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Survey of Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation of Acadia National Park

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Survey of Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation of Acadia National Park .., Survey of Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation of Acadia National Park Craig W. Greene C. Barre Hellquist and Linda Gregory Technical Report NPS/BSO-RNR/NRTR/OO-3 r IJ October 1999 Department of the Interior National Park Service Boston Support Office r I I , I IIl The Boston Support Office rBSO} of the National Park Service is responsible for i l , preserving, protecting and enhancing the natural resources and processes of national park areas in the States of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont. The Natural Resource Management and Research Program conducts natural resource and social science research, designs long-term monitoring, conducts inventories, and provides technical assistance in support of these activities. '\ The Natural Resources Management and Research Office publishes and distributes natural resource technical reports and natural resource science reports as a part of the NER Regional Publications Series in accordance with the Natural Resource Publication Management Handbook r1991}. r'-l, Copies are available from the following: ", National Park Service Boston Support Office Natural Resource Management and Research 15 State Street Boston, MA 02109-3572 Survey of Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation of Acadia National Park Craig W. Greene College of the Atlantic Bar Harbor, Maine co-investigators: C. Barre Hellquist North Adams State College North Adams, Massachusetts and Linda Gregory Acadia National Park Bar Harbor, Maine October 1999 National Park Service Boston Support Office Natural Resources Management 1 5 State Street Boston, Massachusetts 02109-3572 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ...... , ..................... " . '" ....... , ........ " ..... " ..... 1 Introduction ............................................................ 2 Nlethods . 3 Results and Discussion................................................... 16 ") r Acknowledgements ..................................................... 26 ,I References Cited......................................................... 27 Appendix 1--Systematic Catalog of Aquatic Vascular Plants of :Nlount Desert 1 Island and Acadia National Park. " .................... " ................ 31 J Appendix 2--Distribution Maps of Selected Aquatic Vascular Plants on :Nlount Desert Island ............................................................ 62 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Mean pH vs. number of vascular plant species present in 225 ponds in MDI/ ACAD ............................................................ 20 2. :Nlean alkalinity (in mg HC03-/l ) vs. number of vascular plant species present in 25 ponds in NIDI/ ACAD ....................................... 21 3. Mean total nitrogen vs. number of vascular plant species present in 23 ponds in MDI/ ACAD . .. 22 4. Mean total phosphorus vs. number of vascular plant species present in 23 ponds in MDI/ ACAD ................................................. 22 5. Approximate area (hectares) vs. number of vascular plant species present in 24 ponds in NIDI/ ACAD ....................................... : . .. 24 6. Elevation (meters) vs. number of vascular plant species present in 37 water bodies in NIDI! ACAD .............................................. 25 ii LIST OF MAPS 1. Selected Lakes, Ponds, and Streams in the Four Towns of :Mount Desert Island, Hancock County, Maine ................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES 1a. State-listed Endangered and Threatened Aquatic Vascular Plants from Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park ....................... 5 lb. Locally Rare Aquatic Vascular Plants from :Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park (not state-listed) ................................ 5 2. Inventory of Aquatic Vascular Plants of :Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park: Species by 'Vater Body. .. 6 I 3. Physical and Chemical Attributes of Selected Ponds of Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park ......................................... 14 4. pH and Alkalinity Ranges for Selected Species on Mount Desert j Island and in New England ........ " .................................... 15 5. Mean Number, Range, and Standard Deviation of Species Number for Ponds of Different Surface Areas. .. 24 LIST OF PLATES 1. LycopodieUa inundata, Isoetes echinospora, I. lacltstris, I. riparia, I. tuckermanii, Equisetum fluviatile, Nuphar variegatum, Nymphaea odorata . 33 \~ 2. Brasenia schreberi, Ceratophyllum echinatum, Ranunculus fLammula, Elatine ininima, Hypericum boreale, Triadenum virginicum, Subularia aquatica, Lysimachia terrestris .................................................... 36 3. Myriophyllum alternifLorum, 1\1. tenellum, lVI. verticillatum, Proserpinaca palustris, Decodon verticillatus, Rhexia virginica, Ludwigia palustris ........ 38 4. Sium suave, Menyanthes trifoliata, Nymphoides cordata, Hippuris vulgaris, Callitriche heterophylla, C. palustris ...................................... 40 5. Utricularia cornuta, U. gibba, U. macrorhiza, U. purpurea, U. geminiscapa . 42 6. Utricularia intermedia, U. minor, U. radiata, U. resupinata ............... 43 iii 7. Lobelia cardinalis, L. dortmanna, Alisma triviale, Sagitta ria graminea, S. latifolia ....................................................... ',' ..... 45 8. Vallisneria americana, Potamogeton amplifolius, P. confervoides, P. bicupulatus ............................................................. 46 9. Potamogeton epihydrus, P. gramineus, P. natans, P. oakesianu5 ........... 48 10. Potamogeton pectinatus, P. perfoliatus, P. pusillus var. gemmiparus, P. pusillus var. tenuissimus ............................................. .49 11. Potamogeton spirillus, Ruppia maritima, Najas flexilis, N. gracillima .... 51 12. Zannichellia palllstris, Calla palustris, Xyris difformis, X. montana, / Acorus alnericanus ..................................................... 53 13. Eriocaulon aquaticum, 'uncus militaris, J. pelocarpus, Dulichium arundinaceum, Carex lasiocarpa var. americana, Cladium mariscoides ....... 55 14. Eleocharis acicularis, E. obtllsa, E. olivacea, E. robbins ii, E. smallii, Rhynchospora alba, R. capitell~ta, R. fusca, schoenoplectus acutus .......... 56 i JI 15. schoenoplectus subterminalis, S. tabernaemon tani, scirpus cyperinus, Leersia oryzoides, spartina pectinata, Zizania aquatica, sparganium americanllm . .. 58 16. sparganium fluctuans, S. angllstifolium .............................. 59 17. sparganiwn natans, Pontederia cordata, Typha latifolia ................ 61 , iv 1 ABSTRACT In this two-year project we surveyed 39 ponds, lakes, and streams of Acadia National Park (ACAD) and Mount Desert Island (NIDI), Hancock and Knox Counties, Maine. The vascular flora of ACAD freshwaters includes approximately 80 aquatic species, many of which are typical of moderately acidic softwaters of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. An additional dozen semi­ aquatic shoreline species were also included in the survey. Seven aquatic and semi-aquatic species of historic occurrence in ACAD are currently listed or proposed for listing on Maine's Official List of Endangered and Threatened Plants. About thirty additional species, 'while not state-listed, seem to be locally rare in ACAD, and twenty-one of them have a single station of occurrence in ACAD. Eight aquatic or semi-aquatic plant species of historic occurrence in ACAD and MDI have not been relocated in the past twenty years, and eleven taxa are reported for ACAD for the first time. The relatively homogeneous chemical profile of the ponds in ACAD occupy a narrow fraction of that seen aqoss New England. IvIany aquatic macrophytes in ACAD are known to tolerate a much broader range of pH and alkalinity than exists on NIDI. Species richness·among ponds in ACAD show moderate correlation 'with surface area and somewhat weaker correlation with pH, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, but almost no correlation with alkalinity or elevation. It may be that habitat diversity and expanse of shallow water habitats, not surface area or pH, contributes most to species richness in each water body. Tables and graphs summarize water quality of water bodies studied and the distribution of aquatic vascular plants among them. Appendices include an annotated catalog of plants surveyed and distribution maps of species occurrence on Mt. Desert Island . .i. 2 INTRODUCTION This report summarizes surveys of aquatic vascular plants of ponds, lakes and selected streams of :Nlount Desert Island (MDI) and Acadia National Park (ACAD), Hancock and Knox Counties, Maine, conducted during the 1995 and 1996 field seasons. This two-year project represents the first comprehensive survey of aquatic vascular plants of Acadia ~ational Park. The first thorough treatment of the region's flora was undertaken by Rand and -Redfield (1894) and included aquatic and terrestrial vascular plants as well as bryophytes, algae and lichens. Since that time, the only detailed taxonomic surveys of vascular plants of ACAD were made by "Vise (1970a, b) for Isle au Haut and by Greene (1990) for all of ACAD and MDI. Calhoun et al. (1994) made an ecological inventory of the wetlands of ACAD. Each of these recent studies provided some additional information on aquatic vegetation in ACAD, but their emphasis was on terrestrial and semi-aquatic wetland vegetation, with less attention given to submerged or floating aquatic macrophytes. The present project concentrates on floating plants or those rooted in standing water; terrestrial and semi-terrestrial plants of shor~ 'were surveyed only incidentally.
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