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Survey of Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation of Acadia National Park
Craig W. Greene C. Barre Hellquist and Linda Gregory
Technical Report NPS/BSO-RNR/NRTR/OO-3
r IJ October 1999
Department of the Interior National Park Service Boston Support Office
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The Boston Support Office rBSO} of the National Park Service is responsible for i l , preserving, protecting and enhancing the natural resources and processes of national park areas in the States of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont. The Natural Resource Management and Research Program conducts natural resource and social science research, designs long-term monitoring, conducts inventories, and provides technical assistance in support of these activities. '\ The Natural Resources Management and Research Office publishes and distributes natural resource technical reports and natural resource science reports as a part of the NER Regional Publications Series in accordance with the Natural Resource Publication Management Handbook r1991}.
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Copies are available from the following: ", National Park Service Boston Support Office Natural Resource Management and Research 15 State Street Boston, MA 02109-3572 Survey of Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation of Acadia National Park
Craig W. Greene College of the Atlantic Bar Harbor, Maine
co-investigators:
C. Barre Hellquist North Adams State College North Adams, Massachusetts
and
Linda Gregory Acadia National Park Bar Harbor, Maine
October 1999
National Park Service Boston Support Office Natural Resources Management 1 5 State Street Boston, Massachusetts 02109-3572 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ...... , ...... " . '" ...... , ...... " ..... " ..... 1
Introduction ...... 2
Nlethods ...... 3
Results and Discussion...... 16 ") r Acknowledgements ...... 26 ,I
References Cited...... 27
Appendix 1--Systematic Catalog of Aquatic Vascular Plants of :Nlount Desert 1 Island and Acadia National Park. " ...... " ...... 31 J Appendix 2--Distribution Maps of Selected Aquatic Vascular Plants on :Nlount Desert Island ...... 62
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Mean pH vs. number of vascular plant species present in 225 ponds in MDI/ ACAD ...... 20
2. :Nlean alkalinity (in mg HC03-/l ) vs. number of vascular plant species present in 25 ponds in NIDI/ ACAD ...... 21
3. Mean total nitrogen vs. number of vascular plant species present in 23 ponds in MDI/ ACAD ...... 22
4. Mean total phosphorus vs. number of vascular plant species present in 23 ponds in MDI/ ACAD ...... 22
5. Approximate area (hectares) vs. number of vascular plant species present in 24 ponds in NIDI/ ACAD ...... : ...... 24
6. Elevation (meters) vs. number of vascular plant species present in 37 water bodies in NIDI! ACAD ...... 25
ii LIST OF MAPS
1. Selected Lakes, Ponds, and Streams in the Four Towns of :Mount Desert Island, Hancock County, Maine ...... 4
LIST OF TABLES
1a. State-listed Endangered and Threatened Aquatic Vascular Plants from Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park ...... 5
lb. Locally Rare Aquatic Vascular Plants from :Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park (not state-listed) ...... 5
2. Inventory of Aquatic Vascular Plants of :Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park: Species by 'Vater Body...... 6 I 3. Physical and Chemical Attributes of Selected Ponds of Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park ...... 14
4. pH and Alkalinity Ranges for Selected Species on Mount Desert j Island and in New England ...... " ...... 15
5. Mean Number, Range, and Standard Deviation of Species Number for Ponds of Different Surface Areas...... 24
LIST OF PLATES
1. LycopodieUa inundata, Isoetes echinospora, I. lacltstris, I. riparia, I. tuckermanii, Equisetum fluviatile, Nuphar variegatum, Nymphaea odorata . 33 \~ 2. Brasenia schreberi, Ceratophyllum echinatum, Ranunculus fLammula, Elatine ininima, Hypericum boreale, Triadenum virginicum, Subularia aquatica, Lysimachia terrestris ...... 36
3. Myriophyllum alternifLorum, 1\1. tenellum, lVI. verticillatum, Proserpinaca palustris, Decodon verticillatus, Rhexia virginica, Ludwigia palustris ...... 38
4. Sium suave, Menyanthes trifoliata, Nymphoides cordata, Hippuris vulgaris, Callitriche heterophylla, C. palustris ...... 40
5. Utricularia cornuta, U. gibba, U. macrorhiza, U. purpurea, U. geminiscapa . 42
6. Utricularia intermedia, U. minor, U. radiata, U. resupinata ...... 43
iii 7. Lobelia cardinalis, L. dortmanna, Alisma triviale, Sagitta ria graminea, S. latifolia ...... ',' ..... 45
8. Vallisneria americana, Potamogeton amplifolius, P. confervoides, P. bicupulatus ...... 46
9. Potamogeton epihydrus, P. gramineus, P. natans, P. oakesianu5 ...... 48
10. Potamogeton pectinatus, P. perfoliatus, P. pusillus var. gemmiparus, P. pusillus var. tenuissimus ...... 49
11. Potamogeton spirillus, Ruppia maritima, Najas flexilis, N. gracillima .... 51
12. Zannichellia palllstris, Calla palustris, Xyris difformis, X. montana, / Acorus alnericanus ...... 53
13. Eriocaulon aquaticum, 'uncus militaris, J. pelocarpus, Dulichium arundinaceum, Carex lasiocarpa var. americana, Cladium mariscoides ...... 55
14. Eleocharis acicularis, E. obtllsa, E. olivacea, E. robbins ii, E. smallii, Rhynchospora alba, R. capitell~ta, R. fusca, schoenoplectus acutus ...... 56 i JI 15. schoenoplectus subterminalis, S. tabernaemon tani, scirpus cyperinus, Leersia oryzoides, spartina pectinata, Zizania aquatica, sparganium americanllm . .. 58
16. sparganium fluctuans, S. angllstifolium ...... 59
17. sparganiwn natans, Pontederia cordata, Typha latifolia ...... 61
, iv 1
ABSTRACT
In this two-year project we surveyed 39 ponds, lakes, and streams of Acadia National Park (ACAD) and Mount Desert Island (NIDI), Hancock and Knox Counties, Maine. The vascular flora of ACAD freshwaters includes approximately 80 aquatic species, many of which are typical of moderately acidic softwaters of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. An additional dozen semi aquatic shoreline species were also included in the survey. Seven aquatic and semi-aquatic species of historic occurrence in ACAD are currently listed or proposed for listing on Maine's Official List of Endangered and Threatened Plants. About thirty additional species, 'while not state-listed, seem to be locally rare in ACAD, and twenty-one of them have a single station of occurrence in ACAD. Eight aquatic or semi-aquatic plant species of historic occurrence in ACAD and MDI have not been relocated in the past twenty years, and eleven taxa are reported for ACAD for the first time.
The relatively homogeneous chemical profile of the ponds in ACAD occupy a narrow fraction of that seen aqoss New England. IvIany aquatic macrophytes in ACAD are known to tolerate a much broader range of pH and alkalinity than exists on NIDI. Species richness·among ponds in ACAD show moderate correlation 'with surface area and somewhat weaker correlation with pH, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, but almost no correlation with alkalinity or elevation. It may be that habitat diversity and expanse of shallow water habitats, not surface area or pH, contributes most to species richness in each water body. Tables and graphs summarize water quality of water bodies studied and the distribution of aquatic vascular plants among them. Appendices include an annotated catalog of plants surveyed and distribution maps of species occurrence on Mt. Desert Island . .i. 2
INTRODUCTION
This report summarizes surveys of aquatic vascular plants of ponds, lakes and selected streams of :Nlount Desert Island (MDI) and Acadia National Park (ACAD), Hancock and Knox Counties, Maine, conducted during the 1995 and 1996 field seasons. This two-year project represents the first comprehensive survey of aquatic vascular plants of Acadia ~ational Park.
The first thorough treatment of the region's flora was undertaken by Rand and -Redfield (1894) and included aquatic and terrestrial vascular plants as well as bryophytes, algae and lichens. Since that time, the only detailed taxonomic surveys of vascular plants of ACAD were made by "Vise (1970a, b) for Isle au Haut and by Greene (1990) for all of ACAD and MDI. Calhoun et al. (1994) made an ecological inventory of the wetlands of ACAD. Each of these recent studies provided some additional information on aquatic vegetation in ACAD, but their emphasis was on terrestrial and semi-aquatic wetland vegetation, with less attention given to submerged or floating aquatic macrophytes. The present project concentrates on floating plants or those rooted in standing water; terrestrial and semi-terrestrial plants of shor~ 'were surveyed only incidentally. Freshwater algae, other photosynthetic protists, and aquatic bryophytes were not included in this study. Almost every pond and lake over 1/2 hectare in area on :MDI and in ACAD was visited, as well as selected streams and some smaller ponds.
In recent decades there has been growing concern over changing water quality due to atmospheric deposition (including acid precipitation), terrestrial run-off, and other anthropogenic influences on water bodies. Kahl et al. (1985, 1991, 1995) provided excellent baseline data on various water chemistry parameters for ~/laine and ACAD and more recently Gawley (1995, 1996) has monitored water chemistry in many water bodies in ANP. :Many aquatic have narrow habitat requirements and have value as biomonitors in estuarine and freshwater (Dennison et al. 1993; Lovett Doust et al. 1994). For example, aquatic macrophyte diversity and distribution have been studied in relation to seasonal water level fluctuations (Keddy 1983; Wilson and Keddy 1986; Wilcox and Meeker 1991), pH gradients (Roberts et al. 1985; Catting et aI. 1986; Jackson and Charles 1988; Charles 1991), alkalinity (Hellquist 1980), and trace metal content (Yan et al. 1985). This aquatic inventory, coupled with current water quality data for ACAD lakes and ponds, will provide valuable baseline information to permit tracking of changes in species composition for each water body over time.
Another recent concern regards the status of rare plant species occurring in aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats in ACAD. The current project and other botanical research in ACAD in the past decade has confirmed the presence of several species included or proposed for inclusion on Maine's official list of rare, endangered and threatened plants (Critical Areas Program 1990); these species are found in fewer than about a dozen stations in the state. Additional aquatic species that are state- 3 listed as endangered or threatened (e.g. Isoetes riparia, Utricularia resupinata) are of historic occurrence in ACAD but remain to be relocated here (Table.1a). About thirty additional ACAD aquatic plants, while not officially state-listed, may be considered locally rare in the ACADtMDI region (Table 1b); this admittedly subjective category includes possibly extirpated plants of historic occurrence, species recently documented at two or fewer locations, or whose populations are very small.
ME1HODS
Surveys of aquatic and semi-aquatic vascular plants were conducted primarily by canoe, from 28 July to 21 August 1995 and 22 July to 9 September 1996. Almost all ponds on MDI and in ACAD were surveyed, as well as representative larger, slmv moving streams. Faster-moving streams (which are more or less devoid of aquatic macrophytes) and other wetland communities (sphagnum bogs, marshes,
.";> wet meadows, wooded swamps and brackish marshes) were not systematically surveyed. unless they were immediately adjacent to shores of open freshwater. A list of water bodies surveyed is included in Table 2. Map 1 shows most water bodies surveyed on Mount De;;ert Island; only two ponds surveyed were not on MDI--Long Pond (Isle au Haut) and an unnamed pond on Schoodic Peninsula. In most cases, the entire circumference of each water body was explored to a depth of about two meters; plants in deeper water were generally only studied if they existed as floating or emergent vegetation. Deeper collecting to a depth of about four meters was done by snorkeling at selected stations in Bubble Pond, Eagle Lake, Jordan Pond, Long Pond (Isle au Haut), and Long Pond (Southwest Harbor). }dost water bodies were visited only once and species lists were made in the field for each. Quantitative estimates of population sizes were not undertaken, but rough population estimates were made of species of special concern. Selected specimens were collected to confirm identification or to serve as voucher specimens. However, no attempt was made to collect specimens of every species in every body of water, or to gather detailed quantitative data on species abundance or distribution in each pond. Herbarium specimens of all plants collected are preserved in the Herbarium of College of the Atlantic (HCOA). Species determinations were made by C. B. Hellquist and C. W. Greene, except for Isoetes specimens, which were identified by D. M. Britton (University of Guelph, Ontario) and J. Hickey. (Miami University of Ohio).
Plant nomenclature in this report, with few exceptions (noted in Appendix 1), follows Campbell et al. (1995), which in turn is largely based on Kartesz (1994). Appendix 1 also includes partial species synonymy for species surveyed, indicating some taxon names used in standard references on the vascular flora of the region (Rand and Redfield 1894, Fernald 1950, Gleason and Cronquist 1991). , I.,' Table 3 provides physical characteristics of ponds for which good chemical profiles are available. Chemical data on ponds are from Kahl et aI. (1985), Kahl (1995) and / 4 ./ " . / .. ~'"'''' --_ .. ' ... '
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Map 1. Selected Lakes, Ponds, and Streams in the Four Towns of ~1ount Desert Island, Hancock County, Maine. 5 Table la. State-listed Endangered and Threatened Aquatic Vascular Plants from Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park. (1990 definitions: E ='endangered -small populations or single population in :Maine; T= threatened--one to four populations in Maine. Proposed 1997 definitions: E = endangered--one to four populations in Maine; T = five to ten populations in Maine). (Critical Areas Program 1990; Maine Botanical Advisory Committee, pers. comm.)
species 1990 status proposed 1997 status Callitriche heterophylla E E Isoetes acadiensis not listed E Isoetes prototypus not listed E Potamogeton confervoides T T Subularia aquatica SC T Utricularia resupinata* T E Zannichellia palustris SC T l.!
\ Table lb. Locally Rare Aquatic Vascular Plants from Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park (not state-listed). Number following each species indicate the number of Maine counties. where each species has been known to occur (from Campbell et al. 1995).
