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Português (Pdf) Trivium: Estudos Interdisciplinares, Ano XII, Ed. 1. p. 37-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18379/2176-4891.2020v1p.37 37 O que Schreber ensina sobre a Masculinidade na Psicose? Luciano Lima de Oliveira* Laéria Fontenele** Jean-Michel Vivès*** Resumo Problematizaremos o ser homem à luz do que podemos extrair daquilo que Daniel Paul Schreber registrou em seu livro “Memórias de um doente de nervos”, valendo-nos, além dessa obra, das elaborações teóricas de Freud, Lacan e outros autores a seu respeito. Dessas discussões, extrairemos elementos para um exame acerca da masculinidade na psicanálise, considerando o que a psicose revela de estrutural quanto a isso. Em resumo, verificaremos o que o sujeito psicótico nos ensina sobre o tornar-se homem, levando em conta que, diferentemente da neurose, na psicose, o complexo de castração não é a matriz da escolha do sexo psíquico. Palavras-chave: PSICANÁLISE; MASCULINIDADE NA PSICOSE; SCHREBER. What Schreber teaches about Masculinity in Psychosis? Abstract We will discuss the masculinity considering what Daniel Paul Schreber has stated in his book “Memoirs of my nervous illness”. We will recourse to that book other than the discussion that Freud, Lacan and other authors produced on it. Next, we will extract the elements to our reflections about masculinity in psychoanalysis. In short, we will verify what the psychotic subject can teach us about becoming a man bearing in mind that in the psychosis, unlike what occurs in the neurosis, the castration complex is not the matrix of choice of the psychic sex. Keywords: PSYCHOANALYSIS; MASCULINITY IN PSYCHOSIS; SCHREBER. Qu’est-ce que Schreber apprend sur la masculinité dans la psychose? Résumé Nous discuterons la masculinité, en considérant ce que Daniel Paul Schreber a écrit dans son livre “Mémoires d’un névropathe”, en utilisant, outre cet oeuvre, les élaborations de Freud, de Lacan et d’autres auteurs sur ce sujet. Ensuite, nous extrairerons des éléments pour notre discussion sur la masculinité dans la psychanalyse. Bref, nous vérifierons ce que le sujet psychotic nous apprend sur le devenir homme, en tenant compte du fait que, dans la psychose, différemment de ce qui se passe dans la névrose, le complexe de castration n’est pas la matrice du choix concernant le sexe psychic. Mots-Clés: PSYCHANALYSE; MASCULINITÉ DANS LA PSYCHOSE, SCHREBER *Psicanalista no Serviço de Saúde Mental do Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio – UFC. Doutor em Psicologia pela Université Côte d’Azur – UCA e pela Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6387-9428 E-mail: [email protected] **Professora Titular do Departamento de Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1356-7631 E-mail: [email protected] ***Professor de Psicologia Clínica e Patológica da Université Côte d’Azur – UCA France. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9493-9945 E-mail: [email protected] 38 Introdução O estudo sobre o que podemos entrever acerca da questão da masculinidade na psicose, a partir do caso Schreber, é um recorte de uma pesquisa mais ampla que busca sistematizar o entendimento psicanalítico sobre o ser homem a partir de um interesse não meramente teórico. Para nós, a indagação e a problematização da masculinidade na psicanálise surgiram da experiência clínica do primeiro autor, como membro de uma equipe interdisciplinar de um hospital de câncer, em que prestava atendimento a pacientes vitimados por câncer de pênis antes e depois de suas submissões a cirurgias de amputação do referido órgão. Esta experiência motivou duas pesquisas: a primeira ocorreu sob a orientação da segunda autora; a segunda delas, envolveu um regime de pesquisa sob forma de cotutela entre duas universidades - uma brasileira e a outra francesa - que foi desenvolvida pelo primeiro autor sob orientação dos demais autores. A primeira pesquisa buscou, a partir dos casos atendidos, refletir, sob a perspectiva da psicanálise, acerca das consequências de tal infortúnio para a vivência da sexualidade desses homens após serem submetidos à cirurgia. Sua contribuição foi a de procurar demonstrar a importância de que a equipe multidisciplinar pudesse redimensionar o tipo de intervenção pós-cirúrgica que, então, se baseava numa visão reducionista da sexualidade, vista sobretudo a partir de uma dimensão biológica e funcionalista. Foi, ainda, a partir dos dados clínicos dessa pesquisa, que nos direcionavam para o lugar ocupado pela fantasia e pela dimensão do que, para esses sujeitos, se colocava como “ser homem” que a realização da segunda pesquisa foi motivada. Esta última buscou, de forma mais específica, delimitar o estatuto da masculinidade para a psicanálise mediante uma retomada de sua discussão devidamente lastreada tanto por dados clínicos provenientes dessa experiência quanto pelos aportes psicanalíticos, até então formulados em torno da questão do que é um homem. Em tal contexto, um dos aspectos examinados foi a necessidade da ampliação do entendimento da problemática