DOCSLIB.ORG

Management of Blue Gum Eucalyptus in California Requires Region-Specific Consideration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Management of Blue Gum Eucalyptus in California Requires Region-Specific Consideration UC Agriculture & Natural Resources California Agriculture Title Management of blue gum eucalyptus in California requires region-specific consideration Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9db933pg Journal California Agriculture, 70(1) ISSN 0008-0845 Authors Wolf, Kristina M DiTomaso, Joseph Publication Date 2016 DOI 10.3733/ca.v070n01p39 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Review Article Management of blue gum eucalyptus in California requires region-specific consideration by Kristina M. Wolf and Joseph M. DiTomaso Blue gum eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) is a large tree native to Australia that was wild areas) in some parts of California widely planted throughout California for reforestation, building and timber, but in (Esser 1993; Ritter and Yost 2009). And, in some areas, invasive populations — some areas has spread beyond its planted borders and substantially altered wildlands. those that have naturalized and cause Due to its fast growth, large size and reproductive potential, blue gum’s impacts on na- economic or ecological harm — have so tive vegetation, wildlife and ecosystem processes are of concern, particularly in areas altered landscapes and ecosystem pro- with reliable year-round rainfall or fog, where it is most likely to spread. Depending on cesses that the impacts raise many eco- logical, social and cultural questions. For levels of invasion and rate of spread, blue gum may have negative, positive or neutral example, should blue gum be retained as impacts on fire regimes, water and nutrient availability, understory vegetation and overwintering habitat for monarch but- higher trophic levels. Additional research on the abiotic and biotic impacts of blue gum, terflies Danaus( plexippus L.), whose popu- quantitative estimates of area covered by blue gum, and weed risk assessments that al- lations have dropped by an estimated 90% due to declines in suitable habitat low for region-specific climatic information and management goals to be incorporated (Griffiths and Villablanca 2013)? Should are needed to guide management of blue gum populations. we perhaps plant even more? Or should these “weeds” (i.e., plants out of place) be removed? While an often contentious or many Californians, eucalypts of blue gum were planted in California subject with proponents on both sides (Eucalyptus spp.) are a valued part between 1856 and the 1930s (Butterfield (Jones 2009), it is important to consider Fof the natural landscape, while for 1935), extending from Humboldt County the pros and cons when making decisions others, they are a nightmare that fueled in the north to San Diego County in the regarding management of blue gum (LSA the disastrous 1991 Oakland hills fire that south, with best individual growth and Associates 2009). claimed 25 lives (NPS 2006). Introduced to survival occurring in the coastal fog belt California from Australia circa 1856 (Esser in the vicinity of San Francisco (Burns Online: http://californiaagriculture.ucanr.edu/ 1993), Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (blue gum and Honkala 1990). Herbarium collections landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v070n01p39&fulltext=yes eucalyptus, hereafter “blue gum”) was today show blue gum occurrences in at doi: 10.3733/ca.v070n01p39 the most widely planted species within least 23 counties (UC Regents 2014). the genus, and mainly occurs in grass- However, blue gum has naturalized lands and some previously forested areas. (escaped from its original plantings into About 40,000 acres (> 16,000 hectares) Naturalized blue gum trees in Tilden Regional Park, Contra Costa County. http://californiaagriculture.ucanr.edu • JANUARY–MARCH 2016 39 Will Suckow Will Our objectives are to (1) summarize minimum temperature above 20°F (−7°C) impacts occur in limited areas along the the traits of blue gum that may contribute at all times. California coast. to invasiveness and identify factors con- In the United States, blue gum is pres- Reproductive traits and dispersal tributing to spread, (2) describe biotic and ent in Hawaii (National Tropical Botanical abiotic impacts of nonnative blue gum Garden 2015) and California, where it Reproductive traits. Depending on the in California, (3) describe current trends has naturalized (Baldwin 2012). Its fast region and climatic conditions, certain in the spread, removal and introduction growth, large size and ability to thrive in reproductive traits can be significant con- of blue gum in California, and (4) clarify California’s Mediterranean climate made tributors to the invasiveness of a plant, research needs and management implica- it an attractive choice for building, furni- such as asexual reproduction and the pro- tions regarding blue gum presence and ture, firewood, medicinal uses, cleaning duction of a high number of propagules invasiveness. products and, originally, reforestation and (Radosevich et al. 2007). Reproductive afforestation efforts. Many naturalists, sci- traits that could contribute to blue gum’s Literature review methods entists and government agencies extoled ability to spread include yearly seed Because much information regarding its merits, recommending the species for production (in many areas), seed produc- the biotic and abiotic impacts of blue gum large-scale planting, even offering awards tion for more than 3 months per year exists in the non-peer-reviewed literature, for individuals who planted the largest (November to April, in California) and including agency reports, blogs and per- number of trees (Farmer 2013; Santos a tendency to resprout