How the Universe Works An attempt at dealing with the big questions of science and philosophy in light of 21’st century knowledge.

By Theodore A. Holden

Copyright © 2015 Theodore A. Holden. All rights reserved. Other than as permitted under the Fair Use section of the United States copyright act of 1976, no part of this publication shall be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the authors. Quoting of this work must be attributed to this book, and not in a manner which would indicate any sort of endorsement. No derivative works are permitted without express permission of the author. Reproduction of artwork contained in this book must be properly attributed to this book. Information, discussion, related links at: http://www.cosmosincollision.com/.

ISBN # 978-0-9891787-3-0

Version 5/2/15

Contents Forward: Part I, Ancient Realities and Some Background Chapter 1. Gravity in prehistoric times. Animal and Human Sizes of Past Ages The Weightlifter and the Witch How Much Attenuation of Gravity was Needed to Account for Dinosaur Sizes? Sauropod Necks and the Problem of Torque Ancient Flying Creatures Ancient Humans and their Sizes Antediluvian Lifespans Chapter 2. The Fermi Paradox and the Realities of Interstellar Distances Chapter 3. Telepathy and Pre-Flood Language The Evidence for Telepathy in Today’s World Telepathy in the Ancient World Talking to the Animals… Chapter 4. The Mars Images Cities and villages Walls and fitted stones Mechanical junk and debris (A few samples) Gateways to Subterranean areas. Structures (a few samples) Sphinx Phobos Red/orange wooly-bullies… Snakes Bugs Conspiracy Theories or Real Conspiracies? Chapter 5 Prehistory. Herbig/Haro Strings The Southern System The oldest creatures and their eyes Elaine Morgan’s Aquatic Ape Thesis Requirements for a human home world Ganymede First Transfer Later Transfer Purple and Gold Purple Dawn Age Golden Age Part II Problems with religion, philosophy, and cosmology Chapter 6. The Main Problems with Ordinary Ideas about Religion The Problem of Evil The Theory of Evolution. The Purpose of Sex Taxonomic Charts and Object-Oriented Design The Book of Joshua. The Problem of the Space Age. The question of aliens “seeding” this planet with life… Part III Understanding our Universe and its Living Worlds Chapter 7. Morphic fields and Object-Oriented Information Systems Chapter 8 Resurrection and Ghost Stories in the Bible. Chapter 9 The Egyptian Notion of Ka Chapter 10. The Antiquity of Egypt. Chapter 11. The Collapse of 20’th Century Magic Physics. Relativity. The “Big Bang”. Black Holes. Dark Matter. Quantum Physics. Faster than light?? Summary. Chapter 12. Escape Chapter 13. Earthly Paradises. What you’d want for a paradise world. Flight. Lifespans. Communication with animals. The Question of an Antediluvian peace. Righteous Conduct. The Ganymede Hypothesis and Past Paradisial Conditions. Conclusion

Forward:

There are any number of things in areas involving human origins and the human condition which are enigmatical and which cannot be easily be figured logically. Cosmos in Collision by Theodore Holden and Troy Mclachlin answered some of those questions about origins, but that book was written with an eye towards academic robustness and provability and, perforce, left a lot of material out. This book amounts to an attempt to fill in some of the gaps in questions of both origins and the human condition, while making no claim to being academically robust or scientific in any real sense. The Bible and most other religious works are written as if the stars and planets were points of light revolving around the Earth, while most science books are written as if God and morality (and the study of ancient history for that matter) did not exist. You get the impression that somewhere in that picture, there has to be a happy medium, but the problem is much bigger than that.

Space scientists today find themselves in the position of amnesia sufferers who, knowing nothing of their own pasts, can do little more than keep on putting one foot in front of the other, hoping that something will kick in sooner or later to jog their memories. Americans over 60 in particular will remember spending ten or twelve years of their lives hearing and reading every day about the great imperative of getting to the moon, only to have that mighty dream fizzle after a few manned moon shots. The implied official message of: “Space, oh yeah, been there, done that, now it’s time to get back to the serious business of running our welfare state and taking down governments which run afoul of the World Bank and IMF!” somehow seems less than completely satisfying or believable. Or, could it be that NASA got to the moon and what they found there so totally messed their minds that either all such future projects were canned or became “black” projects, which the American people have no way or learning anything about? Or even worse from the perspective of many scientists… What if whatever they found on the moon and possibly also whatever they might be finding on Mars with their motorized probes, has tended to falsify the theory of evolution and/or other standard theories pertaining to the history of our solar system, human prehistory and the like? What effect might that have on the degree of access which ordinary people have on the findings of the space age? What about the menagerie of fantastic things which twentieth century science has created and the careers and tenured positions which depend upon them (dark energy, dark matter, the “Big Bang”, dark holes, worm holes, space-time, string theory…)? Could these things and the isms of 20’th century science have morphed into roadblocks to logical thinking and a kind of a minefield which will need to be cleared out of the way before the science of the 21’st century can proceed much further? Particularly problematical is the overwhelming evidence of past habitation now being found on Mars, and on other bodies in our system. Believing that Mars was ever inhabited means having to totally jettison the entire standard theory of the history of our solar system, there being no way to picture Mars ever being habitable under present conditions.

And, finally, horror of horrors, could it be that the Bible and other ancient literature concerned with origins might have more to offer us in the way of understanding the things which are turning up in space science at this point in time, and could that be any part of the reason why the United States space program in particular, seems to have gone on a sort of a 35-year walkabout? Part I, Ancient Realities and Some Background

Chapter 1. Gravity in prehistoric times.

Animal and Human Sizes of Past Ages

There is a great deal of interest in questions of giant humans and/or hominids in past ages. Whatever the answer to those questions ultimately turns out to be, there doesn’t seem to have ever been an age in which ONLY giant humans and/or hominids inhabited our planet. Neanderthals were compactly built, heavy, and immensely strong, but their skeletons don't indicate that they ever grew much over 6 feet tall, if that. Cro-Magnon people appear to have been large, around 6 feet on average, but no more so than groups of larger humans today. There actually is evidence of substantially larger humans and hominids in past ages but, before getting into that, we should take a look at the question of dinosaurs and their sizes and what made those sizes possible, since that is the simplest case. The question that you never see in standard textbooks or even in popular literature is this: if those kinds of sizes were such a winning ticket for creatures that supposedly dominated the earth for tens of millions of years, then in the 65 million years that supposedly intervenes between that age and ours, why has nothing else ever re-evolved into such sizes? Or could it be that such sizes are no longer even possible? Or, did you ever wonder why it was always the littlest kid in your class in school who could do the most pushups and pull-ups, or why you never see 200-lb athletes competing in gymnastics? The answer to all such questions concerning size ratios involves what we call square/cube phenomena, that is, ratios of volume or weight (which is proportional to volume) to some measure of strength or efficiency that is proportional to surface area or to body cross section. Volume, of course, is a cubed figure while cross section and surface area are squared figures. The radiators in cars are basically square/cube phenomena for that matter, since anything only gains or loses heat on its surface; a radiator is a heat transfer device that maximizes surface area for a given volume of coolant. Weight is proportional to volume, which is a cubed figure (width times breadth times height) while strength is proportional to cross section of bone and muscle, which is a squared figure. Double your physical dimensions, and you have a factor of two that gets figured three times for volume and weight (you'll be eight times heavier), while it only gets figured twice for cross section and strength (and you'll only be four times stronger). You'll have cut your power/weight ratio in half. Clearly you can only halve your power/weight ratio so many times and still stand up and walk; the mathematical limit for that sort of thing in our present world and gravity is about 20,000 lbs., indicating that the largest elephants at something like 15000 lbs. are the largest animals that in actual fact are possible in our present world. As you get larger, you lower your power to weight ratio no matter what you do. People who work out see this sort of thing in the gym occasionally, and this can be comical. You'll see a reasonably serious weightlifter walk-in with a girl he wants to impress and the first thing that happens (because girls are getting stronger now too) is that the girl walks over to the chinning bar and does 14 or 15 pull ups and the guy figures he has to do 20 or 25; in real life he's going to put himself in the hospital trying to do the 14 or 15 that the girl did and the girl needs some sort of a lecture on how to keep boyfriends alive (i.e. don’t allow them to play keep-up with exercises that stress power/weight ratios). But back to the case of dinosaurs...

Frederick Malmartel’s sketch of a dinosaur addressing the square/cube problem[1]…

It is a fairly easy demonstration (as we’ll see shortly) that nothing any larger than the largest elephants could live on land in our world today, and that the largest dinosaurs survived ONLY because the environment on Earth and the structure of the solar system in their age were such that they did not experience gravity as we do today. They would have been crushed by their own weight were they to have experienced our gravity. And they keep on finding larger and larger dinosaurs. The heavyweight dinosaur crown keeps changing hands with the brontosaurs and brachiosaurs giving way to supersaurs, ultrasaurs, seismosaurs... Christopher McGowan cites a 180 ton weight estimate for the ultrasaur, and describes the volume-based methods of estimating dinosaur weights[2]. He came in for a great deal of criticism for that estimate; more recent estimates are lower but the logic behind McGowan’s original estimate has never been refuted to our knowledge. What seems to be the case is that newer sauropod weight estimates are generally low because scientists realize they have a problem.

Argentinosaurus, from Wikipedia article (human in lower left corner of photo): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argentinosaurus_DSC_2943.jpg

An analysis of dinosaur lifting requirements involves a comparison to human lifting capabilities. One objection that might be raised to this would be to claim that animal muscle tissue was somehow "better" than that of humans. This, however, is known not to be the case: "It appears that the maximum force or stress that can be exerted by any muscle is inherent in the structure of the muscle filaments. The maximum force is roughly 4 to 4 kgf/cm2 cross section of muscle (300 - 400 kN/m2). This force is body-size independent and is the same for mouse and elephant muscle. The reason for this uniformity is that the dimensions of the thick and thin muscle filaments, and also the number of cross-bridges between them are the same. In fact the structure of mouse muscle and elephant muscle is so similar that a microscopist would have difficulty identifying them except for a larger number of mitrochondria in the smaller animal. This uniformity in maximum force holds not only for higher vertebrates, but for many other organisms, including at least some, but not all invertebrates."[3] Another objection might be that sauropods were aquatic creatures. Nobody believes that anymore; they had no adaptation for aquatic life. Their teeth show wear and tear from eating branches and leaves; you wouldn’t get that from eating soft aquatic vegetation. Tracks show them walking on land with no difficulty. A final objection would be that dinosaurs were somehow more "efficient" than top human athletes, or that they somehow had better "leverage.” Superposed images of sauropods and power lifters at roughly equal-weight sizes show the sauropods’ legs to be puny compared to the human athletes'. That is not surprising, since a sauropod's body was mostly digestive system (for processing leaves and vegetation), while a human athlete’s body is mostly muscle. The better-leverage argument would require the sauropod to be a spectacularly knob-kneed sort of a creature with knees and other joints wider than those of the human athletes, even though the rest of their legs were spindly by contrast. Juxtaposed images of human weightlifters and sauropod dinosaurs at roughly equal sizes do not support this idea. The normal inverse operator for the square/cube phenomenon is to simply divide by 2/3 power of body weight, and that is indeed the normal (isometric) scaling factor for all weight lifting events. Suppose for instance that a weightlifting tournament consisted of several different exercises or kinds of lifts (squat, bench-press, deadlift), and that there were several different weight divisions for the athletes of various sizes. For any particular lifting event there would be a best left for each weight division. If you were to divide each of those best lifts by the two thirds power of the corresponding athlete’s weight, then the numbers would almost become the same number. One of the numbers would stand out a little bit and that would be the best lift amongst all weight divisions on a scaled basis. In other words, for human athletes built along similar lines, which includes weightlifters from about 140 to about 220 pounds, the maximal numbers for a particular lift for the champions of the various weight classes all become nearly the same number when divided by the 2/3 power of each athlete’s mass. Scaling in this manner eliminates the effect of the athletes’ sizes and allows one to determine which athlete, regardless of weight class, has actually achieved the best lift. The Weightlifter and the Witch For a quick and dirty look (as opposed to a formal proof…) at how isometric scaling works, let us suppose that John weighs 200 lbs. and can press 300 lbs.

While John is asleep, the wicked witch of the East sneaks into his room and, with her wand, doubles his physical dimensions. As we know, he will be eight times heavier and four times stronger. He now weighs 1600 lbs. and can press 1200 lbs.

Using our calculator, we note that:

200.67 = 34.8 1600.67= 140.2 and that 300 / 34.8 = 8.62 and 1200 / 140.2 = 8.56

In other words, dividing by the two thirds power of weight/mass eliminated the difference due to scaling and the square/cube problem and the experiment yielded the same result in both cases within the limits of the two digit accuracy. Basically, dividing by the 2/3 power of mass (or weight since mass is proportional to weight for all cases in this sort of example), simply eliminates the effect of the different sizes.

Again, this sort of isometric scaling is generally used to compare maximal lifting event efforts by athletes of different sizes and works quite well so long as the athletes are built along similar lines. Note however that for any sort of a thought experiment involving scaling the SAME athlete to different sizes, this isometric scaling would work perfectly.

Consider the case of Bill Kazmaier, the king of the power lifters in the 1970s and 1980s. Power lifters are amongst the strongest of all athletes; they concentrate on the three most difficult total-body lifts, i.e. bench-press, squat, and dead-lift. They work out many hours a day and, as is fairly common knowledge, use food to flavor their anabolic steroids. No animal the same weight as one of these men could be presumed to be as strong; certainly no herbivore could be presumed to be a strong. Kazmaier was able to do squats and dead lifts with weights between 1000 and 1100 lb. on a bar, assuming he was fully warmed up. How heavy can an animal still get and survive on land in today’s world, then? This amounts to the same thing as asking the question of how heavy Mr. Kazmaier would be at the point at which the square-cube problem made it as difficult for him just to stand up as it is for him to do 1000 lb. squats at his competitive size of 340 lb.? The answer is simply the solution to: 1340/340.667 = x/x.667 Or just under 21,000 lb. In fact, that would be the point at which just standing up would represent the same level of effort is a fully warmed up, one-shot, go for the gold maximal total body lift. In real life, standing and walking have to come more easily than that. Now, if you were to put a top power lifter like Kazmaier next to a sauropod dinosaur that is equal in size, what you would be looking at would be one animal at the top of the food chain and another near the bottom. The human athlete’s body is mostly bone and muscle; the herbivore’s body is mostly made up of a digestive system for processing leaves, grass, and other very low value foods. And if Kazmaier couldn’t make it past 20,000 pounds in our world’s present gravity, the herbivore certainly could not. Again, in all cases, we are comparing the absolute max effort for a top human weight lifter to lift and hold something for two seconds versus the sauropod's requirement to move around and walk all day long with a scaled weight greater than these weights involved in the maximum, one-shot, two- second effort. Thus, in real life, elephants do not appear to get to that 20,000 lb. point. Christopher McGowan claims that a Toronto Zoo specimen was the largest in North America at 14,300 lb.[4], and Smithsonian personnel once provided a weight estimate of about eight tons for the huge bush elephant whose body stands in the Museum of Natural History. There are other square/cube problems aside from the ability to lift weights. Oxygen consumption (the ability to breathe), the ability to digest food, and wing-loading and hence the ability to fly, are all things that vary with a squared figure and yet must support mass, which varies with a cubed figure, as noted. All of these things impose size limits on animals of various kinds. How Much Attenuation of Gravity was Needed to Account for Dinosaur Sizes? Thus we observe and conclude that dinosaurs were only able to exist because gravity was attenuated during their age; the next question is, how much attenuation was required for the largest sauropod dinosaurs to exist?

From physics, weight = mg, or mass times the acceleration of gravity at the Earth’s surface. We assume that the Smithsonian elephant at 16,000 lbs. is ballpark for the heaviest creature our world will support today and also that the ultrasaur, for which Christopher McGowen gives a 360,000-lb weight figure[5] (we believe that original volumetric calculation was correct) was the heaviest or near the heaviest of their world. We also assume that the level of effort for the sauropod to stand in his world cannot have been more than it is for the elephant in ours. Using our athletic scaling factor again, we use gd for gravity-dinosaur, ge for gravity-elephant, md for mass-dinosaur, me for mass-elephant, and note that:

me * ge = 16000 md * ge = 360,000 i.e. we note that, in our gravity, the elephant weights 16,000 lbs. while the dinosaur would weigh 360,000 lbs., so that:

md = (360/16) * me

We also observe that:

(md * gd)/md.67 = (me * ge)/me.67

(scaled lifts for standing are equal)

gd * md .34 = ge * me .34

gd/ge = me.34 / md.34 = me.34 / ( 360/16 * me) .34 = me.34 / ( me.34 * ( 360/16 ) .34 )

Thus 2.8 * gd = ge, i.e. the ratio of gravity then vs. now is the cube root of the ratio of the weights of the two animals. In other words, it would take almost a three to one attenuation of the acceleration due to gravity in order for the largest dinosaurs to exist! Sauropod Necks and the Problem of Torque A second category of evidence for the attenuation of gravity in prehistoric times arises from the study of sauropod dinosaurs' necks. Scientists who study sauropod dinosaurs have claimed that they held their heads low, because they could not have gotten blood to their brains had they held them high. McGowan goes into this in detail on this topic[6]. He mentions the fact that a giraffe's blood pressure, at 200 - 300 mm Hg, far higher than that of any other animal, would probably rupture the vascular system of any other animal. This pressure is maintained by thick arterial walls and by a very tight skin, which apparently acts like a jet pilot's pressure suit. A giraffe's head might reach to 20'. How a sauropod might have gotten blood to its brain at 50' or 60' is the real question. Two articles that mention this problem appeared in the 12/91 issue of Natural History. Harvey B. Lillywhite of Univ. Fla., Gainesville, noted: "...in a Barosaurus with its head held high, the heart had to work against a gravitational pressure of about 590 mm of mercury (Hg). In order for the heart to eject blood into the arteries of the neck, its pressure must exceed that of the blood pushing against the opposite side of the outflow valve. Moreover, some additional pressure would have been needed to overcome the resistance of smaller vessels within the head for blood flow to meet the requirements for brain and facial tissues. Therefore, hearts of Barosaurus must have generated pressures at least six times greater than those of humans and three to four times greater than those of giraffes."[7] In the same issue of Natural History, Peter Dodson noted: "Brachiosaurus was built like a giraffe and may have fed like one. But most sauropods were built quite differently. At the base of the neck, a sauropod's vertebral spines unlike those of a giraffe, were weak and low and did not provide leverage for the muscles required to elevate the head in a high position. Furthermore, the blood pressure required to pump blood up to the brain, thirty or more feet in the air, would have placed extraordinary demands on the heart (see opposite page) [Lillywhite's article] and would seemingly have placed the animal at severe risk of a stroke, an aneurysm, or some other circulatory disaster. If sauropods fed with the neck extended just a little above heart level, say from ground level up to fifteen feet, the blood pressure required would have been far more reasonable."[8] It turns out, however, that a problem every bit as bad or worse than the blood pressure problem would arise, gravity being what it is now, were sauropods to hold their heads out just above horizontally as Dodson suggests. Try holding your arm out horizontally for more than a minute or two, and then imagine your arm being 40' long and 30,000 lb. . . An ultrasaur or seismosaur with a neck 40' - 60' long and weighing 25,000 – 40,000 lb., would be looking at 400,000 to nearly a million foot pounds of torque were one of them to try to hold his neck out horizontally. That's basically impossible. You don't hang a 30,000 lb. load 40' off into space even if it is made out of wood and structural materials, much less flesh and blood. In fact, if you set out to research the question of what, if anything, in our world involves torques on the order of half a million to a million foot pounds, you'll find that no nut or bolt on anything in the world involves more than a few thousand foot-pounds of torque. The only thing in the ballpark would be the combined maximum torque of all the engines of a WW-II battleship or a modern aircraft carrier, that is, sufficient torque to drive a 60,000 ton ship through the water at 30 knots or better. The idea of anything made of flesh and blood holding that much torque is very far removed from reality. A cursory look at an elephant's skeleton reveals a structural system much like Roman architecture with one and only one purpose in mind, i.e. bearing the elephant's great weight. The legs are columns and the spine is a Roman arch. A sauropod's neck, however, particularly in the case of the recent ultrasaur and seismosaur finds, weighed several times the weight of a large elephant and, if held outwards horizontally, would actually arch downwards (the wrong way). Reconstructions actually depict them like that, no thought whatever given to the consequences, either by the scientists or the artists involved. And so, sauropods (in our gravity) couldn't hold their heads up, and they couldn't hold them out either. That doesn't leave much.

(above) An elephant’s body build is termed “graviportal,” and consists of the basic elements of Roman architecture, the legs serving as columns, and the spine serving as a Roman arch for supporting weight. If an elephant’s spine were to arch downward as is the case with most quadrupeds, the elephant would collapse. (public domain image[9])

Public Domain Image Diplodocid (sauropod which held its neck outwards) reconstruction. Notice that the neck arches the wrong way. (public domain image)[10] Ancient Flying Creatures A third category of evidence for attenuated gravity in antediluvian times arises from studies of creatures that flew in those times, and of creatures that fly now. In the prehistoric world, thousand-pound flying creatures soared in skies that no longer permit flying creatures above 30 lb. or thereabouts. Modern birds of prey (the Argentinean teratorn) weighing 170 -200 lb. with wingspans of 30' also flew in ages past, while within recorded history central Asians have been trying to breed hunting eagles for size and strength, yet have never gotten them beyond approximately 25 lb. At that point they are able to take off only with the greatest difficulty. A book of interest here is Adrian Desmond's "The Hot Blooded Dinosaurs.” Desmond has a good deal to say about the pteranodon, the 40 - 50 lb. pterosaur that scientists used to believe was the largest creature that ever flew: "Pteranodon had lost its teeth, tail and some flight musculature, and its rear legs had become spindly. It was, however, in the actual bones that the greatest reduction of weight was achieved. The wing bones, backbone and hind limbs were tubular, like the supporting struts of an aircraft, which allows for strength yet cuts down on weight. In Pteranodon these bones, although up to an inch in diameter, were no more than cylindrical air spaces bounded by an outer bony casing no thicker than a piece of card. Barnum Brown of the American Museum reported an armbone fragment of an unknown species of pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Texas in which 'the culmination of the pterosaur... the acme of light construction' was achieved. Here, the trend had continued so far that the bone wall of the cylinder was an unbelievable one- fiftieth of an inch thick Inside the tubes bony crosswise struts no thicker than pins helped to strengthen the structure, another innovation in aircraft design anticipated by the Mesozoic pterosaurs. “The combination of great size and negligible weight must necessarily have resulted in some fragility. It is easy to imagine that the paper-thin tubular bones supporting the gigantic wings would have made landing dangerous. How could the creature have alighted without shattering all of its bones How could it have taken off in the first place It was obviously unable to flap twelve-foot wings strung between straw-thin tubes. Many larger birds have to achieve a certain speed by running and flapping before they can take off and others have to produce a wing beat speed approaching hovering in order to rise. To achieve hovering with a twenty-three foot wingspread, Pteranodon would have required 220 lb. of flight muscles as efficient as those in humming birds. But it had reduced its musculature to about 8 lb., so it is inconceivable that Pteranodon could have taken off actively. “Pteranodon, then, was not a flapping creature, it had neither the muscles nor the resistance to the resulting stress. Its long, thin albatross-like wings betray it as a glider, the most advanced glider the animal kingdom has produced. With a weight of only 40 lb. the wing loading was only I lb. per square foot. This gave it a slower sinking speed than even a man-made glider, where the wings have to sustain a weight of at least 4 lb. per square foot. The ratio of wing area to total weight in Pteranodon is only surpassed in some of the insects. Pteranodon was constructed as a glider, with the breastbone, shoulder girdle and backbone welded into a box-like rigid fuselage, able to absorb the strain from the giant wings. The low weight combined with an enormous wing span meant that Pteranodon could glide at ultra-low speeds without fear of stalling. Cherrie Bramwell of Reading University has calculated that it could remain aloft at only 15 m.p.h. So takeoff would have been relatively easy. All Pteranodon needed was a breeze of 15 m.p.h. when it would face the wind, stretch its wings and be lifted into the air like a piece of paper. No effort at all would have been required. Again, if it was forced to land on the sea, it had only to extend its wings to catch the wind in order to raise itself gently out of the water. It seems strange that an animal that had gone to such great lengths to reduce its weight to a minimum should have evolved an elongated bony crest on its skull."[11] Desmond has mentioned some of the problems that even the pteranodon faced at 50 lb. or so; no possibility of flapping the wings for instance. And then: “Calculations bearing on size and power suggested that the maximum weight that a flying vertebrate can attain is about 50 lb. (emphasis ours): Pteranodon and its slightly larger but lesser known Jordanian ally Titanopteryx were therefore thought to be the largest flying animals." We are not aware of any demonstration of a fatal flaw in those calculations, other than for assuming that gravity in prehistoric times would have been the same as it is now. The giant teratorn finds of Argentina were not known when Desmond's book was written, they came out in the eighties in issues of Science Magazine and other publications. The aforementioned teratorn was a 160 - 200 lb eagle with a 27' wingspan, a modern bird whose existence involved flapping wings, and aerial maneuver. And then there is the case of the Texas pterosaurs.

(Image: http://www.jhu.edu/~gazette/2009/12jan09/12pterosaurs.html) Robert T. Bakker has this to say about the Texas Pterosaurs: "Immediately after their paper came out in Science, Wann Langston and his students were attacked by aeronautical engineers who simply could not believe that the Big Bend dragon had a wingspan of forty feet or more. Such dimensions broke all the rules of flight engineering; a creature that large would have broken its arm bones if it tried to fly... Under this hail of disbelief, Langston and his crew backed off somewhat. Since the complete wing bones hadn't been discovered, it was possible to reconstruct the Big Bend Pterodactyl [pterosaur] with wings much shorter than fifty feet."[12] The original reconstruction had put wingspan for the pterosaur at over 60'. Bakker goes on to say that he believes the pterosaurs really were that big and that they simply flew despite our not comprehending how, i.e. that the problem is ours. He does not give a solution as to what we're looking at the wrong way. In the cases of birds larger than 25 or 30 pounds that survived the change in gravity, that is, in the cases of ostriches and New Zealand moas and the like, the wings became vestigial and the creatures developed lifestyles that did not depend upon flight. Teratorns and the Big Bend pterosaurs, on the other hand, had wings that were clearly not vestigial and could not have lived other than by flying. One of the problems here is that Einstein's description of gravity as a four dimensional differential geometry kind of thing would not allow anybody to believe that gravity could have undergone any sort of a large change near the surface of the earth in geologically recent times. Nonetheless, as we have just seen, it is an easy demonstration that it must have. What this means is that gravity is not an absolute basic force in nature and must actually be some kind of electrostatic dipole phenomenon as Ralph Sansbury and researchers connected with Thunderbolts.info claim.[13] Ancient Humans and their Sizes So much then for dinosaurs and their sizes. Those sizes were only possible because of an attenuation of gravity that prevailed in prehistoric times. What about other kinds of creatures, particularly humans? Is there any reason to believe that at least some humans and/or hominids would have been substantially larger in past ages than might be possible today? The limit of size for any particular creature depends upon the kinds of stresses that the creature has to be able to deal with and this is because of the square/cube problem that we have mentioned. It is also the case that these limits have been uniformly higher in an age not more than a few tens of thousands of years ago. These included mammoths, which were substantially larger than present elephants, 1500 pound lions and 2500 pound bears in California, an eight-foot long beaver in New York, and a number of other such mega fauna. But what about humans? From the time humans first appeared on this planet, there does not appear to have ever been a shortage of humans who were in the ballpark for the kinds of sizes that humans attain to now. Nonetheless, from what we've just seen, it would be surprising to learn that there had never been humans substantially larger than present humans. Most are familiar with the statement from Genesis: GEN 6:4 There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that. . . But there does not appear to be any physical evidence of giant humans from past ages... Does that mean that there is no such evidence, or simply that all or nearly all such evidence has been buried or covered up? Conspiracy theories should normally be viewed as a last resort, for situations in which all other remedies have failed; however we view this issue as a legitimate case involving conspiracy to cover up. It was common knowledge in the United States in the 1700s and 1800s that there were burial mounds at numerous sites containing the bones of giant humans, and even Abraham Lincoln mentioned this once in a speech given at Niagara Falls: “But still there is more. It calls up the indefinite past. When Columbus first sought this continent---when Christ suffered on the cross---when Moses led Israel through the Red-Sea---nay, even, when Adam first came from the hand of his Maker---then as now, Niagara was roaring here. The eyes of that species of extinct giants, whose bones fill the mounds of America, (emphasis ours) have gazed on Niagara, as ours do now. Co[n]temporary with the whole race of men, and older than the first man, Niagara is strong, and fresh to-day as ten thousand years ago. The Mammoth and Mastadon---now so long dead, that fragments of their monstrous bones, alone testify, that they ever lived, have gazed on Niagara. In that long---long time, never still for a single moment. Never dried, never froze, never slept, never rested.”[14] Prior to the Internet age, the educated layman had little opportunity to read or examine any of this type of material. Nonetheless, the age when committed ideologues could keep lids down on this sort of thing is over. We recommend the following two starting points for interested readers: The Chapman Research Report[15] Robert Vannrox post on FreeRepublic Forum from email from Vine Deloria[16]

Articles that attempt to describe the role of the Smithsonian Institute in these areas include: http://jmilor.startlogic.com/articles/The%20Giant%20Conspiracy.html http://www.burlingtonnews.net/smithsonian.html The Chapman Research Project and other similar resources that we have examined document numerous giant human finds, and have several recurring themes or elements in common: The giant human remains being described involved humans from 6 1/2 to around 13 feet tall; there no believable reports of 50 or 100 foot tall humans. A number of the reports note that the remains of giant humans appeared to be the remains of healthy people and not people suffering from glandular diseases as is the case with any human over 8 feet tall in the modern age. The most common sizes are in the 7 to 8 foot tall range. By far the greatest number of such reports originate from North America. The greatest number of such reports appear to originate from the 1880s. That coincides with the great age of building in the United States, the perfection of the modern steel industry, the availability of dynamite and other advances in engineering, all of which tended to make the occasional archaeological find more likely. A number of the reports in the Chapman Project include claims of double rows of teeth. This would be an adaptation to a substantially longer lifespan than currently enjoyed by modern humans. Many of the reports indicate that bones of a very great age, within a few days of being exposed to air, crumbled into dust. Most reports describe finding the bones of giant humans; a few mention archaic characteristics, possibly indicating hominids rather than humans.

We are aware of only one mention in literature of descendants of Adam and Eve ever having to deal with anything which may have amounted to hominids and those do not appear to have been Neanderthals, and this occurs in the writings of the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus[17] “There were till then left the race of giants; who had bodies so large, and contenances so entirely different from other men, that they were surprising to the sight and terrible to the hearing.” Neanderthals of course were not giants. One thing to keep in mind when you read about giants in ancient times is that once men had learned to use projectile weapons such as the atlatl and bow, being a giant just made somebody a bigger target and was not really anything which anybody would call a military asset. Later in this work, we discuss the idea that there were at least two separate saltations of modern humans on this planet. There is enough evidence for diverse groups of humans having concurrently been present on Earth in past ages that we cannot rule out the possibility that there may have been more than two saltations.

Antediluvian Lifespans There is one other thing to note about attenuated gravity and the effect that it would have had on humans. Within recorded history, the ratio of maturity to lifespan for humans has been something like 1 to 4, that is, men would marry and begin families typically at an age of physical maturity, roughly 20, and live to a maximum of something like 80 years. Granted it is not possible to know exactly what the word "year" would have meant prior to the Biblical account of the flood; nonetheless the ratio was different. Genesis describes people living to 60 or 70 of whatever they called years, marrying and having first children, and then living to 800 and 900 years more or less. That amounts to a ratio closer to 1 to 13. Gravity is the major cause of physical stress in the world and the reason that human bone structures begin to collapse and people begin to die of arthritis- related problems if they have not already died from anything else prior to that. For that matter, most neurosurgeons and orthopedists would agree that there is no such thing as a totally healthy human back past forty years of age. This would have to make anybody wonder whether humans could be said to be adapted to life on this particular planet as it exists at present, or whether in fact modern humans would have arisen at all in our present world. In a world in which gravity was no more than a third of its present value (the largest sauropod dinosaurs would need at least that much attenuation simply to stand), you would expect humans to lead longer and healthier lives. And, under such circumstances, one has to assume that an advanced civilization could arise much more rapidly than has been the case within our own recorded history. The best minds in such a society would have a great deal more time in which to work. That doesn’t mean that ALL humans living in prehistoric societies would have been spacefaring or otherwise highly advanced; there would have been groups of humans at various levels of technological development then, even as there are now. Nonetheless it goes a certain ways towards understanding how spacefaring civilizations could have arisen in prehistoric times without taking hundreds of thousands or millions of years to do so. Chapter 2. The Fermi Paradox and the Realities of Interstellar Distances

Most people, including educated lay people, have heard the terms “parsec” and “light year” on SciFy shows and movies, and they know that the term “light year” means the distance which light waves travel in one year, but that still does not provide a very good seat-of-the-pants idea as to what that term means. The average person assumes that since we are now sending probes out into the outer reaches of our own system, that we will shortly be exploring the neighborhoods of other stars. But that is very far from being the case. If you scale our system to be a couple of meters in diameter (Pluto a meter or so from the sun), then at that scale, the sun is about the width of a human hair, Earth and Mars are an inch or two away from the sun, and the nearest other star, Alpha Centauri (a bit more than four light years off), would be a bit more than four miles in the distance. Exploring other stars would be vastly more difficult than exploring within our own system. Pretty much all SciFy movies prior to James Cameron’s “Avatar” address this problem with wishful thinking. In other words, they show future space ships conducting interstellar trips via “warp drives” and the like i.e. using technology which simply doesn’t exist. “Avatar” is the first movie to provide some glimpse of just how difficult even the nearest possible interstellar trip would actually be. The assumption in “Avatar” is that, assuming we somehow manage to use antimatter as a power source, a trip to Alpha Centauri might be completed in six years. What “Avatar” DOESN’T show is the economic reality which says that nothing could plausibly justify the COST of an interstellar voyage. That is, there is nothing you could bring back from such a trip which would justify the cost; it would always be vastly cheaper to manufacture whatever it is you wanted. Physically traveling across stellar distances thus has to be a very rare thing in the cosmos. The only good motive for it would be escape from some overwhelming calamity which threatened to render your own solar system uninhabitable. That would usually amount to some sort of a stellar capture event. Readers familiar with “Cosmos in Collision”, the Cosmos in Collision forum, Facebook groups dealing with Mars images and the Ganymede Hypothesis and websites such as Richard Hoaglands www.enterprisemission.com and Joseph Skipper’s www.marsanomalyresearch.com are familiar with the idea that bodies in our own system other than Earth show signs of past habitation. But there is no reason to believe that “aliens” from any other star system were involved in any of that. “Cosmos in Collision” in fact amounts to a direct demonstration that modern humans arose on one or more bodies within Jupiter’s moon system and you have to assume that evidence of past space travel within our system involved humans and not aliens. All of this amounts to a sort of a rough answer to what is called the “Fermi Paradox” which a typical Wikipedia article describes thus[18]:

The Fermi paradox (or Fermi's paradox) is the apparent contradiction between high estimates of the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial civilization and humanity's lack of contact with, or evidence for, such civilizations.[1]The basic points of the argument, made by physicists Enrico Fermi and Michael H. Hart, are: The Sun is a typical star, and relatively young. There are billions of stars in the galaxy that are billions of years older. Almost surely, some of these stars will have Earth-like planets. [2] Assuming the Earth is typical, some of these planets may develop intelligent life. Some of these civilizations may develop interstellar travel, a technology Earth is investigating even now (such as the 100 Year Starship). Even at the slow pace of currently envisioned interstellar travel, the galaxy can be completely colonized in a few tens of millions of years. According to this line of thinking, the Earth should already have been colonized, or at least visited. But no convincing evidence of this exists. Furthermore, no confirmed signs of intelligence (see Empirical resolution attempts) elsewhere have been spotted, either in our galaxy or in the more than 80 billion other galaxies of the observable universe. Hence Fermi's question, "Where is everybody?"[3]

The basic reality appears to be this: that the only thing any rational person would ever WANT from another star system would be information. Somebody four or five star systems over knows how to make a better toilet, or a better golf club or motorcycle than we know how to produce. And that there is probably some vastly more intelligent way to get at that sort of information than going to the gigantic expense and grief of physically travelling there. More on this sort of topic a bit later in this book.

Chapter 3. Telepathy and Pre-Flood Language

Evolution in the living world works for small changes but not for large ones, that is, microevolution is sufficiently real, but that macroevolution is not. Numerous experts are on record to the effect that microevolutionary changes cannot agglomerate into anything that you would call macroevolution[19]. The situation involving the evolution of human languages is entirely similar. Evolutionary change can account for the difference between our English and Chaucer's, or for the difference between Ukrainian and Russian, but there are simply too many things that cannot be accounted for. Total isolate languages like Basque or the language of the Japanese Ainu, or the multitudinous languages of native Australians are examples of language- related issues that language evolution cannot account for. Another problem would be the Baltic languages. Consider Lithuania, which lies directly between the Germanic and Slavic worlds. The people have blonde hair and blue eyes, and one might assume the language would have to be half way between German and Russian; in real life, Lithuanian appears to have a couple of dozen elements that you might call Indo-European roots and the rest of the language appears to come straight from some other solar system. English is much closer to Russian than Lithuanian is. But the biggest problem for anybody wishing to believe in any sort of macro evolution for languages is the Indo-European/Semitic divide. There is no meaningful racial difference between the two groups and there is no reason to believe that they might have split up more than a few thousand years ago. You would expect the two groups of languages to be strongly related and, yet, other than for a few borrowed words, they do not appear to be related at all. To get some idea of how many things remain recognizable between Indo- European languages, let us imagine for a moment that a person who spoke only English were to decide to make Russian his first foreign language to study. In other words, rather than studying a language which split from yours 1000 or 1500 years ago as would be the case of an English speaker studying German, let’s see what happens when you go to study a language which split from yours two or three thousand years ago. This person would certainly experience enough pain with the system of declensions and verb aspects, but he/she would find a startling number of things that were familiar: Numbers: nearly all the same or at least recognizable other than for ‘devyat’ (nine). Family members: nearly the same. ‘Mats/mati’ (mother) declines as ‘materi’; ‘ahtyetz’ (father) amounts to the same ‘aht’ in ‘father’ or ‘pater’, and the ‘yetz’ part of the word is a generic suffix. Personal pronouns: nearly the same or at least recognizable in all cases. Common things: fire (‘ah-gon’, like ignite/ignition/Agni); water (‘vod- ah’); wine (‘veen-oh’); wind (‘vyeter’, like vent, ventilator etc.) P/F words, which start with a p in one IE language and with an f in the next: flame/plamiya, fall/pahl (упасть, попасть, пропасть, etc.) , flow/plavats(swim) Familiar examples from more familiar languages include foot/pied/pedal, fish/pesh etc. These words arise because Indo- Europeans originally pronounced P's and F's together. German retains words like that, e.g. pfennig/penny or pferde/horse. D/G words: give/davats gimme/дай-мне/dai-me (Slavic kid language) Common household things: knife/nozh, spoon/ladle/Loeffel/lozhka, kettle/kot-yohl etc. Old/very-old IE roots: it (step)/идти/iterate/itinerary Feudal relationships: dolg/dolzhen (debt, obligation) = do + L-G (as in liege lord), delegate, relegate, obligate, allegience etc.

Thus, despite the family groups for English and Russian having split up two or three thousand years ago, there is a great deal that remains similar between the two and, in fact, appears likely never to change beyond recognition no matter how many centuries might pass. By all rights you'd expect some of these similarities to also exist between Indo-European and Semitic languages, but they simply don't. What the actual evidence suggests is that human communication was originally of some completely different nature until some very recent point at which whatever that consisted of suddenly stopped working on a single day, and has never worked again since that day; and the kinds of spoken languages that we use today were thereafter devised very rapidly out of dire necessity. GIVEN that hypothesis, all which would be needed to explain the Indo- European/Semitic divide would be that the two groups were separated by the Caucasus mountains for that critical period of one or two centuries during which spoken languages were being devised. Likewise Lithuanians, isolated in their forests, devised their own language while picking up words here and there from Indo-European people passing through.

The Evidence for Telepathy in Today’s World The original modern use of statistical science appears to have involved determining the effectiveness of crop treatments and similar problems in which direct measurement was not practical or where it was not possible to take all relevant variables into account. Rupert Sheldrake is a former director of studies for cell biology at Cambridge University who, in later life, has taken up the study of things normally termed "paranormal,” using good experimental design and statistical methodology. Thus his use of statistical methods to investigate the phenomenon of people guessing correctly most of the time whether or not they are being stared at by others is entirely in keeping with the manner in which the science of statistics is meant to be used. In the case of dogs who appear to know the first moment their owner heads for home (some dogs are observed going to sit at the door when their owners begin their journeys home), Sheldrake has devised a simple and elegant test. He has had dog owners set out on window-shopping tours along with one of his (Sheldrake's) assistants with only the assistant knowing the predetermined time to start home. Sure enough, in such cases when the owner is told that the time to return home has arrived, the dog has dutifully gone to the door as noted by another assistant who would remain at the owner's home. By these and other methods, Sheldrake has demonstrated to a statistical certainty that a number of things normally designated as paranormal, are real. Naturally enough this has earned him the animosity of the CSICOP[20] crowd and of other professional skeptics. Sheldrake has also noted that major league computational power, until recently, was an exclusive prerogative of government agencies, large corporations, and large universities, but that the common man now has access to such computing power and, with it, significant scientific investigation on the cheap. His "Seven Experiments that Could Change the World" is a book that everybody should have.[21] There is no shortage of Sheldrake’s works and opinions on YouTube; “Rupert Sheldrake” is a good YouTube search any time you have an hour to kill and are near a computer. Ganz-Feld experiments conducted by Dean Radin and other researchers also turn up a high degree of statistical significance in the extent to which human subjects in white-noise environments are actually able to transmit information one to another. Thus based on a number of Sheldrake's results and related/similar studies, there is substantial reason to believe that there is at least some kind of a minimal telepathic capability amongst humans and other higher animals even today. But what about the past? Is there reason to believe that what Sheldrake describes is a REMNANT of a much more significant telepathic capability from past ages? Telepathy in the Ancient World That question leads us to the works of Julian Jaynes, a psychology professor and amateur philologist at Princeton University whose main interest in historical questions involved Homer’s Iliad and other literature from the same time period. Reading through such materials, Jaynes began to notice the curious absence of decision making in the Iliad and in other works from the same age. At every point at which you or I would have to stop to consider how to proceed, the people in these ancient narratives are being told what to do by inner voices, which are described as gods and goddesses. It began to dawn on Jaynes that what we would call schizophrenia today, hearing voices, was likely the normal state of affairs in ancient times. At that point, Jaynes appears to have gone to the experts in neurophysiology at his school with the obvious question: "What if anything could there possibly be in the human brain that would cause somebody to hear voices for no apparent reason?" The basic answer was that there actually is a right brain analog to the speech center (Wernicke area) on the left side of the human brain. For all intents and purposes this right-brain analog of the speech center appears to be a neurophysiological equivalent of the human appendix, i.e. it serves no apparent purpose. However, when this right side analog area is stimulated with electrical probes, as is sometimes done in experiments with epileptics, more often than not the patients claim to be hearing voices as real as if someone were speaking to them. All of this motivated Jaynes to write a book with the impossible title: "The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind", which became an academic sensation in the mid to late 1970s.[22] Jaynes was an evolutionist; he assumed he had discovered that, at least during the time between Exodus and Alexander, which was the time frame he was interested in, human societies had simply evolved into a state in which they were being controlled by what he termed "auditory hallucinations.” Thus his diagram (reproduced below) that shows the speech center, the right side analog to the speech center, and the bridge crossover between the two, and denoting the right side analog to the speech center as a "hallucinatory" area.

(Image from Jaynes “Origin of Consciousness,” page 104)

The introduction to the present work mentioned that ancient literature includes descriptions of things outside of our experience, including: Descriptions of religious practices intended to communicate directly with the spirit realm. Such practices included prophecy, oracles, "familiar spirits" (the tale of Saul, Samuel, and the witch of Endor, etc.), idolatry and the rituals associated with the worship of idols, and electrostatic devices such as the Ark of the Covenant. All such practices involved trance states similar to hypnosis, all involved static electricity, and they all stopped working prior to the time of Alexander.

Jaynes' work “Origin of Consciousness ” is largely an attempt to explain those kinds of phenomena. But he neglects the history of the world prior to the books of Moses, i.e. the question of Genesis, and the question of the origin of language. The words “prophet” and “prophecy,” for instance, which permeate the books of the Old Testament after Genesis, do not occur in Genesis other than the one vague reference to Abraham as "God's prophet,” which occurs after the flood and the incident involving the tower at Babel. Most assume that the tale of the tower of Babel amounts to a claim that men originally spoke one language such as we speak now and that God then caused them to speak multitudinous languages such as we speak now. Is that the case, or could it be that some larger change is indicated? Could it be that the phenomena that Jaynes described formed the basis for the original human communication capacity? Could it then be that, for some reason that stopped working, and that languages such as we now speak were devised thereafter? The King James Bible notes that: GEN 11:1 And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. We have it on the authority of two unrelated and top-flight Hebrew language scholars that: “Safah achat = “one language” “devarim achadim = “few words.“ In other words, the phrase should read: “The whole Earth was of One Language, Few Words,” or possibly, "One language, few SPOKEN words." This appears to mean that before the incident associated with the tower of Babel, there was a minimalistic set of spoken words used for ritualistic purposes, but not as a general system of communication. Egyptians referred to these words as "words of power." Dr. E.A. Wallace Budge describing the Egyptian God Thoth, who was called was called "lord of divine words" and "mighty in speech": ". . . from one aspect he is speech itself . . . Thoth could teach a man not only words of power, but also the manner in which to utter them. . . . The words, however, must be learned from Thoth."[23] Julian Jaynes assumed that human societies had simply evolved into a state in which they were being controlled/governed by systems of "auditory hallucinations" that were experienced by groups as well as by individuals. He assumed that this sort of "bicameral mind" passed away and that what we call consciousness developed due to societal changes in a manner consistent with ideas about evolution. Nonetheless, there appear to be overwhelming problems with the idea of man evolving into what amounts to a dysfunctional state ― and the world of the Old Testament was intensely dysfunctional. Fighting wars and sacrificing children at the behest of stone or wooden idols is not a formula for success in life and if any one group of people were to start living that way, they would be at a gigantic evolutionary disadvantage versus every other group of people who did not. We see no way to believe that such a way of living could become dominant had it not been a primordial condition. Likewise, assuming that such a state had somehow become the common condition of mankind, we see no way to believe that anybody would find a gradualistic way out of such a state of affairs. What appears to be the case is that: Communication amongst humans, and most likely amongst higher animals as well, was originally telepathic and that this capability depended in some manner upon the electrostatic environment of the ancient solar system. At the time of the incident associated with the Tower of Babel, whatever that previous telepathic communication system depended upon broke down, and has never been restored since. Humans, with their voluntary control of breathing, were able to devise spoken languages at that time, but other creatures, which previously had access to complex communication capabilities, have lacked them since that time. The human brain was somehow rewired in that process. Because the ancient telepathic communication system involved a part of the human brain that still exists, the capability would have been primordial to the human race, that is, Cro-Magnon people would have possessed it. The religious phenomena that Julian Jaynes describes (oracles, prophecy, idols/idolatry, familiar spirits, etc.) represented remnants of the former system, which survived for a certain time and then stopped working altogether prior to the time of Alexander.

We believe that Julian Jaynes was correct in describing the voices that people heard coming from idols as hallucinations; there is no way to believe that anything good ever could have come of harking to the voices of stone or wooden idols. The cases of oracles, prophets, and “witches” (those with familiar spirits) are more complicated. Entire nations appeared to have run for centuries on information coming back from the trance states of oracles and prophets. Even Jaynes noted that it was hard to picture any society operating in such a manner if ALL such information had been garbage. But at some point all of those practices ceased working. The information turned to mush, and it became dangerous to listen to it. Thus from Exodus: EXODUS 22:18. Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live. And later, Zechariah: ZEC 13:3 And it shall come to pass, that when any shall yet prophesy, then his father and his mother that begat him shall say unto him, Thou shalt not live; for thou speakest lies in the name of the LORD: and his father and his mother that begat him shall thrust him through when he prophesieth.

In other words, thou shalt not suffer a PROPHET to live either! Thus, presumably somewhere around the time of the Trojan War, man's ancient communications capability came to a final end and the last vestiges of it died out. In the absence of other information, we would assume that going backwards in time from the biblical flood to the earliest point at which modern humans came into existence; mankind always had this proposed ancient capability. One final note here… IF Lloyd Pye is right (and that is a gigantic ‘IF’), and there actually are small numbers of remnant hominids walking around in the 65% of the planet’s land surface that is seen only from the air, then the following problem would arise. You would have to note that some of the reports originating in the 1800s indicated fairly sophisticated hominid (“archaic”) burial sites while today’s “Sasquatch” is generally described as more of a wild animal. That would in fact be what you might expect, assuming that such creatures had sophisticated communications capabilities in prehistoric times, but have not had them for the past 3000 or 4000 years.

Talking to the Animals…

Then again, there is the question of the supposed former ability of humans to communicate with other kinds of creatures before the flood and the incident associated with the tower of Babel. This one is a favorite of evolutionists and atheists. What kind of an idiot, they’ll ask, is going to believe in talking snakes (Eve and the snake in the garden)? As usual, the evolutionists and atheists are wrong. Rupert Sheldrake’s experiments have demonstrate a remnant telepathic capacity between humans and some higher animals and we’ve also seen that human language itself, prior to the flood, was telepathic. The story of the snake in Genesis is laconic, but the story which Plato tells (“The Statesman”) is not. The dialog involves two characters, “Young Socrates”, and one referred to as “The Stranger”. Plato refers to the same “Age of Kronos” (age when Kronos/Saturn served as a sun) as do Ovid and Hesiod and he refers to antediluvians as “Nurselings of Kronos”:

“….. Y. Soc. Certainly that is quite consistent with what has preceded; but tell me, was the life which you said existed in the reign of Cronos in that cycle of the world, or in this? For the change in the course of the stars and the sun must have occurred in both.

Str. I see that you enter into my meaning;-no, that blessed and spontaneous life does not belong to the present cycle of the world, but to the previous one, in which God superintended the whole revolution of the universe; and the several parts the universe were distributed under the rule. certain inferior deities, as is the way in some places still There were demigods, who were the shepherds of the various species and herds of animals, and each one was in all respects sufficient for those of whom he was the shepherd; neither was there any violence, or devouring of one another or war or quarrel among them; and I might tell of ten thousand other blessings, which belonged to that dispensation. The reason why the life of man was, as tradition says, spontaneous, is as follows: In those days God himself was their shepherd, and ruled over them, just as man, over them, who is by comparison a divine being, still rules over the lower animals. Under him there were no forms of government or separate possession of women and children; for all men rose again from the earth, having no memory, of the past. And although they had nothing of this sort, the earth gave them fruits in abundance, which grew on trees and shrubs unbidden, and were not planted by the hand of man. And they dwelt naked, and mostly in the open air, for the temperature of their seasons, was mild; and they had no beds, but lay on Soft couches of grass, which grew plentifully out of: the earth. Such was the life of man in the days of Cronos, Socrates; the character of our present life which is said to be under Zeus, you know from your own experience. Can you, and will you, determine which of them you deem the happier?

Y. Soc. Impossible.

Str. Then shall I determine for you as well as I can?

Y. Soc. By all means.

Str. Suppose that the nurslings of Cronos, having this boundless leisure, and the power of holding intercourse, not only with men, but with the brute creation, had used all these advantages with a view to philosophy, conversing with the brutes as well as with one another, and learning of every nature which was gifted with any special power, and was able to contribute some special experience to the store of wisdom there would be no difficulty in deciding that they would be a thousand times happier than the men of our own day. Or, again, if they had merely eaten and drunk until they were full, and told stories to one another and to the animals-such stories as are now attributed to them-in this case also, as I should imagine, the answer would be easy. But until some satisfactory witness can be found of the love of that age for knowledge and: discussion, we had better let the matter drop, and give the reason why we have unearthed this tale, and then we shall be able to get on….”

Chapter 4. The Mars Images

Evidence indicates that prior to a series of catastrophes several thousand years ago, there had existed a space-faring and multi-planetary civilization within our solar system. Such evidence exists for several bodies within our system but the case for which we have by far the most such evidence is that of Mars. For that reason, this chapter needs to be a bit larger than you might expect simply to provide readers with a flavor of the enormous body of such evidence at present. The Viking probe of 1976 sent back images of a region of Mars called Cydonia, which included the familiar "Face on Mars" as well as images of pyramids and other seemingly artificial structures, all megalithic in nature and apparently intended to be seen from off-planet. The low-resolution images which the Viking probe was able to produce and send back included these:

There was also a gigantic and seemingly five-sided pyramid:

But the image called the “Face on Mars” was the big bone of contention between 1976 and the early 2000’s. NASA went on proclaiming the face to be a natural mesa formation producing a pareidolia effect involving tricks of light and shadow but, ultimately, pressure from outsiders forced them to re-image the Cydonia region with much higher resolution cameras culminating in the release in May of 2001 of this image:

Nature does not do straight lines and Bezier curves on a three-mile scale. I notice several things, which I have indicated in the marked-up image below First is that there is only one possible way to build such a thing, i.e. to pile up stones into the rough shape you need, large stones on the bottom and then progressively smaller ones, and then put some sort of a hard facing over the entire thing. You can see how this has been done in the image. On the left side from which wind and sand come, the facing is almost entirely eroded and, even where the underlying stone shows, everything has been worn smooth. On the right side, we can see that part of the facing remains, much of it having fallen off to the side in heaps. We can see the cutout in the facing for the left eye which I have noted, and we can see where the facing fell and broke away from the nose, which is what you would expect. We can also see the rough stones of the nose area, which have not all been worn smooth. Second is that the megalith is heavily damaged, and has suffered more than one kind of damage. My guess is that the entire rock plate on which the megalith sits was picked up and slammed down, and that the megalith was deformed in the process. You can see the places where the hard casement has been pulled apart on the right side. The megalith has been compressed along the axis from lower left to upper right which I have marked with the blue line, and stretched along the other axis from lower right to upper left. The angle A between the line of the headdress on the left side and the line along the top is thus less than the original 90 degrees. The line through the center of the face has been deformed from the original straight line to the curved line which I have drawn. The basic shape of the mouth is still there, albeit moved to the left as I have noted. You can see where the outer casing has broken away from part of the outline of the mouth on the right. You can see the ridge along the eyebrows as I have noted, you can see the indentation for the right eye and the outline of the left eye cut into the facing and still in reasonably good shape. You can see the rise for the nose as well as the area where the casing broke away from the nose on the right, and part of the remains of nostrils, and you can see the basic lines of the mouth. There are now also higher resolution images of the gigantic five-sided (D&M) pyramid at Cydonia:

/ The images from 2001 also included an image of the main pyramid in the ring of pyramids to the left of the face: / The pyramid appears four sided and the four triangular sides are clear enough, and I've marked them with green lines. The other part of the image which I believe I'm seeing amounts to some sort of an enclosed corridor or causeway leading out from one corner of the pyramid, and then two funny and nearly rectangular features at the end of that causeway or whatever it is, which may be doors or some sort of adjunct buildings or something. There also seems to be a line going from the Eastern corner of the pyramid to the two doors or whatever, which I've marked with a blue line, but I suspect that's just an edge of sand being blown up into a sort of an apron abutting the pyramid, and that the hollow between the pyramid and the corridor would naturally trap sand. In particular, if you didn't look at the whole thing closely enough, the line (blue) from the Eastern corner to the two doors might cause you to think that the whole structure was irregular enough to be a natural formation but, again, a closer look seems to me to forbid that. / Nonetheless, there was little or no mention in the press of this new pyramid image. Early pioneers in publicizing these kinds of images included Richard Hoagland who is fairly well known and also the late Dr. Thomas Van Flandern, a director of the Naval Observatory whose family maintains his website at www.metaresearch.org. That site documents the shenanigans employed by NASA in its efforts to go on claiming that the 2001 images were showing natural formations: http://www.metaresearch.org/solar%20system/cydonia/proof_files/proof.asp and also includes a collection of images from a press conference which Dr. Van flandern conducted for the NY Press Club in 2001: http://metaresearch.org/solar%20system/cydonia/asom/artifact_html/

The images we’ve discussed so far are indicative of a past civilization on Mars and most of them are more than a couple of years old. The images which have been turning up over the past two or three years tell a tale of cosmic disaster and overwhelming destruction. The Gigapan images show scenes such as you might expect had the entire planet simply been picked up and shaken the way a dog shakes a rat, with rock layers and pieces of things lying around at all angles catawampus and in heaps. More than anything else, the enormous profusion of such images showing anomalous things amounts to an ironclad 100% case for the claim that Mars once was home to an advanced civilization and culture. Those images show: Clear remains of cities and villages, with roads, bridges, buildings and other urban infrastructure. Megalithic structures (face megalith, pyramids) meant to be seen from off planet. A sphinx statue which is generally in better condition than the sphinx in Egypt. Remains of large scale infrastructure. Remains of walls with fitted stones. Remains of the foundations of buildings. Remaining trees and vegetation. Water both flowing and standing. Such pools and streams are frequently seen in near proximity to artifacts of past habitation. Mechanical junk and debris strewn across the sands. Most of those kinds of items are obviously artificial but of unknown usage but occasionally you see something easily recognizable, gear wheels and cogs, tires, axles, funnels, padlocks and similarly common items. Obvious gateways and portals to underground areas. One of Mars’ small moons, Phobos, turns out to be artificial, an ancient space station of some sort. Living creatures. The air at Mars’ surface is said to be about like that on Earth at 15,000 feet. Creatures which you’d expect to see under such conditions and which survived the catastrophes somehow or other include insects, snake which are cold blooded, and small mammals which will have a relatively easy time with the thin air due to their natural square/cube advantage. Recent images in fact show all of those things. Unless a catastrophe were to annihilate a planet altogether, no catastrophe could ever kill all the mice and rats on a planet like Mars and those mice and rats need something to chase them. Several recent NASA images clearly show little foxes or weasels which, apparently, also survived whatever happened. There is no shortage of things on Mars which look like rocks because they ARE rocks but there are also huge quantities of things which look like rocks only on first glance because they’ve been sitting around being encrusted with the pervasive orange-brown dust for millennia. Claims that everything anomalous on Mars amounts to pareidolia are ill founded. The quantity of seemingly anomalous items is so vast that it is fairly easy to show only the top 5% or whatever of undeniable items and still have an overwhelming case for past habitation. A person needs to go over one or two of those FaceBook group pages and websites mentioned above to get any sort of a feeling for the enormity of this body of evidence at this point in time but a few examples here might provide a flavor of it. Cities and villages The claim you read on the Internet is that NASA and the ESA are required to publish these images but at least until very recently have tried to smear them using Photoshop tricks so as to eliminate traces of the “good stuff” and have such areas appear to be sandy deserts. In order to convince ourselves that the people making such claims haven’t simply been smoking too much reefer, we’ve gone to the trouble to download the base ESA images for two such areas and go through the process of converting to grey-scale and fiddling with brightness and contrast, and this is what happens: Hale Crater Region, Base ESA image: http://spaceinimages.esa.int/Images/2004/11/Crater_Hale_in_perspective_looking_west http://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/marsexpress/137-021104-0533-6-3d2-01- HaleCrater_H.jpg

/ Just a sandy wasteland, right? You can download the high resolution jpeg image at the following link for those wanting to investigate our claims further:

Feed that image into any decent image handling software, such as the Free Software Foundation’s Gimp Package, adjust brightness and contrast a bit and, voila, the image doesn’t look like a sandy desert any more:

/ There is no way to claim that image is any sort of a jpeg compression artifact. Jpeg compression spreads noise over an image evenly, which is what makes jpeg steganography so difficult to even detect, much less decode. Another ESA image area that can be retrieved from showing a desert by adjusting color hues, is reproduced below:

/ An explanation of the derivation of this image is available on Youtube.[24] Again, the original ESA image looks like a desert area.[25] A more thorough discussion of the Hale Crater area can be found on the Mars Anomaly Research site[26].

The slides for the press conference mentioned above which Dr. Thomas Van Flandern conducted in 2001 contains an image of a village with clear terracing and rectangular buildings whose sides are weathered to the windward side and straight on the leeward:

/

Other images show city/suburban block type structure, e.g. the Hydroates Chaos region:

Walls and fitted stones

The inhabitants of Mars built with stone and concrete or something like concrete. You see the remains of walls with fitted stones and foundations of things all over. / / You also see remains of crude structures which appear to be made out of sandbags or something like that:

/ Mechanical junk and debris (A few samples)

/

/ Gear wheel of some sort…

/ Ornate box of some sort

/ Possibly an engine part of some sort, appears to have a tube of some sort on the far side.

/

/ /// /

Most mechanical things which the images show lying about are nondescript. Occasionally however you see ordinary things, whose purposes are easily understood.

/ / Padlock and funnel

/ / Fan blade and ship propeller

/ Wood beam. Gateways to Subterranean areas. You find numerous entrances to underground facilities in the new images:

/

/ Structures (a few samples)

/

/ /

Large Structure and detail from gigapan of msl 804

// / Standing water nearby structure.

Sphinx

Sphinx on Mars, actually in better condition than the sphinx in Egypt first noted by Rami Bar ilan on several FaceBook groups. The head has fallen off and turned around but it takes only the littlest bit of photoshop technique to put it more or less where it belongs again. The original NASA image is at: http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl-raw- images/msss/00787/mcam/0787ML0034320000400491E01_DXXX.jpg The image also shows a gateway to an underground bunker of sorts with an obvious rectangular door.

Phobos Recently, color images of Mars' little moon Phobos have been published, and a Google search on "Phobos HIRISE" will turn up these 2008 HIRISE project images from the University of Arizona:

/

Real moons of course are supposed to be made out of dirt and rocks; they are not supposed to be reflect light all over creation. Google searches on “Phobos anomaly” will turn up images of a sort of a docking tower rising from the surface of Phobos, also obviously artificial: /

Red/orange wooly-bullies…

Unless some cosmic disaster were to annihilate a planet altogether leaving no trace, it is not easy to picture such a disaster exterminating all of the mice and rats on the planet and it isn’t much of a stretch to imagine that small predators which eat mice and rats might also survive. A number of the new images show such small animals, one in fact caught in the act of chewing on a binding strap for the wiring harness of the rover itself: /

Image from FaceBook group Mars Alive , courtesy of Mike Seguin. Several other images of the same kind of small wooly-bully have turned up as well: / Snakes

/ Large snake sunning himself on top of some box or crate or something, one loop hanging off to left. Bugs

Numerous images showing insects have turned up but the best of such are likely to turn up on the rover itself.

/ http://www.gigapan.com/gigapans/166551 (SOL 613)

Conspiracy Theories or Real Conspiracies?

Those of us who were at least pre-teens in the 1950s remember it well enough Getting to the moon was all anybody ever talked about in those days, our great national purpose which you heard about and read about every day. And then in 1969 they actually did it, one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind… There were several more Apollo missions over the space of the next few years and then: Manned space exploration? Been there, done that, time now to get back to serious business such as running and fine tuning our welfare state…” Do you actually believe that? Or could it possibly be that whatever those people saw up there messed their minds so badly that manned space exploration was made into a black op at that point and most people simply haven’t heard any more about it since then? Normally a conspiracy theory should be everybody’s last choice for an explanation, but what’s been happening on Mars for the past 20 years or thereabouts isn’t normal. The entire situation with Mars images is exploding on the internet at present and there seem to be several reasons for this. Large numbers of rolling probe images are coming available online on NASA and ESA websites and the editing and censoring which have been observed in such images in the past have diminished and in some cases stopped. It may be that disgruntled employees at NASA and the JPL have decided that enough is enough and taken it upon themselves to start releasing uncensored images and video clips; it may be that India’s putting a satellite over Mars for less than petty cash has presented NASA with a sort of an ultimatum in the form of the spectre of other nations releasing uncensored images; and then there is the much more simple explanation of NASA simply not having the manpower to go over such images with fine combs prior to releasing them. But the Internet DOES have that sort of manpower and particularly the phenomenon of FaceBook groups appears to have taken up the slack which once was held by Usenet. There are now several FaceBook groups dedicated to going over NASA/JPL and ESA images and these include: The Mars Reality: https://www.facebook.com/groups/TheMarsReality/ Mars Alive: https://www.facebook.com/groups/MarsAlive/ Exclusive Mars Images: https://www.facebook.com/groups/583999221722964/ Mars Moon Space Photo Zoom Club: https://www.facebook.com/groups/521222297996641/ Mars Anomaly: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=240050139369192 Websites which contain or amount to repositories for these kinds of images include: www.enterprisemission.com (Richard Hoagland’s site) http://www.marsanomalyresearch.com http://whatsupinthesky.com Still… A conspiracy theory, you ask? The first inkling that NASA might already have humans on Mars on a black-op basis came several years ago with an image designated PIA04995; the lower right hand corner of that image shows a number of artificial things as well as several clear and fairly recent footprints: Google searches on PIA04995 will turn that image up. There have been other images showing human footprints recently and then this clear image of the shadow of a technician working on the rover.

Or did you really think something like that could roll around in an environment as hostile as that of Mars without any maintenance? The atmosphere on mars is said to be about like on Earth at around 15,000 feet i.e. like on one of our higher mountains. The man is wearing a mask which covers his eyes and nose and a minimal sort of a scuba type tank for oxygen. Again, that is a NASA image from NASA’s site: http://marsmobile.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/raw/? rawid=NLA_401939772EDR_D0042956NCAM00313M_&s=50

The website www.gigapan.com offers groups of contiguous NASA probe images stitched together to amount to views of very large areas, often several miles across and a mile or more deep. One such shows what is called the Gale Crater area: http://www.gigapan.com/gigapans/163589

These images are made to order for panning and zooming on computer screens and one of the things which turns up by zooming several times is this area which shows a blond female NASA employee checking out the head of some statue which is lying on the ground:

Where: 1 = what appears to be some sort of a door in what otherwise looks like a boulder 2 = what looks like a woman with her back turned to us 3 = some sort of a piece of angle iron extending outwards from the rock 4 = something with too many straight lines and right angles to be natural, some sort of box 5 = plainly the head of a statue, a human head and face Orange-blond hair is substantially different from anything normally found on Mars and attracted the attention of FaceBook groups which study these images. Some distance away there is what appears to be something covered with a tarpaulin and then tracks which you might take to be rover tracks but which do not match up with images of the rover’s wheels or other images of rover tracks.

IF the track in this image were that of the rover and if there were no question of depth or distance, then there could be a scale problem with the interpretation of the part of the gigapan which shows what I take to be the woman and statue head, but I assume there will be some explanation eventually, the items in the area with the statue head are too clear to dismiss. Again this image is something which turned up from that original gigapan only with three or four levels of zooming; it is hugely unlikely to be any sort of a fake and even if it is a fake, the fakery was perpetrated by NASA employees. The only safe assumption is that NASA has had people on Mars for some time and for whatever reason, does not believe that the American taxpayer deserves to know or needs to know about it.

Running an operation like that and going the extra millions of miles to keep it secret has to involve gigantic expense and effort. What, you might ask, does Mars have to offer which would justify such extraordinary operations?

Chapter 5 Prehistory.

There may be more than one, but at least one of the most major ideas in cosmology and space science is a left over from the thinking of two or three centuries ago. That idea is the notion of a gravity only or gravity mainly cosmology, that is, the idea that gravity, rather than electromagnetic or electrical forces or any other kinds of forces, entirely governs or mainly governs the cosmos. This notion includes the ideas that gravity holds galaxies together, particularly spiral galaxies like our own Milky Way, and that gravity forms solar systems up from swirling masses of solar material. Both of those ideas are now known to be unworkable. Herbig/Haro Strings We now know that gravity is by 40 orders of magnitude the weakest force in nature. Asking gravity to hold a galaxy together is like asking the littlest kid in the school to do the power lifting event. We know now that more than 99% of the mass of the universe is in plasma form, that is, in the form of the fourth state of matter (plasma), which is an electrically dissociated state of matter. What appears to be the empty void of Galactic space actually encompasses a great deal of electrical activity. Within the omnipresent plasma of space, there is charge separation over gigantic regions of space and, because of this charge separation, we observe electrical currents, which are called Birkeland currents and which most often take the form of twisted pairs of currents which look like DNA/RNA strings. These twisted pairs of electrical currents have electromagnetic pinch points (Z-pinch points) which have more than enough power to agglomerate plasma into more solid bodies including proto-stars, stars, and that the largest possible scale into entire galaxies, which explains the strings of galaxies which we observe and which would be impossible in a gravity only cosmology. Birkeland currents with one or more cosmic objects at the Z-pinch points are called Herbig/Haro strings or Herbig/Haro objects. The Southern System From our own experience, we are used to thinking of solar systems as orbital systems, with planets orbiting around a star such as our sun. Young solar systems however generally take the form of Herbig Haro strings which look like shiny beads on a string. It is a reasonable assumption that part of our own system still looked like that several tens of thousands of years ago. If you were to believe the generally accepted idea of solar systems forming up from swirling masses of solar material under the influence of gravity, then you would expect the spin axes of all of the planetary bodies in such a system to be roughly perpendicular to the plane of the system, that is, the axis tilts to be close to zero. Our sun, Mercury, and Jupiter in fact do look like that, all with axis tilts less than 10°. There are two bodies, Uranus and Venus, with oddball axis tilts, each with its own separate story. But the four other major planets, Neptune, Saturn, earth, and Mars, all have axis tilts of roughly 26°; visually their axis tilts look alike. That strongly indicates that those four were captured by the sun as a group, and it isn’t difficult to see how that might have occurred. At some point in the recent past, those bodies, still in the form of a Herbig/Haro string, flew into the plane of the suns system from the South at a 26° angle and, as the individual bodies peeled out and began to orbit the way they do now, they simply kept the 26° angle. Aside from all of that, it is now known that the normal case within our galaxy of gas giant planets like Saturn and Jupiter and their orbits, is for them to orbit substantially closer than either Jupiter or Saturn does. All of that says that our solar system was fairly recently in two parts, a very bright northern part consisting of the sun, Mercury, and Jupiter and its moon system; and then a very dark Southern system consisting of Neptune, Saturn, earth, and Mars. At that time, earth and Mars were planets of Saturn, a dwarf star at that time, and that Saturn- Mars- Earth system was still in the form of a Herbig/Haro string connected by a central Birkeland current. Planets associated with a dwarf star generally reside within the Helio sphere, or plasma sheath, of the dwarf star. That would make for a very dark sort of a deep purple world with radiation bouncing off of the interior of that heliosphere and arriving at the planet from all directions; you wouldn’t freeze to death, but the entire middle part of the light spectrum simply would not be there. The oldest creatures and their eyes Given all of this, one would expect the earliest creatures which were indigenous to this planet to be dark – world adapted. Dinosaur remains in fact do show this kind of adaptation, with the same kinds of huge eye sockets seen in the remains of pretty nearly all of them, including herbivores and also including the flying dinosaurs. Journal articles in 2012 spoke of dinosaurs and nightlife[27]. Not all Ice Age creatures show oversized eyes and one might assume that sight was a secondary sense for many of them, but the most major thing which you notice in Danny Vendramini’s Neanderthal reconstructions is the eyes. All hominid eye sockets were much larger than ours. There are a certain number of left over creatures from those ages which show the kinds of eyes that you would’ve seen amongst hominids: lemurs, tarsiers, bush babies, owl monkeys, and several others. A scientist should only ever need to see so much of something before he begins to understand it. Humans and Dolphins have the smallest relative eye sizes of advanced creatures; there is no reasonable way to believe that humans are Dolphins could have come from this dark side of our ancient solar system. They would have to have come from the bright side, meaning the (present) sun, Mercury, and Jupiter and its moon system. Elaine Morgan’s Aquatic Ape Thesis When one asks the question of what a plausible home world for humans would amount to, one is basically looking at the question of human adaptation, and the name Elaine Morgan very quickly turns up. Elaine Morgan was the person most closely associated with the aquatic ape theory, with books titled The Scars of Evolution and The Aquatic Ape. Dr. Morgan noted that the list of features which we share with the aquatic mammals is so long that we must have originally been an aquatic mammal or at least a semi-aquatic mammal. That list includes: Our legs being the major limbs; arms are the major limbs of all monkeys and apes. Voluntary control of breathing. We take that for granted but monkeys and apes don’t have it and that turns out to be the only reason that they can’t teach chimpanzees and gorillas to speak English. They learned deaf signs quite easily and some of the ones who have learned deaf signs check out as having IQs in the 90 to 105 range, which is adequate for half the jobs in the world. Likewise some of these have understood English vocabularies which are quite large. Fat. The manner in which human bodies use fat is entirely like that of the aquatic mammals and totally unlike that of monkeys or apes and presumably unlike that of hominids. Face to face sex. That is common amongst aquatic mammals and pretty much limited to humans amongst modern land animals. The only exception to that might be bonabos. The list goes to something like 100 items. Dr. Morgan’s theory is the best theory of human adaptation which is ever been put forth but has never gotten any traction in academia and there are two basic reasons for this. One, no remains or physical evidence of any kind of an aquatic ape has ever turned up in the fossil record and, two, there has never been a body of water on this planet which would be safe for humans to live in. Ten minutes in the ancient sea monster section of the Smithsonian Museum will convince most people that they would not of wanted to be aquatic mammals on this Earth, 40,000 years ago. In other words, Dr. Morgan’s theory is the best thinking available for human adaptation, and only requires another planet (from this one) to happen on. Requirements for a human home world There are three basic requirements for a plausible human home world: 1. it has to be bright. 2. It has to be wet. 3. And it has to be safe. Safe both from cosmic radiation, and from sea monsters. There cannot be sharks, mososaurs, poisonous sea snakes, or anything else like that on such a world. Likewise, and particularly in the case of rocky worlds which are associated with dwarf stars such as Jupiter and Saturn used to be, the must be protection from cosmic radiation and that normally takes the form of an intrinsic magnetosphere is. Dwarf stars are less stable than main sequence stars like our present sun and flare occasionally.

Ganymede Our ancient system did in fact include one such perfect place, which was Ganymede, Jupiter’s largest moon. There seem to be three things you'd want to try to explain regarding Ganymede i.e. The ultra-low moment of inertia (most of the mass concentrated towards the center). The intrinsic magnetosphere and the conductivity needed to generate it, assuming you believe the standard thing about intrinsic magnetospheres being generated by dynamo effects. The dark areas in the surface ice which appear to be continents. The standard assumption is that the surface ice sits on top of a very deep (600- km) outer mantel of salty water, the salt water provides the conductivity; the conductivity generates the magnetosphere via a dynamo effect... At least one problem is that the dark areas still appear to be continents and there is no way to picture continents somehow or other just sitting there embedded in ice with nothing but salt water beneath the ice... Cosmos in Collision offered the alternative explanation that the outer mantel involves pumice and not salty water. Troy McLachlan explains[28] Rocks acting like electrical coductors (P-holes) Normally, electrical current (electrons flowing) finds it hard to move through rocks. This is because rocks are like glass, plastic and rubber; they make better electrical insulators than conductors. However, scientists have detected electrical currents along the surface of rocks in lab experiments, which has caused problems for them. The reason for this electrical current is that tiny bubbles or holes have been created in the rocks when they were formed from lava, like Swiss cheese. Inside these holes are millions of trapped oxygen atoms that are one electron short; this means they are ionized and bonded by what is called a peroxy bond. When one of these bonds is broken, the rock now has two positively charged holes, or P-holes, which can now carry an electrical charge. Holes like this change the rock from being an electrical insulator into a very weak semiconductor that can carry an electrical charge . In the case of pumice (the deep outer mantel of Ganymede), the effect of P-hole conductivity would be greatly magnified by the radiator-like surface area to volume ratio. Intrinsic magnetospheres vs induced magnetospheres An intrinsic magnetosphere is believed to be the product of an internal mechanism inside a planetary body that creates enough electricity to produce its own independent magnetic field. Currently accepted theory says the cores of planets with intrinsic magnetospheres produce convection heat that in turn creates a ‘dynamo’ effect to produce the needed electrical current to maintain the planet’s magnetic field (i.e. its magnetosphere). Intrinsic magnetospheres are the primary point of contact such planets have with the solar wind. An induced magnetosphere is simply the magnetic distortion around a smaller planetary body as it travels through an existing positively charged magnetosphere (magnetic field) of a larger celestial object. For example, the sun with its solar wind or Jupiter with its magnetosphere. In this case the sun’s charged solar wind or Jupiter’s magnetosphere contacts directly with the physical planet and any atmosphere it might have by wrapping around it. The sun and the gas giant planets all have intrinsic magnetospheres. Of the terrestrial planets, only Earth and Mercury have intrinsic magnetospheres. Venus has a strong induced magnetosphere, while Mars has a very weak induced magnetosphere. Ganymede’s intrinsic magnetosphere inside Jupiter’s much larger magnetosphere is an anomaly to the idea that planetary bodies must have an internal dynamo to produce an intrinsic magnetosphere; it simply is too small to produce the kind of convection heat needed to kick-start a dynamo effect. And, in any case, attempts to replicate the dynamo effect in the lab have proved elusive when trying to understand Earth’s own magnetosphere. A Better Theory A better solution is that Earth and Ganymede’s intrinsic magnetospheres are the products of large electrical currents having once flowed into their crusts which, in turn, produced the necessary magnetic field (i.e. in the same way a simple iron magnet is produced when we run an electric current through a nail). There is no internal mechanism at work, just the magnetic field ‘burnt in’ by ancient and stronger Birkeland currents that once operated in glow mode, or even arc mode. This is why the Earth’s magnetosphere is getting weaker; the existing Birkeland currents flowing through Earth are too weak to effectively ‘top-up’ the Earth’s magnetic field. In the same way, Ganymede’s intrinsic magnetosphere would have been ‘fused in’ during the formation of its pumice mantel with trillions of P-holes playing their part in retaining the left-over magnetic field that we see today. Venus, on the other hand, is too young to have been subjected to the sustained glow-mode Birkeland current needed to have given it an intrinsic magnetosphere, its rocky surface too hot to lock-in the polarities. Mars would have lost its intrinsic magnetosphere due to the shock of a cosmic electrical discharge which would have banged any existing polarities out of sync, as can happen to a magnet when you hit it with a hammer. Two other things to note: The normal situation in our galaxy is for gas giant planets to orbit their main sequence stars substantially more closely than Jupiter or Saturn orbit our sun. In ancient times prior to the capture of the southern part of our system by our sun, we should assume that Jupiter was within the habitable zone of our sun and that Ganymede would have received radiant energy from the sun as well as from Jupiter and would have been a water world rather than an ice world as it is now. There is very little sodium around Ganymede. It would have been a fresh water ocean world. Ganymede would have been a fresh water ocean world with both anchored islands and floating bergs of pumice with luxurious vegetation. The waters would have been home to abundant sea life and marine mammals and in all likelihood there would have been symbiotic relationships between humans and the others; humans would have provided the other Marine mammals with any goods or services requiring opposable thumbs, and the others would have aided and protected the humans in the waters. Dolphins to this day retain some memory of that ancient state of affairs and behave as if under some mandate from God to protect humans and other land mammals in the water, even to the point of breaking up shark attacks at substantial danger to themselves. First Transfer At some very ancient date, tens of thousands of years ago, our solar system was in the form of a single Herbig/Haro string. And then some event which may have been associated with a near encounter with some other star or cosmic object such as has been proposed in the case of Scholz’s star[29], caused that original Herbig/Haro string to bend to something like the 26-degree angle we’ve mentioned and then break into two separate strings: A Northern string including our present sun, Mercury, and Jupiter which devolved into an orbiting system, and a Southern string including Neptune, Saturn, Earth, Mars, and probably Uranus, which remained in the form of a Herbig/Haro string. Troy McLaghlin believes that Uranus acquired its odd axis tilt by being the lead planet or “battering ram” when that Southern string finally flew into the plane of the sun’s system and was captured. So how did humans get away from that fresh-water ocean paradise and end up on this planet? At some point, the Southern system began to approach the Northern system periodically on a spiral. There were points of close contact on this spiral approach, after which the Southern system would swing back out further into space. At those points of near contact, at some point, the closest two objects to the respective other systems would have been Earth and Ganymede. At that point, a Birkeland current would have been stretched out between those two bodies. A Birkeland current strung out between two planets would appear as a maelstrom to creatures living on one or the other of the planets. Such a cosmic maelstrom would have the power to pick up material from the one and move it to the other. In fact at a significantly later point in time, there was still such a current and maelstrom strung out between Saturn, Mars, and Earth. Dwardu Cardona has suggested that so long as that maelstrom was anchored at one point in the North it was reasonably safe; but that towards the end this thing began to sweep around the Northern hemisphere picking up materials and then, when the phenomenon finally collapsed, dumped this material over the Northern hemisphere creating the fantastic muck deposits seen in Northern Canada, Alaska, and Siberia. The muck deposits along with Arctic islands above Siberia which appear to be composed almost entirely of the bones of mammoths and other Pleistocene animals would appear to be beyond the scope of even a global flood; if you assume those deposits to be the work of a Birkeland current vortex, then you should not have to ask whether or not such a vortex would have the power to carry living creatures from one planet to another. Cosmos in Collision uses the term “Splash Saltation” for this sort of thing. After that first point of near contact between the two systems, these southern system, still in the form of a Herbig/Haro string, swung back out into deep space and some very long period of time, measured in thousands and possibly tens of thousands of years, elapsed before the next such point of near contact. In fact, this may have happened more than once before the final capture of the southern part of our system. The only real reason anybody might want this “how many near passes?” question answered would be to try to determine how many separate groups of people they might want to classify as Cro-Magnon or indigenous and/or to try to provide some rigorous explanation for human haplogroups. We view that is a waste of time. Despite any racial divisions which might exist amongst humans, the entire human race still shows very little genetic diversity as compared to the situation with other animals. Cosmos in Collision makes just one distinction amongst modern humans. That is the distinction between the familiar Bible antediluvians, and everybody else. The term Cro-Magnon is used as a catchall where “pre-Adamite” might have been used 100 years ago. Cosmos in collision demonstrates that modern humans are not related to hominids other than via similar design, and that the differences between Cro Magnon and Bible antediluvian groups were differences of culture and technology and not meaningful racial or species differences. The differences between Cro Magnon man and the Bible antediluvian’s are explained by the expanses of time between the saltations, again thousands and probably tens of thousands of years. Later Transfer

Note that a thousand years in terms of human history is a gigantic space of time. The first humans who came to Earth some 45,000 years ago by standard dating schemes were culturally advanced but do not appear to have been technologically advanced; the working assumption is that they came here via some haphazard event, most likely what we term a Splash Saltation. Nonetheless the remains we find on Mars indicate that the civilization which left them was highly advanced and space-faring. The other human group which we associate with Adam, Eve, and the antediluvian people of the Bible was also advanced. Genesis indicates that Bible antediluvians were created here ex nihilo some 5000 – 6000 years ago while the book of Adam and Eve reads more as if they were brought here but, whatever actually put them here was not haphazard; the technology for non-haphazard travel was no longer lacking.

Purple and Gold

Lord Byron informs us that: The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold; And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea, When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee. Purple and gold were considered royal colors in the ancient world and the reason for this which is usually given in textbooks is pretty lame and involves a claim that purple dye was difficult and expensive to produce. Nonetheless blueberries and grapes have always been around. The reality of the thing is that purple and gold for the primary colors of the sky in the two world ages prior to our own. Purple Dawn Age No direct references or descriptions of the purple Dawn or purple age exist in classical literature of any sort; the realities of that age have been gleaned from studies of the oral traditions of indigenous (Cro Magnon descendent) peoples and painstakingly reconstructed by scholars connected with the neocatastrophism movement, particularly Dwardu Cardona and Troy McLachlan. This was an age lasting tens of thousands of years during which are earth was inside the Heliosphere or plasma sheath of Saturn, which was a dwarf star at that time. During those ages there was no light other than the purple glow of the dwarf star, no way to see other stars or planets with the exceptions of Saturn and Mars, and no way to tell time. For most of that age, dinosaurs and hominids like the Neanderthal ruled the earth. The Bible contains several very terse references to this period as a time of darkness and, as Dwardu Cardona notes[30], the traditions of many Native American groups refer to that age in a similar manner. Native Australian traditions refer to this age as a “purple Dawn” or dream time. Golden Age As the Saturnian southern system entered the electrical environment of our son, Saturn flared and for a period of time measured in centuries and possibly one or two millennia, became the Golden light source of the fabled Golden age which ancient literature speaks of. This was the time which Plato, Hesiod, Ovid and others refer to as the Golden age when Kronos/Saturn was the “King of heaven”, and the age of the biblical people between Adam and Noah and possibly extending in some form to the age of Abraham. The purple age had gone for many thousands of years without meaningful change to the visual environment in which hominids and later humans lived. The Golden age, by way of contrast, was almost continually changing, producing the fabulous panoply of artwork and iconography as well as mythological interpretation associated with it. “Cosmos in collision” and “the Saturn death cult” offer much more detailed descriptions of these two past ages and it is not the purpose of this book to reinvent wheels. Part II Problems with religion, philosophy, and cosmology

Chapter 6. The Main Problems with Ordinary Ideas about Religion

What then is it about religions, and Christianity in particular, which is so hateful to many scientists that this hatred affects their work and their ability to deal with reality as they encounter it? In other words, a bit of a philosophical discussion here, before we get on to the more enjoyable field of renegade science… There appear to be (traditionally) three big problems which most people have with religion. Those three problems, in something like order of importance, are: 1. The problem of evil (why do bad things happen to good people?) 2. The theory of evolution 3. The book of Joshua In item 3, I am using the term “Book of Joshua” as a sort of a moniker or metaphor (much as the LaRouche Group uses terms like “Queen of England” or “British Empire” when what is meant is the Trans-Atlantic banking cartel. What is meant is the question of the God of the Old Testament acting and behaving in manners which appear to be at odds with modern notions of ethics and morality. What follows is an attempt to deal with these three problems and a few related issues. The Problem of Evil

The problem of evil has a number of formulations, including at minimum: Why do bad things happen to good people? Why would a loving God create the creatures of Pandora’s box (biting flies, mosquitos, chiggers, ticks, hornets, yellowjackets, fleas etc.)? Why is there predation on Earth? If the son of God actually appeared on Earth 2000 years ago, why did the American Indians go 1500 years before they ever heard about it? And several others… The most major thing you notice about all of these questions is that they all devolve, logically at least, into a single question: “What exactly is the word “omnipotent” supposed to mean?” In other words, what exactly is God supposed to be capable of? Does the term “omnipotent” mean “having all the power, which anybody could imagine”, or might it mean “having all the power, that there actually is”? The first definition leads to logical conundrums; the second definition does not appear to. There is also a question of whether or not God might operate under a set of rules which precludes interfering directly with physical reality. There is a natural analogy between the situation which God faces in answering prayers and the situation which Genghis Khan faced after establishing the Yassaq, the great Mongol legal code. Genghis Khan understood that his empire was totally dependent upon a fixed and immutable set of laws and that it would hold together ONLY so long as everybody obeyed it, including particularly himself and his own family. That did in fact work for several generations; the empire began to fracture and fall apart as soon as that practice ceased. Likewise, it could easily be that, having created the physical universe, God views the laws which bind that universe together as sacrosanct and obeys them himself. In other words, the first time God were to begin handing out favors and sparing even one person in the universe from the ordinary physical laws and the laws of cause and effect in the universe, there might never be an end to it. The question of Pandora’s box and the creatures it contained is slightly different and is mainly a question of logic. There is no rational way to picture an all-powerful and well-meaning God creating ticks, biting flies or disease organisms but, by the same token, there is no good way to picture an omniscient God needing to go through 50 – 100 species of horses or elephants to get to the one he wanted. What the evidence actually suggests is this: That the RNA/DNA information code which underlies our entire living world appears to be the work of a single pair of hands (God’s); but that somewhere in time on our own planet, if you go back far enough, what you find looks more like experimentation and genetic engineering and re-engineering having become a sort of a cottage industry with more than one pair of hands involved. Whoever created ticks, fleas, chiggers, biting flies, mosquitoes and the like was not God, did not have good intentions, and should not be worshipped other than by devil worshipers and similarly misguided people. All of those observations lead to what we will ultimately call a first axiom of space-age theology or something like that: The most likely main reason for evil in the world is that God obeys the laws of the physical universe and does not directly interfere with physical reality. Logic also dictates that our life on Earth cannot be more than a training ground of sorts for whatever comes after. There is nothing which any of us could possibly do which anybody 10,000 years from now will have any way of knowing about and there is no known way for us to know the name of anybody who lived 10,000 years ago, no matter what he might have accomplished in earthly life. That implies that if our lives and the physical reality which we experience were anything OTHER than a training ground or process for the future world, then our lives would be entirely meaningless. GIVEN all of the above, you’d think it would be a good thing if we at least had some sort of a hot-line or a general system of communications with God and/or others of the spirit realm who might help us with life and death decisions. It turns out that such a system of communication DID in fact exist in ancient times, more of which a bit later.

The Theory of Evolution.

We mentioned that the theory of evolution was generally the second large problem which many have with religions.

The educated lay person is not aware of how overwhelmingly evolution has been debunked over the last century.

The following is a minimal list of entire categories of evidence disproving evolution:

The decades-long experiments with fruit flies beginning in the early 1900s. Those tests were intended to demonstrate macroevolution; the failure of those tests was so unambiguous that a number of prominent scientists disavowed evolution at the time. The discovery of the DNA/RNA info codes (information codes do not just sort of happen...) The fact that the info code explained the failure of the fruit-fly experiments (the whole thing is driven by information and the only info there ever was in that picture was the info for a fruit fly...) The discovery of bio-electrical machinery within 1-celled animals. The question of irreducible complexity. The Haldane Dilemma. That is, the gigantic spaces of time it would take to spread any genetic change through an entire herd of animals. The increasingly massive evidence of a recent age for dinosaurs. This includes soft tissue being found in dinosaur remains, good radiocarbon dates for dinosaur remains (blind tests at the University of Georgia's dating lab), and native American petroglyphs clearly showing known dinosaur types. The fact that the Haldane dilemma and the recent findings related to dinosaurs amount to a sort of a time sandwich (evolutionites need quadrillions of years and only have a few tens of thousands). The dna analysis eliminating neanderthals and thus all other hominids as plausible human ancestors. The total lack of intermediate fossils where the theory demands that the bulk of all fossils be clear intermediate types. "Punctuated Equilibria" in fact amounts to an attempt to get around both the Haldane dilemma and the lack of intermediate fossils, but has an entirely new set of overwhelming problems of its own... The question of genetic entropy. The obvious evidence of design in nature. The arguments arising from pure probability and combinatoric considerations.

Here's what we mean when we use the term "combinatoric considerations"... The best illustration of wretched the present state of evolutionism really is involves trying to become some totally new animal with new organs, a new basic plan for existence, and new requirements for integration between both old and new organs. Take flying birds for example; suppose you aren't one, and you want to become one. You'll need a baker's dozen highly specialized systems, including wings, flight feathers, the specialized system which allows flight feathers to pivot so as to open on upstrokes and close to trap air on down-strokes (like a venetian blind), a specialized light bone structure, specialized flow-through design heart and lungs, specialized tail, specialized general balance parameters etc. For starters, every one of these things would be anti=functional until the day on which the whole thing came together, so that the chances of evolving any of these things by any process resembling evolution (mutations plus selection) would amount to an infinitesimal, i.e. one divided by some gigantic number. In probability theory, to compute the probability of two things happening at once, you multiply the probabilities together. That says that the likelihood of all these things ever happening, best case, is ten or twelve such infinitessimals multiplied together, i.e. a tenth or twelfth-order infinitesimal. The whole history of the universe isn't long enough for that to happen once. All of that was the best case. In real life, it's even worse than that. In real life, natural selection could not plausibly select for hoped-for functionality, which is what would be required in order to evolve flight feathers on something which could not fly a priori. In real life, all you'd ever get would some sort of a random walk around some starting point, rather than the unidirectional march towards a future requirement which evolution requires. And the real killer, i.e. the thing which simply kills evolutionism dead, is the following consideration: In real life, assuming you were to somehow miraculously evolve the first feature you'd need to become a flying bird, then by the time another 10,000 generations rolled around and you evolved the second such feature, the first, having been dysfunctional/anti-functional all the while, would have DE-EVOLVED and either disappeared altogether or become vestigial. Now, it would be miraculous if, given all the above, some new kind of complex creature with new organs and a new basic plan for life had ever evolved ONCE. Evolutionism, however (the Theory of Evolution) requires that this has happened countless billions of times, i.e. an essentially infinite number of absolutely zero probability events. Before we get too far away from the topic of evolution here, there are two topics we ought to mention briefly, simply because they are amusing and/or interesting to many readers…

The Purpose of Sex

What is the purpose of sex? The obvious answer which you would expect in a classroom is “To produce children (so there will always be somebody to put Ikea furniture together…)” or something like that, but there is another way in which the question could be asked, and the answer to that other version of the question is somewhat different. The other version of the question is “Why would God create such a thing as sex for higher creatures while simple asexual cloning was good enough for all of the one-celled creatures?” or, much better if you happen to be one of the unfortunates who still believes in evolution… Then the question is “How could creatures which reproduce via asexual cloning (bacteria etc.) possibly evolve such a thing as sexual reproduction?” There is a secret killer lurking in that question. For every kind of creature, there is some sort of an average cost for holding population levels together. For bacteria that cost is one, i.e. each bacteria needs to produce one other bacteria like itself (or one other such as itself which does not die prematurely). For humans and every other thing which reproduces sexually, that cost is (at least) two; on average, every human needs to have (at least) two children to avoid a population collapse. But the mathematics behind the theory of evolution specifies that raising that cost even a few percentage points should be enough to doom the species in question and, again, sexual reproduction DOUBLES that cost! That is a gigantic problem for evolutionists. Theoretically, there is no way that any species in the process of evolving sexual reproduction should ever have survived. But it gets even funnier when you carry the process just one step further and ask the next logical question which arises: “What benefit could there possibly be to sexual reproduction, that it would ever evolve despite this gigantic cost problem?” or, for more enlightened folk, “What would God have had in mind in designing such a thing. The answer is, basically, to prevent mutations and recessive genes from annihilating the species in question within a few generations. Asexual reproduction is the ultimate form of inbreeding, i.e. in a complex species, it would do all of the things that inbreeding does, only much faster. For an idea of what this means in practical terms, we go to a Google search on “Spanish Hapsburgs”, the ruling family of Spain who thought it made sense to breed only amongst themselves… Beyond some point in time, every single one of those people, men and women alike, began to look like the Frankenstein Monster:

You get the idea… That’s basically what mutations and recessive genes do for people and those are posed pictures, i.e. those people would normally look WORSE than that. That’s before you even get to the really serious mutations which we call “birth defects” of course. “But, wait a minute…” you say, isn’t evolution supposed to be DRIVEN by a combination of mutation and selection?? Don’t many evolutionists try to define evolution as a change in allele frequencies over time? That’s right. The basic idea of sex is to prevent exactly the kinds of things which the theory of evolution depends upon. Sexual reproduction is said to be the “Queen of Problems” for evolutionary biology[31] and information on the topic turns up easily in Internet searches. It is less clear that anybody has previously given much thought to the question of what a designer might have had in mind in creating such a thing.

Taxonomic Charts and Object-Oriented Design

This topic is important since it informs our thesis on how human civilizations arise within our universe generally. Three of the big words which evolutionists use are sort of related, along with words derived from them. Wiki articles include: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology) http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeny http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy

The oldest modern version of any of these ideas is that of Carl Linnaeus. The Wiki article notes:

Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts: the particular form of biological classification (taxonomy) set up by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his Systema Naturae (1735) and subsequent works. In the taxonomy of Linnaeus there are three kingdoms, divided into classes, and they, in turn, into orders, families, genera (singular: genus), and species (singular: species), with an additional rank lower than species. a term for rank-based classification of organisms, in general. That is, taxonomy in the traditional sense of the word: rank-based scientific classification. This term is especially used as opposed to cladistic systematics, which groups organisms into clades. It is attributed to Linnaeus, although he neither invented the concept of ranked classification (it goes back to Plato and Aristotle) nor gave it its present form. In fact, it does not have an exact present form, as "Linnaean taxonomy" as such does not really exist: it is a collective (abstracting) term for what actually are several separate fields, which use similar approaches.

That seems to date from around 1735. The kinds of taxonomic systems which Darwin used and which are still in use date from the mid to late 1800s and the idea of cladistics arose in the 20'th century.

The phylogenic system devised by Darwin and Cladistic studies assume at all times that the tree structures in question arose via evolutionary processes which, at least in some cases, involved increases in complexity and information. Cladistics appears to be a branch of evolutionary biology which involves attempting to provide underlying scientific models and explanatory theory to the taxonomic diagrams derived from observation. The Wiki article notes:

The cladistic method interprets each character state transformation implied by the distribution of shared character states among taxa (or other terminals) as a potential piece of evidence for grouping. The outcome of a cladistic analysis is a cladogram – a tree-shaped diagram (dendrogram)[17] that is interpreted to represent the best hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships. Although traditionally such cladograms were generated largely on the basis of morphological characters and originally calculated by hand, genetic sequencing data and computational phylogenetics are now commonly used in phylogenetic analyses, and the parsimony criterion has been abandoned by many phylogeneticists in favor of more "sophisticated" but less parsimonious evolutionary models of character state transformation. Cladists contend that these models are unjustified. [clarification needed] Every cladogram is based on a particular dataset analyzed with a particular method. Datasets are tables consisting of molecular, morphological, ethological[18] and/or other characters and a list of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) which may be genes, individuals, populations, species, or larger taxa that are presumed to be monophyletic and therefore to form, all together, one large clade; phylogenetic analysis infers the branching pattern within that clade. Different datasets and different methods, not to mention violations of the mentioned assumptions, often result in different cladograms. Only scientific investigation can show which is more likely to be correct. The insistence upon interpreting the structure of such diagrams as having arisen from evolutionary development over immense time spans is a pure prejudice. The question is, is there any sort of a BETTER explanation for the phylogenic/cladistic diagrams? The answer is a resounding YES, there is in fact a VASTLY better explanation and it's the kind of thing which would never occur to an evolutionary biologist.

We know that our entire living world is based on a supremely complex information system (DNA/RNA) and that this sort of information is ACTIONABLE[32]..

That says that when seeking an explanation for the familiar phylogenic/cladistic diagrams, we should be seeking analogies from our own normal and most advanced means of processing information and the analogy you really want is that of the Object Oriented programming and software design paradigm. The OO paradigm is the ultimate product of our own efforts to devise rational information handling schemes over the space of the computer age and you should assume that God or anybody else with major talent facing a similar situation would use similar methods.

This minimizes work and prevents unnecessarily duplicated effort. Classes amount to user-defined data types and objects amount to individual instantiations of particular classes. In a flight simulator program for instance, there will be a base class for a generic airplane and subclasses for different makes and models of airplanes. The base class contains data and method functions for the 85% of airplane objects which are the same across types and the subclasses define the 15% which differs.

Our living world appears to be analogous to a pure object-oriented language like C# or SmallTalk in which there is one ultimate base-class for everything, and not to a hybrid language like C++. This is a general paradigm for a designed living world; it clearly does not resemble any version of evolution and no notion of anything being physically ancestral to anything else is necessary, the only thing involving any sort of an ancestral relationship is information. A base class in such a system could be pure virtual, with no instances of the base class itself ever having existed. The same is true in OO programming. Humans and hominids for instance would appear to be separate sub-classes of some common base class, adapted to different conditions on two different kinds of worlds.

The Book of Joshua.

The third problem we mentioned that many have with religions involves the conduct of Yahweh and of people acting on his orders; at least some of that conduct cannot easily be squared with 21’st Century notions of morality. The worst case may involve the destruction of the city of Ai by Joshua and the Israelites. It isn’t clear what if anything the people of Jericho or Ai might have done to deserve it or have it coming and the destruction of Ai reads almost identically to the story of the destruction of Liaoyang by the Mongols in the early stages of Genghis Khan’s invasion of North China. Generally, it is not reasonable to try to use today’s standards to judge people of even 300 years ago, much less 3000 years ago and we do not have a perfect answer for this one. The world of the Old Testament was very different from ours in a number of ways to such an extent that it makes understanding some of the Old Testament stories difficult, but we will try to deal with some of those differences in this volume.

The Problem of the Space Age.

We’ve mentioned the three problems which historically have been the most major problems which many people have with religion There is a fourth problem which is fairly recent and as yet somewhat amorphous, and to which not as much thought has ever been given, and this is the question of the impending space age and how it has to affect ideas about religion. At first glance, this problem might seem larger than the other three. The Bible and other ancient works describe stars and planets as points of light which move around the Earth in the sky. All three Abrahamic religions claim that the first humans were created on Earth some 6000 years ago and there is no mention of interstellar travel in ancient literature. And, yet, as we shall see, the realities of the space age are presenting vastly larger problems for traditional scientific thinking than they present for religions. For starters, there is an evolutionary bias built into virtually all science fiction works and similarly into all futurist think-tank type work along such lines. The thinking is that any living world outside of our own which we might encounter amongst the stars would have to have evolved separately from ours, and that the living creatures which we might find in such places would have to be totally alien and massively different from ourselves. A Sci-Fi version of this is seen in the café scene in Star Wars in which you observe creatures whose morphologies are limited only by the writers’ imaginations. A more think-tanky version is seen in the Discovery Channel’s “Alien Planet" documentary.[33] What has turned up in the research involved in Cosmos in Collision so far, therefore, has to cause major angst in some quarters. The evidence indicates that our living world was originally in two disconnected and unrelated parts: the living worlds associated with a bright, Northern part of our original system, and with a very dark, Southern part of that system. But the same DNA/RNA information code forms the basis of both living worlds and the general character of the creatures of the one and of the other are basically the same. In other words, a dinosaur or a hominid might look strange enough to one of us, but we’d still be seeing hair, fur, eyes, ears, nostrils, tails in most cases, four limbs, and the same kinds of internal organs we’re used to. All of that strongly indicates/hints that no matter how far from our own system we might ever go, the strangeness which we might find on any other living world would be strictly limited by laws which are universal. We shall see more of this a bit further on.

The question of aliens “seeding” this planet with life…

An alert reader should be starting to get the impression that our universe runs on information and information flow. That brings up an interesting question: when a dwarf star, such as Jupiter and Saturn were very recently, first becomes capable of supporting a biosphere such as ours, how do the various life forms of such a biosphere get there? That is, are they created here ex-nihilo, brought here physically, or is something more complicated than that involved? This question comes up frequently amongst futurists and science fiction writers and the term which you read is “seeding”, in other words, could it be the case that our living world arose via some seeding process involving space aliens (seeders)? The answer to that question can be gleaned from the logical implications of several data points which we already have. We noted above that the ideas about the age of a living world which we’ve heard all our lives are notwithstanding the test of time. In particular, the idea of dinosaurs dying out 65 million years ago is not holding up and the Internet age has eliminated the ability which certain quasi-religious organizations used to have, to simply quash such information. Images of known dinosaur types have turned up in Native American petroglyphs; soft tissue is now being found in dinosaur remains; and completely reasonable radiocarbon dates are now being obtained for dinosaur remains. So far, the ages obtained for those remains have fallen between 22,000 and 40,000 years. That should dispel any sort of suspicion that these results are religiously motivated (in which case you expect 6000 year estimates). Those numbers very obviously leave no room for thinking in terms of evolutionary processes. Those results also accord fairly well with Jewish literature (midrashim) which describe several kinds of animals (behemoth, reem, ziz bird etc.) in ways which lend themselves to interpretation as handfuls of leftover dinosaurs still walking around at a time just prior to the flood. Granted we don’t even know what a word like “year” might have meant before the flood (because the flood corresponded to an event which changed the order of the solar system), and granted that any sort of a cosmic catastrophe annihilates all of the assumptions upon which the dating schemes with which we are familiar are based: it seems reasonable enough to extrapolate from a dinosaur age of 20,000 to 40,000 years, to an estimates of something like 100,000 years for our living world. The question then becomes, suppose some space alien even on a rocky body associated with the nearest other star, alpha Centauri, had observed earth, Mars, or Ganymede becoming capable of supporting life when that first occurred, and decided to seed the body in our system with life in some physical manner. That is, he determined to send some robotic spaceship to earth, Mars, or Ganymede with all the various creatures of our biosphere: would such a trip be reasonable or would there be a reasonable chance of it succeeding? The basic answer is no. Alpha Centauri is something like 4.37 light years from Earth, that is, a bit more than 25 trillion miles away. The vessel needed for such an undertaking would have to be quite large and would not be breaking any interstellar speed records. If you were to assume a velocity of 100,000 mph, which is just a bit more than escape velocity from our own solar system, the trip would take a bit more than 29,000 years. The person or persons responsible for the project would have to provide for all the creatures in question to be in suspended animation for that period of time and hope that nothing went wrong, that is, hope that all of the usual Murphy laws would be held in abeyance for that space of time. And, as you can see, you would only need for such a venture to have started out from three or four times the distance to alpha Centauri, and the seed ship would still be traveling. There is the further problem that until somewhere around 7000 years ago, Earth and Mars were within the heliosphere of Saturn and thus undetectable from outside of our system. The same would hold true for any rocky body in an electromagnetic alignment with a dwarf star, which is probably the most common situation in the universe for inhabited bodies. Again, the vastly more reasonable assumption is that our universe runs on information and information flow; when a body such as earth, Mars, or Ganymede becomes capable of supporting life, what appears to be the case is that some sort of an exchange of information is made, and the body is provided with living creatures suitable to it and to the environment within which it exists. In the case of Earth early on, that meant dinosaurs and hominids and the like; in the case of Ganymede, that meant humans and other aquatic mammals.

Part III Understanding our Universe and its Living Worlds

Chapter 7. Morphic fields and Object-Oriented Information Systems

What we observe then is this: Our solar system was originally in two parts, a very bright part (Sun, Mercury, Jupiter) with Jupiter and its moons closer to the sun than they are now, and a very dark part (Neptune, Saturn, Mars, Earth) with Mars and Earth in the deep purple world inside the heliosphere or plasma sheath of Saturn. Humans and dolphins with their relatively small eyes had to have originated within the bright part of that system, particularly Jupiter’s largest moon, Ganymede. Hominids and dinosaurs with their massive eyes were obviously native to the dark part of that system, Earth and possibly Mars. A handful of leftover creatures from that reality, lemurs, tarsiers, bush babies, owl monkeys and the like still show those kinds of huge eyes. Other creatures particularly deer which are less obviously adapted to that world still have eyes which glow in the dark and can see ultraviolet light which we cannot see. In fact, until recently, camouflage clothing for hunting was being manufactured in a way which left an ultraviolet sheen on it and hunters were being flummoxed at the sight of deer turning tail and running at the sight of it.

What does the prior existence of this double living world say about evolution and/or human origins or the origins of our biosphere? For starters, obviously, it says that humans are not descended from apes or even from hominids; humans and hominids don’t even come from the same world and, in fact, logically cannot come from the same world. The entire idea of human evolution has to be abandoned, but there’s more than that… Basically, you had two entirely separate living worlds, and no way to believe that the one was derived from the other in any way. Both were pretty much full blown at the very recent point in time at which they first encountered each other. Both were based on the same RNA/DNA information system and code, and both involved more or less the same kinds of higher animals. Granted dinosaurs and hominids look strange to us, they had the same basic features as animals which we are familiar with: four limbs, two eyes, two nostrils, two ears, a mouth, tail, fur or feathers or scales….. Evolution would have to demand that this same basic system arose within two entirely separated worlds, at roughly the same time, by random chance and random processes. Does anybody really want to believe that? What then does the available evidence actually suggest? Consider once again Danny Vendramini’s image of a human and a Neanderthal side by side: Human/Neanderthal Comparison, courtesy www.themandus.org:

These were the respective top creatures of two separate worlds. Related only via similar design, yet exhibiting vastly more in the way of similarities than of differences. You might even view the two as basically the same creature, with different adaptation for two radically different kinds of worlds. Put yourself in the position of whoever created these two for a moment. Having created the one and gotten it to work, would you start from scratch with the second? Better yet, suppose for a moment that there were four or five basic kinds of worlds which you might want specifically adapted variants of the basic bipedal creature with opposable thumbs for. That is, suppose that we simply haven’t yet seen any evidence of those other two or three kinds of worlds. Would you go about creating each of the specific variants from scratch? Or would you create some sort of a model or template for the basic creature in question, that is, a model with all of the things in common amongst the variants, and then create specific adaptations to add to the basic model as needed? That certainly sounds like a better approach; if nothing else, it would be less work. But, wait a moment, you say, “Where have I heard that idea before?” The answer to that one will be immediately obvious to computer programmers and software developers, i.e. what we’ve just described is the basic paradigm of object oriented software which is the basis for modern computer programming. Computer programming languages prior to the late 1980s generally came with a set collection of data types including character strings, integers, and fixed and floating point numbers, and a few other kinds of data. Modern programming languages like C++, Java, and C# (C-Sharp) allow developers to devise their own data types (classes) which include both data and operator functions for that data, and instantiate individual realizations (objects) of those classes simply by declaring them the way you would an integer or character string variable. Also allowed is sub-classing, that is, starting with a basic class which contains elements common to several different variations on a theme, to let sub-classes for each specific variant inherit the basic class with its common items, and then define only those items specific to the variant itself. Computer games such as Doom or Aces of the Pacific are very much easier to develop in this manner than they would be with older languages like C or Pascal. For Aces and similar flight games, there will be a base class for a generic airplane containing data stores for common items such as present speed, present attitude in cylindrical coordinates, position on the screen etc., and functions to control elevator, ailerons, rudder, speed etc. Then there will be subclasses for individual aircraft types, F6 (the US Hellcat), F4 (Corsair), P51, Messerschmidt109 etc. The subclasses will contain data specific to each particular type including screen images and specific numbers for top speed, top rate of climb etc. We have seen that our entire living world is governed by an information system which we term DNA/RNA. What we observe looking at humans, Neanderthals, Homo Erectus and other hominids suggests that this information system works in a manner similar to what we observe in object oriented programming languages. That should not surprise anybody. OO programming is the culmination of the best thinking and efforts of the entire human race over the entire history of computer programming so far, for handling large information systems. The idea that there might be some rough similarity between that and the manner in which God handles the gigantic information systems behind living worlds in the universe seems reasonable. The next question you should want to ask is this: How did humans get put onto Ganymede and dinosaurs, Neanderthals and other hominids on Earth originally? The evidence seems to indicate that when a planet like Earth, Mars, or Ganymede reaches a point of being habitable to creatures like humans or hominids, then somehow or other, those creatures get PUT there. You might even note that there is a rough analogy to the constructor function in a C++ class but, again one way or another, the whole thing is being driven by information and some sort of a system for handling that information and transmitting it around. The question is, is there any hard evidence or any sort of a body of studies which might support such an idea? That question leads us to the realm of one Dr. Rupert Sheldrake, a former director of studies for cell biology at Cambridge University who, in later years, has taken to studying things which are usually termed “paranormal” using statistical methods and good experimental design. This, of course, is more than enough to classify Dr. Sheldrake as a public enemy amongst the CSICOP (Committee for Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal) crowd and amongst other professional “skeptic” groups. Fortunately, Sheldrake is of independent means and his credentials are better than any of theirs so that there isn’t really anything they can do about it. Sheldrake’s “Seven Experiments Which Could Change the World” should be on everybody’s bookshelf. His works start with a couple of very simple observations. One is that major-league computational power, which used to be the exclusive prerogative of large corporations, universities, and government agencies, is now easily within the reach of the common man; this in combination with free and powerful programming systems like Python put scientific investigation and statistical analysis within the reach of the common man. Another such observation is that well-designed experiments amount to asking questions of nature; nature usually provides answers to such questions. One such case involved a little dog which would go sit at the door when his mistress would start towards home (the owner’s mother had observed this). Sheldrake’s approach was to send the little dog’s owner out with one of his assistants on a window shopping trip downtown; the assistant knew a preset time to return home while the owner did not. At the preset time, the assistant told the owner it was time to turn home, they started home, and sure enough, the little dog went and sat at the door at that selfsame time as another assistant observed. This is the sort of thing which the CSICOP crowd comes unglued over. Sheldrake and other researchers such as Dean Radin have used statistical methods to demonstrate to a statistical certainty that certain kinds of paranormal phenomena are real; these include things as simple as the average person being able to do vastly better than the expected 50% at guessing whether or not he/she is being stared at, as well as sophisticated ganz-feld experiments so that the question of whether a very crude and remnant telepathic capability exists amongst higher animals has pretty much been answered. The question of telepathy in ancient times and of antediluvian language will be addressed later in this book. Other works of Sheldrake use the terms “morphic resonance” and “Morphic field”… The gist of what these terms mean is that the universe itself appears to have its own data storage and transmission systems, and that experiments suggest this in stunning ways. John Horgan mentions this in an article in Scientific American dated 07/14/2014 (http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/2014/07/14/scientific- heretic-rupert-sheldrake-on-morphic-fields-psychic-dogs-and-other- mysteries/):

“Horgan: What is the single most powerful piece of evidence for morphic resonance?

“Sheldrake: There is a lot of circumstantial evidence for morphic resonance. The most striking experiment involved a long series of tests on rat learning that started in Harvard in the 1920s and continued over several decades. Rats learned to escape from a water-maze and subsequent generations learned faster and faster. At the time this looked like an example of Lamarckian inheritance, which was taboo. The interesting thing is that after the rats had learned to escape more than 10 times quicker at Harvard, when rats were tested in Edinburgh, Scotland and in Melbourne, Australia they started more or less where the Harvard rats left off. In Melbourne the rats continued to improve after repeated testing, and this effect was not confined to the descendants of trained rats, suggesting a morphic resonance rather than epigenetic effect. I discuss this evidence in A New Science of Life, now in its third edition, called Morphic Resonance in the US.”

Regarding present human telepathic capabilities, Sheldrake notes[34]:

In the modern world, the commonest kind of human telepathy occurs in connection with telephone calls. More than 80% of the population say they have thought of someone for no apparent reason, who then called; or that they have known who was calling before picking up the phone in a way that seems telepathic. Controlled experiments on telephone telepathy have given repeatable positive results that are highly significant statistically, as summarized inThe Sense of Being Stared At and described in detailed technical papers which you can read on this web site. Telepathy also occurs in connection with emails, and anyone who is interested can now test how telepathic they are in the online telepathy test. The morphic fields of mental activity are not confined to the insides of our heads. They extend far beyond our brain though intention and attention. We are already familiar with the idea of fields extending beyond the material objects in which they are rooted: for example magnetic fields extend beyond the surfaces of magnets; the earth’s gravitational field extends far beyond the surface of the earth, keeping the moon in its orbit; and the fields of a cell phone stretch out far beyond the phone itself. Likewise the fields of our minds extend far beyond our brains.

Sheldrake notes the following regarding animal telepathic capabilities[35]: Members of animal groups, when they go apart, remain connected through this field that stretches, rather than breaks, and one can communicate with the other, telepathically. I think it's a normal means of animal communication. Finally, that this nature of this field is, in fact, quite close to a phenomenon well known in quantum physics called non-locality,' where particles that are in part of the same system, when they move apart, retain a non-local connection a change in one, instantaneously effects the other, and it's not dependent on distance. It doesn't matter how far apart. There's no inverse square law.

So that there is demonstrable proof of the reality of the phenomenon; nonetheless telepathy in our present world amounts to an oddity and, particularly for humans, a very limited capability which could not plausibly be useful as a full-blown system of communications. Again, one of the uses which we have in mind here is to communicate with the person on Alpha Centauri who has devised a set of desmodromic engine valves for a motorcycle which achieves the efficiency of the Ducati engine but somehow does not require valves being adjusted every 2000 miles. And we’re also interested in the better toilet which his brother has devised. We’d like to get that information without having to travel there. Sheldrake is probably the world’s best expert on telepathy and he at least believes that it would be FAST enough to get the good info from Alpha Centauri immediately rather than in 8.6 years (4.3 years for the question to arrive on AC at light speed, another 4.3 years for the answer to come back). But it isn’t SOPHISTICATED enough. We don’t have anything resembling good control over it.

What about in past ages? Is there any reason to believe that we might have ever had more control over telepathy than we do now??

Chapter 8 Resurrection and Ghost Stories in the Bible.

There are a half dozen or so stories in the Bible about people being heard from after they died and three which are common: the stories about Jesus himself, Lazarus, and the tale of Samuel, Saul, and the "Witch of Endor". Several elements of those stories match up so closely that they make a powerful argument for the reality of the stories, since the authors were widely separated by time and space and had no opportunity to get together in a room and try to match those stories up artificially:

Each of the instances was seen by enough witnesses that the story cannot simply be written off. In no case is it possible to believe that anybody ever came back in a real dead body. If you want dead bodies walking around, the religion you want is Voodoo. Nonetheless the experiences of witnesses was indistinguishable from what you might expect if the person had in fact come back in a human body, down the detail of nail holes in the case of Christ himself, as per the witness of Thomas. All of these events were temporary, lasting a few days or a few weeks. Nobody ever stuck around for another ten years after coming back from the dead. Again the interesting thing is that those stories are widely separated in time and place so that there is no way to think that the authors ever got together in a room to try to get their details to match up. That argues against thinking the stories to be fanciful. In the case of Christ, you have the apostles to the man going to their deaths rather than deny having witnessed the resurrection. One person going to his death for a cause he knew to be false may or may not be believable, but eleven out of eleven (excluding Judas)? There is also a question of such events becoming increasingly rare with the passage of time. The “Witch of Endor” was clearly freaked at the resurrection of Samuel, and this was a woman who, by reputation at least, should have been fairly accustomed to seeing strange things: SA1 28:11 Then said the woman, Whom shall I bring up unto thee? And he said, Bring me up Samuel. SA1 28:12 And when the woman saw Samuel, she cried with a loud voice: and the woman spake to Saul, saying, Why hast thou deceived me? for thou art Saul. SA1 28:13 And the king said unto her, Be not afraid: for what sawest thou? And the woman said unto Saul, I saw gods ascending out of the earth. SA1 28:14 And he said unto her, What form is he of? And she said, An old man cometh up; and he is covered with a mantle. And Saul perceived that it was Samuel, and he stooped with his face to the ground, and bowed himself. SA1 28:15 And Samuel said to Saul, Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring me up? And Saul answered, I am sore distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God is departed from me, and answereth me no more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams: therefore I have called thee, that thou mayest make known unto me what I shall do. SA1 28:16 Then said Samuel, Wherefore then dost thou ask of me, seeing the LORD is departed from thee, and is become thine enemy? SA1 28:17 And the LORD hath done to him, as he spake by me: for the LORD hath rent the kingdom out of thine hand, and given it to thy neighbour, even to David:

Saul laments “I am sore distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God is departed from me, and answereth me no more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams: therefore I have called thee, that thou mayest make known unto me what I shall do.” Ancient religious practices were intended to communicate directly with God and spirits. These practices included prophesy, oracles, the sort of art which the woman of Endor practiced, dreams (which actually served a useful purpose in those times), and pure electrostatic devices including the pyramids and things like the “ark of the covenant” mentioned in the Torah. All such practices involved static electricity, all involved trance states, and all stopped working prior to the time of Alexander. What Saul is saying is that the normal practices which had worked in the (to him) recent past, were no longer working, or at least no longer working reliably. Again Julian Jaynes viewed ALL such practices as involving “auditory hallucinations” and his view appears to have been colored by the question of the worship of idols and the practices associated with idol worship, and also by the fact that he was limiting his study to the age between the Exodus and Alexander, that is, using the age of Alexander as a sort of a rough upper bound. Granted nobody should want the task of trying to defend the practice of idolatry in a formal debate; nonetheless there is a real question as to the reality of the other practices. City states around the Mediterranean basin had run for centuries on information coming back from prophets and oracles and Jaynes himself noted[36]: “The obdurate rationalist simply scoffs plena deo indeed ! Just as the mediums of our own times have always been exposed as frauds, so these so-called oracles were really performances manipulated by others in front of an illiterate peasantry for political or monetary ends. But such a realpolitik attitude is doctrinaire at best. Possibly there was some chicanery in the oracle’s last days, perhaps some bribery of the prophetes, those subsidiary priests or priestesses who interpreted what the oracle meant. But earlier, to sustain so massive a fraud for an entire millennium through the most brilliant intellectual civilization the world had yet known is impossible, just impossible. Nor can it gibe with the complete absence of criticism of the oracle until the Roman period. Nor with the politically wise and often cynical Plato reverently calling Delphi “the interpreter of religion to all mankind.” That appears to be as close as Jaynes ever came to considering the possibility that any of the phenomena he was writing about may have been real, or that real information was involved. Again Jaynes appeared to be limiting his view to the age following Exodus. What happens if you go back further in time and, in fact, to the true antediluvian period? One thing you notice is that God and spirits speak directly to men in Genesis and that the words “prophet” and “prophesy” which permeate the Old Testament after Genesis, occur only once in a vague reference to Abraham as “God’s prophet”, after the flood the fall of the tower. That is a really huge change in worldview. Genesis, however involves a problem in that the events it describes are very ancient, but that the book itself is not the oldest book in the Bible, with some scholars claiming that it was written down in Hellenistic times. That provides a lot of time for details to have gotten lost, for priests to have embellished one or more of the stories, or for details to have been mistranslated.

The worst of all such cases, for instance, involves the question of Isaiah 30:26. The King James renders that as: ISA 30:26 Moreover the light of the moon shall be as the light of the sun, and the light of the sun shall be sevenfold, as the light of seven days, in the day that the LORD bindeth up the breach of his people, and healeth the stroke of their wound. Midrashic sources make it clear that the “as the light of seven days” part of that refers to the seven days of intense light and radiation referred to in Genesis 7:4 and 7:10[37] In other words, the flood itself was part and parcel of a solar-system-wide calamity involving a stellar blowout or nova event involving one of the gas giants. The passage appears to have been translated out of a language which does not use articles and should read “as the light of the seven days”. Nonetheless the NIV inserts the word “full” into the phrase, i.e. “as the light of seven full days” as if the thing were to mean “as bright, as if you were to somehow cram seven whole days’ worth of light into one day”. That is a bad mistranslation created by a failure of the modern editors to comprehend the context of the ancient story. Such is the situation with trying to comprehend ancient realities by reading the Old Testament. In the case of Egyption writings which are found on the interior walls of the pyramids, however, there are no such problems. Those writings haven’t changed since they were written.

Chapter 9 The Egyptian Notion of Ka

What if I were to tell you, that the solution to the Fermi Paradox was to be sought in the Old Kingdom Egyptian notion of Ka?

Egyptians of the old kingdom believed that when the god Khnum created a person on his potter’s wheel, he created the person and the person’s ka at the same time.

Ka was the most major idea in Egyptian religion. The situation is similar to that of the story of the flood. The idea of the flood amounting to punishment for sin is at least questionable inasmuch as it’s difficult to picture an omniscient God wiping the entire planet over sin only to have sin back in business as if nothing had happened a few decades later; most people give God credit for being brighter than that. But there is no way to picture anything being fictitious about the tale of the flood itself which occurs everywhere on Earth, in all oral traditions, all literatures, all mythic systems. Adolf Hitler infamously noted that normal people are apt to lie in small things but do not tell gross or infamous lies and the principle seems to apply here. Likewise, the idea of Khnum making people on a potter’s wheel is obviously fanciful; but could the most major idea in Egyptian religion and practices be total fiction? We’re going to examine that question and in order to get a realistic picture of what the term “ka” meant, we’re going to look at it from three separate angles. We noted above that that ancient literature includes descriptions of things outside of our experience, including descriptions of religious practices intended to communicate directly with the spirit realm. Such practices included prophecy, oracles, "familiar spirits" (the tale of Saul, Samuel, and the witch of Endor, etc.), idolatry and the rituals associated with the worship of idols, and electrostatic devices such as the Ark of the Covenant. All such practices involved trance states similar to hypnosis, all involved static electricity, and they all stopped working prior to the time of Alexander.

In particular, a person reading through more than a little bit of such materials will notice Julian Jaynes describing certain phenomena as bicameral/paranormal while Al deGrazia and Hugh Crossthwaite describe the same phenomena as electrostatic/electrical; it doesn’t take the world’s greatest scholar to deduce that the ancient electrostatic field of the Earth may have been enabling the bicameral phenomena. But again, in the case of the notion of ka, we have three views on the subject: There is the view of Julian Jaynes which describes ka as a bicameral phenomenon. Again, Jaynes worked within an evolutionary paradigm and never considered the possibility that something like ka might have ever been anything more than a system of “auditory hallucinations”. Jaynes’ major work, “The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind” is available from book retailers and also in the form of a Kindle Ebook at Amazon.com. There is the view of Al deGrazia and Hugh Crossthwaite who describe ka and related phenomena as electrical phenomena. These writings take the form of three books titled “Ka”, “A Fire Not Blown”, and “God’s Fire”. They are available at Al deGrazia’s website http://www.grazian- archive.com and also on bearfabrique.org[38]. There is the view of the old kingdom Egyptians themselves in terms of religious beliefs and everyday experience. These are found on interior walls of the pyramids and other buildings and on papyri and we have reasonable translations beginning in the late 19’th century. Particularly the writings of the late Dr. E. A. Wallis Budge are available at little or no cost in Kindle Ebook format.

Recall that in the cases of Jesus’ own resurrection as well as the cases of Lazarus and of Saul, Samuel, and the woman from Endor, there was a funny question as to whether or not the person actually had come back in a physical human body. Everybody including the authors knew perfectly well what happened to bodies after death and that there was no possibility of a dead body being reanimated and, again, if you want dead bodies walking around, the religion you need is Voodoo. Nonetheless to witnesses, the experience was utterly indistinguishable from what they might have anticipated if the person actually HAD returned in a real, physical human body, down to the detail of the apostle Thomas being able to satisfy himself as to nail holes in the case of Jesus. Consider then what Dr. Budge has to say about the concept of ka as “double”[39]: In the interval which elapsed between the period of the prehistoric burials and the IVth dynasty, the Egyptian formulated certain theories about the component parts of his own body, and we must consider these briefly before we can describe the form in which the dead were believed to rise. The physical body of a man was called KHAT, a word which indicates something in which decay is inherent; it was this which was buried in the tomb after mummification, and its preservation from destruction of every kind was the object of all amulets, magical ceremonies, prayers, and formulae, from the earliest to the latest times. The god Osiris even possessed such a body, and its various members were preserved as relics in several shrines in Egypt. Attached to the body in some remarkable way was the KA, or "double," of a man; it may be defined as an abstract individuality or personality which was endowed with all his characteristic attributes, and it possessed an absolutely independent existence. It was free to move from place to place upon earth at will, and it could enter heaven and hold converse with the gods. The offerings made in, the tombs at all periods were intended for the nourishment of the KA, and it was supposed to be able to eat and drink and to enjoy the odour of incense. In the earliest times a certain portion of the tomb was set apart for the use of the KA, and the religious organization of the period ordered that a class of priests should perform ceremonies and recite prayers at stated seasons for the benefit of the KA in the KA chapel; these men were known as "KA priests." In the period when the pyramids were built it was firmly believed that the deceased, in some form, was able to be purified, and to sit down and to eat bread with it "unceasingly and for ever;" and the KA who was not supplied with a sufficiency of food in the shape of offerings of bread, cakes, flowers, fruit, wine, ale, and the like, was in serious danger of starvation. Similarly, John chapter 12 notes that: 1 Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany, where Lazarus was which had been dead, whom he raised from the dead. 2 There they made him a supper; and Martha served: but Lazarus was one of them that sat at the table with him. A modern person would expect Lazarus to have said something like: “Hey, you know, I’m really just a ghost and ghosts don’t eat food, you people go on and eat…” But the story, strangely enough, doesn’t read that way. You assume Lazarus ate dinner with the others or, at least for all intents and purposes, appeared to do so. All of the scholars from the late 1800s who were looking into these questions noted that “Ka” was a very strange concept for moderns to come to grips with and was difficult to translate exactly, but the most common translation was and remains “double”. This double incorporated something like the normal modern notion of a spirit which survives after a person’s death, but it was more than that. As Dr. Budge notes, this double served as an alter ego of some sort which was both attached to and separate from the person prior to death and could seemingly neatly resolve the problem which people occasionally face of needing to be in two places at the same time. The double, seemingly, was also unfettered by normal human physical limitations involving time and space. Images show Khnum creating a man and his double at the same time as noted above; you also see things like this: Horus and Ḥekau presenting Ȧmen-ḥ etep III., when a babe, and his double, to Ȧmen-Rā, lord of the thrones of Egypt, king of the gods. [40]

Notice that in both images, you see one or both of the person and the double pointing towards his mouth. Julian Jaynes claims this is because ka/double is basically a (bicameral) voice phenomenon.[41] “The ka of the god-king is of particular interest. It was heard, I suggest, by the king in the accents of his own father. But it was heard in the hallucinations of his courtiers as the king’s own voice, which is the really important thing. Texts state that when a king sat at a meal and ate, his ka sat and ate with him. The pyramids are full of false doors, sometimes simply painted on the limestone walls, through which the deceased god-king’s ka could pass out into the world and be heard. It is only the king’s ka which is pictured on monuments, sometimes as a standard bearer holding the staff of the king’s head and the feather, or as a bird perched behind the king’s head. But most significant are the representations of the king’s ka as his twin in birth scenes. In one such scene, the god Khnum is shown forming the king and his ka on his potter’s wheel. They are identical small figures except that the ka has his left hand pointing to his mouth, obviously suggesting that he is what we might describe as a persona of speech.” Recall from our discussion in the section on telepathy above, that Jaynes had discovered the prior use of a part of the human brain which is no longer used. This amounts to a right-brain analog to the speech center which is on the left side of the brain and the two are connected by a bridge crossover; the right brain analog serve no known purpose but when experiments are done in which this part of the brain is stimulated with electrical probes, subjects generally report hearing voices, which seem very real. Jaynes noted that these voices turn up in the ancient world in various forms and settings: the voices of gods and goddesses which the people of the Iliad were hearing; voices emanating from idols when certain “opening of the mouth” rituals were performed; voices of gods and dead kings associated with oracles; and the voice aspect of ka. Again Jaynes assumed in all cases that such voices had been “auditory hallucinations” and he did not seem to like entertaining the idea that more than just voices might have been part of such experiences. He notes that[42]: “If we could say that ancient Egypt had a psychology , we would then have to say that its fundamental notion is the ka, and the problem becomes what the ka is… ….we could imagine a worker out in the fields suddenly hearing the ka or hallucinated voice of the vizier over him admonishing him in some way. If, after he returned to his city, he told the vizier that he had heard the vizier’s ka (which in actuality there would be no reason for his doing), the vizier, were he conscious as are we, would assume that it was the same voice that he himself heard and which directed his life. Whereas in actuality, to the worker in the fields, the vizier’s ka sounded like the vizier’s own voice. While to the vizier himself, his ka would speak in the voices of authorities over him, or some amalgamation of them. And, of course, the discrepancy could never be discovered….” This is as close as a modern scholar committed to an evolutionist world view could ever come to understanding what was going on in Egypt some 3000 – 4000 years ago. We assume that an Egyptian of the old kingdom would have explained the situation somewhat differently: “Joe-Hotep was out doing those new fences in the field and he didn’t know exactly how far to run that North row and the boss was busy with that report to the vizier, so he (the boss) sent his ka out there to set Joe straight…” Because ordinary people and kings alike had these experiences and because these personal doubles were essentially indistinguishable from people, and because people observed kas consuming food and drink and going about as people might, they assumed that kas, which would survive the death of the people to whom they were attached, would continue having the same kinds of physical needs which they appeared to have while those people were alive. For this reason, at least in the cases of kings and wealthy people for whom the expense of such a thing was not prohibitive, Egyptians went to huge lengths to ensure that kas were properly cared for in the future life.[43] “The wealthy Egyptian left behind him the means for making the offerings which his ka, or double, needed, and was able to provide for the maintenance of his tomb and of the ka chapel and of the priest or priests who ministered to it. It was ail article of faith among all classes that unless the ka was properly fed it would be driven to wander about and pick up filth and anything else of that nature which it found in its path, as we may see from the LIInd Chapter of the Book of the Dead, in which the deceased says, “That which is an abomination unto me, that which is an abomination unto me let me not eat. That which is an abomination unto me, that which is an abomination unto me is filth; let me not eat of it instead of the cakes [which are offered unto] the Doubles (kau). Let it not light upon my body; let me not be obliged to take it into my hands; and let me not be obliged to walk thereon in my sandals.“ And in the CLXXXIXth Chapter he prays that he may not be obliged to drink filthy water or be defiled in any way by it. The rich man, even, was not certain that the appointed offerings of meat and drink could or would be made in his tomb in perpetuity: what then was the poor man to do to save his ka from the ignominy of eating filth and drinking dirty water? To get out of this difficulty the model of an altar in stone was made, and models of cakes, vases of water, fruit, meat, etc., were placed upon it; in cases where this was not possible figures of the offerings were sculptured upon the stone itself; in others, where even the expense of an altar could not be borne by the relatives of the dead, an altar with offerings painted upon it was placed in the tomb, and as long as it existed through the prayers recited, the ka did not lack food. Sometimes neither altar, nor model nor picture of an altar was placed in the tomb, and the prayer that sepulchral meals might be given to the deceased by the gods, which was inscribed upon some article of funeral furniture, was the only provision made for the wants of the ka; but every time any one who passed by the tomb recited that prayer, and coupled with it the name of the man who was buried in it, his ka was provided with a fresh supply of meat and drink offerings, for the models or pictures of them in the inscription straightway became veritable substances. “ And even all of that wasn’t enough, at least originally[44] “This abstract personality [ka] had an absolutely independent existence. It could move freely from place to place, separating itself from, or uniting itself to the body at will, and also enjoying life with the gods in heaven... …In the remotest times the tombs had special chambers wherein the ka was worshipped and received offerings. The priesthood numbered among its body an order of men who bore the name of "priests of the ka and who performed services in honour of the ka in the "ka chapel.” Recollect that this was a highly advanced civilization whose building capabilities may have surpassed our own. We can disregard parts of this picture, but not the big parts of it. In other words, we can assume that nobody ever saw Khnum create a person and the person’s ka on a potter’s wheel. But for EVERYBODY in such a kingdom to be going to these kinds of lengths for centuries over an idea which was whole cloth, is simply not believable. There simply isn’t enough high-grade reefer or LSD in the world for an entire advanced nation to be tripping such a thing over such a space of time. There is one piece of this picture which we have so far, which is considerably less than believable. Julian Jaynes believed that the bicameral age, including ka, came to an end due to sociological changes or something not much different from that. A substantially better idea of why bicameral phenomena came to an end can be gleaned from the writings of Al deGrazia and Hugh Crossthwaite. A one sentence executive summary of this reality would be that the same progressive planetary surface charge collapse which increased gravity on our planet by at least three to one and doomed any remaining large dinosaurs, first brought the true telepathic age to an end (the tale of the tower of Babel) and then progressively caused other bicameral phenomena, including ka, prophets, oracles, and things like the ark of the covenant to cease working. Many of these notions and words associated with them were common around the ancient Mediterranean basin, and not simply isolated to Egypt. DeGrazia and Crossthwaite claim that static electricity in the atmosphere was much more in evidence a few thousand years back than it is now and that the kinds of cosmic electrical discharges described by the electric universe groups (e.g. www.thunderbolts.info) were also part of the picture. A few observations from their writings will serve to illustrate the situation. For instance Crossthwaite notes a linguistic difference between the two common words for fire, one meaning ordinary chemical fire, and the other the much more grandiose fire involved in plasma physics phenomena and cosmic discharge[45]: “The Greek aither is the upper air, home of the divine fire, pyr… …Flamma, flame, was used in Latin, like phlox in Greek, for ordinary chemical fire. The burning of wood on altars was a trigger to encourage the divine fire to descend. The prophet Job, XX:26, speaks of "a fire not blown", i.e. not phlox.” “Pyramid” was a Greek word, the root part of which is the familiar pyr/fire which we see in words like “pyrotechnics”, or “pyromania”. Originally, they had smooth facing stones and golden tips which glowed with what we call St. Elmo’s fire i.e. they were basically huge lightning rods used for religious purposes. Again Crossthwaite[46]: “Pyramid is from pyr, fire, and amis, amid-, vessel, chamber pot. Greek amao means 'I collect, I harvest. A pyramid was a fire collector. The Hebrew arah is to collect; aron is an ark. Arabic haram, plural ahram, is a pyramid. Russian hram is a temple. Hebrew har means 'mountain'.” Thus “pyramid” originally meant “fire collector” or spirit collector. The situation with the Ark of the Covenant mentioned in the Bible is similar and in fact the writings of deGrazia and Crossthwaite make it plain that Israelites did not have any sort of a total lock on that sort of technology. Starting around Exodus 25:10 we see the instructions for making a sort of a crude electrical capacitor: EXO 25:10 And they shall make an ark of shittim wood: two cubits and a half shall be the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth thereof, and a cubit and a half the height thereof. EXO 25:11 And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, within and without shalt thou overlay it, and shalt make upon it a crown of gold round about. EXO 25:12 And thou shalt cast four rings of gold for it, and put them in the four corners thereof; and two rings shall be in the one side of it, and two rings in the other side of it. EXO 25:13 And thou shalt make staves of shittim wood, and overlay them with gold. EXO 25:14 And thou shalt put the staves into the rings by the sides of the ark, that the ark may be borne with them. EXO 25:15 The staves shall be in the rings of the ark: they shall not be taken from it. EXO 25:16 And thou shalt put into the ark the testimony which I shall give thee. EXO 25:17 And thou shalt make a mercy seat of pure gold: two cubits and a half shall be the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth thereof. EXO 25:18 And thou shalt make two cherubims of gold, of beaten work shalt thou make them, in the two ends of the mercy seat. EXO 25:19 And make one cherub on the one end, and the other cherub on the other end: even of the mercy seat shall ye make the cherubims on the two ends thereof. EXO 25:20 And the cherubims shall stretch forth their wings on high, covering the mercy seat with their wings, and their faces shall look one to another; toward the mercy seat shall the faces of the cherubims be. EXO 25:21 And thou shalt put the mercy seat above upon the ark; and in the ark thou shalt put the testimony that I shall give thee. A layer of insulation (wood) coated with a superior conductor (gold) and two contact points (cherubim)… In other words, the sort of thing which Benjamin Franklin and other scholars of his day who had begun studying electricity would have called a Leyden Jar. And then: EXO 25:22 And there I will meet with thee, and I will commune with thee from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubims which are upon the ark of the testimony, of all things which I will give thee in commandment unto the children of Israel. The thing you’d normally anticipate seeing between the contact points of a capacitor would be an electrical arc. The Bible mentions Jahweh “dwelling between the cherubim of the arc” a number of times, e.g. SA1 4:4 So the people sent to Shiloh, that they might bring from thence the ark of the covenant of the LORD of hosts, which dwelleth between the cherubims…

2SA 6:2 And David arose, and went with all the people that were with him from Baale of Judah, to bring up from thence the ark of God, whose name is called by the name of the LORD of hosts that dwelleth between the cherubims. The notion of Yahweh meeting and communing with the priests of Israel by means of the ark is seen here: NUM 7:89 And when Moses was gone into the tabernacle of the congregation to speak with him, then he heard the voice of one speaking unto him from off the mercy seat that was upon the ark of testimony, from between the two cherubims: and he spake unto him. NUM 8:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, Here we see a fusion of the ideas of Julian Jaynes, Al deGrazia, and Hugh Crossthwaite. In short, Israelites had constructed a sort of an electrostatic device to serve as a kind of a radio connection to the spirit world. Again Jaynes assumed that the voice which Moses was hearing was an “auditory hallucination”. We are not making that assumption. Al deGrazia goes into a great deal of detail as to the nature of Leyden jar type capacitors and the history of ancient things which appear to have worked the same way[47]. “A few years after the invention of the Leyden jar, Georg Wilhelm Lichtenberg (1743-1799), one of the founders of electrical science, called attention to its resemblance to the Ark of the Covenant, to the "Powerful One of Jacob."[5] Another distinguished electro-physicist, Maurice Denis-Papin (1900-x) asserted that the ark as an electrical capacitor was capable of producing from 500 to 700 volts [6]. This is quite enough to electrocute humans and animals…” One person who found out how dangerous the ark was the hard was was named Uzzah (from the King James Bible): 2SA 6:6 And when they came to Nachon's threshingfloor, Uzzah put forth his hand to the ark of God, and took hold of it; for the oxen shook it. 2SA 6:7 And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Uzzah; and God smote him there for his error; and there he died by the ark of God. In other words, he tried to keep the thing from falling off a cart and got electrocuted for his efforts. DeGrazia notes that other nations, particularly Egypt, had their own versions of this sort of thing[48]. Flinders Petrie, the greatest of Egyptologists, used the word 'ark' o describe one of a number of Egyptian depictions, such as is portrayed in Figure 10 here[18]. One is tempted to speculate that t is an engineering sketch of the Ark itself, lacking the box below. There would be little reason for the construction of these oles or this arch, aesthetic or otherwise, except to manage an electric arc or system of sparks. This ark in operation would lare at the junctions of the grounded poles and the top horizontal bar. Why would the Egyptians set up an ark upon a boat? The implications are surprising. We think first of where a box to generate an electric arc would function more continuously and intensely. This would be a location on water, where charges ather more readily because of high conductivity of the medium. Especially in pre- cometary or ost-cometary times, when the Earth was discharging less strongly, the ark as pictured in the illustration would create a ore active arc discharge.

DeGrazia goes on to note that[49]: Secondly we revert to the puzzle of why the Jews named the Ark of Noah and the Ark of the Covenant similarly. The answer is probably that the electrical phenomena of Noah's Ark were stupendous, that the Egyptians generated their arcs on boats, and that Moses derived his land-based Ark from the aquatic models. These may have descended to the Egyptians from the Noah tradition via the Hebrews, or have been a joint Egyptian-Hebrew development, or may have been indeed Moses' invention,Q-CD vol.9: God's Fire, Ch.4: The Ark in Action 96 whether in the aquatic forms or the land form or both. Regarding this last item, we may recall that Moses the infant floated on the Nile in an "ark", the same rare word. We’ve seen (above) that the word “pyramid” had the rough meaning of “fire catcher”. Hugh Crossthwaite had a sort of a flair for etymologies and notes that the Latin “camara” had a similar derivation involving the fact that beyond some point the word “ka” had spread beyond Egypt as a general term for “spirit”[50]. The Greek kamara and the Latin camera are generally thought to be derived from the Greek kampto, bend. Kamara can mean the roof of a vault, a covered waggon, and a boat with an arched cover. Since the Etruscan mar, mer, means to take, it seems more likely that we are dealing with places and vehicles for the capturing and transporting of ka, as with Egyptian ark boats.

In other words, the word “camera” may be derived from “ka-mer”, i.e. “spirit catcher”: an Etruscan/Latin version of the same sort of thing as the Ark of the Covenant… And so we’ve constructed a rather interesting picture, and a picture which is radically different from the impressions you’d get from ordinary school courses in history, philosophy, mythology and the like. We’ve seen that both humans and other higher animals including dogs and parrots retain at least some remnant telepathic capability to this day and that this remnant checks out in specialized experiments, Ganz-Feld testing, and statistical analyses. We’ve noted that in at least the one case involving Rupert Sheldrake’s experiments with the little “psychic” parrot Nkisi, that complex ideas and not just feelings were being passed around. We’ve seen that the present situation regarding human languages cannot be explained by language evolution and that human communications prior to some very recent point in time were almost certainly telepathic in nature. We assume this to be the true meaning of the tale of the tower of Babel. We’ve noted that the three most common Bible stories about people being heard from after they had died, have major elements in common despite the stories being widely separated in time and place so that the authors never had any scope to meet and try to get stories to match up for details. We notice also the funny ambiguity in those stories as to whether anybody had ever actually returned in a physical body. The authors plainly knew that dead bodies do not reanimate, nonetheless to witnesses of the events, the experience was indistinguishable from what they might have anticipated if the person HAD in fact returned in a physical body. We’ve seen that the Egyptian notion of Ka shows this same characteristic. A person’s Ka was so obviously physical even to the point of consuming food that Egyptians went to extraordinary lengths to provide for the physical needs of the Kas of the departed. We’ve seen from Julian Jaynes’ works that the paranormal religious phenomena and practices of the ages after the tower and prior to Alexander involved the use of a part of the human brain which is now essentially unused. Further readings of Jaynes’ works indicate that prophecy and oracles involved trance states and the annihilation of consciousness as we understand it. We’ve also seen that there was a causal relationship between electrical and electrostatic phenomena and the paranormal/bicameral phenomena of past ages, particularly Ka. We assume that the progressive collapse of the prehistoric surface charge of the Earth caused the breakdown of the true telepathic age at the time the tower fell, and then the progressive breakdown of all of the paranormal phenomena which Jaynes studied. The age prior to the flood and the tower of Babel was a telepathic age and it appears to be the case that Ka was a major part of the normal manner in which people experienced that age. Human communication prior to the tower was telepathic and did not involve the kinds of spoken languages which humans use now. This form of telepathic communion also pertained between humans and higher animals as Plato describes in his dialog “Statesman” in which he refers to the animals as “brutes” (at least in some English translations). It was also the manner in which humans communicated with pure spirits and explains why we do not read about idolatry, prophecy, or other elaborate rituals or practices being used to communicate with God or other spirits in Genesis even though such descriptions permeate the books of the Torah after Genesis. Again Dr. Budge: “Attached to the body in some remarkable way was the KA, or "double," of a man; it may be defined as an abstract individuality or personality which was endowed with all his characteristic attributes, and it possessed an absolutely independent existence. It was free to move from place to place upon earth at will, and it could enter heaven and hold converse with the gods.” If God is not going to directly interfere with physical reality, then you would at least like to have some reasonable means of communication with the spirit realm; that apparently was not a problem to the people of Genesis. And finally, if as we have mentioned earlier, there is no reasonable way of traveling across interstellar distances physically, you would like to think that God had, at least originally, provided humans both within our system and amongst the cosmos at large, with some system for exchanging information and it seems reasonable to assume that Ka was in fact that system. If an Old Kingdom Egyptian wanted to know about that better toilet or motorcycle engine on one of the bodies associated with Alpha Centauri, he almost certainly would have sent his Ka to find out about it. Chapter 10. The Antiquity of Egypt.

There was a true telepathic age prior to the tower of Babel and afterwards there was an age during which human communication with spirits was via oracles, prophets, and arcane practices but as the story in 2 Samuel shows, even as early as kings David and Saul, communicating with the dead was a very rare and strange sort of thing. The woman from Endor was used to seeing weird things and was totally freaked by the event. By contrast, the idea and experience of Ka, at least during some of the time that Egypt existed, appeared to be an everyday sort of thing. That would suggest that the concept of Ka arose during the true antediluvian/telepathic age or at the latest during the short age between the flood and the fall of the tower. You might ask whether Egypt is really old enough that any of their basic ideas might predate the flood and the answer appears to be yes. A phonetic alphabet, for instance, would make no sense in a telepathic age; you have to assume that hieroglyphics amount to an antediluvian writing system. Likewise the Bible mentions Nineveh and other cities being founded after the flood, while the first mention of Egypt in the Bible is that of Abraham’s visit to Egypt, written as if, so far as the author knew, Egypt had simply always existed. Again from the quote from Dr. Budge above: In the interval which elapsed between the period of the prehistoric burials and the IVth dynasty, the Egyptian formulated certain theories about the component parts of his own body [including Ka]… That would indicate that at least the beginning of the idea of Ka was within the telepathic age and it appears to be a safe assumption that Ka was the general manner in which this telepathic age was experienced.

Chapter 11. The Collapse of 20’th Century Magic Physics.