Acorus americana* (16) Alisma triviale* (14) Calla palustris (16) Ceratophyllum echinatum (4) Decodon verticillatus (12) Elatine americana* (5) Eleocharisolivacea (9) Eleocharis smallii (14) Hippuris vulgaris* (9) Isoetes X harveyi (2) Isoetes riparia* (3) ]uncus pelocarpus (16) Leersia oryzoides (16) Lobelia cardinalis (16) Ludwigia palustris* (16) Menyanthes trifoliata (16) Myriophyllum alterniflorum (12) Myriophyllum verticillatum* (9) Najas flexilis (16) Najas gracillima (6) Potamogeton amplifolius (11) Potamogeton bicupulatus (8) Potamogeton pectinatus (5) Potamogeton perfoliatus (16) Potamogeton pusillus var. gemmiparus (8) Proserpinaca palustris (13) Ranunculus flammula var. filiform is (16) Sagittaria graminea (16) Utricularia minor (12) Vallisneria americana (14) Xyris difformis (9)
*not relocated in the present survey and possibly extirpated ~ .., a :l c:i ~ 0:: ~ :I:'" ~ UJ :l 'S Q) 0:: -e -" CI) ~ :l u:: :I: .,'" to '" iii :c a C§ 0 a (ij .<: ~., ., C a ~ 0:: "- a ~ z UJ E ~ Q. ~ z J ~ a :l E a .<: :.: a. ~ 2 "- 0 a u .., u z a z tt UJ :.: tt CD~ c: ~ a a ~ z ~ § z a. 2 Vl a '" :.::- z a UJ ~ :.: tt a t!l ~ z UJ UJ- a tt z ~ I 6 ~ a. 0:: a UJ ~ tt 8 UJ Z z ~ 5 ::::> z 0:: ~ '5 UJ 0::~ 0:: ~ ::;; § § ..J f- a CD :I: UJ S ~ CD CD co a. ~ ::;; ~ a. 0:: 0:: ..J UJ S ...J ~ ~ ~ UJ 1i CD :.: :.: ..J a z !;( u.. a ..J t!l t!l UJ UJ E ~ co :c ~ UJ ~ :5 0:: \!ci Z Z ~ ~ :l UJ ::::l ~ ~ U « 0:: ~~~1:tu-~~ana!,C/adlummariscOides 9 x ~:-- -:i----=-~~------~x-- ---=~-I---x~-=r------~x---==-I-=~ii-t--=---!---~1------X-T---T-- g;~~~~~:';;~:um ______~4 ______==--:x __ --x ---- -x----=-~ ~-~_~x- x ---x -x -x-:.---X-- ~- -X---x------f/atine americana 0 E;atfni; miriimii------j- x fleocharfsiicicularis ------13- x x x x f;eocha,is obWs-;,------·f x x x x x i~;i~~;~~~!~:------:-=~~~~=-~:~_J =~ [_-x:= x f.q~se.~um nI!X!a!i/e ______~_ h friocau/on aquaticum 23 x I x x x x x x x I x x x X Hippllri~ yuig;,ris_~=~_~:::=~_== -::: =0_ Hypericum borea/e f. cal/iuichoides " x x X X X /soetes acadii:~sis------2 iso~!es-ei:~~p.irj---=_~- 6 x X X - --_ .. __ .. X X /soetes X harveyi :f x x ------}---I------....------x Isoetes /acustris 4 x x x /SoeteS-!?!ototYRUS------,---x - •. __ --l __._._ .• ~~._ .. ------I-----l------.------.- -- x x x x x x x x x E~1fl:~==--= { ~'-='=-I:· . x x xl x I : Table 2. Invcntury ul Aquatic Vascular Plants 01 MDI/ ACAD: Speck'S by Watcr Body_ h~historic record; r=rc'Cent record since 1975; x=1995-% field check or collection; ?=needs verilication 0\ ~ .~ a. 'u ~ '"00 E ~ i!! .... u:: ~ 0 cil VI ~ Cl - 0 u ~'" U '"Q) UJ ~ c Q) ~ Vl Cl iii :.:: Cl. Cl Z Q) '" c. « z 0 Cl Vl :'5 :r: Cl. z ~ UJ § Vl ::;,--' :.:: CO U ~ Cl :.:: UJ ~ --' Vl :.:: ~ ~'"' C Cl u '" UJ <.!J :;:;. ~ 8 z Cl :.:: z :.:: 00 Cl « :;: co Cl « z Cl UJ 0 U Z UJ Cl '" Z Z UJ 0 z Cl. CO~ 0 Cl UJ Cl. Cl :.:: ~ u.. :r: :r: 0 Cl. :r: a UJ a. Z U a. UJ Cl. z « ~ --' iii 0 ~ 0:: UJ cl --' co UJ a. « ~ !"l UJ 0 z --' 0 « Vl UJ ~ UJ UJ --' Cl. 0: « l~s;:-=--=~=~=.==~'--··EriC!c~ulo~.aquaticum ... _ ... x h ~:::~~ii~'::;:ale3.. caI/7triciioidc;·-lx···I··-· I x x x Is"!Jtl)s. i/c:~d;e'!sis.. _ .. _. _...... I I~oet./).~.. '!.c;.f!~n~e!!!.a-~__EI-·EI-· !S!'..'!.tl).5.. x hary!IY.;. ___ .. _._ ._.. . f-- i:~~~~~~it~us._.=~:~~ := :=::. __ Isoete.s riparia ._.... _. h Isoetes tuckermani; JunclJ5. mil{taris. __ . _ ._. x x x x x x JunclJs_pelocarpus x x x Table 2. Inventory 01 Aquatic Vascular Plant. 01 MDI/ ACAD: Species by Water Body. h=historic rccurd; r=rccent record since I '!15; x=1995-% field check or collection; ?=necds verification ....J 0 < ~ ::" 0 0 Z 0 c:i ~ " ::;: fr 0 ::I:'" 'S Kl Q) ""UJ -e co u Ul " -e ~ u: ::I: ., co :J "" '" ::I: 0 0 0 (ij C§ -'= 2l ! .... ~ 0. ., Q) 0 Vl 0 Kl Z UJ E 5a. 0. ~ ~ " 0 "" :J z ~ a g 0. l!) E 0 .t: ~ 0- Z ~ 0 0 u ... UJ ... U Z z fr UJ ~ .,c: fr en 15 c: ;: 0 0 a '§ z ~ ~ a z 2 VJ g U Vl '" ..J :;::, z 0 a. ~ 0 a. UJ ~ ..J ~ z ~ UJ 0 fr a z l!) z < 6 UJ a. a 0 0 UJ g ~ z UJ~ 15 Z 0- :;:, z ~ '0 § fr 8 Z a ::I: a ::;: ..J "" en UJ a :3 a. a Z 8 I- a "" en en 0- ~ ~ en ..J UJ :5 ::;: ~ ~ ;: a. .Q "" "" I- ..J < j UJ UJ en ~ ~ --' a z w- 0 UJ l!) l!) "" E ~ en ::I: ;: , ~ ..J :E 8 ~ z ;: ;:"" ~ UJ :;:, ~ ~ ~ U < < a a ~ a a a en en 0 0 uJ lU w- l!) ::I: ::I: ""-, :5 :J ..J a..J ..J ..J ------I----!=" --<--- -- "" -~ " ,-" Leersia_ ory;,;oides ______, x Lobe/ia cardina/is .. -.-~ ------.---- x x x x x x x Lobe/ia dortmanna '8 1=_=_1=-_1 x x ;~~~~t4£~~;=~=:-~---=-~= ~~~- -t±t;3 -: x -I-x- _~_L~==cct--~:T:=:_ _~_L ___ ~ ___ _ r---1x ~p'hyl/um ~~!!!!!,orum , ~EhY/lum tenel/um 8 x x --r-'-==r:--r-t---I-----l--x--t-x-t----l--x---l--x-l-----T-x-- ~!J2'l/um verticil/atum 0 -~[~tt=-t-= --=C-=-=c~: =-=: =[~~~~t-==C-::=~ =--=1:=-_1 'iaE.!!J!f!!!/i~______2_ _~I~_~_ tJaias gr~cillima______J ______I'!,!p}l~t va!i~g~!'!'!'______~1 ___ ~ __ x __ ' x x x x x x x x x x x : .. :I··~ _ x x x x x !'Il'.'!P'-'~~2_d.f!t'!ta 1-2L ~_ x_ ---. x --- x x x "!x!!!p'h~ea ~!J!!.~()!!a __ ,__ __ --'-----l x .--- fII.Y.ITIP.IJCJ!~!i_~o/t!a_t~ ______' __ 6 ______I:~x x x x x x 1_ x Pontederia cordata 21 x x x x x x x ~~~::;:~~~~tz~t~s-=--=---~:-=-:~= 3:~ I:=:=r=~~- x x fotllmOge.ton c.~_nff!rvoicles__ 8 x x x I- x -1-: x Po~amoge.ton.flpihydrus______29 x x x x I xl I x I I I I x Potamogeton gramineus 4 x pot~mogct!,n natans __- _: 5 ~l Potaf!l2Ileto,,- oa~esianus , 6 _x j_ ~ ______. ______•____ , __ x___ J ______, x X I x x Potam0!l~ton pectina~us , ___" ______~12~m_og~~n.p.f!rfoli~~y!!___ -:-- ~______------l---I-----l---I----I---i-il--j-----I--x--j---r--j1 PCJtllmoge.~CJn Pll~i/Ills _var,gemmiparus __ ,__ x PotaffJ()gfl~1J1l PIls.i/!'!s_ var. _tenuissimus 9 x x x x I x Potamogeton spirillus _ _ 6 x Pro~erp!na£a P~/'!!i!,is~= ~ ______: , Ranuncu/us flammu/a var. filiformis 2 Table 2. Inventory o( Aquatic Vascular Plants o( MOJ! ACAD: Species by Water I3 Q) .!'! c. S '0 ~ 0:: E .t f: ~ '0 u: ~ Q) til III > a co 0 u Q) ~ u '"Q) uJ c: ., ~ Vl a Q. "- 0 z 0 li '" LII~~igi~p~/ust;is=::"~ .~. ~.~".=--=:: ':. 1 h '=l!:.~I!E.die/lain.!lEdata __ x'-r 'x'" 1"-- .~- Lysimaehia te!!,~tris___ ~...... - ...... !- .... x-l.-x__ J=I==I-~ ~~hyllul'II..~temiflorum .__ .. _.\._ ..... ~_ --_.. -. ·--__+ _____ 1 __-1 ___ ~iophyllum ten~!!!m__ ...... _. ___ .. ... -" I-- .. I-·J-.. ·~----· ~pJ!Xllu"'-.x.e!.Qt;j!/atu"'. __ h --'1--"1-'-1---1 .__ . ---+- ~--~+-----, ·~~-~---i----· ------~~ii/.~/Ie.xi!~ _____. __ .. ____ ..__ ... . __... __.. h '-'-'1--1---" l'J"i!l~gr~cillima ___ .... __ ...... __ .. I x "!!1p.!!~_I@.~9.'!t!l!!' ___. __x ______~_J x x x x x x x x x x !!J!!!'P.. haea od!J!!!.t_a______._ x x x x x x x x x /\!y-'!!P."-~!!.i/.iu'?ll!0s!... ______. . __ ..__ 1 Ny!!'p!!~iC!e!...t:.I!'~!~ .______._'" .__ . ____ ... __ __ h x x x x x ._------"-----Pontederia cordata ------x x x I: ~ x x x x ~~~'!I1I~ll.eto/1..i/."'.e!!!.o/i'!S______I-- .>____ • __ • h 1!!!~l1IlJge.~IJ1J.. '?i..c.!1P..I!/a.~'l? .. _ .____ j __ x PlJt"IIIIJge,t()n c,on!l!~vIJid.es x x Po~alll,?ge~IJ" f!pihydrus_._ ...... __...... x x x x I I' x x x x x Potamogetl?n gramineus Potamogeton natans ~J x ?h x h potamogeton o!!.kesianus . . . .. l .X. x x x .'.-._" .X"".I-x Pota"'.C!geto".ee..etini/..tus . f---- _x_ . . __ ._-.-_ .. _,----.+-._. Pot!!'!'.C!getonell!foli~l!s _~ x _ .. __ I.... fo.~i/.mogl!!E.rrE'l!.sillus ~ar:.gemmipJlrus _. __ _ f>,?!i/.I1I!,ge.~n I!l!si'!!!s_yar ... tenuiss{mus L___ "._. x ? x x ~otamogeton spiri/!us. __ __ x "roserpi!lac,a p'a/us.~ris,,_ ..... _ . ___ _.. h x Ranuneu/lls nammula var. fi/iformis h T.ble 2. Inventory 01 Aquatic Vascular PI.nl, 01 MOll ACAD: Species byW.tcr Body. h=hisloric record; r=reccnt record since 1975; x=1995·96 field check or collection; ?~.necds verilic.ltion \Q «0 ~ Z" 0 ::;J 5 z c:i ~ :::r ~ cr:: (; I'" "i ~ ill ~ Q) cr:: -e U !l_hx.nch_o~p'~~_iJ/!J~ ______-~- -I---t -- -, - IihY'!t;IJ.()~p'()!.a E;Jp!~e/latiJ__ ___ 2 ___ __ h x _~.YEEIJ~~p'!!!a fus£a _ 1 __ __ _ h h !i!PP~_!"arit;ma 3 .~I!fl!.!!ar;a g~!!,inea 1 ~I!fl!.!!aria lati(ol;a 1 0 -=r~---:5--1=:I~I~=-Iy'£=1=~j==t-=~t=::=r~--==t=h-t-x-l==~J=x x x -_.ex --_. '.-. - - -_ .. -_ ..x _-- --.- .------.- .... - . __ ...---. ----~------"------.. ' -'------_ .. -- -.... _--- Schoenoplectus acu!us 3 x _ __-1- __ X x Sch()!!.~~!!l~ su,!!!!r!!'i!'l!'!~ !!..._+_x--II-_ ~------I------l--x --l--l-~- .----- ~c:.'!P.flnEl'!flf!~!._!~ernl!~",C!nt'!..n{___ ~_ _ __ Sium suave 8 x X I x ----.--.. ------x ~l!!Jl~.f!Jrn a~!;canll."'-_____ 25 ______X__ I x x r x x x x x x x .._-- 1< ~ar!lanium angust;(olium 8 x x I x x h x 1-- 8------x ~~Il~/"Yrn f!.~i.i!iii~--==--==-- - x x x Sp'argan;um natans 3 x x x Subula~uaiici------2 - ----1---1 x h fYPiIiJ~~W~~______-fI~ = -x------it--·- - x x _1 __ x Utricular;a comuta 14 x x -- x --I: ~ I x I - xl I- x I r I x utrl.c~iiria-geminisCapa~=~------~ :-:'[ - x x I x I I x ~i~~~:~~}: ~~:!iiiedii------1~ -1- : x Utrlcularla macrorhiza 11 x I x Ui:rlcularia miilor------,- !!!!!£I!I!r!.'!.PJ!!l'..U.r:!!iJ_____ 12-J x I ~= x x '--x--r--x-~-- -- x x Utr;cularia radiata 1 5 x x ._.-- x x x x ijirlc~i~~~~~up!;j;ja __ ==_:_:=:~~=_ _fl. __ _ h Vallisneria americana x 1 r t.~f%t:;~:~~~:~ ~~-- .. __ •__ 1___ _ --1--· h x h Zannichellia palustris 1 Table 2. Invenlory of Aqualic Vascular Plan Is of MOIl ACAD: Species by Waler Rody...... h~hisloric record; r~r~'Cenl record since 1975; x~1995-96 field check or coiled ion; ?~needs verification o /"--' '-. ., .!01 .9- 'S u 21 ~ c:: E "- "- u:~ ~ 0 ... Vl ..til > a co 0 U ., ~ U "'"... LlJ c: ..... ~ Vl a Cii :><: "- a z ... « c. 0 a Vl "'" -' :I: « z z ~ LlJ Vl -' "- :><: CO !5U => it .. ~ :><: ... LlJ -' g Vl it a ~ c: LlJ <.!l ~ z a a u :><: z c:: a « ~ ::;: c:: a « z a LU u Z LlJ co Z LU 0 z it a a :I: z LU ::.<: ~ ~ 0 u.. :I: 0 J: "- B a LU ..J "- 0 z "- "- LU "- Z « -' ~ LlJ c:: ..J ~ co ~ ~ u LlJ 0 z 0 ;;i ~ Vl LU ~ it LU LU e; -' c:: iii « >- LU Z Vl co co ~ 15 z ;;i "- co J: :I: LU 15 LU a LlJ u Vl « ~ :I: i1i a LlJ I- co IX c:: IX i= a a <.!l 8 8 UJ LlJ ~ c:: ~ Z ~ :I: J: ~ ::;: UJ LU "- "- => 0 "- ~ ~ ~ ~ LU :I: "- "- ::: --....__ .--_. ___ .....- ___ ---1___ ~ "- .. c;:: Vl Vl Vl bol Vl Vl l- =" ... -~- --~.-. .... ~ bol. Sl - .... i= . ... => => .~ Rhe)(iaxirginica _.- .. _-_.- x i~ji5~:~~--'-----l--'F=1-=:~~ I Ruppla mantlma x x --- ..~ -- x - --h - ._ I Sagitraria graminea Ss!l!!taria latifolia x Schoenoplectus acu!.lIs _x Schoe,!!!p~~us_ subt.f!!minal!~ ._~_ ht~X~ [-8=BIg~.~ ~-=§--~----- =1_~=~_c--~-=~ES~~ +--...... ____ ,, ___ .... ~!!CJ.f!.'!.I!l'.~!!!~_!lIE!1!'!lIl!,!,5'nt Table 2. Inventory of Aquatic Vascular Plants of MDl/ACAD: Species by Water Body. h=historic record; r=recent record since 1975; x=1995-96 field check or collection; ?~needs verification - I~ I~' ~ii I::!' II" ~ 1-1 ill u> number of recent occurrences MOIl />CAD ~ a> AUNT BETTYS POND ~ .j>. IBEAR BROOK (BEAVER DAM) POND :::ll !BUBBLE POND ~! !DUCK BROOK (at pumphouse) ",I IDUCK POND--LONG POND FIRE RD. J 1 I "'!N !EAGLE LAKE i I :ECHO LAKE ~I I . :::: [ iFAWN POND (incomplete) . ::::! !GREAT MEADOW I ~ I ~ I IHALF MOON POND :::; !