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Ecosystem Profile Madagascar and Indian
ECOSYSTEM PROFILE MADAGASCAR AND INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS FINAL VERSION DECEMBER 2014 This version of the Ecosystem Profile, based on the draft approved by the Donor Council of CEPF was finalized in December 2014 to include clearer maps and correct minor errors in Chapter 12 and Annexes Page i Prepared by: Conservation International - Madagascar Under the supervision of: Pierre Carret (CEPF) With technical support from: Moore Center for Science and Oceans - Conservation International Missouri Botanical Garden And support from the Regional Advisory Committee Léon Rajaobelina, Conservation International - Madagascar Richard Hughes, WWF – Western Indian Ocean Edmond Roger, Université d‘Antananarivo, Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales Christopher Holmes, WCS – Wildlife Conservation Society Steve Goodman, Vahatra Will Turner, Moore Center for Science and Oceans, Conservation International Ali Mohamed Soilihi, Point focal du FEM, Comores Xavier Luc Duval, Point focal du FEM, Maurice Maurice Loustau-Lalanne, Point focal du FEM, Seychelles Edmée Ralalaharisoa, Point focal du FEM, Madagascar Vikash Tatayah, Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Nirmal Jivan Shah, Nature Seychelles Andry Ralamboson Andriamanga, Alliance Voahary Gasy Idaroussi Hamadi, CNDD- Comores Luc Gigord - Conservatoire botanique du Mascarin, Réunion Claude-Anne Gauthier, Muséum National d‘Histoire Naturelle, Paris Jean-Paul Gaudechoux, Commission de l‘Océan Indien Drafted by the Ecosystem Profiling Team: Pierre Carret (CEPF) Harison Rabarison, Nirhy Rabibisoa, Setra Andriamanaitra, -
Controlled Animals
Environment and Sustainable Resource Development Fish and Wildlife Policy Division Controlled Animals Wildlife Regulation, Schedule 5, Part 1-4: Controlled Animals Subject to the Wildlife Act, a person must not be in possession of a wildlife or controlled animal unless authorized by a permit to do so, the animal was lawfully acquired, was lawfully exported from a jurisdiction outside of Alberta and was lawfully imported into Alberta. NOTES: 1 Animals listed in this Schedule, as a general rule, are described in the left hand column by reference to common or descriptive names and in the right hand column by reference to scientific names. But, in the event of any conflict as to the kind of animals that are listed, a scientific name in the right hand column prevails over the corresponding common or descriptive name in the left hand column. 2 Also included in this Schedule is any animal that is the hybrid offspring resulting from the crossing, whether before or after the commencement of this Schedule, of 2 animals at least one of which is or was an animal of a kind that is a controlled animal by virtue of this Schedule. 3 This Schedule excludes all wildlife animals, and therefore if a wildlife animal would, but for this Note, be included in this Schedule, it is hereby excluded from being a controlled animal. Part 1 Mammals (Class Mammalia) 1. AMERICAN OPOSSUMS (Family Didelphidae) Virginia Opossum Didelphis virginiana 2. SHREWS (Family Soricidae) Long-tailed Shrews Genus Sorex Arboreal Brown-toothed Shrew Episoriculus macrurus North American Least Shrew Cryptotis parva Old World Water Shrews Genus Neomys Ussuri White-toothed Shrew Crocidura lasiura Greater White-toothed Shrew Crocidura russula Siberian Shrew Crocidura sibirica Piebald Shrew Diplomesodon pulchellum 3. -
A Molecular Phylogeny of the Lamprophiidae Fitzinger (Serpentes, Caenophidia)
Zootaxa 1945: 51–66 (2008) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2008 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Dissecting the major African snake radiation: a molecular phylogeny of the Lamprophiidae Fitzinger (Serpentes, Caenophidia) NICOLAS VIDAL1,10, WILLIAM R. BRANCH2, OLIVIER S.G. PAUWELS3,4, S. BLAIR HEDGES5, DONALD G. BROADLEY6, MICHAEL WINK7, CORINNE CRUAUD8, ULRICH JOGER9 & ZOLTÁN TAMÁS NAGY3 1UMR 7138, Systématique, Evolution, Adaptation, Département Systématique et Evolution, C. P. 26, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 43 Rue Cuvier, Paris 75005, France. E-mail: [email protected] 2Bayworld, P.O. Box 13147, Humewood 6013, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 4Smithsonian Institution, Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability, B.P. 48, Gamba, Gabon. 5Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-5301 USA. E-mail: [email protected] 6Biodiversity Foundation for Africa, P.O. Box FM 730, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. E-mail: [email protected] 7 Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, INF 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 8Centre national de séquençage, Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston-Crémieux, CP5706, 91057 Evry cedex, France. E-mail: www.genoscope.fr 9Staatliches Naturhistorisches Museum, Pockelsstr. 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 10Corresponding author Abstract The Elapoidea includes the Elapidae and a large (~60 genera, 280 sp.) and mostly African (including Madagascar) radia- tion termed Lamprophiidae by Vidal et al. -
Phylogenetic Relationships of Terrestrial Australo-Papuan Elapid Snakes (Subfamily Hydrophiinae) Based on Cytochrome B and 16S Rrna Sequences J
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Vol. 10, No. 1, August, pp. 67–81, 1998 ARTICLE NO. FY970471 Phylogenetic Relationships of Terrestrial Australo-Papuan Elapid Snakes (Subfamily Hydrophiinae) Based on Cytochrome b and 16S rRNA Sequences J. Scott Keogh,*,†,1 Richard Shine,* and Steve Donnellan† *School of Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; and †Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia Received April 24, 1997; revised September 4, 1997 quence data support many of the conclusions reached Phylogenetic relationships among the venomous Aus- by earlier studies using other types of data, but addi- tralo-Papuan elapid snake radiation remain poorly tional information will be needed before the phylog- resolved, despite the application of diverse data sets. eny of the Australian elapids can be fully resolved. To examine phylogenetic relationships among this 1998 Academic Press enigmatic group, portions of the cytochrome b and 16S Key Words: mitochondrial DNA; cytochrome b; 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA genes were sequenced from rRNA; reptile; snake; elapid; sea snake; Australia; New 19 of the 20 terrestrial Australian genera and 6 of the 7 Guinea; Pacific; Asia; biogeography. terrestrial Melanesian genera, plus a sea krait (Lati- cauda) and a true sea snake (Hydrelaps). These data clarify several significant issues in elapid phylogeny. First, Melanesian elapids form sister groups to Austra- INTRODUCTION lian species, indicating that the ancestors of the Austra- lian radiation came via Asia, rather than representing The diverse, cosmopolitan, and medically important a relict Gondwanan radiation. Second, the two major elapid snakes are a monophyletic clade of approxi- groups of sea snakes (sea kraits and true sea snakes) mately 300 species and 61 genera (Golay et al., 1993) represent independent invasions of the marine envi- primarily defined by their unique venom delivery sys- ronment. -
Marine Reptiles Arne R
Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Study of Biological Complexity Publications Center for the Study of Biological Complexity 2011 Marine Reptiles Arne R. Rasmessen The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts John D. Murphy Field Museum of Natural History Medy Ompi Sam Ratulangi University J. Whitfield iG bbons University of Georgia Peter Uetz Virginia Commonwealth University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/csbc_pubs Part of the Life Sciences Commons Copyright: © 2011 Rasmussen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Downloaded from http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/csbc_pubs/20 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for the Study of Biological Complexity at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Study of Biological Complexity Publications by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Review Marine Reptiles Arne Redsted Rasmussen1, John C. Murphy2, Medy Ompi3, J. Whitfield Gibbons4, Peter Uetz5* 1 School of Conservation, The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2 Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 3 Marine Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, 4 Savannah River Ecology Lab, University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina, United States of America, 5 Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America Of the more than 12,000 species and subspecies of extant Caribbean, although some species occasionally travel as far north reptiles, about 100 have re-entered the ocean. -
