Neonatal Surgery Mario Lima • Olivier Reinberg Editors

Neonatal Surgery

Contemporary Strategies from Fetal Life to the First Year of Age Editors Mario Lima Olivier Reinberg Pediatric Surgery, S.Orsola Hospital Pediatric Surgeon FMH EBPS University of Bologna Lausanne-Pully, Switzerland Bologna, Italy

ISBN 978-3-319-93532-4 ISBN 978-3-319-93534-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93534-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018964251

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1 Introduction to Neonatal Surgery �� 1 Olivier Reinberg

Part I General

2 Anesthesiological Considerations: Stabilization of the Neonate, Fluid Administration, Electrolyte Balance, Vascular Access, ECMO, Bronchoscopy, and Pain in Neonates �� 7 Fabio Caramelli, Maria Teresa Cecini, Monica Fae, Elisa Iannella, and Maria Cristina Mondardini 3 Imaging in Neonates �� 25 Filomena Carfagnini, Laura Greco, Donatella Vivacqua, Gianluca Rasetto, Antonio Poerio, and Michelangelo Baldazzi 4 Neonatal Surgical Education in Minimally Invasive Surgery Based on Simulation �� 51 Maximiliano Maricic and María Marcela Bailez

Part II Head and Neck

5 Congenital Choanal Atresia �� 67 Pedro Saraiva Teiga, Kishore Sandu, and Lluís Nisa 6 Facial Cleft and Pierre Robin Sequence �� 73 Anthony S. de Buys Roessingh, Oumama El Ezzi, Georges Herzog, and Martin Broome 7 Macroglossia ��101 Pedro Saraiva Teiga, Kishore Sandu, and Lluís Nisa 8 Midline and Lateral Cysts and Sinuses of the Neck ��111 Francesco Fascetti-Leon and Piergiorgio Gamba

Part III Chest

9 Congenital Thoracic Deformities ��117 Giovanna Riccipetitoni, Sara Costanzo, and Francesca Destro

v vi Contents

10 Mediastinal Masses ��139 Mario Lima and Michela Maffi 11 Pneumothorax and Chylothorax ��151 Sebastiano Cacciaguerra, Pieralba Catalano, Enrica Antonelli, and Salvatore Arena 12 Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformations: From the Prenatal Diagnosis to the Postoperative Follow-Up ��167 Arnaud Bonnard 13 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia ��177 Mario Lima, Michela Maffi, Giovanni Parente, and Chiara Cordola 14 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula ��187 David C. van der Zee, Maud Y. van Herwaarden, Stefaan H. Tytgat, Michela Maffi, and Mario Lima

Part IV Gastrointestinal

15 Gastroesophageal Reflux in the First Year of Life ��209 Juan A. Tovar 16 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis and Other Pyloric Affections ��225 Mirko Bertozzi, Elisa Magrini, and Antonino Appignani 17 Gastric Volvulus ��239 Ascanio Martino, Francesca Mariscoli, and Fabiano Nino 18 Bowel Atresia and Stenosis ��243 François Varlet, Sophie Vermersch, and Aurélien Scalabre 19 Meconium Ileus ��265 Philip Corbett and Amulya Saxena 20 Gastrointestinal Tract Duplications ��279 Carmelo Romeo, Patrizia Perrone, and Pietro Antonuccio 21 Mesenteric and Omental Cysts ��293 Mario Lima and Neil Di Salvo 22 Surgical Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Early Surgery - The Key to Live Bowel and Quality Life ��299 Adrian Bianchi 23 Hirschsprung’s Disease ��311 Maria Grazia Faticato and Girolamo Mattioli 24 Anorectal Malformations ��323 Kristiina Kyrklund and Risto Rintala 25 Congenital Pouch Colon ��339 Devendra K. Gupta, Shilpa Sharma, and Kashish Khanna Contents vii