~ !HAMIL TON POND i j i ~ I IHODGDEN POND ~! I "'I ;JORDAN POND !LAKEWooD ~I I :::;! IUTTLE LONG POND (Seal Harbor) I I ;;:; I iLONG (TURNER) POND (Isle au Haut) I ! ! I iLONG POND (Southwest Harbor) ~I I I ,LOWER BREAKNECK POND fdi I ~I ILOWER HADLOCK POND ZI I~I'II> :~·I ;.Q'II> ,II>Ie: :l !R' ~III> JII tg~·II '" ~I ~I [LURVEY BROOK (at Seal Cove Fire Road) ~I jMARSHALL BROOK ~I iNORTHEAST CREEK i ~I !PARADISE POND (Breakneck Stream) (1)1 1 i '" ~ POND NE OF EAGLE LAKE i (1)1 iRIPPLES POND (incomplete) . ; ~ 0> :ROUND POND 1 i (.0: ;SAND BEACH MARSH I ,I i ",I SAND BEACH BROOK , I I [ . O>j, ISARGENT POND ! I Ni SCHOODIC PENINSULA POND i : ",i ISCHOONER HEAD PONDS (east of Precipice) , i N' SEAL COVE POND i : , W· SEAWAlL POND ! ~ ~ SOMES POND I i ~, 0> THE TARN i I ~: N 'THE BOWL N' UPPER BREAKNECK POND 0, ! N; i I' 0; UPPER HADLOCK POND j N: Wi WITCH HOLE POND £I 14 Table 3. Physical and Chemical Attributes of Selected Ponds of :Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park. (pH and alkalinity data from Cawley 1995, 1996, and Kahl 1985; trophic status from Kahl 1995) ~... 9. t -g :;-' u II :;... :; ~:; u U :.c "§ ..t::. ~ ...r. <:l ~ :.c ~ ::: ~ ~ ..c :; r. :;...'"" :.c ... Z r. > u :; t ::,'"" t':l... X E ;>- r. 2- if :; :r. ...r. 6 :;--. :; E r. 'u W'" :; - C..-- :; ~ c... ..t::. :; =r --- :r. :.c , C ~ 7 r. , ~ : 2 C :; ... :r. ec ~ I "i' :; Ci --- ~ :; ... -' E '"" Q > ... '-" c... .§ ... t':l :.c Q 5 --- c: ...... E ... CJ <:: ti'"" <:: I '-"' 0.. § :; ::;; 5 >. ~ u :r. I 6 =r ; ~ Z 'l: ::: <:: C ... <:: <:: ;>- c.. c: -' 0... ~ :; Ci > ... Ci '-" <:: '- r;: <:: ~ v ~ I ~ "2 T. ... u x ~ c... <:: ~ B Ci 2 l:: 2 c: c: ... c: ..c. ... c... 0... c... <:: <:: <:: E c... c... c... Ci :; ::, '""CJ ::;; g- <:: r. E E E E ... :.. '"" I AUNT BETIYS POND 14 2 ! 64 6.59 , 7.6 16.0 0.61 i 16 m BEAR BROOK (BEAVER DAM) POl\.TD :2 I 3 39 6.72 7.2 34.0 0.41 I 14 m? BUBBLE POND 13 I 12 ! 101 6.61 4.6 3.9 0.15 ! 22 0 DUCK POND (Long Pond Fire Road) <1 ! 3? i 70 4.80 0.1 14.0 0.53 I 8 m: EAGLE LAKE 177 I 33 83 6.63 2.1 5.5 0.15 27 0 , ECHO LAKE % 20 25 l 6.87 I 5.5 9.5 0.18 I 24 0 HALF MOON POND <1 6 76 i 6.47 ! 3.3 : 10.0 0.32 16 0 HAMILTON POND , 16 3 9 i 6.48 ! 7.2 i 42.0 : 0.40 17 e HODGDEN POND , 14 7 13 i 6.47 i 3.6 I 15.0 ' 0.24 I 27 , m JORDAN POND I 76 46 83 I 6.72 I 3.7 i 3.5 0.14 19 0 LAKEWOOD 6.5 3 41 ; 6.62 l 3.8 i 9.9 0.25 19 m , UTILE LONG POND (Seal Harbor) 15 2 2 6.89 I 7.1 I 19.0 0.35 17 ' m LONG (TURNER) POND OsIe au Haut) I 30 17 10 i 6.23 : 1.9 ; 16 m LONG POND (Southwest Harbor) ; 363 34 18 i 6.50 I 3.2 : 4.6 0.18 37 0 LOWER BREAKNECK POND ! 3.5 6? 76 i 6.27 4.0 22 1m LOWER HADLOCK POND ! 16 12 57 I 6.47 I 2.8 3.9 ' 0.18 25 I 0 ROUND POND ; 15 6 22 i 6.27 4.3 12.9 0.32 18 m SARGENT POND i 1 3 320 4.75 -0.9 12.0 0.25 8 im SEAL COVE POND ! 115 13 11 ! 6.68 4.2 7.9 0.20 21 :m SOMES POND t 42 8 12 6.28 3.3 11.7 ; 0.17 41 1m THE TARN i 3 2 30 \ 6.53 I 4.4 28.0 0.46 18 'm THE BOWL I 3 3 126 6.27 2.0 11.0 , 0.03 12 1m I UPPER BREAKNECK POND \ 3 3 77 6.42 5.1 14.5 : 0.42 20 1 m j UPPER HADLOCK POND I 14 11 69 I 6.36 4.1 7.9 0.23 20 1m WITCH HOLE POND 11 10 55 6.22 I .3.5 13.5 i O.~U ~I~ .~ I 15 Table 4. pH and Alkalinity Ranges for Selected Species on 110unt Desert Island and in New England. (:tvIDI water data from Cawley 1995, 1996 and Kahl et al. 1985; New England water data from Crow & Hellquist 1981-1985, Hellquist & Crow 1980- f I 1984) ( \ j pH range pH range alkalinity range (mg/ I) alkalinity range (mg/l) c' SPECIES MDI/ACAD New England ~fDI/ACAD New England \ Alisma tliviale 623 6.5-7.5 1.9 13.5-.17.5 Brasellia schreberi i .1.1:>-6.72 5.7-9.5 -0.9-7.6 2.5-1i1.5 Ceratophyllum echinatuln i 6.18 5.7-7.S 3.3 6.0-120.0 Eriocallloll aqllaticuln \ 4./ ::>-0.89 5.8-S.3 -0.9-7.6 2.5-29.5 r I Myriophyllum altemiflorum I 6.28 6.5-S.0 3.3 5.0-78.0 MY'iophylluln teneZlum ! 6.23-0.87 5.9-7.2 1.9-19.5 3.0-19.5 Najas jlexilis i 6A7-6.72 , 6.4-10.2 2.8-7.2 4.0-245.0 I Naias gracillima 6A7 I 5.7-6.7 2.8-3.3 2.5-9.0 Nuphar variegatum i 4.1::>-0.89 i 5.0-9.S , -0.9-7.6 2.0-132.5 Nymphaea odorata 4.75-6.89 ! 5.3-9.5 ; -0.9-7.6 2.0-1.11.5 NY'lIphaea tubITosa i , 6.89 ! 6.8-S.6 7.1 10.l).l53.0 Pontederia cordata I 6.22-6.S7 I 5.0-S.9 2.0-7.6 2.5-111.5 Potamogetoll amplifolius i 6AS i 5.7-9.S 7.2 3.5-123.5 Potamogeto1l bicuplliatus 1 6.28-6.50 , 5.4-7.2 3.2-3.6 1.5-21.0 4.80-6.6S Potamogeton confl!1'voides ! • 5.3-6.8 0.1-4.6 0.5-7.0 Potmnogeto1l epihydrus i 6.22-6.89 i 5.0-9.5 1.9-7.6 2.0-245.0 Potamogetoll gramineus I 6.27-6.62 i 5.0-9.8 3.8-.1.6 2.5-123.5 Potamogetoll natalls ! 6.22-6.87 I 5.0-9.S 3.2-5.5 2.5-245.0 Potamogeton oakesiallus I 6.22-6.72 5.6-S.9 2.0-7.6 2.0-33.0 Potamogetoll perfoliatus I 6.50-6.89 , 6.7-9.S 3.2-7.1 S.0-123.5 i Potmnogetoll pusillus var. gemmr,.Jm'lls I 6.72 i 6.3-7.1 7.2 2.5-17.0 Potamogetolt pusillus val'. tertuissimus 6.27..{).72 ! 5.6-10.2 2.8-7.2 2.5-179.0 I I Potamogetoll spirilllls I 6.28-6.87 : 5.9-10.2 2.1-5.5 2.5·57.5 Sagittaria graminea 6.50-6.6S I 6.4-S.4 i 3.2-4.2 3.0-111.5 Sagittaria lanfolia 4.80-6.63 I 5.0-9.2 i 0.1-4.4 1.5-290.0 I Sparganium amITicanum 6.22-6.S7 I 5.3-9.S ; 1.9-7.2 0.5-123.5 Sparganium a1lgustifolium 6.36-6.S9 : 6.5-9.5 2.1-7.2 2.5-103.5 Spllrganium jlllctullns 6.22-6.87 i 6.1-7.9 i 2.8-7.2 3.0-49.5 Sparganium nata1ls 6.36-6.S9 I 6.5-S.5 i 3.7-7.2 3.5-69.5 Typha latifolia 6.22-6.89 I 5.4-9.8 : 3.3-7.2 1.5-170.0 Utricularia comuta 6.22-6.87 i 5.6-6.9 i 2.1-5.5 1.0-7.0 Utricularia geminiscapa 4.75-6.68 I 3.5-S.6 j -0.9-4.4 5.4..{)9.5 Utriculmia gibba 627..{).S7 I 5.S-S.6 I 3.3-7.6 3.0-69.5 Utricularia intn-media 6.22..{).S7 I 5.9-7.9 2.0-7.6 3.5-:>2.5 Utriculmia tnacrorhiza 6.22..{).S7 i 5.7-S.6 3.3-5.5 2.5-109.0 Utricularia minor 62S I 6.0-S,l 3.3 3.0-33.5 Utricularia purpurea 6.22-6.S9 I 5.6-7.3 2.1-7.6 25-33.0 Utricularia radiata 6.22..{).6S i 5.6-7.3 2.8-7.2 1.0-33.0 \ - 16 Gawley (1995, 1996); comparable data for smaller ponds and for streams were not available. Values on chemical attributes presented in Table 3 are mean calculated on all data available over a ten-year span beginning in 1986. This seems a reasonable approach because ACAD data indicate no dramatic shifts from year to year in water quality attributes and averaging values helps smooth out diurnal and day-to-day fluctuations that may occur in pH, alkalinity, and other attributes (Hellquist and Crow 1980; Waite 1984). Information on historic occurrences of aquatic macrophytes in Table 2 and Appendix 1 comes from Rand and Redfield (1894), Wherry (1928), and Wise (1970a). In most cases, herbarium voucher specimens for these reports were not . studied to confirm identification or locality. Recent occurrences are based on herbarium specimens at HCOA, Greene 1990 and my own observations in the region over the last fifteen years. Most aquatic vascular plants grow slmvly before ,vater warms in the summer, so species identification is complicated in early summer; they usually bear flowers and/ or fruit by late July or early August, facilitating identification to species. Consequently, despite the three- to four-week period during which field observations were conducted ,each summer, it seems unlikely that many species of fully aquatic macrophytes were overlooked in the survey. One possible exception may be plants growing in deeper water that did not also grow in shallower water; however, most deep water aquatic macrophyte species of New England also occur in shallower water (C. B. Hellquist, pers. com.). In 1995 drought conditions led to unusually low water levels and in 1996 water levels were above normal. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 provides a pond and stream inventory of vascular plant species found during 1995 and 1996 as well as recent (since 1975) and earlier historic occurrences. This list includes about eighty species of submerged, floating, or emergent aquatics that are typically rooted underwater (except during low water conditions) or that are unattached and free-floating. Also included are about a dozen terrestrial or semi-aquatic littoral species (e.g. Alisma trivia Ie, Cladium mariscoides, Lycopodiella inundata, Rhynchospora spp., Xyris spp.); our search for species in the latter group was less thorough and their presence may have been overlooked at some ponds. Other littoral species that are common in ACAD and on MDI (e.g. Aster nemoralis, Calamagrostis canadensis, Drosera spp., Myrica gale) are excluded' from Table 2. Appendix 1 presents a systematic listing of taxa of aquatic vascular plants known from MDI and ACAD; the list includes common and scientific names (with partial synonymy) and comments on selected species. Appendix 2 presents distribution maps for Mount Desert Island of most species included in Table 2 and Appendix 1. 17 Of the ninety-tw·o species listed in Table 2, eighty-three are extant (found in 1995 - 96 or verified since 1975) on MDl. Of these, eight species occur in 50% or more of the thirty-nine water bodies surveyed; fifteen species occur in 25-50% of them; j thirty-nine species occur in fewer than 25% of the sites surveyed; and among the latter group, twenty-one species were restricted in occurrence to a single pond or stream. Eleven taxa were found for the first time in MDII ACAD: Callitriche heterophylla; Ceratophyllum echinatwn; Elatine minima; Eleocharis robbinsii; Eleocharis smallii; Myriophyllum alterniflorum; Najas gracillima; Potamogeton bicupulatus; Potamogeton pusillus var. gemmiparus; Potamogeton spirillus; and Vallisneria americana. Eight species of macrophytes of historic occurrence on MDI and in ACAD have not been relocated in the last twenty years: Acorus americana;· Alisma triviale; Elatine americana;; Hippuris vulgaris; Isoetes riparia; Ludwigia palustris; Myriophyllum verticillatum; and Utricularia resupinata (Tables 1a and 1b). More careful searching is necessary to determine if any of these species are extant in the region. Table 1a indicates aquatic macrophytes from ACAD that are officially listed as rare I in Maine. All of them, with one exception, are extant in ACAD; Utricularia resupinata has not been seen on :NIDI in over seventy years. The state-listed species in the region are locally rare except for Potamogeton confervoides, which has small populations in eight :NIDI ponds. Additional species that are not endangered or threatened. in Maine but that appear to be locally rare (occurring in three or fewer sites or in very small populations in MDI/ ACAD) are listed in Table lb. Appendix 1 includes additional comments about the occurrence of each rare species in MDI/ ACAD. Of the eighty fully aquatic species, most usually occur as scattered individuals in small populations. Some, such as many Utricularia species, are found as free floating fragments as often as rooted plants. Others, such as Nuphar and Nymphaea, may be rooted in deeper water, making it hard to count individuals from the water surface. All these factors complicate effective censusing of population sizes and only rough estimates of numbers of individuals are provided in Appendix 1 for selected species. A small proportion of aquatic species surveyed, such as Typha, Pontederia, Juncus militaris, and mat-forming species such as Eriocaulon, often have large population sizes that can be easily studied quantitatively. It would be feasible to establish permanent quadrats or transects to track such populations over time (Keddy 1983), but may not yield interesting results in terms of general management of aquatic plant diversity in ACAD. The only non-native aquatic species found in the survey is Nymphaea tuberosa, a showy water lily naturalized at Little Long Pond, Seal Harbor. There is no indication that this plant is naturally spreading into other water bodies in MDI/ ACAD. Another non-native species which is invasive else"\'1rhere in New England but not yet established in MDI/ ACAD or elsewhere in :NIaine is