prolifically after sonal observations by land managers, this 1997). damage (e.g., cutting, fire) (Rejmánek and paper is not a systematic review of the However, after planting millions of Richardson 2011). scientific literature. Limiting our search to trees, lumber production intended for In California, blue gum produces peer-reviewed scientific literature could railroad ties was abandoned because flowers during the wet season, generally result in the omission of critical informa- blue gum wood often split, twisted and from November to April, and the fruit (a tion on the general status of blue gum and cracked. Further, the wood could not be distinctive top-shaped woody capsule, research needs. Rather, we obtained in- treated properly for lumber or furniture 15 millimeters long and 2 centimeters formation via scientific database searches (Groenendaal 1983). However, this did wide) ripens between October and March. (including Web of Science, Google not prevent ardent supporters from rec- Although many sources indicate prolific Scholar and AGRICOLA), general Internet ommending it for other uses, including seed production at 3- to 5-year intervals, searches, and solicitation of information ornamental plantings, windbreaks, shade, these “heavy seed crops” have not been regarding invasions (or lack thereof) medicinal purposes, firewood and an- verified in the scientific literature. The and management via emails and phone ticipated environmental benefits such as seeds of blue gum are very small, with an calls to professionals working in land- reductions in soil erosion. As a result, blue average weight of just over 2 milligrams scapes containing blue gum (including gum plantations continued to persist in per seed (460 seeds/gram) (Burns and California State Parks, California Invasive California (Farmer 2013). Honkala 1990). However, little is known Plant Council, California Polytechnic Some plantings exhibit invasive char- about what fraction of blue gum seeds are State University San Luis Obispo, UC acteristics and environmental impacts viable. Berkeley and UC Davis). that contributed to an initial “moderate” While blue gum might produce abun- invasive status by the California Invasive dant seed, it does not generally find ap- Origin and characteristics Plant Council (Cal-IPC), although these propriate conditions for germination. As Blue gum, a large tree in the Myrtle have been poorly documented in the sci- such, it does not often encroach into tree- family (Myrtaceae) that is native to entific literature. Opposing views of blue less areas without purposeful cultivation. southeastern Australia (UC Regents gum’s invasive potential have sparked Germination rates are typically very low 2014), is the most extensively planted heated debate in recent decades, and in under natural conditions, ranging from a Eucalyptus species in the world (Burns 2015, its status was reexamined in re- high success rate of 1% to the more typical and Honkala 1990). Trees can grow to sponse to a request from stakeholders for low of 0.1% (Bean and Russo 2014). Seed 180 feet (55 meters [m]) tall with bark another review. The reassessment of the germination is highest on bare mineral that sheds in long strips, leaving smooth available ecological evidence resulted in soil (Bean and Russo 1989), particularly surfaces of contrasting colors (Farmer Cal-IPC downgrading blue gum’s invasive under high light conditions, such as after 2013; Skolmen 1983). Mature leaves are a status to “limited” (Cal-IPC 2015) logging or fire (Burns and Honkala 1990). waxy grey-blue-green and sickle shaped, According to the Cal-IPC criteria, a Germination within dense plantations while young leaves are oval shaped and limited invasive status is either due to is even less common (Bean and Russo bluish green, with distinctive square a species that is widespread, but does 1989). Blue gum produces a thick litter stems (Brooker 2000). The species has a not cause significant negative impact,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fire Management Newsletter: Eucalyptus: a Complex Challenge
    Golden Gate National Recreation Area National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Point Reyes National Seashore EucalyptusEucalyptus A Complex Challenge AUSTRALIA FIRE MANAGEMENT, RESOURCE PROTECTION, AND THE LEGACY OF TASMANIAN BLUE GUM DURING THE AGE OF EXPLORATION, CURIOUS SPECIES dead, dry, oily leaves and debris—that is especially flammable. from around the world captured the imagination, desire and Carried by long swaying branches, fire spreads quickly in enterprising spirit of many different people. With fragrant oil and eucalyptus groves. When there is sufficient dead material in the massive grandeur, eucalyptus trees were imported in great canopy, fire moves easily through the tree tops. numbers from Australia to the Americas, and California became home to many of them. Adaptations to fire include heat-resistant seed capsules which protect the seed for a critical short period when fire reaches the CALIFORNIA Eucalyptus globulus, or Tasmanian blue gum, was first introduced crowns. One study showed that seeds were protected from lethal to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1853 as an ornamental tree. heat penetration for about 4 minutes when capsules were Soon after, it was widely planted for timber production when exposed to 826o F. Following all types of fire, an accelerated seed domestic lumber sources were being depleted. Eucalyptus shed occurs, even when the crowns are only subjected to intense offered hope to the “Hardwood Famine”, which the Bay Area heat without igniting. By reseeding when the litter is burned off, was keenly aware of, after rebuilding from the 1906 earthquake. blue gum eucalyptus like many other species takes advantage of the freshly uncovered soil that is available after a fire.