26 Inguinal Hernia and Hydrocele ��351 Ciro Esposito, Maria Escolino, Alessandro Settimi, and Giuseppe Cortese 27 Intestinal Malrotation and Volvulus ��369 Luisa Ferrero, François Becmeur, and Olivier Reinberg

Part V Liver and Biliary Tract

28 Biliary Atresia: New Developments ��387 Filippo Parolini and Mark Davenport 29 Congenital Hepatic Cysts ��401 Morven Allan and Mark Davenport 30 Choledochal Cyst and Congenital Biliary Dilatation ��409 Alessandro Settimi, Alessandra Farina, Francesco Turrà, Maria Escolino, Mariapina Cerulo, and Ciro Esposito

Part VI Anterior Abdominal Wall Defects

31 Gastroschisis and Omphalocele ��417 Mikko P. Pakarinen, Antti Koivusalo, and Janne Suominen 32 Omphalomesenteric Duct and Urachal Remnants ��429 Daniele Alberti and Giovanni Boroni 33 The Bladder Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex (BEEC) ��441 Geoffroy de Sallmard, Omar Alhadeedi, Delphine Demède, and Pierre Mouriquand 34 Prune-Belly Syndrome ��459 Mario Messina, Francesco Molinaro, and Rossella Angotti

Part VII Tumors

35 Neuroblastoma in Neonates ��471 Matteo Carella, Riccardo Masetti, Claudio Antonellini, Beatrice Randi, Andrea Pession, and Mario Lima 36 Hepatic Tumours ��479 Matteo Carella, Riccardo Masetti, Claudio Antonellini, Beatrice Randi, and Andrea Pession 37 Wilms Tumor in Neonates ��485 Matteo Carella, Riccardo Masetti, Claudio Antonellini, Beatrice Randi, and Andrea Pession 38 Neonatal Ovarian Cysts ��491 Gloria Pelizzo 39 Teratoma: Sacrococcygeal and Cervical ��499 Olivier Reinberg viii Contents

Part VIII Genitourinary 40 Congenital Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction ��515 Michela Maffi and Mario Lima 41 Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney ��527 Michela Maffi and Mario Lima 42 Vesicoureteral Reflux ��533 Michela Cing Yu Wong and Girolamo Mattioli 43 Ureterocele ��555 Pierluigi Lelli Chiesa, Dacia Di Renzo, and Giuseppe Lauriti 44 Posterior Urethral Valves: Fetal and Neonatal Aspects ��579 Lisieux Eyer de Jesus and João Luiz Pippi-Salle 45 Hydrometrocolpos ��591 Devendra K. Gupta, Shilpa Sharma, and Kashish Khanna 46 Different Sexual Development (DSD) ��601 Maria Marcela Bailez 47 Congenital Anomalies of the External Male Genitalia ��607 Francesco Di Lorenzo, Neil Di Salvo, and Mario Lima

Part IX Nervous System

48 Surgical Treatment of Central Nervous System Malformations ��615 Mirko Scagnet, Federico Mussa, Flavio Giordano, Regina Mura, Elena Arcovio, Massimiliano Sanzo, Pier Arturo Donati, Barbara Spacca, Manuela Grandoni, Giuseppe Oliveri, and Lorenzo Genitori 49 Central Nervous System Congenital Tumors ��653 Barbara Spacca, Iacopo Sardi, Annamaria Buccoliero, Regina Mura, Milena Guidi, Chiara Caporalini, Flavio Giordano, Leonardo Bussolin, Massimiliano Sanzo, and Lorenzo Genitori

