Taking the AP® in 10Th Grade by Awilda Rodriguez, Mary E
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
RESEARCH REPORT 2012-10 The Earlier the Better? Taking the AP® in 10th Grade By Awilda Rodriguez, Mary E. M. McKillip, and Sunny X. Niu RESEARCH Awilda Rodriguez is a doctoral student in Higher Education at the University of Pennsylvania. Mary E. M. McKillip is an assistant research scientist at the College Board. Sunny X. Niu is a research scientist at the College Board. About the Advanced Placement Program The College Board’s Advanced Placement Program® (AP®) enables willing and academically prepared students to pursue college-level studies — with the opportunity to earn college credit, advanced placement or both – while still in high school. Through AP courses in 34 subjects, each culminating in a rigorous exam, students learn to think critically, construct solid arguments and see many sides of an issue — skills that prepare them for college and beyond. Taking AP courses demonstrates to college admission officers that students have sought the most rigorous curriculum available to them, and research indicates that students who score a 3 or higher on an AP Exam typically experience greater academic success in college and are more likely to earn a college degree than non-AP students. Each AP teacher’s syllabus is evaluated and approved by faculty from some of the nation’s leading colleges and universities, and AP Exams are developed and scored by college faculty and experienced AP teachers. Most four-year colleges and universities in the United States grant credit, advanced placement or both on the basis of successful AP Exam scores – more than 3,600 institutions worldwide annually receive AP scores. In the last decade, participation in the AP Program has more than doubled and graduates succeeding on AP Exams have nearly doubled. In May 2011, nearly 2 million students representing more than 18,000 schools around the world, both public and nonpublic, took 3.4 million AP Exams. Mission Statement The College Board’s mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. We are a not-for-profit membership organization committed to excellence and equity in education. The College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association is made up of over 6,000 of the world’s leading educational institutions and is dedicated to promoting excellence and equity in education. Each year, the College Board helps more than seven million students prepare for a successful transition to college through programs and services in college readiness and college success — including the SAT® and the Advanced Placement Program®. The organization also serves the education community through research and advocacy on behalf of students, educators and schools. For further information, visit www.collegeboard.org. © 2013 The College Board. College Board, Advanced Placement, Advanced Placement Program, AP, SAT and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. PSAT/NMSQT is a registered trademark of the College Board and National Merit Scholarship Corporation. All other products and services may be trademarks of their respective owners. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.org. For more information on College Board research and data, visit RESEARCHresearch.collegeboard.org. Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................ 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 3 Data and Methods ................................................................................................... 4 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................... 6 References ................................................................................................................ 9 Appendix .................................................................................................................10 Tables Table 1. The 10 Most Popular AP® Exams for 10th-Grade Exam Takers in 2008 by Subject ............................................................................................................................ 4 Table 2. Later AP Outcomes Comparing Students Receiving a 1 or 2 on the AP Exam in 10th Grade to Matched Sample of Students Taking No AP Exam in 9th or 10th Grade ......................................................................................................................... 7 Table A1. AP World History in 10th Grade ...................................................................................10 Table A2. AP Biology in 10th Grade .............................................................................................11 Table A3. AP Human Geography in 10th Grade .........................................................................12 Table A4. AP Psychology in 10th Grade ......................................................................................13 Table A5. AP U.S. History in 10th Grade......................................................................................14 Table A6. AP European History in 10th Grade ............................................................................15 Table A7. AP U.S. Government and Politics in 10th Grade ........................................................16 The Earlier the Better? Executive Summary In this report, we examine the impact of scoring a 1 or 2 on an AP® Exam in 10th grade on later AP Exam participation and performance. As access to AP courses increases within and across schools, a growing number of students are taking AP courses and exams in the earlier grades of high school. Using a matched sample of AP and no-AP students, this study explored the following research questions for seven AP Exams: Are students who receive a 1 or 2 on an AP Exam in the 10th grade more likely to take an exam in subsequent grades than students who did not take any exams in 9th or 10th grade? Are these students more likely to pass a later exam than students who did not take any exams in the 9th or 10th grade? Results showed that regardless of AP Exam subject, 10th-graders who scored a 1 or 2 were significantly more likely to take an AP Exam later in high school than comparable students who did not take an early AP Exam. However, the seven exams yielded different results in the likelihood of students scoring 3 or higher on an AP Exam in the 11th or 12th grade. 2 College Board Research Reports The Earlier the Better? Introduction In recent years the number of students participating in the Advanced Placement® (AP) Program has increased markedly. Between 2006 and 2011, the number of high school graduates who took at least one AP Exam increased by 40% (College Board, 2012). Success rates, in turn, have remained relatively stable: in 2006, 62% of graduating high school students who took an AP Exam scored 3 or higher on at least one exam; this success rate was 60% in 2011. While the vast majority of AP examinees take AP Exams in 11th or 12th grade, the proportion of examinees in 9th and 10th grade increased over this same 2006 to 2011 period, from 10% to 20% (College Board, 2006; College Board, 2011). Success rates in 2011 for 9th- and 10th-graders were 55%1, while they were 59% for 11th- and 12th-graders. Many researchers argue that rigorous course work in high school prepares students for college (Adelman, 2006; Engberg & Wolniak, 2009), and research on AP Exam takers specifically suggests benefits to students in college outcomes (Mattern, Shaw, & Xiong, 2009; Murphy & Dodd, 2009). This research seems to support policies to expand AP programs in schools to reach more students. Proponents of AP expansion argue the exposure to AP in high school has value irrespective of exam score (College Board, 2001; Wakelyn, 2009), and may include the acquisition of study skills, habits of thought, and other competencies that are not assessed in culminating exams but produce better learners and help to prepare students for the rigors of college-level courses. Consistent with this argument, those who take early AP courses, even without exam success, would potentially gain the confidence to attempt additional rigorous course work while in high school as well as gain skills that would enable them to be successful on future AP Exams. However, much of the research on AP has found the value of AP to be largely concentrated among students who score a 3 or higher on the culminating exam for the course, not among students who score a 1 or 2 . Additionally, much of the research on AP does not explicitly consider students who take AP early in high school. Some contend that the AP Program is not designed for expansion into the early high school grades and is therefore not beneficial to students (Mathews, 2010). If AP expansion means including more students who are unprepared for Does scoring a 1 or 2 these courses, then expanding programs to reach earlier into high school may not offer the benefits of on an early AP Exam AP participation that have been noted in previous research. increase a student’s Currently, we do not know what benefits or disadvantages emerge among students who take likelihood of taking an AP Exams in early grades, particularly among those who do not receive a 3 or higher on the exam. The purpose of the research study is to better understand AP later