Myriophyllum spicatum, Eurasian Watermilfoil. This aggressively weedy species represents a significant threat to aquatic communities where it has become \ 18 established, e.g. in the Lake Champlain Valley and several watersheds in Massachusetts and Connecticut (Crow and Hellquist 1983, Smith and Barko 1990). If Eurasian "lrVatermilfoil spreads into Maine, more active monitoring of waters in ACAD should be undertaken to prevent its establishment here. The aquatic macrophyte flora of ACAD is typical for moderately acidic, oligotrophic softwaters of this bioregion. Productivity tends to be low and, while there are some thick accumulations of aquatic species in the shallows of a fe,\' ponds (e.g. Aunt Bettys and Seal Cove Ponds, Eagle Lake), most species are sparsely distributed and occur in very low density. I hypothesize that few, if any aquatic species are excluded outright from ACAD's waters due to interspecific competition with other macrophytes. Dense beds of some submerged aquatics such as '\ Ii Eriocaulon aquaticum may, however, outcompete others in localized pockets. ,I Plant Distribution in Relation to Substrate The vast majority of plants studied in this project are rooted in substrate and many species are site specific to particular bottom conditions; most occur in water less than two meters in depth. Lo~elia dortmanna and Myriophyllum tenellum, for example, usually root in silty sand or sand, while Najas flexilis and many Potamogeton species grow in organic muds (Jackson and Charles 1988). Isoetes generally is found in coarser sands and gravels in Bubble, Jordan, and Long Ponds, less often in silty / organic sediments. Bottoms that accumulate deposits of leaves and branches from adjacent terrestrial habitats are often devoid of rooted aquatic plants. Basin morphometry, then, may influence patterns of water turbulence that in turn dictates quality of bottom substrate. Ponds and lakes with greater diversity of site types around their margins tend to have the highest vascular plant species diversity. Relatively species-rich ponds such as Long, Hodgden, Lower Hadlock and Somes Ponds, then, may owe their species diversity more to substrate diversity and expanse of shallows than to attributes of water chemistry. Plant Distribution in Relation to Water Chemistry Numerous workers have studied the distribution of aquatic vascular plants in relation to water chemistry. Most have focused on the effects of pH and correlated chemical parameters: alkalinity; conductivity; Ca2+; and Mg2+ (Jackson and Charles 1988). Hellquist (1980) found a correlation between alkalinity and distribution of Potamogeton species (pondweeds) in New England. Studies of pH have found varying degrees of correlation with plant distribution (Baker and Christensen 1991). Yan et al. (1985) found no significant correlation between water pH and species richness among 39 softwater lakes in central Ontario (pH range 3.9 - 7.0). Catting et al. (1986) found significant correlation of species composition with pH gradients among 20 acidic softwater lakes (pH range 4.4 - 6.0) in Nova Scotia. In a survey of 31 oligotrophic Adirondack lakes (pH range 4.5 - 7.8), Jackson and 19 Charles (1988) found aquatic macrophyte distributions correlated most strongly with pH and associated factors; 60% of 45 species in their study were restricted to pH greater than 6.0. In the latter study, water color, transparency, total P, and chlorophyll a showed no significant correlation with macrophyte distribution or with water pH. 1 Roberts et al. (1985), in study of 9 Adirondack acidic high-altitude lakes, found J submersed macrophyte species diversity to drop only at pH values below 5.5; Potamogeton confervoides, Scirpus subterminalis, and Utricularia geminiscapa were found only in the more acid waters. (On MDI, their distribution is not as severely pH limited). They found that sediment pH usually fell below water pH when water was in the pH 6-7 range; in the most acid lakes (pH 4.4 - 5.1), sediment pH was higher than water pH. Phosphorus levels were typically an order of magnitude higher in interstitial water compared with that in overlying water. Thus it seems that pH and other measurements made in the 'water column may not always be the same in sediments where most aquatic plants are rooted. Roberts et al. (1985) could not conclude that pH alone was responsible for shifting macrophyte species composition or species diversity among the lakes they studied, but might be influenced as much by nutrient or sediment conditions. The studies of Roberts et al. (1985) and Jackson and Charles (1988) suggest that changes in species composition of aquatic macrophytes due to natural or industrial acid deposition may not be significant except at the low end of the pH complex gradient at pH values of 5.5 - 5.0 or below. Phytoplankton such as diatoms are more sensitive to changes in water pH and are thus more effective biomonitors than aquatic vascular plants (Baker and Christensen 1991). I conducted preliminary analysis of species distribution and abundance in relation to various physical and chemical attributes of ponds. Table 4 indicates pH and alkalinity ranges for occurrences of selected species on MDI and compares these ranges with ranges of ponds across New England where the same species also occur (Crow and Hellquist 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985; Hellquist and Crow 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984). Water bodies on MDI are oligotrophic, moderately acidic, and of lo'w alkalinity-typical for ponds underlain by granitic bedrock. pH and Species Richness. The narrow range of acidity for MDI waters (pH 4.75 - 4.80 for two ponds and 6.22 - 6.89 for all others; Table 3) is a fraction of the pH range of 3.5 - 10.2 found by Crow and Hellquist's aquatic plant surveys in water bodies across New England. Reference values for pH in Maine lakes range from 4.21 to 9.56, with a mean value of 6.84 (s.d ..95; Kah11995). All aquatic macrophytes listed 1 in Table 4 can tolerate pH 5 - 9 in other parts of their geographic distribution, a range far greater than is present on MDI and in ACAD. These species, then, are not sufficiently sensitive to changes in pH to serve as good indicator species for changing degrees of water pH in ACAD. 20 Figure 1 plots the relationship between pH and vascular plant species richness in selected :MDI ponds. This scatter diagram shows some correlation (correlation coefficient 0.42) between pH and species richness. "Vhen the two ponds with lowest pH and species richness (Sargent Pond, pH 4.75, 8 spp.; Duck Pond, pH 4.80, 8 spp.) are removed from the analysis, ), the correlation coefficient falls to 0.28 for the remaining ponds (with pH between 6.22 and 6.89). The two most acidic ponds were also among the smallest ponds studied and had bottoms covered with primarily organic vs. mineral sediments. Without a larger sample of low pH ponds in the study, it would be un\vise to assume that low pH alone was responsible for the low species diversity in Duck and Sargent Ponds. )i 1 .1 7.00 -----·------.------.------.·------1 '{ 6.50 •• _...* •• • ! ,\ ...... • \ ::r:: 6.00 • •• •• Q. ; 5.50 Q,/ e 5.00 4.50 • 4.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 number of species present Figure 1. Mean pH vs. number of vascular plant species present in 225 ponds in :MDI/ ACAD. Mean pH is calculated as a 10-year average of available data (Table 2). Number of species is tallied from data in Table 3. Alkalinity and Species Richness. Figure 2 plots mean alkalinity vs. number of species. Almost no correlation seems to exist between alkalinity and species richness in MDI ponds (correlation coefficient 0.09). ACAD waters show alkalinity values of 0.1 - 7.6 mg HC03-/l compared to alkalinity as high as 290 mg/l elsewhere in New England. Most plants listed in Table 4 are typical of low alkalinity waters, but almost half of them can tolerate alkalinity values an order of magnitude higher than the highest alkalinity ponds in ACAD. This observation matches Hutchinson's (1975) view that many plants of acidic sofhvater lakes have broad tolerance for ranges of pH and alkalinity. 21 {( 8.0 -r------~~----- .------7.0 ••• bn-e 6.0 5.0 • -....>. •• : f .=..... •••• t I I -!U ::~ • • • • • ~ t • • -!U 2.0 + • • =!U • ~ QJ 1.0 j e 0.0 1 • : I -1.0 2D--______i \) ~ .~O 3D_~. ..4n __.__ 5b number of species present Figure 2. Mean alkalinity (in mg HCOT /1) vs. number of vascular plant species present in 25 ponds in JVIDI/ ACAD. Iviean alkalinity is calculated as a 10-year average of available data (Table 2). Number of species is tallied from data in Table 3. Some macrophytes such as Eriocaulon aquaticwn, Potamogeton bicupulatus, P. oakesianus, P. confervoides, Utricularia purpurea, and P. radiata occur only in lmv alkalinity sites in New England (under 35 mg HC03-/1) and are good indicator species for such conditions (Hellquist 1980; Table 3). With the exception of Potamogeton bicupulatus (from 3 ponds in ACAD), these species are of widespread occurrence in ACAD, including Potamogeton confervoides (found in 8 ACAD ponds), which is listed as threatened in Maine (Critical Areas Program 1990). Nutrient Concentrations and Species Richness. Scatter diagrams plotting plant species diversity vs. nitrogen concentration (Fig. 3; correlation coefficient -0.40) and phosphorus concentration (Fig. 4; correlation coefficient -0.32) indicate slight to moderate negative correlation with species richness. Total nitrogen concentration for most ponds and lakes in ACAD fall near the low 'I end of the normal range for lakes in Maine. Reference values for total nitrogen in ( Maine lakes range from 0.140 to 0.918 mg/1 and average 0.391 mg/1 (s.d. 0.196; Kahl 1995). One of the highest nitrogen concentrations, 0.53 mg/l, was found in species J poor Duck Pond, which only has eight vascular plant species. The highest species diversity was found in Long Pond (37 species) and Somes Pond (41 species), which 22 _ 0.70 .. j 0.60. I =~ 0.50 • • ! ~ I ."::8 0.40 ••• • • I = 0.30 • • '3 • ••• I 0.20 .s 1 • .. •• i" ",' ; 0.10 .. . I 1 e~ I' r' ;;;; 0.00 , ' • i o 10 20 30 40 50 number of species present Figure 3. Mean total nitrogen vs. number of vascular plant species present in 23 ponds in MOIl ACAD. ' . ; } 50.0 I tr) 40.0 ' • o2 ~ 30.0 • tr) o • ~ ~ 20.0 • fU -~ : • •••• .s 10.0 • . ... . • =fU ~ • e 0.0 •••• 0 10 20 30 40 50 number of species present i Figure 4. Mean total phosphorus vs. number of vascular plant species present in I 23 ponds in MOIl ACAD. 23 are relatively nitrogen-poor, with 0.18 mg/l and 0.17 mg/l total nitrogen, respectively (Table 3). Reference values for total phosphorus in Maine lakes range from 2 to 54 ug/l and (I average 14 ug/l (s.d. 10; Kahl1995). In comparison, seven ACAD ponds are LY oligotrophic (total phosphorus 3-10 ug/l), seventeen are mesotrophic (11-35 ug/l) and only one (Hamilton Pond) is eutrophic, with 42 ug/l total phosphorus (Table (' 3). Higher phosphorus values are due primarily to shallower depth and more 1I expansive adjacent wetlands and possibly also due to influence of homes and cottages, e.g. in parts of Long Pond and Echo Lake (Kahl1995). It is interesting to note that in Long Pond, a relatively species-rich pond in ACAD, almost half of the 37 species recorded for the pond occur in Northwest Arm at the northern end of the pond where human activity and development are greatest. Phosphorus , concentrations in July 1995 were 50% higher here than at the southern end of the pond (Kahl1995). Data comparisons from 1981 to 1995 suggest that total phosphorus concentration is rising slightly in some ACAD ponds, but more carefullong-terrn studies will be needed to confirm if this trend is real and significant (Kahl1995). It is worth reiterating that pH, alkalinity, and nutrient status of bottom substrates in which most aquatic macrophytes are rooted may differ widely from values of those attributes in the water column above them (Roberts et al., 1985). It may be that there are significant correlations between substrate chemistry (vs. water chemistry) and species distribution, but such chemical data are not available for ACAD. Species Richness and Pond Area. The correlation coefficient of 0.59 between pond size and species richness is higher than for any other variable analyzed in this study (Fig. 5). Ponds in ACAD as small as two hectares in area can contain as many II as twenty vascular plant species, although the average for ponds under two hectares in size is thirteen. Larger ponds tend to have proportionately more species (Table 5). It may be that habitat diversity, particularly the expanse of suitable shallow water sites for plant colonization, and not surface area per se, better explains the pattern of species diversity apparent in these comparisons. j • )., 24 .. _------:~~ r--·------• 1 "2 300 I ..c I -~ 250 1 QI I ~ 200 I 1 I ...~ 150 • i l • • I J ~ 1~ 1 • • • i ... ~... •• } 0 10 20 30 40 50 ~ - . j 1 'f number of species present I ) i ! Y Figure 5. Approximate area (hectares) vs. number of vascular plant species present in 24 ponds in MDII ACAD. • Species richness and Pond Elevation. There is little correlation between pond elevation and species richness (correlation coefficient -0.09); this is apparent from a graph of the relationship in Fig. 6. ,\-Vith the exception of Sargent Pond, all ponds in the study occur in a relatively narrow elevational range, from near sea level to 126 meters (at The Bowl), and one would not expect a significant shift in biotic conditions based on this parameter alone. i I pond area number of mean number range I standard ponds of species i deviation 2 ha. or less 7 13.3 8-20 I 4.8 i 1 3 to 10 ha. 5 I 18.2 112-22 i 3.8 I 10 to 20 ha. 9 20.3 16-27 I 4.0 I 26 16-41 over 20 ha. 7 1 .4 110.2I ------I Table 5. Mean number, range, and standard deviation of species number for ponds of different surface areas. 25 350 r-- i II\ 1 300 • -S 250 -= 200 ....0 (' r ~ 150 ( '!\ • ~ 100 + •• * •••• • 50 + • •• 0 I• • ... :... ~:. ft·· · . • • 0 10 20 30 40 50 number of species present Figure 6. Elevation (meters) vs. number of vascular plant species present in 37 water bodies in MDI/ ACAD.. Management of Aquatic Plants and Habitats The lakes, ponds, and slow-moving streams of :NIDI and ACAD support species diversity typical of moderately acidic, low-alkalinity waters of New England. In comparison with the first historical surveys of aquatic plants of ~IDI (Rand and Redfield 1894), there appears to be little change in species composition over the past century. Although nine species of aquatic vascular plants of historic occurrence in MDI/ ACAD were not relocated in the present survey Tables la, Ib), continued searching should be conducted before assuming that these species have \ been extirpated altogether from this region. Twenty-one out of ninety-two aquatic plants (Table 2) in ACAD are restricted to single populations and some of these populations appear to be very small, suggesting potential vulnerability to local extirpation. However, most of these populations are on water bodies little disturbed by human activity. Most aquatic plants grow in shallows where incidental human activity is unlikely to harm them. Trends of change in water chemistry in ACAD (Kahl et al. 1985, Kahl1995), although hard to assess at present, do not seem to be of the magnitude to pose a threat to aquatic vascular plants, which can. tolerate much greater ranges of pH, alkalinity, etc. than can be reasonably projected for the foreseeable future. Ponds and streams in MDI/ ACAD are probably adequately protected from development activities that would appreciably alter them physically or chemically. 26 Considering the relatively large number of ACAD's aquatic plant species that are uncommon or rare here, it would be prudent to periodically monitor(every five or ten years) their populations. Quantitative studies of more common aquatic macrophytes may be worth undertaking to study effects of winter ice, fluctuating water levels from year to year, or other periodic changes in the aquatic environments of ACAD. Persistence of rare species should be periodically monitored as well. Detailed census data for populations of these species, ,vhich generally occur in small numbers and low population density, are hard to collect; gathering such information for some critically rare species may be beneficial, but presence/ absence in water bodies and rough estimates of population size may be adequate for effective management. ACKNO~EDGEMENTS I acknowledge with gratitude the assistance of the follmving in this project: Dr. C. Barre Hellquist, an authority on aquatic macrophytes, was critical to the success and efficiency of species identification and field inventories; Linda Gregory helped Ii with pond surveys and provided a valuable link to Acadia National Park and to 1,'laine's Natural Heritage Program; Dr. James Hickey assisted in field surveys and identification of Isoetes species; Geneva Chase, Glen Mittelhauser, and Jessica Schmidt served as field assistants on some trips; William Gawley provided water quality data for ACAD lakes and ponds; and Erin Flatley helped with data entry and curation of herbarium collections. The digitized map of 1-IDI was provided courtesy of Gordon Longsworth at the College of the Atlantic GIS Center. Illustrations of aquatic macrophytes accompanying Appendix 1 come primarily from the series by Crow and Hellquist (1981-1985) and Hellquist and Crow (1980- 1984). Illustrations of the following genera come from Britton and Brown 1913: Acorus; Callitriche; Carex; Cladium; Decodon; Dulichium; Elatine; Eleocharis; Equisetum; Isoetes; Hypericum; Juncus; Leersia; Lobelia; Lycopodiella; Lysimachia; Menyanthes; Nymphoides; Proserpinaca; Ranunculus; Rhexia; Rhynchospora; Schoenoplectus; Scir[pus; Sium; Spartina; Subularia; Triadenum; and Zizania; Illustrations of Ludwigia is from Fassett 1957. CWG 27 'j c'~ REFERENCES CITED / Baker, J. P. and S. "V. Christensen. 1991. Effects of Acidification on Biological I Communities in Aquatic Ecosystems, pp. 83-106 ill Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies, ed. by D. F. Charles. r Britton, N. L. and A. Brmvn. 1913. An Illustrated Flora of the Korthem United States and Canada, Second Edition, vol. 1-3. Dover Publications, Inc., New York i (1970 republication of the original Charles Scribner's and Sons edition). \Ii:, )) Calhoun, A. J. K.; J. E. Cormier; R. B. Owen, Jr.; A. F. O'Connell, Jr.; C. T. Roman; and R. W. Tiner, Jr. 1994. The vVetlands of Acadia National Park and vicinity. Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station Ivliscellaneous Publication 72l. 108pp. Campbell, C. S., H. P. Adams, P. Adams, A. C. Dibble, L. Nt Eastman, S. C. Gawler, L. L. Gregory, B. A. Grunden, A. D. Haines, K. Jonson, S. C. Rooney, T. F. Vining, J. E. Weber and W. A. Wright. 1995. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of 11aine, Third Revision. Bulletin 13, Josselyn Botanical Society of Maine. :Maine Agricultural and Forest Expedment Station Bulletin 844, University of Maine, Orono. Catling, P. M., B. Freedman, C. Stewart, J. J. Kerekes, and L. P. Lefkovitch. 1986. Aquatic plants of acid lakes in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia; floristic composition and relation to water chemistry. Can. J. Bot. 64: 72-:1:-729. Charles, Donald F., ed. 1991. Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies. Springer-Verlag, Ne'w York. pp. xii + 747. Critical Areas Program. 1990. Ivlaine's Endangered and Threatened Plants. Ivlaine State Planning Office, Executive Department, Augusta, Maine. Ivlay, 1990. Crow, G. E: and C. B. Hellquist. 1981. Aquatic Vascular Plants of New England: Part 2. Typhaceae and Sparganiaceae. New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 517, Durham, N.H. ____. 1982. Aquatic Vascular Plants of New England: Part 4. Juncaginaceae, Scheuchzeriaceae, Butomaceae, Hydrocharitaceae. New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 520, Durham, N.H. ____.. 1983. Aquatic Vascular Plants of New England: Part 6. Trapaceae, Haloragaceae, Hippuridaceae. New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 524, Durham, N.H. 28 Crow, G. E. and C. B. Hellquist. 1985. Aquatic Vascular Plants of New England: Part 8. Lentibulariaceae. New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 528, Durham, N.H. Dennison, W. C., R. J. Orth, K. A. :Nloore, J. Court Stevenson, V. Carter, S. Kollar, P. "V. Bergstrom, and R. A. Batiuk. 1993. Assessing Water Quality with Submersed Aquatic Vegetation. BioScience 43 (2): 86-94. Fassett, N. C. 1957. A Manual of Aquatic Plants. University of lVisconsin Press, Madison. Fernald, L. M. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany, eighth edition. American Book Co., N.Y. pp.lxiv + 1632. Gawler, S. C. 1985. Rare Vascular Plants of Maine, a revision of Eastman, L. :M., 1978, Rare Vascular Ivlaine Plants. Critical Areas Program, Maine State Planning Office. pp.681 Gawley, W. G. 1995. 1994 Lake :Nlonitoring Program: Year-end Report. Acadia National Park Resources Report 95-3 (unpubl.) Gawley, W. G. 1996. 1995 Lake ~fonitoring Program: Year-end Report. Acadia National Park Resources Report (unpubl.) Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, second edition. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, N.Y. pp. lxxv + 910. Greene, Craig W. 1990. Rare Vascular Plants of Acadia National Park and the Mount Desert Island Region of Maine. Technical Report, North Atlantic Region, National Park Service. Hellquist, C. B. 1980. Correlation of alkalinity and the distribution of Potamogeton in New England. Rhodora 82: 331-344. ____ and G. E. Crow. 1980. Aquatic Vascular Plants of New England: Part 1. Zosteraceae, Potamogetonaceae, Zannichelliaceae, Najadaceae. New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 515, Durham, N.H. ____. 1981. Aquatic Vascular Plants of New England: Part 3. Alismataceae. New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 518, Durham, N.H. ____'. 1982. Aquatic Vascular Plants of New England: Part 5. Araceae, Lemnaceae, Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae, and Pontederiaceae. New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 523, Durham, N.H. 29 Hellquist, C. B. and G. E. Crow. 1984. Aquatic Vascular Plants of New England: r I Part 7. Cabombaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Nelumbonaceae, and Ceratophyllaceae. New I\ !,' Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 527, Durham, N.H. Hutchinson, G. E. 1975. A Treatise on Limnology. Volume III, Limnological Botany. John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. x + 660. (I KahI, J. S. 1995. Lake Chemistry at Acadia National Park, 1995. Acadia National I.J Park Resources Report (unpubl. draft) KahI, J. S., J. L. Andersen, and S. A. Norton. 1985. 'Vater Resource Baseline Data and Assessment of Impacts from Acidic Precipitation, Acadia National Park, :Maine. Technical Report #16, National Park Service North Atlantic Region 'Vater Resources Program. pp. vi + 123. KahI, J. S., S. A. Norton, C. S. Cronan, I. J. Fernandez, L. C. Bacon and T. A. Haines. 1991. "Maine", pp. 203 - 235 in Charles, Donald F., ed. Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies. Springer-Verlag, New York. Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland, second edition: Volume 1--Checklist. Timber Press, Portland, Or. pp. lxi + 622. Keddy, P. A. 1983. Shoreline vegetation in Axe Lake, Ontario: effects of exposure on zonation patterns. Ecology 64(2): 331-344. Kott, L. and D. M. Britton. 1983. Spore morphology and taxonomy of Isoetes in northeastern North America. Canadian Journal of Botany vol. 61: 3140-3163. '-", Jackson, S. T. and D. F. Charles. 1988. Aquatic macrophytes in Adirondack (New York) lakes: patterns of species composition in relation to environment. Can. J. Bot. 66(7): 1449-1460. Lovett Doust, J., M. Schmidt, and L. Lovett Doust. 1994. Biological assessment of aquatic pollution: a review, with emphasis on plants as biomonitors. BioI. Rev. 69: 147-186. Newlin, W. V. P. 1989. The Lakes and Ponds of Mt. Desert. Downeast Books, Camden, Me. pp. xvi + 189. Rand. E. L. 1899. Subularia aquatica on Mt. Desert Island. Rhodora 1: 155-156. Rand, Edward L. and John H. Redfield. 1894. Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine. John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, Mass. pp. 286 + map. \ . 30 Roberts, D. A., R. Singer, and C. ,V. Boylen. 1985. The submersed macrophyte communities of Adirondack lakes (New York, U.s.A.) of varying degrees of acidity. Aquatic Botany 21: 219-235. . Smith, C. S. and J. W. Barko. 1990. Ecology of Eurasian Watermilfoil. J. Aquatic PI. Management 28(2): 55-64. Stebbins, G. L. 1929. Further Additions to the Mt. Desert Flora. Rhodora 31': 81-87. Waite, Thomas D. 1984. Principles of Water Quality. Academic Press, Inc., New York. pp. xii + 289. Wilcox, D. A. and J. E. Meeker. 1991. Disturbance effects on aquatic vegetation in regulated and unregulated lakes in northern Minnesota. Can. J. Bot. 69: 1542-1551. Wilson, S. D. and P. A. Keddy. 1986. Species competitive ability and position along a natural stress/ disturbance gradient. Ecology 67(5): 1236-1242. Wise, David A. 1970a. The Vascular Flora of Isle au Haut, Knox County, Maine. M. S. Thesis, Univ. N. H., Durham. UnpubI. ___. 1970b. The Flora of Isle au Haut, Maine. Rhodora 72: 505-532. Yan, N. D., G. E. Miller, 1. wile and G. G. Hitchin. 1985. Richness of aquatic macrophyte floras of soft water lakes of differing pH and trace metal content in Ontario, Canada. Aquatic Biology 23: 27-40. ,,....-~p.~., -,~-"'-'- ...... ~~:":",.,...- ~.~ ....•. -" ~.-.. , ',' 31 APPENDIX l--CATALOG OF AQUATIC VASCULAR PLANTS OF MDI/ACAD r i I This catalog of aquatic vascular plants of Acadia National Park and vicinity I I (Mount Desert Island, Isle au Haut and Schoodic Peninsula) includes all fully aquatic (submerged or floating) vascular plants as well as selected species of semi aquatic plants that grow in or closely adjacent to open water. Listed among the ) latter group are plants uncommon in the region or restricted to shoreline habitats. Many commoner shoreline species, including many that also occur in bogs, wooded swamps, and marshes, are excluded from this catalog, e.g. sweet gale (Myrica gale), Canada bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis) and 'wool grass (Scirpus cyperinus). These and other wetland plants were surveyed more carefully in field work in ACAD in the late 1980's (Greene 1990). Unless otherwise noted, species listed are common in MDI/ ACAD. Distribution by water body for ninety-two of these taxa can be found in Table 2; :NIDI distribution maps of most species listed are in Appendix 2. Families are circumscribed and ordered following Cronquist (in Flora of North I America Editorial Committee 1993). Species names and synonymy follow Kartesz 1994, with the few exceptions noted under some species. LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub Bog Clubmoss Lycopodium inundatum L. Occasional in bogs and wet meadmvs, but not systematically surveyed in this study. ("'-. \ ISOETACEAE Isoetes acadiensis Kott Acadian Quillwort Rare in Maine and the maritime provinces; known in Maine from Aroostook and Hancock counties, a candidate for endangered status in Maine. The historic station for the species persists at the south end of Long Pond as an apparently healthy population scattered over a wide area in shallow water. This species also grows at the outlet to Jordan Pond. Some specimens from Ripples Stream below the outlet of Ripples Pond may be referable to this species. I ! 32 Isoetes echinospora Durieu Spiny-spored Quillwort Isoetes braunii Dur. Isoetes muricata Dur. Common in shallow water of ponds and sandy stream bottoms. Isoetes X harveyi A.A. Eaton Harvev's Quillwort .I Infrequent in shallow water of deeper ponds, e.g. north of the boat launch on Jordan Pond. This is a hybrid behveen Isoetes tuckermanii and Isoetes lacustris. Isoetes lacustris A.A. Eaton Lacustrine Quillwort Isoetes hieroglyphica A.A. Eaton Isoetes macrospora Dur. Occasional but probably undercollected, grm,ving at greater depths (2-6 meters or more) than other Isoetes species. Isoetes prototypus D.M. Britt. Prototype Quillwort . Rare throughout its limited range in N.B., N.5. and Maine; a candidate species for endangered status in Maine. The Bubble Pond population is expansive, consisting of thousands of plants in dense beds covering an area of perhaps 100 sq. meters in water 1-3 meters deep near the beach at the north end of the pond. The only other Maine population is in Washington County. Isoetes riparia Engelm. Riverbank Quillwort Reported for Somes Stream, Ripples Brook and Ripples Pond by Rand and Redfield (1894), but possibly misidentified and referable to Isoetes tuckermanii. The only verified occurrences for Isoetes riparia in Maine are in York and Oxford counties (Campbell et al. 1995). ~fDI specimens referable to this species could not be located at NEBC (Harvard University Herbaria). Isoetes tuckermanii Engelm. Tuckerman's Quillwort Common in sandy substrates in shallow water of ponds and streams. EQUISETACEAE Equisetum fluviatile L. Water Horsetail Equisetum limosum L. Infrequent in shallow water of pond margins, marshes and streams. Plate 1 0 0 o 1I r' I ~ \ ~ \ l 0° i Ii 0° t~' '3 y lsoetes ecitillospom ~, WJ II I ~ Q GO ()o0° 0 G Eqlli::teum fluviatile Isoetes riparia Isoetes tllckermatlii Nuphar variegatum oo~) Nymphaea odorata 34 N~,1PHAEACEAE Nuphar vm'iegatum Engelm. Spatterdock, Yellow Pond Lily Nuphar lutea subsp. variegata (Dur.) E. O. Beal Nuphar advena var. variegatum Fern. Very common. Nomenclature fo11o'ws recommendation of C. B. Hellquist (pers. comm.). Nymphaea odm'ata Ait. Sweet-scented Water Lily Nymphaea tllberosa Paine Tuberous "Vater Lily Introduced at Long Pond, Seal Harbor, where it has hybridized freely 'with Nymphaea odorata to produce a hybrid swarm. CABOMBACEAE (Nymphaeaceae in part) Bl'asenia schrebe1'i Gmel. . Water Shield Brasenia peltata (Thunb.) Pursh CERATOPHYLLACEAE Ceratophyllum echinatum Gray Hornwort Locally rare. Found as a small population at a single station on ~IDI at the inlet at the north end of Somes Pond, the first record of this species for the island and for Hancock County. RANUNCULACEAE Ranuncuills flammula var. filiformis (MicIDe) Hook. Creeping Spearwort Ranunculus reptans L. Ranunculus flammula var. reptans (L.) E. Mayer Locally rare and possibly overlooked, this species occurs in low numbers in 'water less than 1 m. deep at the southeastern edge of Long Pond and along the southwestern shore of Seal Cove Pond. 35 ELATINACEAE Elatine americana (Pursh) Arn. Waterwort Rand and Redfield (1894) reported this species for Somes Stream and Mill Pond, ( but their original collections were not checked for annotations for this report; Wise (1970a) reports a 1919 collection from the south end of Long Pond, Isle au " Haut. All recent collections of Elatine from MDI are referable to Elatine minima .. Elatine minima (Nutt.) Fisch. & 1vfey. Watenvort Frequent but possibly undercollected from shallow water along pond edges; the first record of this species for MDI, prior collections possibly misidentified as Elatine americana. CLUSIACEAE (Guttiferae, Hypericaceae) Hypericum boreale (Britt.)Bickn. f. callitrichoides Fassett a St. John's-wort Hypericum canadense ~. sensu R& R in part Triadenum virgtnlcum (L.) Raf. Marsh St. John's-wort Elodes campanulata (Walt.) Pursh Hypericum virginicum L. Common in bogs and along pond and stream edges; not systematically surveyed in this study. BRASSICACEAE (Cruciferae) Subularia aquatica L. Water Awlwort Locally rare and state-listed as special concern, this diminutive mustard may be more common than collections suggest. A population of perhaps 100 plants persists at the southern end of Bubble Pond in 1-3 m. of water. The species was also found in 1989 in shallows mid-way along the western shore Long Pond, Isle au Haut; this population was not relocated in a 1996 search of that locality. Historic stations at Eagle Lake have not been relocated. Rand (1899) reported that at Eagle Lake the species grew cryptically in mats of Eriocaulon .. PRIMULACEAE Lysimachia terrestris (L.)BSP. Swamp Candles Lysimachia stricta Ait. Plate 2 36 emtophyllll1n ec1!ilwtlllll scllreberi E[atine minima Rail /lflwIIlS flaml1l1l1a ~~. Hypericum boreale ~~ ·m 'VI - .... -""-" . -.. ~' '-.,;: Triadenum virginicum Subularia aquatica ~ ~ Lysimachia terrestris 37 HALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. Water lvIiHoil 1 Found as a small population in shallows near the northeastern shore of Somes Pond, the first report of the species for MDI and for Hancock County. " Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. Water MiHoil Occasional in less than 1 m. of water along pond edges. This is the first record of the species for Isle au Haut (Long Pond). Most populations in ACAD ponds appear to be large, with dense, sometimes expansive mats of the species in pond shallm\·s. Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Water MiHoil Myriophyllum verticillatum var. pectinatuln Wallr. The only record of this species for NIDI was for Ripples Pond (Rand and Redfield 1894), which has largely filled in 'with emergent aquatic vegetation over the last century. Ripples Pond was not carefully surveyed for this report. Proserpinaca palustris var. crebra Fern. & Grise. Mermaid-weed The historic population in meadows at the head of Northeast Creek was not searched for, but a 1989 collection from wetlands along the trail between The Bmd and Sand Beach Parking Lot confirms the presence of this species in ACAD. LYTHRACEAE Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. Water-willow I Locally rare. Abundant at over a dozen stations along the shores of Somes Pond I and also reported for Hackmatack Swamp, Isle au Haut (Wise 1970a). ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. False Loosestrife Reported by Rand and Redfield (1894) for Ripples Pond but not relocated. Plate 3 38 XI.~ ...... ~\ .. ;f~ ".'- I ~ \\~~ \\~'V.)"; . * It-?leaves 11,/' ~ ~ l~ ~ .. -- - '.J =:... .:,'j, II .... , \~{,~ ~ .:: .. ~ 2.. 11,1yriophyll ll/fl verticillat1l11l A-Iyriophylllltrl twellunt Proserpinaca palllstris Decodoll verticillatus Rhexia virginica ~ Ludwigia palustris 39 MELASTONfATACEAE j ~exia virginicaL. Nfeadow Beauty \ Uncommon. Meadow Beauty grows along shores as well as upland sites closely (\ adjacent to pond and stream edges; consequently some MDI populations may have \) been overlooked in this survey. r ) APIACEAE (Umbelliferae) ( Sium suave Walt. Water Parsnip Sium cicutaefolium Gmel. MENYAN1HACEAE (Gentianaceae in part) Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean Locally rare. This plant of bogs and shallow water was not found in this survey. Recent occurrences include a swamp along the west branch of Hunter's Brook northeast of The Triad (1988) and the brackish marsh on Great Duck Island (1990). Nymphoides cordata (Ell.)Fern. Floating Heart Limnanthemum lacunosum (Vent.) Griseb. IDPPURIDACEAE Hippuris vulgaris L. Mare' s-tail Listed by Rand and Redfield (1894) as uncommon (from vicinity of Seawall, Great Duck and Great Cranberry Islands) but not found in the present survey. CALLITRICHACEAE Callitriche heterophylla Pursh Water Starwort Callitriche. anceps Fern. This species is included on the basis of a diminutive specimen (Greene 2512) from Hamilton Pond. A better collection is needed to confirm this as the first record for the species on MDI. The species (as Callitriche anceps) is listed as endangered in Maine. Plate 4 40 ~ o~ z-I Siutn suave Mellyanthes trifoliata Nymphoides cordata oX ~ Hippuris vulgaris Callitriche heterophylla Callitriche palustris 41 Callitriche palustris L. ~1arsh Water Stanvort Callitriche verna L. Occasional along pond shores, but more abundant in smaller water bodies (wet ditches, beaver ponds, etc.) that were not systematically surveyed in this study. ( I < I j LE1\TTIBULARIACEAE \ I ( Utricularia cornuta Michx. Horned Bladderwort ( Utricularia geminiscapa Benj. Bladderwort ~ \J Utricularia clandestina Nutt. Occasional, but Rand and Redfield (1894) considered it rare. Utricularia gibba L. Humped Bladderwort Uncommon. Utricularia intermedia Hayne' Flat-leaved Bladdenvort Utricularia macrorhiza LeConte Great Bladdenvort Utricularia vulgaris L. Utricularia minor L. a bladderwort Locally rare, found at Somes Pond inlet; a plant possibly referable to this species ! . grows along Lurvey Brook at Seal Cove Fire Road. Utricularia purpurea Walt. Purple Bladderwort Common. An unusual, white-flowered form grows in Half Moon Pond. Utricularia radiata Small Inflated Bladdenvort Utricularia inflata Walt. Utricularia resupinata B.D. Greene Small Purple Bladderwort Listed as threatened in Maine, this is the rarest bladderwort in the state, knO\\'U on (- MDI from old collections at Ripples Pond and Breakneck Ponds (Rand and Redfield 1894). This species is difficult to identify vegetatively and flowering may be infrequent (Crow and Hellquist 1985). Plate 5 42 .. , I !'i :'( \ l'I...... 11 triClllaria gibba Utriclilaria macrorlziza utricularia cornllta ~ ~··, II " 4" r~ ~ Utricularia pllrpllrea Utricularia geminiscapa V1ml!flIlSCI.l )(11 lJ!.lVl":J!.lm I +1-7{~ r, V1V!PV.l. V!.lVl'l:J!.l1 n £17 44 CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower Locally rare, but with a large, thriving colony along Somes Brook at the outlet of Somes Pond. The historic population along the inlet to Seal Cove Pond (Rand and Redfield 1894) was not searched for in this study. Lobelia dortmanna L. Water Lobelia ALISMATACEAE Alisma triviale Pursh Water-plantain Locally rare. Known in the region only from a 1920 collection at the north end of Long Pond, Isle au Haut (Wise 1970a); the locality was not searched in this study. Sagittaria graminea Michx. Grass-leaved Arrowhead Locally rare, persisting as a small population at the northern end of Long Pond southwest of the boat launch. Historic populations at Seal Cove Pond and Long Pond (Isle au Haut) were not relocated. Sagittaria latifolia \.villd. Common Arrrowhead Sagittaria variabilis Engelm. HYDROCHARITACEAE Vallisneria americana Michx. Water-celery, Tapegrass Locally rare. The new record of tapegrass in deeper water in the middle of Hodgden Pond is the first report of this species for MDI and Hancock County. POTAMOGETONACEAE (Zosteraceae in part) Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Large-leaved Pondweed Locally rare but growing in abundance in Hamilton Pond. Potamogeton bicupulatus Fern. Hair-like Pondweed Potamogeton hybridus sensu R. & R., not Michx. Locally rare. "•• ~.'.:"'.. ;'" ',,~~.''''-'': :.~ ...•• -",';".~~''':-~.:':-'''"'::':'.'';;'.,~- =..... ::,. ~.,. ".. -: :'.:'!.;.~ .::::•• -~.-' .- "-""-""'!'••. ;,-.-.,.... ~ - !.,..~" Plate 7 45 *xz..~ ; J j Lobelia dortmallllil Lobelia cardillalis Alisma triviale latifolia Sagittaria _grftmittea I 46 peduncle Po tamoge tim amplifolills --=x-=' "-""""'"~ -----'hl:r.nm" f1p /,- ~'--~~ ----- (loalinR lr.l'Ir J/// Z-~ Iii, Potamogeton confervoides / Potamogeton bicupulatus ~_ ...... ____ ... bI.""'" ... ___ ~ ___ J -.-~. ;~-::..--;;~ -:-t7~.' 47 Potamogeton confervoides Reichenb. Alga Pondweed (I Occasional, bu t each occurrence on MDI usually involves a single small t } population per water body, e.g. at the inlet west of Southern Neck on Long Pond, just south of the outlet of Witch Hole Pond, and in a small marshy cove on the r-', northeastern shore of Hodgden Pond. This species is state-listed as threatened. i I \ J Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. Surface Pondweed Potamogeton epihydrus var. nuttallii (c.& S.) Fern. Potamogeton epihydrus var. ramosus (Peck) House Potamogeton pennsylvanicus sensu R & R, not Cham. The most abundant pondweed in the region, present in almost all lakes and ponds. I r· Potamogeton gramineus L. Grassy Pondweed Infrequent. Potamogeton natans L. Floating Pondweed Infrequent. Potamogeton oakesianus Robbins Oakes' Pondweed Common. Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Clasping:-leaved Pondweed Potamogeton perfoliatus var. bupleuroides (Fern.) Farw. Potamogeton perfoliatus var. lanceolatus sensu R.&R., not Robbins. Infrequent. Potamogeton pusillus var. gemmiparus J.W. Robbins Small Pondweed Locally rare, found only at Bear Brook Pond, a new record for MDI and for Hancock County. Listed as rare in New Hampshire and Connecticut. Potamogeton pusillus var. tenuissimus Mertens & Koch. Small Pondweed Potamogeton berchtoldi Fieber Frequent. I .. Plate 9 48 ------flualioJ( Ie.f ", ~ f \ j ,ubmersed I ..I ______~c_ ~ 3!IJ ~~,,1 lacunae ------r,I Potamogetoll gramineus ~ 'I '1 Potamogetoll epihydrus '", ___ nn 4\ leaf Itlpule ______.£:..ff Potamogeton natans Potamogeton oakesianus 'late 10 49 , r\ I ! 8 LJ I II I ~ _6 Potamogetol1 pectinatus ,., young pl.n~--.----- .. ,,'----;/ Potamogetol1 perfoliatlls -----Intlorelcence ;/ n--'- .. ' t·:·S; , . PotamogetOtl~ puYillus var. gemmiparus o~rl ~I~ var. tenmssmu, 50 Potamogeton spirillus Tuckerm. Coiled Pondweed Occasional. This is the first record of the species for MDI, where it occurs in six ponds. RUPPIACEAE (Zosteraceae in part) Ruppia maritima L. Ditch-grass, Wigeon Grass Ruppia maritima var. longipes Hagstr. Ruppia maritima var. subcapitata Fern. & "\Vieg. Abundant in brackish water of Bass Harbor Marsh and Northeast Creek. NAJADACEAE Najas flexilis (Willd.)Rostk. & Schmidt Common Naiad Locally rare. Najas gracillima (A. Br.) Magnus Slender Water Nymph Locally rare. This is the first record of the species for MDI and for Hancock County. ZANNICHELLIACEAE (Zosteraceae in part) Zannichellia palustris L. Homed Pondweed Zannichellia palustris var. major (Boenn.) W.D.J. Koch Locally rare and state-listed as special concern. The only known population in the region grows in midstream along at least 50 meters of Marshall Brook, a few hundred meters downstream of the Marshall Brook Fire Road. ACORACEAE (Araceae in part) Acorus americanus (Raf.) Raf. Sweet Flag Locally rare. Not searched for at historic stations extant in the 1920's (Rand and Redfield 1894; Wherry 1928): near Otter Creek; Overflow Brook and Babson Brook, Somesville. ,.,_,.,,' ,._.,..,.~P\~ _..-, •. 3;..o:-·:-·~,·~-·-··"-·---··· .~-.~ .. lJUl~I!.J.lJUl lJ!ddll }J .·,.·i-'51': .. 1) .. / : '_.J, ®)""~~I"-/';" , @", . .. ' __ I"'''' . .,.1 ___ Iaa'l{ ~nd',,----- t~/ i / -A /:'1/ AI 11/ // / //I-,I1/ '. I 1/ J ,A / /''Y~7\.l Ii 52 ARACEAE Calla palustris L. Calla Lily Locally rare, found in wetlands west of Forest Hill Cemetery (east of Lower Hadlock Pond); a large population grows along the brook southeast of Sunken Heath, just north of Rt. 233. XYRIDACEAE Xyris difformis Chapman Yellow-eyed Grass Locally rare and perhaps overlooked; tentatively identified from a collection from a small population along the eastern shore of Lower Breakneck Pond. Xyris montana Ries Yellow-eyed Grass Infrequent in bogs and along sandy. shores . ERIOCAULACEAE Eriocaulon aquaticum (Hill) Druce Pipewort; White-buttons Eriocaulon septangulare lVith. JUNCACEAE Juncus militaris BigeL Bayonet Rush Juncus pelocarpus Mey. Beach Rush Locally rare. CYPERACEAE Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. var. americana Fern. Slender Sedge Carex filiformis sensu R & R, not L. Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.)Torr. Twig Rush Dulichium arundinaceum (L.)Britt. Three-way Sedge Dulichium spathaceum (L.) Pers. Eleocharis acicularis (L.)R & S. Needle Sedge SIIIIV:J!..ldUJV sn.lO.JV .;i UUtJfUOW S!-Jlix -, 5=";~ .. '•... i. i: ':l~l~" ..ij '. ' ... ' - . ," . . J '/ \. 'j • :::r . }:} IV(jr ;;r IJI) 54 Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.)Schultes Spike-rush Infrequent. Eleocharis olivacea Torr. Bright Green Spike-rush Eleocharis flavescens var. ol ivacea (Torr.) Gleason Locally rare. Eleocharis robbinsii Oakes Triangle Spike-rush Newly recorded for J\IDI, but frequent nonetheless, found at fourteen stations. ) j Eleocharis smallii Britt. Spike-rush ~) Locally rare, the first record of the species for J\IDI. Rhynchospora alba (L.)Vahl White Beak-rush Occasional along pond edges ~ut common in bogs. Rhynchospora capitellata .(Michx.)Vahl Beak-rush Occasional along pond edges; not systematically searched for in present study. Rhynchospora fusca (L.)Ait. Brown Beak-rush Occasional along pond edges; not systematically searched for in present study. Schoenoplectus acutus (Bige.) A. & D. Love Hard-stemmed Bulrush Scirpus acutus Muhl. Uncommon. Nomenclature for this genus follows Campbell et al. (1995). Schoenoplectus subterminalis (Torr.) Sojak Swaying Rush Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (Gmel.) Palla Soft-stemmed Bulrush Scirpus validus Vahl Occasional at edges of brackish ponds, Seawall Pond and pond near tip of Schoodic Peninsula. Plate 13 55 fl LJ •...... ,.. ;'; ~ r EriocaulOIl I aquaticum !UIlCllS pelocmplls '1 ~: I I •• Dulichium anmdinacellm i Carex lasiocarpa Cladium var. americana 56 Eleoclzaris olivacea Eleoc1l1lris aciwlaris Eleoc1lllris obtllsa i\l: !,, ""','\', tM,~ Eleocllllris robbillsii ~( RIzYllelzospora alba Eleocharis smalIii Rizyllchospora capitellata Rhynehospora fusca SchoelliJpleetus aeutus 57 Scirpus cyperinus (L.)Kunth Wool Grass Eriophorum cyperinus L. Common; not surveyed systematically in the present study. \ .I POACEAE (Gramineae) Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Rice Cut-grass Uncommon. The species persists at the south end of Long Pond (Isle au Haut. Historic reports include the north shore of Long Pond, Isle au Haut (Wise 1970a), Somes Stream and Seal Cove Pond meadow (Rand and Redfield 1894). Spartina pectinata Link Fresh-water Cord Grass Spartina cynosuroides (L.) lVilld. Spartina michauxiana Hitch. Frequent but not systematically searched for in present study. Zizania aquatica L. Wild Rice Apparently adventive at a few site on :NIDI (pond northeast of Eagle Lake; Hamilton Pond) in recent decades, perhaps following its introduction to many mainland wetlands by state conservation department in the 1950's. SP ARGANIACEAE Sparganium americanllm Nutt. Lesser Bur Reed Sparganium simplex var. androcladum Engelm. Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Narrow-leaved Bur Reed Sparganium emersum Rehm. Sparganium emersum ssp. acaule (Beeby) Cook & Nich. Sparganium simplex var. angustifolium (Michx.) Engelm. Frequent. Sparganium fluctuans (Morong) Robins. Fluctuating Bur Reed Sparganium simplex var. fluitans Engelm. Occasional. Plate 15 .j Schoenoplectlts subtermillalis Sclwel10plectlls taberllaemoll tall i ScirpllS ClJPerillllS .' 'l' w', \ I v\M Leersia onJzoides Spartilla pectillata x:.. Sparganium americanum Zizaltia aquatica -I J 6~ 60 Sparganium natans L. Least Bur Reed Sparganium minimum (Hartm.) Wallr. Infrequent on :NIDI. Reported from Isle au Haut near village by 'Vise (1970a). TYPHACEAE Typha lati/olia L. Common Cattail POT\TTEDERIACEAE Pontederia cordata L. Pickerelweed '~I'II i 'II' i , \ 1\ ·1 , , ;l ; I I I " . 1\ ~ -\ :~ i I -,n{!ds a18U!W81S 19 LI ;JWld 62 APPENDIX 2-- DISTRIBUTION MAPS OF SELECTED AQUATIC VASCULAR PLANTS ON MOUNT DESERT ISLAND Maps are ordered alphabetically by genus and species. Solid circle represent recent occurrences, either from 1995-96 field surveys or documented occurrences since 1975. Open circles represent historic occurrences that were not relocated in the present survey; most of these historic records are from Rand and Redfield (1894). 63 r--.. (~~ ( "''''''' ...... ''' ;:M--"'- ...... 'f...... • r-"'- rlf-~l/'· ~ , \ '- '----:, ,". r ~~ I ,.- ... J"\..r "l' e \..-'\ .... J-...J ~-\ i, c" "~ , . J'~.1)t,) .'Ii i e"' f~ i::)~_.> ~~ . . ~. ~hl" \ i): ,\ fl Jl ' ... ',.... ""', \.: ;\ ", " '~,\(. <, '"'1 • "c. ~\, V,J .,.-ll ,'\ 'i. ~} ([ I \ { , ( t <,,~'\ t~ I, f • -.;-~;. ~ .:-J (~"'..:\ l ~ ...... ). \' ') 1 rv ~ \:), ') I '; v' \. ! ' ,..; ,.,' (I ?. / ' ,..,~ .,' (~ '.' <:">'" ., L ~ )ID 7~) \~ L~' ) '0 (,., I', j)- l.. i,' ", )" ~ 'i, f./ {'V t.!. ~\..... ,/)i.\j t_... ~~~. . 11.': !...,-j~"_M~:..c,,_ .... /\"""'" r -jY '. 01:A .5'''''' ~ I:A \ '\--- \ ...... --- {.f)(T fI \ .~ ,...." ~ \ v "-'tl,'}' ,) \"\/z.~ l,'~ ) (!\~ r:(\?J \- 1. Brasenia schreberi 2. Callitriche heterophylla r--.. r ~.""" ...... (~"\ ~..r1 ~ .~ , ~~(4t ( (J"..) ~y ( (., ',. , ') ~ .~ , -,\. ! .,. \.~ ( ~ , -V \'- ~ \..-,\ • <. J'/ .~ \..~\ , L ,i") e'", (, :. I., Jq, ..; I; _ ~. , t" ) _, ..r~ c ). ",°0 ". ,. /"/0~nfl, . i; .: ~ f'..:' " ,,,.f"M\ e ;' lif / '<"','\' L ~ " '.'';, N'~ ''';'/ l"" ~\ (;,) ,,-ll " \ ~ • ,q-';I I\'! " \ i _ ) /""-."""~ Mr ", \ \'~J~ 1'· .'- ,.,( '7 ..>/\.~-\ ~ Y j,,-\ .' "h·.... , " ::lh/.kl""'r \)l( , ' rI "'he:7" "\ . • ~"l'i \' ~.. -..'} . e:)/,. \ \) , ~ , .~'-" :\)( .. '1 .' • N\ (\ { 0 '. <5 ~i '")\ ~ I ,\.: . thD "",,,,. \,/. , 'v' ,..'J ?~' N:; ..1.""\.\ t )\0 ..... yl' "" ~ \:' n ,..r~ \: j( n 1'/" "v r.. \'Y~ (~j ~JwjV \_y i . i ) I f9 99 ( I I I f \ ') I J { I , I \ .I L9 VI V.IOPO vtJvl.[dUlfiN ·S£ r 1 89 69 (~/'-. (~""" (~~ ~)J" ." \ ~ {--lJ--.~~... ,; (" I ...."" 0/~ .,! '-\...-\ .'." ( "~~"--\ :', ~}., ;;; • '"I f, i I' " " A A, ~ ~ ;\':. , .'1 LA. • ',','" I 1')' •f} e.F fA, ,\ 'j , .:' /,/' •'J • ., ,i-'~ ~ .' .'. :\ 1r .\ "\ 1 •.\ '; .:~ 1., Jr. i'\ .:,s1 .\'1 r -1_.-\( • \~. ','- ~ /':' r \(, '] r \N ' r-f f) \~ 4 L e ~0 ~" \' L ~ C' f "\ \ \.. " ,.J( ", . _ /./ \ 4! (.i ~l.J.u.\jJ t A;; .,J ~l....~"'c.:.'.j -jY , ~ I)" -jY , ~ 1)" \ '\---- \r;n .A -\ '\J'; ~~v(~) 'vfill "t}' \) ( \~ ~7_ NumnhoidesJ I cordata 38. Pontederia cordata ! ~~ ~ ~y ~. "S·, t!~( . ..,>;"\-'\..-\ 5.../ ~.' ''--\ " }. ,h '" " " .> ~. i ( , ~ '" r, ~ /\ ,\' jVt~ ~,.. 1h" ~ .,' ), "" \b-"'M ' ~ ',) :: ,\ ('J?""* h '/ '; . :\, W~ Pi) s',\'l '.," .~~ ..h~ y J ".t~'. !, ",0\ \ ) "• • " 'J' ",' \ 'i ,I '-, ,'. f ~.:l \, : i, . I '. r j , .". '.. '\ .. .j i ",,), (\ c'.r ~!' l' \: \~'..,. , I· r,-1. \', 'i (" ,.:( , \" \\' ,', , ~:, ''J ~ ", \' '" c, JID ,.",'Ii \.' " J \. ;": (, .j f\ • _ , \ _-V~ .,J '\,..jl.... )-u.\j \ .;; oJ:. ..j\....~--,..i. \j ~ . ~I)" -/ , ~ I)" \,\ -- Z,T", fl... t\ \ \r(~) ~ ;,~}' ) ,1\.?-J 39. Potamogeton amplifolius 40. Potamogeton bicupulatus ~~ ~ lJ" ~J~ r ,.:. ~ .~'-.. 'l ~.~\ !': ,. , ' ~ N 1;. n " " . ',~hM .. i\ 1 : .~~~ .\) .~) . . ",J{ \' ~\) .. ). . • i\ ' ;. t\)\ ".' '.' • ~~,\~~.",.. ~ •• \\ \ 0 h.\. 1.:, '! Jr·\~:, '" ~j ),\,\[' S: ~ )t ( ~ \. ~c.~Uwy \,J J' ~~\./ V ~V ~ ~I)" 41. Potamogeton confervoides 42. Potamogeton epihydrus 70 (y~ ~-"-~ ( "" \ ~"";-'~1-/" .- ( MJ--~A---- :: ((., "-, l ,.... ".>"",., ( . / .0 \ .,,/~ '--\ I '~ (\I ,"-.1 \, v .~. ''I ( ;:, I,. 'i G·· . 1·1 I!.... ~,.' : .J~. -. : ". !' /-io,. • !.'""'~" n ~~ i)..~)_ ) , .....L _, .,.,..1r'1 ' \\ (-I),r; '-;'i '\ ". ~.') f,O "',-:i{ . ~ "i .. ' 'J If.; if" ,) '. '. I ' ~', A'J', t.\i r /, (~-"-~ ~V~ MJ-- ;:" i ( V r ( ~1· ( (., ,.~ ~ \.,'.,>'-'\..,.. ~-,./ .,.."-;.'--'). j V', '), i ~ :.}~ ~ "; . ,( .. : h ~ ~ .\ / . . " . ). \;. /,/L""~ I I,p." 'i"'." \r"r\ .'.I). , ." .' J\;~ 'i"'\ ., .1 A~r;" , '~:)'i.~ t.\. 0 ~) ,.t.J~ ".:~r! . ~') ,,\) " (~ ~.J--.~-...r' (. ~~~ ,. ,(,,,,, (7 ( \., .. '" ,,:" '-- ... ""- '--'\.- \ \ '. '~f. ~ !l,lf ').. A \ ,,~r" 1\ \ ~'f •• ::iY \~ Ii ,.). ", .. \ '0 .'\.,1( }, ~ \. '. 1:"~'~)~~\' ~ ~ . fIJI"· J"I \0,''( ( 'I)~ ').~., 0 . ~ ~" J 1. ~,\ I;' Y (J Yo'J ~)l~ f i~ ~':; "'~~\j ~V \ ~~ - ~~ 47. Pota11logetoll pelfoliatus 48. Potamogetoll pusillus var. gemmlparus I I II \ I IL 72 ...... ~ r ~ . (~£~ krJ''1../'' (.. ~. ,~ rJ..-"". '" ;: J •.• , ~ ',. ;>,~ ~ .~~".~ \.-\ J'-I . \.-'). l, .'- '" 1 . " }."/ \;,.- (i,) "] ~ ~ '.n~ Ii -;' }'\ ':.,JJ~" , . ~' '1'7' ',/ -(-", -" i\ rf). '0" fer <1-"'\.) \...! , -.< .,; '~"'i ~ . , ~ j :;:ir.~" ~: (~~ ."-krJb-A£~ -~y y;...A~y f' ( \ - ,. ,~ '-." ..., '-II ~.:.," ~ "--\ J)~ .~ \ "."~.• • \.-'). " i'!"") ...... (, ~, ~ .." I!, ; ~ ,);, ~ '\ I-i:;.\:8Jtr' . I ! ,. ' !' .. I V " ,. / h. '( t, '.' 1'/",L '0 " ,". fA, _ .' • ,:(. < \ rot \, ;..'? N' ~..I' \.\r"1 . .' ('.:, II. c','\ ,.\ ~< "~\ 'r ' :5 (.~' '"'-~''' \~ 'I'\ r,,' :','V ';.~ ) \ ~.,J, 'f t" ,. ( , ? .' ~ ~ \'\ J ,\! ~..l ·.i. \', :; >I', ,- " ( . c (~ ~1..L "'" \ ~~(V~ V \. Y ,. >.~ ( krJ )../" ( l' y '). ~ ~.:~~'). II , !> '\'" • /' ( ( ~ ~ .. ' :" ~~;~Y)~41\·.U ~ \ '. J f1 "'41··~..'.. ;.. ' , '\~ II IG\ ,), \:. I. ~ ~\ ~ \ (~ ~: ~ y. ~ J. ~\\ ~ ? ; . )~ ,..r~ \; ~0 (0 v .j l\._ f't,),~v 't. ..;\) .,;:. \t....~'''U.\j 't. ""J "01>,. Y \ ___ ..s \ ~ I>,. '\--- \ f'< ~ (~...... J"'-"- (~"....,...--c...... ,.. (,.J--~r?'"" ,\ !"'l-"""T' ;" , (, 1 '"'~",'\. ~ ",' '. " ,.,.~~\..~\ , ,\"" ~'-- ('/ , "' ..,"- ~ ~ /"") "\ \", Jet ::. ,1/ . ~ : rJ • )' , ;;, o/"'h I I, '\ ,·t",V· . r. G rr ,) /;:i'i ,i) , ' ;' I'l~ \; !, It -1-"" '\ "',\ ',J' ,''''i \ "" • ~) {(J' ,"'i" \~; ',\ ,:.,) ~(; ,," ' . \ r ( '.\ \ ~': 'I ~",' .. ~" ~ i ':, ~ " • ' ( t-!; \>,-"J \\ 'i (" ' , .> Ie -', ',- \1 " ~ I· ~ r ..... ',', "",\\ 'j 1 \. I S ( " 'I' ')1;' ,f :-I-~ "'. "Ji' ) , v'I l,;' .. I., '\ .... ", j \.,~'; .,;.' ~jUD /,)0 \'';; 'bt \0"'~''':'' j -'Y ,~~ ~,~~ j ~ '\ ~\ ?J) \.)\ -----\ ) 1'-< ., \ V 'v (\~ I ,) z,rc~ ~'fI ,) 1\,-?-' (J\~ 61. Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanii 62.Sium suave I( \ 'j I J (~-"- (~"'-" ~~'f/" {c,' ; ~.'·l~ ~\, L I ;.,'..... 5../ ..'.'~'\.-\ '/ •. "~-\ ~ ~, " f ~ '. " A. ~,' L"...r~ ...-, , ,.)' A' [/ , "F h· ) , .. rI!.'.-'0~ ", \) ..• ~ (!. i "'~;i'i , \' '" , . " ~) <1'" ." ",) , ) fJ .'\ "\ ( • • 4; I, '2, \, " ~ \ i' ;0 J '. ( I' 1 ;; ~ .' ' .1-'" ; \',);' \ r •, .". \1 \\ ',", -' 0'- ?-,( , \>'- ,', \, J.~ ;'""\ r-'-.' I' (. 1\) ~ ,. r \ - ~ I (:" \',,,) ':, -J l,. ' 'i"!'" i\ • _ ,v' ,~~., .(, \ 'L~\/ \ ", • r \, 1 ...... ~. c...".,/ '_A.V" \::z... I.-".i - _'Y ':.\ '-v ~ ,~~ r r-.:'~ \ .. --....-, , \ Z}'\ .. \ '\ .'----- v' fl l\ \ 'v\ 10 ,) \.r't ~~\ ,) (IV v\~ 63.Sparganium amerianum 64.Sparganium angustifolium ~~~ ~»'r ,.. l 'W" } ~ ,'!.~ t ~'-,'>'~ .' : A' ..,'f) ( ! '\'\ .,' ", . \ ,\th~.:tr"'r \1.,)' ( ~;j'r \~ ~ ,) .,' fI, I~~" Mr .r,' t ( ~ ( , ' ( '"\I~~ ; ",0 , ,,-\, " <..~ . .'... , \~t ..... \...- r • '-\.-\. -.{ ~ " ( , '\ (', . " ~h' ~ ,< ",\ "f'ii " fJ I:;. 0 " '.Ji . /' f;" \; /'''h\rf''r i , " f,j( ;:i'(~ '\ \ ".. : " ' ~' fly ..." h .,'.. I '.-, r.·;' ('/ ., 4 'I • ~ ,~'! (.~ 67. Subularia aquatica 68. Typha lalifolia -j " 1 J (r-.....'-'f~" ~-"" {~'\ b_-"..L ." \ (~- J.-J'~r ,( C J.-J'~)-/"' 0- r ~ .~, ~~.>' cJ .... '\.- ,"'~''-\.-\ ./ '\ ) .. "-, " . '../'. t~ • ~, ..I ,~,j f,, ')r . .) . i".l L· f'\\.~ I,) 1 ,; ~ I. ~') flY'<,_.\'.f'\\·~~ , e (\ . .:-e, L-:.,j t(?; ~.. , I""~ ~.) ~. <~'\ .• ,( •. - ~s rJ~ ~~r '0 ~ ~,.' ) .,.,S, \.- r .,~ . ,', .')h \ " ,t ,e '), (0 I" ( • .....,11 ~ • !,• .", ~~!Y".' 41 \) ~ '1' ':\' <. 'or;. ~ . r • .. 1..'1 ,,\I 'i • : n ,~\. I \, ~ j II w.,'II. ':.~ ~ lJ ',- e.0 ,..r~ ~, --\~~ 0 ?~~ ~ · 'I? f ~ \\~ )~\; 0 t c,t> ,I\j '" ~J 1\ ';1 _ ) \~.S·.)t \ 'y • 1,~\.-/"/ ..s' ,1'" I),. \,., q ~ ~:,~'uV W ~1?~./ 71. Utricularia gibba 72.Utricularia intermedia 75 ~ ,(~:.[~ ( ~-"--"_C,' \ < "'"" 1t' ( ~.l..-r"-~I./" . (, ~ r ·1 ... (~ . " ">-- '~"\..-'\ I i "'./ ii' ~\ . ~~ ~n1\ 1'"\- \' \ r" c. 1'fr'-, . , , A~ -\~ ~ ·n-.~,;'.Jk ~ \ ',' .'_) 11'!"~'~"-<-"~) \), :\ ,. \ rJ>:Z~ -:If\. rJ>:~ -..!i,., -'/ ,""'-\ . JY •• ~ f' ,fl -.~ ;\ ~ : 1 ,~ " fl,!!' ••' '~M V,':" (!..J ;( '\ ~ ',. .) ~·,~·0~1! .~' 75. Utricularia purpurea 76. Utricularia radiata (~ ( ~~~" \ ~~1./"·" ",r( ~ ( <" Y \.,;\. ,.""\.... ~ . '"G . \,.- ~ ~ :.<- ~\,.-'\ ~ '\ ," 'r·.~ 'f-,i(' '\ ( ih ~ .' • ~ ( : ~ '~'I ' '!~ /;'l,~.:. /1,. "t:;i.0' ~ )!/ ,\'· .,,'{ , ([ r ~qr, L, .) • ~.I ~ h, ., < J ! " v \ .; \ ~ ih ..(" i \ \ 1 \. "' .\:.) ,,~, 'u:,j .i)\'. r\ \ ~ ',: J ' r-f~. '\'\ (\; ~ 'J ..r-.... (~-...... ~ r ...""" ...... ~1,.J.. ": \ (:J..J'-.~ '.>: '. ': ~ "Vy/'1 _ ( ~ (./" ,; '--;. ,.. ' ~'" ~ ..../ '~:"\''- ~I ~,::'" \'_\ ,~ : e, \.-\ 1.;) .. ".,~~, .1 - r r l Ai \4'tr''\ ~: .). Ai"i-r _ ;-.,k •• ~ " j 1J ~\! ...... ;1 ~\ ! .. • "01 .v :, /, ...... -7 ' f/ . '.-"'.' 1 ~ "'. :, .;,v:>'!'~ ! .). 'u!:.j (C'); ,. \ ') " -( ~ ([ r :: ~'\ tt 1 f ...... ;, . .: 'lJ' ,.'~:: \ \ ) 0 '~: j .,J I. ."", \. \ ( '; .-) .....'. , •'.( '.\. ,I ., - :' ' ~: \\ 'j ( ,~or ~\ ",.' '.: 'j c-f: ~ \: ,-,~. ,'j ?I ~' ~. I.' I' \ . , ( ,. \. C,IO !" .j) 1\". f \ . . ';jo/ ,;~ ~~l.J\.(.\_.. /~' ' __..,s' y" •"'\ f" "--J '\ ...... -, -, ,-. /-../! 'J -jY , ~~ "\ . N I:A. -- \r~n \,),...... '\....--...... -. ) --\ 'v)n'vl...,..('\ '" \ \ V~~t' ,) 1\}' ,) (J\~ 'on e.r ) '- - \~ 79. Xyris difformis SO. Xyris montana (~"' ~~Y'"" "'\ ~~;.) ~ ,.,~ \..., \' :' ..... r ,r'",,,, '\.-, .. i " ~\._, C V 't. ,".; , ~ >? ,;,.\ ... 'ii,}tr" . ; '.. (, ". h ~ ..• " A~f. ~ ~' ~ (1 J! ,,-,ii/ ..... \ 1,' .,' AiV ;-. '. ,P"'..... ~ - i' (!. j ~~:rl ,~ iii ~\ (y~, ~~~ Y' ,( ~.l..Jl...~y . (, r ,. '",~ \ " , ,", ,.~ ~' ~ '7 ,,- '--\ v ": '\ ," :.! r C /7 '", ~, . r ~...... ).I ;(' '1. ~)4~~ \)1 0')' " 'Ii" ',,',' ~ ~"I \ ' ,.j 51) " 't~) t '1._.~'" In ':, ~jr, \1.\,,\.~~! 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