Part X Miscellaneous

50 Vascular Anomalies in Children ��687 Oumama El Ezzi and Anthony de Buys Roessingh Index ��703 Contributors

Daniele Alberti Clinica Chirurgica Pediatrica, Università degli studi di Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy Omar Alhadeedi Service de Chirurgie Uro-génitale de l’Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon1, Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Bron, France Morven Allan Department of Paediatric Surgery, Kings College Hospital, London, UK Enrica Antonelli Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy Claudio Antonellini Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sant’Orsola- Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Pietro Antonuccio Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, Unit of Paediatric Surgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy Antonino Appignani S.C. di Clinica Chirurgica Pediatrica, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy Elena Arcovio Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Pediatrico Meyer, Firenze, Italy Salvatore Arena Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy María Marcela Bailez Department of Pediatric Surgery, Garrahan’s Children’s Hospital—Surgical Simulation Center, CeSim, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Michelangelo Baldazzi Department of Pediatric Radiology, S. Orsola- Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy François Becmeur Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospitals, Strasbourg, France Mirko Bertozzi S.C. di Clinica Chirurgica Pediatrica, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy Adrian Bianchi Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK

ix x Contributors

Arnaud Bonnard Department of General Pediatric Surgery, Robert Debre Children University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France Giovanni Boroni Clinica Chirurgica Pediatrica, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy Martin Broome Multidisciplinary Cleft Team, University Hospital Center of the Canton of Vaud (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland Annamaria Buccoliero Pathology, “Anna Meyer” Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy Leonardo Bussolin Neuroanesthesiology, “Anna Meyer” Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy Sebastiano Cacciaguerra Department of Paediatric Surgery, A.R.N.A.S. Garibaldi, Catania, Italy Chiara Caporalini Pathology, “Anna Meyer” Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy Fabio Caramelli Department of Anaesthesia and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, S.Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Matteo Carella Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Filomena Carfagnini Department of Pediatric Radiology, S. Orsola- Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy Pieralba Catalano Department of Paediatric Surgery, A.R.N.A.S. Garibaldi, Catania, Italy Maria Teresa Cecini Department of Anaesthesia and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, S.Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Mariapina Cerulo Pediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy Chiara Cordola Department of Pediatric Surgery, S.Orsola Hospital, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy Philip Corbett Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chelsea Children’s Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK Giuseppe Cortese Department of Anesthesiology, Pediatric Anesthesiology Unit, Federico II University, Naples, Italy Sara Costanzo Pediatric Surgery Department, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, Milano, Italy Dacia Di Renzo Department of Pediatric Surgery, “Spirito Santo” Hospital, Pescara, and “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy Mark Davenport Department of Paediatric Surgery, Kings College Hospital, London, UK Contributors xi

Anthony S. de Buys Roessingh Department of Pediatric Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland Multidisciplinary Cleft Team, University Hospital Center of the Canton of Vaud (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland Lisieux Eyer de Jesus Pediatric Surgery and Urology Department, Antonio Pedro University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Servidores do Estado Federal Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Delphine Demède Service de Chirurgie Uro-génitale de l’Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon1, Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Bron, France Geoffroy de Sallmard Service de Chirurgie Uro-génitale de l’Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon1, Hôpital Mère- Enfant, Bron, France Francesca Destro Pediatric Surgery Department, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, Milano, Italy Francesco Di Lorenzo Department of Pediatric Surgery, S.Orsola Hospital, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy Neil Di Salvo Department of Pediatric Surgery, S.Orsola Hospital, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy Pier Arturo Donati Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Pediatrico Meyer, Firenze, Italy Maria Escolino Pediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy Ciro Esposito Pediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy Oumama El Ezzi Department of Pediatric Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland Multidisciplinary Cleft Team, University Hospital Center of the Canton of Vaud (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland Monica Fae Department of Anaesthesia and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, S.Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Alessandra Farina Pediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy Francesco Fascetti-Leon Pediatric Surgery, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Maria Grazia Faticato Paediatric Surgery Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, DINOGMI University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Luisa Ferrero Department of Pediatric Surgery, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, Turin, Italy xii Contributors