Ancestral Reconstruction of Diet and Fang Condition in the Lamprophiidae: Implications for the Evolution of Venom Systems in Snakes
Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 55, No. 1, 1–10, 2021 Copyright 2021 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Ancestral Reconstruction of Diet and Fang Condition in the Lamprophiidae: Implications for the Evolution of Venom Systems in Snakes 1,2 1 1 HIRAL NAIK, MIMMIE M. KGADITSE, AND GRAHAM J. ALEXANDER 1School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. PO Wits, 2050, Gauteng, South Africa ABSTRACT.—The Colubroidea includes all venomous and some nonvenomous snakes, many of which have extraordinary dental morphology and functional capabilities. It has been proposed that the ancestral condition of the Colubroidea is venomous with tubular fangs. The venom system includes the production of venomous secretions by labial glands in the mouth and usually includes fangs for effective delivery of venom. Despite significant research on the evolution of the venom system in snakes, limited research exists on the driving forces for different fang and dental morphology at a broader phylogenetic scale. We assessed the patterns of fang and dental condition in the Lamprophiidae, a speciose family of advanced snakes within the Colubroidea, and we related fang and dental condition to diet. The Lamprophiidae is the only snake family that includes front-fanged, rear-fanged, and fangless species. We produced an ancestral reconstruction for the family and investigated the pattern of diet and fangs within the clade. We concluded that the ancestral lamprophiid was most likely rear-fanged and that the shift in dental morphology was associated with changes in diet. This pattern indicates that fang loss, and probably venom loss, has occurred multiple times within the Lamprophiidae. -
Early German Herpetological Observations and Explorations in Southern Africa, with Special Reference to the Zoological Museum of Berlin
Bonner zoologische Beiträge Band 52 (2003) Heft 3/4 Seiten 193–214 Bonn, November 2004 Early German Herpetological Observations and Explorations in Southern Africa, With Special Reference to the Zoological Museum of Berlin Aaron M. BAUER Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA Abstract. The earliest herpetological records made by Germans in southern Africa were casual observations of common species around Cape Town made by employees of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) during the mid- to late Seven- teenth Century. Most of these records were merely brief descriptions or lists of common names, but detailed illustrations of many reptiles were executed by two German illustrators in the employ of the VOC, Heinrich CLAUDIUS and Johannes SCHUMACHER. CLAUDIUS, who accompanied Simon VAN DER STEL to Namaqualand in 1685, left an especially impor- tant body of herpetological illustrations which are here listed and identified to species. One of the last Germans to work for the Dutch in South Africa was Martin Hinrich Carl LICHTENSTEIN who served as a physician and tutor to the last Dutch governor of the Cape from 1802 to 1806. Although he did not collect any herpetological specimens himself, LICHTENSTEIN, who became the director of the Zoological Museum in Berlin in 1813, influenced many subsequent workers to undertake employment and/or expeditions in southern Africa. Among the early collectors were Karl BERGIUS and Ludwig KREBS. Both collected material that is still extant in the Berlin collection today, including a small number of reptile types. Because of LICHTENSTEIN’S emphasis on specimens as items for sale to other museums rather than as subjects for study, many species first collected by KREBS were only described much later on the basis of material ob- tained by other, mostly British, collectors. -
Are There Shared General Patterns of Specific Diversity
ARE THERE SHARED GENERAL PATTERNS OF SPECIFIC DIVERSITY, ABUNDANCE, AND GUILD STRUCTURE IN SNAKE COMMUNITIES OF TROPICAL FORESTS OF MADAGASCAR AND CONTINENTAL AFRICA? Franco ANDREONE* & Luca LUISELLI** RÉSUMÉ Une étude comparative de la composition des communautés de serpents de 45 sites forestiers tropicaux est présentée, appuyée sur des données originales ou prises dans la littérature. Douze sites sont localisés au Nigéria, un au Cameroun et 30 à Madagascar. Deux sites forestiers de Panama sont également utilisés dans les comparaisons. Les comparaisons inter-régionales montrent une remarquableconstance entre les sites du nombre moyen d'espèces observées par minute ; les plus fortes similitudes s'observent entre les sites nigérians et malgaches ainsi qu'entre les sites nigérians et camerounais ; en revanche, les similitudes sont plus faibles entre tous ces sites africains et malgaches et les panaméens. L'altitude et la distance entre sites n'influentpas de manière significative sur la détection et l'estimation de l'abondance des espèces. Les sites nigérians présentent davantage de taxa semi-aquatiques que les malgaches. Au Nigéria comme à Madagascar, la guilde des terrestres est dominante et la guilde des arboricoles constituée d'une remarquable diversité d'espèces. La diversité des espèces fouisseuses syntopiques est très faible tant au Nigéria qu'à Madagascar (1 à 2 espèces seulement dans chacun des 22 sites étudiés). Sur les sites nigérians on observe en général une dominance des espèces spécialisées dans la consommation de lézards et de mammifères, mais les batracophages et les ornithophages sont eux aussi abondants. Sur les sites malgaches, on observe une prévalence significative des consomma teurs de lézards, suivis par les chasseurs de batraciens, les autres spécialistes (p.e. -
Ecomorphological Diversification in Squamates from Conserved Pattern of Cranial Integration
Ecomorphological diversification in squamates from conserved pattern of cranial integration Akinobu Watanabea,b,c,1, Anne-Claire Fabreb, Ryan N. Feliceb,d, Jessica A. Maisanoe, Johannes Müllerf, Anthony Herrelg, and Anjali Goswamib,h aDepartment of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568; bLife Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; cDivision of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024; dCentre for Integrative Anatomy, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; eJackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; fMuseum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin 10115, Germany; gDépartement Adaptations du Vivant, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France; and hDepartment of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom Edited by David M. Hillis, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, and approved June 4, 2019 (received for review December 8, 2018) Factors intrinsic and extrinsic to organisms dictate the course of and developmental diversity permits a greater opportunity to morphological evolution but are seldom considered together in disentangle the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors compared comparative analyses. Among vertebrates, squamates (lizards and with other well-studied vertebrate clades such as birds and mammals. snakes) exhibit remarkable morphological and developmental Many large-scale studies on squamates have investigated evo- variations that parallel their incredible ecological spectrum. How- lutionary dynamics of size (8, 9). Although size is an important ever, this exceptional diversity also makes systematic quantifica- metric, it is only one of many aspects of form, and elucidating the tion and analysis of their morphological evolution challenging. -
Natural History and Taxonomic Notes On
Herpetological Conservation and Biology 9(2):406–416. Submitted: 27 March 2014; Accepted: 25 May 2014; Published: 12 October 2014. NATURAL HISTORY AND TAXONOMIC NOTES ON LIOPHOLIDOPHIS GRANDIDIERI MOCQUARD, AN UPLAND RAIN FOREST SNAKE FROM MADAGASCAR (SERPENTES: LAMPROPHIIDAE: PSEUDOXYRHOPHIINAE) JOHN E. CADLE1, 2 1Centre ValBio, B.P. 33, 312 Ranomafana-Ifanadiana, Madagascar 2Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract.––Few observations on living specimens of the Malagasy snake Liopholidophis grandidieri Mocquard have been previously reported. New field observations and specimens from Ranomafana National Park amplify knowledge of the natural history of this species. Liopholidophis grandidieri is known from above 1200 m elevation in pristine rain forests with a high diversity of hardwoods and bamboo. In some areas of occurrence, the forests are of short stature (15–18 m) as a result of lying atop well-drained boulder fields with a thin soil layer. Dietary data show that this species consumes relatively small mantellid and microhylid frogs obtained on the ground or in phytotelms close to the ground. A female collected in late December contained four oviductal eggs with leathery shells. One specimen formed a rigid, loose set of coils and body loops, and hid the head as presumed defensive behaviors; otherwise, all individuals were complacent when handled and showed no tendency to bite. I describe coloration and present photographs of living specimens from Ranomafana National Park. The ventral colors of L. grandidieri were recently said to be aposematic, but I discuss other plausible alternatives. Key Words.––conservation; diet; habitat; reproduction; snakes; systematics exhibits the greatest sexual dimorphism in tail length and INTRODUCTION the greatest reported relative tail length of any snake (tails average 18% longer than body length in males; The natural history and systematics of many snake Cadle 2009). -