    [Show full text]
  • Eucalyptus Plantations in the Bay Area
    The History, Ecology and Future of Eucalyptus Plantations in the Bay Area Joe R. McBride Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning and Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California Berkeley, CA “The Eucalyptus seems an indispensable element of this State’s landscapes, as indigenously Californian as the redwoods, the poppy fields, the long white coastal beaches, the gleaming granite of the High Sierra.” H. Gilliam, 1965 Overview 1. History of eucalyptus in California 2. Characteristics of eucalyptus plantations 3. Modification of site conditions by eucalyptus 4. Eucalyptus forests as habitat for wildlife 5. Future of eucalyptus plantations in California Location of Eucalyptus Study Sites • Jack London State Park • Pt. Pinole • Tilden Park Angle Island • • Strawberry Canyon East Ft. Baker • • Redwood Park Lands End •• •Mills College Presidio • Chabot Park Burleigh Murray Ranch State Park • History • Initial Introduction • Planting during the 1870s • Planting from 1906-1913 • Planting in the latter half of the 20th century Initial Introduction of Eucalyptus to California Eucalyptus Planting in the 1870s Eucalyptus Planting 1906 -1912 Latter Half of the 20th Century Major Species of Eucalyptus Planted in California Blue Gum Red Gum Sugar Gum Red Ironbark Silver Dollar Lemon Scented Distribution of Blue Gum Eucalyptus Characteristics of Eucalyptus Plantations Structural Characteristics 80 Initial Spacing of Trees in Plantations (Angel Island State Park) Diameter Distribution of Eucalyptus
    [Show full text]
  • Care Instructions for Garden Furniture Made of Eucalyptus
    Care instructions for garden furniture made of eucalyptus The garden furniture are made of eucalyptus wood, which is a good natural Resistance has in the outdoor area. The garden furniture was treated with a colored wood care oil to prevent the wood from decay, dehydration and cracking. Like all wooden furniture, they are nevertheless subject to the Weather influence, this means they are subject to large temperature fluctuations, wet and intense Sunlight. Especially by rain, it comes to a rapid removal of impregnation. This essentially leads to the following phenomena: - Cracking and deformation. These are typical characteristics of wood that are themselves never completely avoid it. Usually, however, they affect the function of the furniture barely. - Mildew and mold. Both are fungus species that colonize spontaneously and exogenously wood and find particularly good soil on softened wood, especially on horizontal areas such as e.g. seats and table tops. Both phenomena are nursing errors and not a reason for complaint. The following notes should you Therefore, please pay attention to have more enjoyment of your garden furniture: - Avoid long exposure to moisture and stagnant water. Put the furniture in rain under or cover it with a cover. For short rains should the furniture tipped and wet after the rain wiped. For longer coverage must be provided for sufficient air circulation. - Cleaning with a soft brush and soapy water. - Treat regularly with wood care oil from specialist retailers. This can be several times be necessary per season. If water on the wood no longer pearls at the latest when brittle be gray or gray, this should be done.
    [Show full text]
  • Beijing Olympic Mascots
    LEVEL – Lower primary FLORAL EMBLEMS DESCRIPTION In these activities, students learn about the floral emblems of Great Britain. They discuss their own responses to the emblems and explore design elements and features including colours, shapes, lines and their purpose before colouring a picture. These cross-curriculum activities contribute to the achievement of the following: Creative and visual arts • Selects, combines and manipulates images, shapes and forms using a range of skills, techniques and processes. English • Interprets and discusses some relationships between ideas, information and events in visual texts for general viewing. SUGGESTED TIME approximately 15-30 minutes for each activity (this may be customised accordingly) WHAT YOU NEED • photographs or actual samples of the floral emblem for your state or territory http://www.anbg.gov.au/emblems/index.html • photographs or actual samples of the floral emblems of Great Britain – Rose (England), Shamrock (Ireland), Thistle (Scotland) and Daffodil (Wales) o http://www.flickr.com/groups/roses/ o http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/shamrock/clusters/green-irish-stpatricksday/ o http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Thistle+ o http://www.flickr.com/groups/daffodilworld/ • copies of Student handout • paint, brushes, markers, crayons, glitter and other art materials ACTIVITIES The following activities may be completed independently or combined as part of a more comprehensive learning sequence, lesson or educational program. Please refer to your own state or territory syllabus for more explicit guidelines. Australia’s floral emblems 1. Show the class a picture or sample of Golden Wattle, along with the floral emblem for your state or territory. Ask the class if anyone has these flowers growing in their garden or local area.
    [Show full text]
  • US Air Force Pollinator Conservation
    U.S. Air Force Pollinator Conservation Reference Guide - Appendix A: Species maps and profiles Photo: Jim Hudgins/USFWS CC BY 2.0 2017 U.S. Air Force Pollinator Conservation Reference Guide Appendix A: Species maps and profiles Prepared for U.S. Air Force Civil Engineer Center Prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Recommended citation: USFWS. 2017. U.S. Air Force Pollinator Conservation Reference Guide, Appendix A: Species information maps and profiles, Air Force Civil Engineer Center, San Antonio, TX, 88 pp. Page i ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY AFB = Air Force Base AFR = Air Force Range AGFD = Arizona Game and Fish Department ATV = all-terrain vehicle Bivoltine = two generations per year BLM = Bureau of Land Management BoR = Bureau of Reclamation CABI = Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International Caterpillar = larva of a butterfly, skipper or moth Chrysalis = pupa of a butterfly, skipper or moth Diapause = a dormant phase DoD = Department of Defense Eclose = emerge from a pupa ECOS = Environmental Conservation Online System ESBB = El Segundo blue butterfly FR = Federal Register FS (in text) or USFS(on maps)= Forest Service Gynes = reproductive females Half-life = estimated number of years until an additional 50% of the population is lost Host plant = food plant for larval butterflies, skippers and moths Instar = time between larval molts (larval stage) LLNB = lesser long-nosed bat NPS = National Park Service Oviposit = lay an egg or multiple eggs PIF = Partners in Flight PIF Yellow Watch List = Bird species that have restricted ranges and small populations. These species require constant care and long-term assessment to prevent population declines. Senesce = age and wither Univoltine = one generation per year USDA = U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • EUCALYPTUS ASSESSMENT City of Santa Monica
    EUCALYPTUS ASSESSMENT City of Santa Monica PREPARED FOR: City of Santa Monica Open Space Management Division 2600 Ocean Park Blvd. Santa Monica CA 90405 PREPARED BY HortScience, Inc. 4125 Mohr Ave., Suite F Pleasanton CA 94566 September 2005 Eucalyptus Assessment Santa Monica CA Table of Contents Page I. Introduction and Methods 1 Eucalyptus assessment Tree evaluation procedure Tree risk rating system II. Results and Evaluation 6 Description of trees Results of decay testing Tree risk ratings III. Tree Risk Abatement 12 List of Tables & Figures Table 1. Eucalyptus tree condition & frequency of occurrence 7 Table 2. Results of decay testing Table 3. Summary of tree hazard ratings 11 Table 4. Recommendations for specific action Attachments Eucalyptus assessment procedure Tree Survey Forms Eucalyptus Assessment HortScience, Inc. City of Santa Monica Page 1 I. Introduction and Methods Thousands of trees line Santa Monica’s streets and grace its parks. Planted over the course of the City’s history, these trees are an important component of Santa Monica’s urban forest. Management of this resource falls under the purview of the City’s Open Space Management Division. Many of the trees in the City are species of the genus Eucalyptus, native to Australia. The three types of eucalyptus, commonly known as gums, ironbarks and yates, add a distinctive character to the community. One of the issues faced by the City of Santa Monica is enhancing the safety of those who live, work and visit there. The Open Space Management Division wants to manage the eucalyptus trees to conserve the resource while protecting public safety.
    [Show full text]
  • The Flower Chain the Early Discovery of Australian Plants
    The Flower Chain The early discovery of Australian plants Hamilton and Brandon, Jill Douglas Hamilton Duchess of University of Sydney Library Sydney, Australia 2002 http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/ozlit © University of Sydney Library. The texts and images are not to be used for commercial purposes without permission Source Text: Prepared with the author's permission from the print edition published by Kangaroo Press Sydney 1998 All quotation marks are retained as data. First Published: 1990 580.994 1 Australian Etext Collections at botany prose nonfiction 1940- women writers The flower chain the early discovery of Australian plants Sydney Kangaroo Press 1998 Preface Viewing Australia through the early European discovery, naming and appreciation of its flora, gives a fresh perspective on the first white people who went to the continent. There have been books on the battle to transform the wilderness into an agriculturally ordered land, on the convicts, on the goldrush, on the discovery of the wealth of the continent, on most aspects of settlement, but this is the first to link the story of the discovery of the continent with the slow awareness of its unique trees, shrubs and flowers of Australia. The Flower Chain Chapter 1 The Flower Chain Begins Convict chains are associated with early British settlement of Australia, but there were also lighter chains in those grim days. Chains of flowers and seeds to be grown and classified stretched across the oceans from Botany Bay to Europe, looping back again with plants and seeds of the old world that were to Europeanise the landscape and transform it forever.
    [Show full text]
  • Woodsense EUCALYPTUS a Look at Lumber from Down Under
    WoodSense EUCALYPTUS A look at lumber from down under By Ken Burton uying eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp) Some of the more common species century, and has thrived there. How- lumber in the United States is not you’ll find include Blue Gum (Eucalyptus ever, the wood from these non-native Bas straightforward as you might globulus),Yellow Gum (Eucalyptus leu- residents has a dubious reputation for expect. While many exotic lumber deal- coxylon), Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), twisting, splitting, and checking badly ers list eucalyptus among their offerings, Lyptus (Eucalyptus urograndis), and Red as it dries. The Red Grandis and Lyptus exactly what you’re purchasing isn’t always Grandis (aka Rose Gum) (Eucalyptus lumber that finds its way here is grown clear. This is because the name “euca- grandis). These last two species with their on plantations in South America. lyptus” refers to a genus of trees rather trademarked names are of note because While it lacks some of the character than a specific species, and there are they are frequently grown on plantations of forest-grown wood, it compensates at least 15 different species that and are certifiably sustainable. The first with its very consistent grain and avail- are cut and sold as euca- two are nearly identical in appearance and ability in a wide variety of thicknesses, lyptus (or under their are often sold interchangeably. widths, and lengths. own name). Where the wood comes from History in woodworking In broad terms, most species of euca- Again, it depends on the species. The lyptus are native to Australia, but the Crate and Barrel chain has been using a trees have been introduced else- lot of Red Grandis in its line of sustain- where.
    [Show full text]
  • Medium Rotation Eucalyptus Plant: a Comparison of Storage Systems
    energies Article Medium Rotation Eucalyptus Plant: A Comparison of Storage Systems Luigi Pari 1 , Negar Rezaie 1,* , Alessandro Suardi 1,* , Paola Cetera 1 , Antonio Scarfone 1 and Simone Bergonzoli 2 1 Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro per l’Ingegneria e le Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Via della Pascolare, 16, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (L.P.); [email protected] (P.C.); [email protected] (A.S.) 2 Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro per l’Ingegneria e le Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Via Milano, 43, Treviglio, 24047 Bergamo, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (N.R.); [email protected] (A.S.) Received: 4 May 2020; Accepted: 3 June 2020; Published: 6 June 2020 Abstract: Eucalyptus spp. are among the most suitable species for biomass production, even for the firewood derived from medium-rotation coppice (MRC). The general problem of wood is that it cannot be utilized immediately because of the high moisture content, which in the combustion process would reduce remarkably the yield of energy. In this context, outdoor storage of whole stems without branches (WS), outdoor storage of whole stems with branches (WSB), open shed storage of firewood logs in mesh bags (OSF), and outdoor firewood logs in mesh bags (ODF) of Eucalyptus spp woody biomass were compared in term of moisture and dry matter loss to evaluate the most convenient form of storing biomass deriving from a medium-rotation coppice.
    [Show full text]
  • IW Eucalyptus Globulus Report 7-16.Qxp
    IFEAT SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY IFEAT SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY AN OVERVIEW OF SOME IMPORTANT ESSENTIAL OILS AND OTHER NATURALS This report on eucalyptus globulus oil is the eighth in a series of reports being produced by the IFEAT Socio- EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS Economic Sub-Committee on the importance of specific naturals to the livelihoods of those involved in their COMMON NAME: Eucalyptus globulus (in Australia it is called Tasmanian Blue Gum) production. Previous reports have BOTANICAL NAME: Eucalyptus globulus covered the production, processing and marketing of patchouli, cornmint, citronella, jasmine, geranium, petitgrain and lavender. The twelve products chosen for analysis by the INTRODUCTION China produces around 17,000 tonnes of The distillation of crude oil is mainly located in the western and crude E. globulus essential oil of which southwestern parts of Yunnan Province. Oil distillation is of two kinds. committee have been picked because around 10,000 tonnes were exported in In the first kind, the farmers use their own stills to distill the leaves from of their high impact on the lives of Eucalyptus globulus is one of the most 2015 according to customs data from China. their own forest land or purchased from land owned by other farmers. those involved in producing them commonly used essential oils. A major use of The crude oil contains 45-52% eucalyptol. Their only investment is the still which costs around US$400 and the and the large number of people the oil is for flavouring food, with candies farmers start the process when they have collected enough leaves. The affected.
    [Show full text]
  • MAPLE Coatings Embedded with Essential Oil-Conjugated Magnetite for Anti-Biofilm Applications
    materials Article MAPLE Coatings Embedded with Essential Oil-Conjugated Magnetite for Anti-Biofilm Applications 1,2 3 2, 4 Oana Gherasim , Roxana Cristina Popescu , Valentina Grumezescu *, George Dan Mogos, anu , 5 6 7,8 1 Laurent, iu Mogoantă , Florin Iordache , Alina Maria Holban , Bogdan S, tefan Vasile , Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă 1, Ovidiu-Cristian Oprea 9 , Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu 1,8 and Ecaterina Andronescu 1 1 Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; oana.gherasim@inflpr.ro (O.G.); [email protected] (B.S, .V.); [email protected] (A.C.B.); [email protected] (A.M.G.); [email protected] (E.A.) 2 Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania 3 Department of Life and Environmental Physics, “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; [email protected] 4 Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rares Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania; [email protected] 5 Research Center for Microscopic Morphology and Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rares Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania; [email protected] 6 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
    [Show full text]
  • Tree Inventory Ohmaha Subdivision Fremont, California
    ARBORIST REPORT Tree Inventory Ohmaha Subdivision Fremont, California Prepared for: Omaha Fremont, LLC. Prepared by: Dr. Kent Julin ISA Certified Arborist California Professional Forester ARBORSCIENCE June 10, 2016 P.O. Box 111 Woodacre, CA 94973-0111 Office: 415.419.5197 Field: 415.419.6960 PayPal: [email protected] Web: http://arborscientist.com ASSIGNMENT Omaha Fremont, LLC. hired ARBORSCIENCE to inventory trees on the proposed Omaha Subdivision in Fremont, California. I conducted my inspection of the trees on June 8, 2016. SCOPE OF WORK AND LIMITATIONS Information regarding property boundaries, land and tree ownership was obtained from Alameda County Assessor Parcel records. I have neither personal nor monetary interest in the outcome of this matter. All determinations reflected in this report are objective and to the best of my ability. I made observations and conclusions regarding the subject trees and site conditions, independently, based on my education, experience, and inspection of the site. Unless expressed otherwise, information contained in this report covers only those items examined and reflects the condition of those items at the time of inspection. My inspection was limited to visual examination of accessible tree components from the ground without trunk dissection, coring, or root crown excavation. There is no warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, that problems or deficiencies of the trees in question may not arise in the future. SITE DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT The Omaha Subdivision property is a gently sloping 6.75-acre undeveloped parcel immediately west of Interstate Highway 680 and south of East Warren Avenue in Fremont. Trees grow in three locations as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
    [Show full text]