da masculinidade, de forma que pudesse incluir os sujeitos de estrutura psicótica, na medida em que tal problemática, até determinado momento das teorizações de Freud e Lacan, esteve circunscrita à lógica edípica e à castração, no caso do primeiro, e à lógica fálica e à posição sexuada quanto ao falo, no caso do segundo. A paranoia de Schreber e a defesa contra o desejo homossexual Refletir sobre a masculinidade de Schreber requer a consideração sobre a explicação freudiana acerca do desencadeamento de sua psicose e sua consequente formação delirante, em que pesa a dissintonia apontada pelo próprio Freud (1911/1981) entre a sua homossexualidade inconsciente e a sua heterossexualidade consciente; esta última refletida na consonância existente entre a moral de seu tempo, no modo como foi veiculada em sua educação, e a sua moral pessoal edificada, a qual favorecia o recalque de suas tendências homossexuais. O repúdio dessas tendências teria sido tão forte em Schreber que o teria levado à psicose e à elaboração do delírio, tentativa de reestabelecimento de sua saúde. Assim, o paralelismo entre a feminilidade inconsciente e a masculinidade consciente traçado por Freud remete ao modelo do Complexo de Édipo nas neuroses e o lugar que nele ocupa o recalque da adoção de uma posição feminina perante o pai, bem como suas consequências para a produção de sintomas. Não é motivo de surpresa que o Trivium: Estudos Interdisciplinares, Ano XII, Ed. 1. p. 37-52. 39 recurso à lógica edípica forneça a tendência à realização do paralelo possível entre as questões que remetem ao problema da feminilidade e da masculinidade no menino, tal como puderam ser, de certa forma, tratadas por Freud nos casos do Homem dos Lobos, do Homem dos Ratos, assim como também no caso do Pequeno Hans. Apesar de, no caso Schreber, aludir a essa lógica, Freud indica um diferencial que abre as portas para a visualização de um mecanismo que parece especificar a psicose paranoica - em relação às neuroses - e que seria uma sorte de defesa mais radical, que Freud aí nomeia de projeção (Verwerfung) e que consistiria não exatamente no fato de que o conteúdo interiormente recalcado seja projetado para o exterior, mas, antes, que o “interiormente abolido retorna desde o exterior” (Freud, 1911/1981, p. 1523). Retorno, pois, a partir do real, de algo que não foi admitido psiquicamente. A projeção é o mecanismo que estaria presente, conforme Freud o admite, em todos os tipos conhecidos de paranoia. Relativamente à paranoia masculina, em que o nódulo conflitivo consiste da fantasia de amar outro homem, a defesa projetiva seria erguida para contradizer o desejo homossexual e se expressaria de três maneiras distintas, em função das transformações sofridas pela ideia “eu o amo”: o delírio persecutório, a erotomania e o delírio de ciúme. Na primeira, o amor homossexual é transformado em ódio, que em seguida é projetado sobre outro sujeito, que, por isso, passa a ocupar o lugar de perseguidor: do “eu o amo”, passa-se a “eu não o amo; o odeio, porque ele me persegue”. Na erotomania, o amor homossexual abolido dá lugar a um amor heterossexual, que se expressa através de um “eu não o amo; eu a amo”, que novamente pela projeção, adquire o sentido de “eu a amo porque ela me ama”. Enfim, no ciúme delirante, o homem projeta seus desejos homossexuais na mulher, ensejando, desse modo, toda sorte de acusações de infidelidade, com suas consequências não raro nefastas: “eu não o amo, é ela que o ama”. Em relação a Schreber, o delírio persecutório e a erotomania são as manifestações mais presentes em suas paranoias. Uma das primeiras releituras críticas realizadas sobre o estudo de Freud sobre a paranoia de Schreber foi o trabalho de autoria de Ida Malcapine e Richard A. Hunter (1978), no qual defendem que o caráter clássico do texto de Freud teria produzido uma tendência dos analistas à inibição de sua crítica detalhada e questionam a tese ali presente acerca do motivo do adoecimento: a intensificação da libido homossexual inconsciente, da qual seu objeto teria sido o seu médico - o Dr. Flechsig. Para os dois psicanalistas, o desencadeamento da psicose de Schreber admitiria outra razão de ser: a investigação acerca da procriação, a qual ambos qualificam de assexuada, tendo a mesma, por consequência, a homossexualidade como uma formação secundária. Ambos sustentam um ponto de vista discordante do de Freud, que considerou a frustração de Schreber de não ter tido filhos como motivadora da fantasia de desejo inconsciente homossexual. Para eles, o fato de Schreber vir a ter um filho seria o que, de fato, inspiraria a fantasia homossexual (Malcapine & Hunter, 1978; Azouri, 2017). Lacan (1955-56/1992), em seu retorno ao referido caso, objeto de seu seminário sobre as psicoses, embora desenvolva uma crítica à totalidade das teses de Malcapine e Hunter sobre a psicose de Schreber, admite como plausível o fato de que a homossexualidade teria sido urdida no processo que levou ao desencadeamento de sua psicose e à construção de seu delírio.
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