The Identity of Stenorhabdium Temporale Werner, 1909 (Serpentes: Colubroidea)
66 (2): 179 – 190 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2016. 20.10.2016 The identity of Stenorhabdium temporale Werner, 1909 (Serpentes: Colubroidea) Sebastian Kirchhof, Kristin Mahlow & Frank Tillack * Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany. — * Corresponding author; [email protected] Accepted 15.vii.2016. Published online at www.senckenberg.de / vertebrate-zoology on 28.ix.2016. Abstract Re-examination of the type material of Ligonirostra Stuhlmanni PFEFFER, 1893 (original spelling, now Prosymna stuhlmanni) and compari- son with the sole type specimen of its synonym Stenorhabdium temporale WERNER, 1909 revealed a number of significant morphological differences between these taxa. Detailed analyses of pholidosis and osteology of comparative material show that S. temporale is in fact a subjective junior synonym of Pseudorabdion longiceps (CANTOR, 1847). A lectotype and a paralectotype of Ligonirostra stuhlmanni are designated and described. Key words Reptilia, Serpentes, Lamprophiidae, Colubridae, Stenorhabdium temporale new synonym, Pseudorabdion longiceps. Introduction In 1909 FRANZ WERNER described from a single speci- this classification was followed by anyone who worked men the new monotypic genus and species Stenorhab on the genus Prosymna, as well as by authors mentioning dium temporale. According to the original description it the genus name Stenorhabdium or the taxon S. temporale is assumed that the holotype was collected in “Ostafrika” (e.g. LOVERIDGE 1958; BROADLEY 1980; 1983; WILLIAMS [East Africa] and was given by “Stud. SCHWARZKOPF” to & WALLACH 1989; SCHLÜTER & HALLERMANN 1997; WAL- the collection of the then “Königliches Naturalienkabinett LACH et al. 2014). However, in 1997 SCHLÜTER & HALLER- in Stuttgart” [now Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde MANN published the type catalogue of the herpetological Stuttgart] where it is catalogued under inventory number collection of the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde SMNS 3204. -
Snake Communities Worldwide
Web Ecology 6: 44–58. Testing hypotheses on the ecological patterns of rarity using a novel model of study: snake communities worldwide L. Luiselli Luiselli, L. 2006. Testing hypotheses on the ecological patterns of rarity using a novel model of study: snake communities worldwide. – Web Ecol. 6: 44–58. The theoretical and empirical causes and consequences of rarity are of central impor- tance for both ecological theory and conservation. It is not surprising that studies of the biology of rarity have grown tremendously during the past two decades, with particular emphasis on patterns observed in insects, birds, mammals, and plants. I analyse the patterns of the biology of rarity by using a novel model system: snake communities worldwide. I also test some of the main hypotheses that have been proposed to explain and predict rarity in species. I use two operational definitions for rarity in snakes: Rare species (RAR) are those that accounted for 1% to 2% of the total number of individuals captured within a given community; Very rare species (VER) account for ≤ 1% of individuals captured. I analyse each community by sample size, species richness, conti- nent, climatic region, habitat and ecological characteristics of the RAR and VER spe- cies. Positive correlations between total species number and the fraction of RAR and VER species and between sample size and rare species in general were found. As shown in previous insect studies, there is a clear trend for the percentage of RAR and VER snake species to increase in species-rich, tropical African and South American commu- nities. This study also shows that rare species are particularly common in the tropics, although habitat type did not influence the frequency of RAR and VER species.