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Statistical Assessment of Water Quality Issues in Hongze Lake, China, Related to the Operation of a Water Diversion Project

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Statistical Assessment of Water Quality Issues in Hongze Lake, China, Related to the Operation of a Water Diversion Project sustainability Article Statistical Assessment of Water Quality Issues in Hongze Lake, China, Related to the Operation of a Water Diversion Project Yi Wu 1,2, Rong Dai 2, Yongfeng Xu 3,4, Jiangang Han 1,* and Pingping Li 1,* 1 Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; [email protected] 2 Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing 210042, China; [email protected] 3 Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; [email protected] 4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.H.); [email protected] (P.L.) Received: 29 April 2018; Accepted: 30 May 2018; Published: 5 June 2018 Abstract: The Hongze Lake serves as the first important transfer and storage path along the East Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP-ER). After the Project began operating in 2013, eutrophication in the lake has created increasing public concern regarding the direct effect on water quality from the project. In this paper, we used multivariate statistical methods to examine the variances between water quality variables at four site groups (inlets and outlets in the study area) and during three seasons (wet, normal, and dry seasons) in Eastern Hongze Lake. We also used redundancy analysis (RDA) to analyze environmental factors’ impact on water quality. We found that (1) the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were exceeding the standard values; (2) No significant spatial heterogeneity regarding nitrogen and phosphorus among the inlet/outlet of Eastern Hongze Lake existed in normal and wet seasons, and there was no evidence demonstrating that SNWDP-ER could improve eutrophication or even contribute to eutrophication in the dry season; (3) Environmental factors (land use, water diversion, and population) have limited influences on water quality, which was possibly caused by the overly-high river input and artificial input of nitrogen and phosphorus. Thus, it is critical to reinforce the control of pollution sources and enhance the ecological restoration. Keywords: water quality; multivariate statistical; redundancy analysis; inlet/outlet; Eastern Hongze Lake; South-to-North Water Diversion Project 1. Introduction One of the world’s most serious water quality problems is eutrophication, which directly causes toxic algal blooms, fish mortality, declines in biodiversity, and other related ecological problems [1]. In addition, water is much more likely to feature eutrophication due to human activities in densely populated and economically developed areas [2]. However, the major human factors affecting water quality include socio-economic development [3,4], land cover change [5,6], and water conservancy project construction [7,8]. Water diversion is included in water conservancy projects, which can change nutrient concentration distributions [9,10]. Earlier studies of water diversion mainly focused on restoring eutrophic lakes. Water diversion and dilution is a common engineering measure in order to directly introduce clean river water to dilute nutrient concentrations, thus controlling lake eutrophication [11,12]. Water diversion is often used to Sustainability 2018, 10, 1885; doi:10.3390/su10061885 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 12 Sustainability 2018, 10, 1885 2 of 12 dilute nutrient concentrations, thus controlling lake eutrophication [11,12]. Water diversion is often used to promote the replacement of lake water with clean river water [9,13]. However, previous promote the replacement of lake water with clean river water [9,13]. However, previous research has research has proven that water diversion and the dilution of certain components at different areas proven that water diversion and the dilution of certain components at different areas will produce will produce varying effects on different aspects of water quality [14,15]. A great deal of previous varying effects on different aspects of water quality [14,15]. A great deal of previous research also research also points out that, in fact, the transfer of water may produce negative effects on a system’s points out that, in fact, the transfer of water may produce negative effects on a system’s water quality water quality and biological environment [16], and even aggravate algal outbreaks under some and biological environment [16], and even aggravate algal outbreaks under some circumstances [17]. circumstances [17]. Taking this into account, it is necessary to evaluate any impact on eutrophication Taking this into account, it is necessary to evaluate any impact on eutrophication after the operation of after the operation of water diversion projects. water diversion projects. The South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) was built in order to improve Northern The South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) was built in order to improve Northern China’s water shortages. The Eastern, Western, and Middle routes of the SNWDP transfer water China’s water shortages. The Eastern, Western, and Middle routes of the SNWDP transfer water from the Yangtze River to northern regions. Concurrently, there are many eutrophic lakes along the from the Yangtze River to northern regions. Concurrently, there are many eutrophic lakes along the SNWDP’s route. A deeper understanding of any impact between these lakes and water diversion SNWDP’s route. A deeper understanding of any impact between these lakes and water diversion would greatly benefit lake management or restoration. would greatly benefit lake management or restoration. Hongze Lake is the fourth largest freshwater lake in China, and also the first of the regulating Hongze Lake is the fourth largest freshwater lake in China, and also the first of the regulating lakes lakes along the Eastern Route of the SNWDP (SNWDP-ER) (Figure 1). As the intersection point of along the Eastern Route of the SNWDP (SNWDP-ER) (Figure1). As the intersection point of the main the main stream and branches, the Eastern Hongze Lake is both a sink for pollutants from the upper stream and branches, the Eastern Hongze Lake is both a sink for pollutants from the upper reaches of reaches of the Huai River, and a source of pollutants for the Huai River’s lower reaches and the Huai River, and a source of pollutants for the Huai River’s lower reaches and SNWDP-ER [18]. SNWDP-ER [18]. Several prior studies have found that Hongze Lake has high nutrient pollution; Several prior studies have found that Hongze Lake has high nutrient pollution; this is mainly owing to this is mainly owing to nitrogen and phosphorus exceeding standards, causing widespread nitrogen and phosphorus exceeding standards, causing widespread eutrophication in the lake [19–23]. eutrophication in the lake [19–23]. Therefore, the interrelationship between the Eastern Hongze Lake Therefore, the interrelationship between the Eastern Hongze Lake and the SNWDP-ER could affect the and the SNWDP-ER could affect the project’s water diversion success or failure. project’s water diversion success or failure. Figure 1. Illustrative map of the Hongze Lake of China. Figure 1. Illustrative map of the Hongze Lake of China. InIn addition, addition, after after the the SNWDP-ER SNWDP-ER was was put put into into op operationeration in in 2013, 2013, few few studies studies were were performed performed to to analyzeanalyze water water quality quality at at the the inlet inlet and and outlet outlet of of Eastern Eastern Hongze Hongze Lake. Lake. As As such, such, we we used used multivariate multivariate statisticalstatistical methods methods to to examine examine the the variances variances between between water water quality quality variables variables at at four four site site groups groups (inlets(inlets and and outlets outlets in in the the study study area) area) and and during during three three seasons seasons (the (the wet, wet, normal, normal, and and dry dry seasons). seasons). WeWe also used redundancy redundancy analysis analysis (RDA) (RDA) to to analyze analyze environmental environmental factors’ factors’ impact impact on on water water quality. quality. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1885 3 of 12 This study’s aims were: (1) to characterize the spatiotemporal change of water quality in the Eastern Hongze Lake’s important watercourses; (2) to identify the relationship between environmental factors and water quality; and (3) to examine the effects of the SNWDP-ER on water quality. This study may provide information relevant to the restoration of wetlands and serve as a valuable base and reference for the management of the SNWDP-ER, Hongze Lake, and Huai River Basin. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Area Hongze Lake (33◦060N–33◦400N, 118◦100E–118◦520E) is located in western Jiangsu Province, China. This lake receives water from the main branches of the Huai River, Chi River, New Huaihong River, Xinbian River, and Xinsui River. The lake’s catchment is 15.94 × 104 km2. Hongze Lake has a high water exchange rate and large variations in its water volume; therefore the lake’s water level varies seasonally [23]. Hongze Lake serves as the first important transfer-store along the path of the SNWDP-ER. The eastern part of Hongze Lake includes several important inlets and outlets: this is where the Huai River enters the lake and Hongze Lake feeds into the river, as well as the location of the SNWDP-ER’s inlet and outlet (Figure1). The Huai River is the main source of water for Hongze Lake, accounting for more than 70% of the lake’s total catchment inputs [18]. Hongze Lake’s major outlet has two important functions: it serves as the water channel to the San River, which flows into the Yangtze River, while also serving as the water channel to the Yellow Sea and the Main Irrigation Channel for North Jiangsu.
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