Francesco Molinaro Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy Piergiorgio Gamba Pediatric Surgery, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Lorenzo Genitori Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Pediatrico Meyer, Firenze, Italy Neurosurgery, “Anna Meyer” Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy Flavio Giordano Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Pediatrico Meyer, Firenze, Italy Neurosurgery, “Anna Meyer” Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy Giovanni Parente Department of Pediatric Surgery, S.Orsola Hospital, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy Giuseppe Lauriti Department of Pediatric Surgery, “Spirito Santo” Hospital, Pescara, and “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy Manuela Grandoni Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Pediatrico Meyer, Firenze, Italy Laura Greco Department of Pediatric Radiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy Milena Guidi Neuro-Oncology, “Anna Meyer” Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy Devendra K. Gupta Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India Georges Herzog Multidisciplinary Cleft Team, University Hospital Center of the Canton of Vaud (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland Elisa Iannella Department of Anaesthesia and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, S.Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Kashish Khanna Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India Antti Koivusalo Section of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Kristiina Kyrklund Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Mario Lima Department of Pediatric Surgery, S.Orsola Hospital, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy Michela Maffi Department of Pediatric Surgery, S.Orsola Hospital, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy Maximiliano Maricic Pedro de Elizalde Children’s Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina Contributors xiii

Garrahan Children’s Hospital—Surgical Simulation Center, CeSim, Buenos Aires, Argentina Elisa Magrini S.C. di Clinica Chirurgica Pediatrica, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy Mario Messina Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy Francesca Mariscoli Pediatric Surgery Unit, Salesi Children’s Hospital, Ancona, Italy Ascanio Martino Pediatric Surgery Unit, Salesi Children’s Hospital, Ancona, Italy Riccardo Masetti Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Girolamo Mattioli Paediatric Surgery Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, DINOGMI University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Maria Cristina Mondardini Department of Anaesthesia and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, S.Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Pierre Mouriquand Service de Chirurgie Uro-génitale de l’Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon1, Hôpital Mère- Enfant, Bron, France Regina Mura Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Pediatrico Meyer, Firenze, Italy Neurosurgery, “Anna Meyer” Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy Federico Mussa Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Pediatrico Meyer, Firenze, Italy Fabiano Nino Pediatric Surgery Unit, Salesi Children’s Hospital, Ancona, Italy Lluís Nisa Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Giuseppe Oliveri Department of Neurosurgery, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy Mikko P. Pakarinen Section of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Filippo Parolini Department of Paediatric Surgery, Kings College Hospital, London, UK Gloria Pelizzo Pediatric Surgery Unit, Children’s Hospital, ARNAS Civico-Di Cristina-Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy xiv Contributors

Patrizia Perrone Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, Unit of Paediatric Surgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy Andrea Pession Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Pierluigi Lelli Chiesa Department of Pediatric Surgery, “Spirito Santo” Hospital, Pescara, and “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy João Luiz Pippi-Salle Division Chief of Urology Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar Antonio Poerio Department of Pediatric Radiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy Beatrice Randi Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Gianluca Rasetto Department of Pediatric Radiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy Olivier Reinberg Department of Pediatric Surgery, Lausanne, Switzerland Giovanna Riccipetitoni Pediatric Surgery Department, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, Milano, Italy Risto Rintala Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Carmelo Romeo Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, Unit of Paediatric Surgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy Rossella Angotti Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy Kishore Sandu Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland Massimiliano Sanzo Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Pediatrico Meyer, Firenze, Italy Neurosurgery, “Anna Meyer” Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy Iacopo Sardi Neuro-Oncology, “Anna Meyer” Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy Amulya Saxena Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chelsea Children’s Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK Mirko Scagnet Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Pediatrico Meyer, Firenze, Italy Aurelién Scalabre Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Centre, Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France Contributors xv

Alessandro Settimi Pediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy Shilpa Sharma Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India Barbara Spacca Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Pediatrico Meyer, Firenze, Italy Neurosurgery, “Anna Meyer” Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy Janne Suominen Section of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Pedro Saraiva Teiga Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland Juan A. Tovar Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Francesco Turrà Pediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy Stefaan H. Tytgat Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands David C. van der Zee Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands Maud Y. van Herwaarden Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands Francois Varlet Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Centre, Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France Sophie Vermersch Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Centre, Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France Donatella Vivacqua Department of Pediatric Radiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy Michela Cing Yu Wong Paediatric Surgery Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, DINOGMI University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy