattern through the heart 1.Blood enters right atrium via the superior and inferior venae cavae 2.Passes tricuspid valve into right ventricle 3.Leaves by passing pulmonary semilunar valves into pulmonary trunk and to the lungs to be oxygenated 4.Returns from the lung by way of pulmonary veins into the left atrium 5.From left atrium past bicuspid valve into left ventricle 6.Leaves left ventricle past aortic semilunar valves into aorta 7.Distributed to rest of the body PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 14 Blood flow pattern through the heart PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 15 Blood Vessels Blood vessels are divided into a pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit. Artery - vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Usually oxygenated. Exception, pulmonary artery. Vein - vessel that carries blood towards the heart. Usually deoxygenated. Exception pulmonary veins Capillary - a small blood vessel that allow diffusion of gases, nutrients and wastes between plasma and interstitial fluid. Systemic vessels Transport blood through the body part from left ventricle and back to right atrium Pulmonary vessels Transport blood from right ventricle through lungs and back to left atrium Blood vessels and heart are regulated to ensure blood pressure is high enough for blood flow to meet metabolic needs of tissues PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 16 The Real Thing PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 17 The Real Thing PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 18 History PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 19 Mathematical Modelling in Physiology With mathematical models it is possible to simulate almost any kind of phenomena in nature on a computer. This is a scientific practice of modern science and engineering ((biology,biology, physiology, medicine, climate research,research, ecology, physics, chemistry, etc .) Mathematical modeling in medicine and biology has become so important that this type of research now has its own name: in silico Mathematical modeling undoubtedly will become the paradigm of scientific and medical research in the twenty‐first century. In research, the ultimate goal is mechanisms‐based models, but in reality models are more often used in a detective‐like way to investigate the consequences of different hypotheses. The mathematics modeling is used as a microscope to unveil information about reality, that is otherwisePASI inaccessible 2011 - A. Bandoni 20 Heart and Blood Circulation Research History Since the dawn of civilization , man has been concerned with the understanding of living things. Ifthtitdiltti(In one of the most ancient medical treatises (NiNei Jing, 2697-2597 BC), blood is mentioned as originating in the heart and distributed in order to return to the starting point. Despite widespread knowledge of the anatomy of blood vessels, Greeks were unable to find the start of blood circulation by not knowing the principle of conservation of mass. The Western world had to wait for William Harvey (1578-1657) to establish the concept of circulation. PASI 2011 - A. Bandoni 21 History Discovery of th e cl osed ci rcul ati on of bl ood b y Willi am Harvey (1578‐1657). "De Motu Cordis" ("On the Motion of the Heart and Blood“. Frankfurt, 1628) Stroke volume is 70 ml. per beat and Heart beats 72 times per minute, therefore Cardiac Output should be 7.258 liters per day Before 1628, the Galenic view of the body prevailed and the concept of blood circulation
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