One of our chief goals in these studies is to arrive at a general understanding and solution to the Fermi Paradox mentioned above; for that reason, we would like to access the question of whether science in the foreseeable future appears likely to offer any sort of a means of true interstellar travel. As we mentioned above, there has really only been the one sci-fi movie, Avatar, which has ever come close to showing a plausible picture of interstellar travel and that involved antimatter fuel, which may or may not ever become a reality, and a six-year trip to the nearest other star for an economic purpose which in real life would not be believable. Other films which depict interstellar travel speak of warp drives, wormholes, and a number of things which strike us as substantially less than believable. We mentioned the collapse of the theory of evolution above. In our view, much of 20’th century physics is in similar states of collapse, particularly the things which sci-fi writers have assumed might provide anybody with an easy access to interstellar travel. Let’s start with the theory of relativity. Relativity. Relativity assumes the failure of the Michelson/Morley experiment and amounts to an attempt to adapt the rest of physics to that supposed failure of light to obey ordinary additive laws for velocities. One problem is that Dayton Miller, one of the best physicists of the era immediately after Michelson and Morley, re-ran the experiment with better equipment and at higher altitude (to attenuate the effect of gravitational drag from the Earth itself) and the claim is that the experiment did not fail[51]. The book I'd normally recommend to somebody wishing a basic grasp of relativity would be Lewis Carroll Epstein's Relativity Visualized. Epstein uses the following analogy for what Einstein did or tried to do: Imagine that you have a house in which all windows and every door other than for one worked and opened and shut easily but that the one door was binding. Normally you'd simply plane material from the one door until it worked properly. But you COULD go to your local Walmart and buy a couple of hundred jacks and jack the foundation of the house until the one door worked, and then re-adjust every other door and window in the house and/or plane THEM or do whatever it took to ensure that they all worked again.... In the analogy of course, the house is modern physics, the one bad door is light, and the other doors and windows are all of the other things in the house of physics, time, distance, inertia, velocity... Epstein claims that relativity is the one case you would ever encounter in which this second approach was the right one but it seems sufficiently obvious to us that this is a gross violation of Occam's basic principle and that there could never be such a case. There is the problem that even if you accept the proposition of light speed does not vary, there may be other explanations for that and, apparently, nobody investigated any of those other explanations. At least one version of such an explanation involves the sub-electron particles which Ralph Sansbury of the Classical Physics Institute of NY describes[52]. That last one bears some explanation. The interesting thing about Sansbury’s claims is that they arise from a very mundane sort of a study of currents in wires creating electrostatic fields which reverse when the current is reversed; that is, these studies do not arise from any sort of a back-of-the-book style search for answers involving light or gravity. The fields being generated are weak and often masked by other effects but they are measurable and they are not supposed to be there at all. Sansbury’s explanation is as follows. Electrons, which we have viewed as point particles for the past century, are actually tiny orbital systems in their own right consisting of a central particle and an orbiting particle, whose charges sum to that of an electron. Without any sort of a voltage across a wire, the electrons in that wire are spherical and do not represent electrostatic dipoles; nonetheless when a voltage is applied across the wire, those tiny orbital systems are pulled into ellipsoids which do in fact amount to electrostatic dipoles and they are all aligned the same way, creating an electrostatic field which can be detected and measured. Naturally enough, when the current is reversed, the field reverses. It turns out that the computed necessary velocity for a sub-electron (“subtron”) particle would be on the order of 222 meters per second, i.e. sufficient to get from here to the far side of the Andromeda galaxy in two or three seconds. Sansbury goes on to describe both light and gravity in terms of such particles and in particular, describes light as an instantaneous force. That thinking involves an experiment in which a laser light and a nanosecond gate (a Pockel cell) are used to throw little ten-foot long spears of laser at a far wall on which there are a light-sensitive diode (the target) and another Pockel cell in front of the diode to serve as a shield. Strangely enough, the shield Pockel cell needs only to be held closed for the ten or twelve nanoseconds while such a laser-light spear is being formed up in the air and then, when it is opened and the spear should pass through, it doesn’t! In other words, every meaningful part of that light spear is absorbed as it is being formed up and before it gets to the wall or, at least, before anything moving at C would get to the wall. Sansbury takes that as an indication that light is basically instantaneous and he also provides his own explanation as to what C actually amounts to, but there is yet another possible explanation for light involving those same kinds of sub electron particles: Picture Teddy Roosevelt out on safari on the Serengeti. He calls one of the new guides over to a place where dung of both elephants and lions is to be seen and asks him what he makes of that; there is only one right answer: "Well Bwana, it looks as if some lions have been by here, and some elephants have been by here too..." The WRONG answer, unacceptable if the man means to keep his job, would go more like: "Well, Bwana, it looks as if some MAGICAL ANIMAL with properties of both lions AND elephants has been by here..." Isn't that, however, exactly what you see when you open a physics book to the page on "photons" and/or the wave/particle duality of light? When you see evidence of both waves and particles, isn't he most reasonable assumption to be had, simply that both waves and particles are present? It’s more than a little bit difficult to picture any sort of a force extending for the kinds of distances between us and distant galaxies, and we DO see distant galaxies. Likewise it isn’t easy to picture any sort of a wave making it here from other galaxies, no matter how much of a "neutrino soup" aether might or might not extend through interstellar or intergalactic space. Here's something which might be easier to picture. This would amount to energetic processes including fires and plasma discharges throwing off streams of these subtron particles which then traverse the distance across galaxies in seconds as per Sansbury's calculation, and create bow waves through the neutrino soup of our own local environment, i.e. that light amounts to streams of particles and the waves they create. The analogy would be with a machinegun, the light frequency being essentially the rate of fire. In other words, scientists might be making a mistake similar to thinking that the sonic crack of bullets flying overhead had traveled from a rifle barrel 800 meters away at the speed of sound. In real life the muzzle report of rifle fire 800 meters away would be barely audible while the sonic crack of bullets, still easily capable of hurting your ears, had arrived at 2700 fps along with the bullets and was being generated locally. In this scheme, light waves are actually traveling at C but are being generated locally while the particles which create those waves are traveling at 222 meters per second. To within our ability to measure it, that’s basically instantaneous. Naturally enough, any way of viewing light as instantaneous would account for the MM experiment failing, without recourse to deformable time or space; that also would eliminate the most major way in which science fiction writers try to explain physical interstellar travel. There is another problem in that Ron Hatch, the man who holds most of the basic patents for GPS, claims that relativity is not compatible with the actual research involved in GPS[53] There is an obvious problem with gravity (which propagates instantaneously[54]) and any sort of a claim that information cannot be transmitted faster than C. And there is a gigantic problem with claiming that gravity amounts to some sort of a 4-dimensional differential geometry sort of thing. You cannot start with that and believe that gravity could have recently undergone any sort of a very large (3 - 1) change near the surface of our own planet, nonetheless, as we saw in chapter 1 above, it is an easy demonstration that it has. The “Big Bang”. Big Bang is another creature from the realm of 20’Th century magic physics and this one should have been rejected on purely philosophical grounds on day one. In other words, having all the mass of the universe collapsed to a point would be the mother of all black holes; nothing would ever “bang” its way out of that. Other than that, the big bang idea was never really based on anything more than the related idea of an expanding universe and that was based on an altogether erroneous idea of interpreting cosmic redshift as distance and velocity. That idea was pretty much killed by the works of Halton Arp, who has demonstrated numerous cases of high and low redshift cosmic objects which are clearly part and parcel of the same things, e.g. this image of NGC7603:

Arp was blackballed and banned from US observatories for his troubles and subsequently picked up by the Max Planck Institute, sort of like the fairytale of the ugly duckling which turned out to be a swan…

Black Holes. Stephen Hawking has given up on the idea of black holes[55]. Stephen Crothers notes that Special Relativity forbids infinite density point masses and that General Relativity cannot violate Special Relativity so that, at least for those who believe in Relativity, black holes cannot exist. He also notes that nobody has ever found a black hole and believers appear loath to challenge him or anybody else on that one. For that matter, using infrared telescopes, we can now see into the center of our own galaxy and there is no evidence of a black hole there, just a couple of things which you’d call “plasmoids”, particularly a bright radio source known as Sagittarius A*. Some will actually claim that Sagittarius A* IS a black hole; nonetheless Sagittarius A* appears to be something like 50 light years wide and a black hole is supposed to be a point mass. The Thunderbolts.info site offers a paper describing the actual situation at our galactic center including a discussion of the cosmic Birkeland current known as the “Double Helix Nebula” which runs through the galactic center and appears to power our galaxy[56]. A humorous take on the kinds of academic wars which the subject engenders is also available on youtube[57]. Basically, the science fiction writer who was looking for assistance from relativity and the idea of deformable time, will find no comfort from black holes either. Dark Matter. It is well known that gravity cannot hold galaxies like ours together and the standard way of explaining a spiral galaxy like ours given a gravity-only cosmology, is “Dark Matter”. Don Scott, who is associated with the thunderbolts.info group, refers to this stuff as Fairie Dust [Fabricated Ad hoc Inventions Repeatedly Invoked in Efforts to Defend Untenable Scientific Theories]. If you scale our solar system to be about a yard and a half or two yards in diameter, then at that scale the sum is basically a dust mote and the nearest other star, Alpha Centauri, is a bit more than four miles in the distance. In other words, asking gravity to hold our sun and AC together is like asking gravity to hold two dust motes together from four miles away, i.e. it's idiotic. Now, standard scientific thought is that dark matter (or fairie dust if you prefer) PLUS dark energy (fairy power) comprise about 95.1% of the mass/energy content of the universe[58]. All that really does for the Sun/AC problem is change it to requiring gravity to hold two dust motes together from about one fifth of a mile away; that’s right, that still doesn’t work or even come remotely close to working. Moreover the distance between our sun and AC is said to be typical within our galaxy. Quantum Physics. A recent article pretty much tells the entire story on this one[59]. “THEORETICAL Quantum Physicist Dr. Amit Goswami admitted today that he, and his peers, have absolutely ‘no fucking idea’ what they’re doing, and claims they were no nearer than prehistoric man to figuring out the Universe.

“We have been just winging it to tell you the truth,” explained the 78-year-old in an exclusive interview with WWN. “Seriously, I haven’t a clue what’s going on. Either does anyone else in my field. We keep proving stuff that never actually happened”.

“Our cover is blown, what can I say? He added.

Dr. Goswami’s comments came after yet another alleged breakthrough in quantum mechanics which claims the universe has existed forever, as opposed to being created by a ‘big bang’.

“Over the years there have been just a handful of us pretending to know something about the universe that no one else does,” he went on. “But this is all lies to feed the charade. I’ve had some great times during the years; travelling the world, and giving talks on our pretend finds…”.”

Faster than light??

For the past hundred years we’ve been conditioned to think that nothing moves faster than the speed of light waves (C), and that information cannot be transmitted faster than that. Nonetheless we do know that gravity propagates instantaneously to within our ability to measure it[60]. Granted the effect would not be large, nonetheless it seems obvious enough that whenever you take one step (change your position in the universe by one step), you are sending some sort of a gravitational message out into the void at essentially infinite speed. That is one problem with Einstein’s concept of gravity. Another is the thing we’ve just gone over, which is the requirement for a theory of gravity to allow for a 3-1 increase in gravity on our own planet’ surface going from the age of dinosaurs to the present age. Clearly viewing gravity as some sort of a four- dimensional differential geometry kind of thing as per Einstein, will not allow for that. The search for a theory of gravity which can accommodate what we now know about dinosaurs leads, as noted above, inexorably to Ralph Sansbury and the New Classical Physics Group. Wal Thornhill notes[61]: Sansbury is a quiet spoken physicist from Connecticut. He is associated with the Classical Physics Institute, or CP Institute, of New York which publishes the Journal of Classical Physics. In the Notes to Contributors we find the focus of the journal: "Marinov's experiment, Bell's theorem, and similar works reveal increasing discontent with the dogmas of modern physics. Some physicists postulate that blackbody radiation, atomic spectra, nuclear reactions, electron diffraction, the speed of light and all other phenomena which Quantum Wave Mechanics and Relativity were designed to explain will require different explanations. It is the viewpoint of this journal that the new explanations probably will be consistent with Aristotelian logic and Newtonian or Galilean mechanics." Volume 1, Part 1, in January 1982 was devoted to an article titled "Electron Structure", by Ralph Sansbury. The title itself should raise physicist's eyebrows since electrons are considered to have no structure. They are treated as being indivisible, along with quarks. The fallout from Sansbury's idea, if proven, is prodigious. To begin, for the first time we have a truly unifying theory where both magnetism and gravity become a derived form of instantaneous electrostatic force. The Lorentz contraction-dilation of space time and mass is unnecessary. Electromagnetic radiation becomes the cumulative effect of instantaneous electrostatic forces at a distance and the wave/particle (photon) duality disappears. Discontinuous absorption/emission of energy in quanta by atoms becomes a continuous process. And there is more.

Amazon’s little blurb for Sansbury’s most recent book reads[62] SANSBURY SHOWS HOW SUPERLUMINAL ORBITAL SYSTEMS INSIDE ATOMIC NUCLEI CAN ACCOUNT FOR THE SPACE TIME DISTORTIONS OFRELATIVITY AND THE DISCONTINUITIES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS ¬2011 Cern discovery of a faster than light neutrino was followed by a disclaimer showing neutrinos traveling at the speed of light but with no increase of mass to infinity. ¬These results indicate the possibility of superluminal orbital systems inside electrons and atomic nuclei. Such orbital systems can explain the conundrums of relativity, quantum mechanics and string theory. ¬The apparent increase of electron mass to in finity at the speed of light and interconvertibility of mass energy is explained in terms of changes in these nuclear superluminal orbital systems. Discrete orbits and energy levels of atomic electrons are explained by being in synch with inner orbital electrons and orbital charge inside nuclei and energy transitions between discrete orbits/energy levels are continuous. Relativistic light bending is attributable to changes in atomic nuclei facing the Sun, influencing light reception delay. Increasing amplitude, weak, charge oscillations inside atomic nuclei, before light is detectable, explain the delay in light, calibrated so that the source receiver distance divided by delay time equals, c. ¬ is explains the Michelson-Morley experiment without relativistic time dilation and circumvents the need for probabilistic photons to explain double slit distraction. The magnetic attraction of parallel current carrying wires is caused by similarly oriented, transverse electric dipoles, proportional to their distance apart, inside free electrons and lattice nuclei. In adjacent ferromagnetic atoms, normally, oppositely oriented electric dipoles in pairs of orbiting atomic electrons are made to be similarly oriented. Electric dipoles in atomic nuclei of planets and stars, transverse to their spinning and orbital motions, explain their gravitational and magnetic fields. All of that sounds complicated enough but, again, the hell of it is that Sansbury’s theories begin with a number of very simple and mundane observations involving currents in wires and anomalous weak electrostatic fields which those currents create. Aside from not being supposed to exist, such fields reverse their polarity when the current in the wire is reversed. Sansbury offers a totally straightforward explanation in terms of electro- mechanics which is hugely elegant and, in fact, there is no other plausible explanation. Atoms were originally thought of as point particles (whence the name). Sub atomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) have been thought of as point particles since theory began to incorporate them, but Sansbury is claiming that electrons THEMSELVES amount to tiny orbiting systems within their own right, i.e. a central particle and an orbiting particle, whose charges sum to that of an electron. Normally (at rest) those orbital systems are spherical and do not represent dipoles but in the case of a wire with a voltage across it, those orbital systems are pulled into ellipsoids which DO in fact represent dipoles and the voltage will pull ALL of those ellipsoidal rotating systems (the electrons within the wire) into the SAME alignment so that together they represent an electrostatic field which can be measured. Naturally enough, if you reverse the current, you reverse the orientation and the field. Sansbury also offers descriptions of light and gravity in terms of such sub- electron (“subtron”) particles and the kicker is that the computed necessary speed of such a subtron particle is in the order of 1022 meters/second. That isn’t just faster than C; that would get you to one of the near galaxies in a few seconds. That gives us some sort of a rational basis for believing that it might in fact be possible to pass information around faster than C in the universe which, as we shall see a bit further on, will be useful. The idea of a 1022 meters/second velocity probably provides us with some idea as to what the seemingly instantaneous propagation rate of gravity actually amounts to. I’ve erred here on the side of duplicating some of the info on Sansbury as you might notice; the main beneficiary would be the reader who skipped the one section and read the other or skipped the other and read the one…

Summary. This, then, is more or less the current state of what we call 20’Th century magic physics. A science fiction writer or futurist looking for ways to talk about interstellar travel in anything resembling near future time appears to have two choices: he could talk about things which involve 20’Th century magic physics, which appears to be untenable, or he could talk about doing what you see in Avatar, trying to develop antimatter as a fuel, and hope to make trips to the nearest stars which could possibly be completed in one human lifespan with no possibility of bringing anything back which could justify the expense.

Chapter 12. Escape

Thus the idea of physical interstellar travel basically makes no sense given our present understanding of the laws of physics and is highly unlikely to be saved by any of the creatures in the menagerie of 20’th century magic physics. Anybody bright enough to have any shot at physical interstellar travel would also be bright enough not to want to do it. Usually that is… There is one exception to that rule, which would occur if an advanced civilization were to become aware that their solar system was headed towards some existential cosmic disaster and they were to determine to try to engineer some sort of a general escape from that system. There are several very large artificial objects in our system which appear highly likely to have been involved in just such an escape attempt, and one such is Mars’ little moon Phobos. The biggest anomaly of all on or around Mars is the little moon Phobos, which early on in the space age was known from orbit parameters to be non-solid. Richard Hoagland has been saying that Phobos was artificial ("you could almost count the rivets") for years just from the older B/W images: http://www.enterprisemission.com/Phobos.html

But the release of the 2008 color HIRISE images leave no doubt: Real moons are supposed to be made of dirt, rocks, and green cheese and what not; they are not supposed to be made of metallic strakes and reflect light all over creation like that. And there is something else, a sort of a docking tower which any Google search on "Phobos anomaly" will turn up: That is clearly artificial and Phobos has to be viewed as some sort of an ancient space station or some such. Russian probes are claimed to have used penetrating radar which showed the thing to have rectangular interior spaces.

But there are a number of problems. One is that there is no possible way such a thing could be built under present circumstances. If you built such a thing on Earth you'd never get it into space and if you were to try to build it in space, you'd need armies of construction workers in space suits, which is plainly impossible.

And then there's the consideration of sheer mass: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_(moon)

Mass 1.0659×1016 kg[1]

Times 2.20462 and divided by 2000 = 11,749,522,290,000 or nearly 12 trillion tons. Our largest/heaviest ships generally run around 55,000 tons

Wikipedia lists the US Iowa-class battleships at 45,000 tons and the Japanese super battleship Yamato, the largest such ever made, at 65000. That puts Phobos at 180,761,881 times the mass of the heaviest armored ship ever built. Humans may ever have built a few hundred ships of those kinds of sizes, but the idea of building 180 million such ships is outlandish. We can safely rule out the idea of anybody ever having mined that much metal.

How then did anybody ever construct something like Phobos and for what purpose. It appears that a general sort of an answer to that can be provided at this point.

Cosmos in Collision describes the manner in which stars and at least the gas giant planets are formed out of the plasma of space by the electromagnetic pinch points (Z-pinch points) of cosmic Birkeland currents. It is possible that rocky planets like Earth or Mars may be formed that way but it is more likely that they are generally formed by being electromagnetically ejected from dwarf stars and/or gas giant planets via electrical fissioning as a means of relieving electrical stress. That is the claim which Immanuel Velikovsky made concerning the recent creation of Venus and it is the general gist of the thinking you see on thunderbolts.info when the topic comes up.

Cosmos in Collision notes that humans with our relatively tiny eyes arose in the bright Northern part of the original system (Jupiter's moon system) and that Neanderthals and other hominids with their huge eyes were adapted to the very dark world which Earth represented inside the heliosphere or plasma sheath of Saturn, which at the time was a dwarf star. Mars also was part of this dark reality and any indigenous population of Mars would also have been hominids and not humans.

Why did humans come to Mars? The answer is simple enough, basically humans living in the Northern part of the system saw the day of disaster coming with the capture of the Southern bodies and had no way of knowing if anything in our system would remain habitable at all. They wished to engineer a massive escape from the entire system for as many of their own people as could be managed and the ideal place from which to launch some truly gigantic space vessel away from the system, would be the furthest point from the center of mass of the entire system, and you'd think that would have been one or the other of Earth or Mars, but there was another consideration which indicated that it had to be Mars.

Phobos was involved in this escape plan in some manner, possibly as a prototype for the real escape ship(s), possibly as some sort of a supply depot body or in some other fashion; at any rate, it was left behind, much as we find it. Hoagland and others realize that Phobos could not be built under present conditions and speak loosely of Kardeshev Class 1, 2, and 3 civilizations indicating civilizations which had harnessed the power of their planet, their star, or their galaxy respectively.

For Phobos however, Class 1 wouldn't cut it and Class 2 would eliminate the need. A Class 2 civilization would have somehow simply moved the Southern bodies off to a safe distance as is the case with Proxima Centauri now. What the evidence indicates is that humans living in the Northern system had attained to what you might want to call a class 1.3 or 1.4 civilization, meaning that they had attained some degree of control over one of the dwarf stars or gas giants (Saturn).

In other words, they CAUSED Saturn to fission a metallic body which they were subsequently able to work into something to suit their own needs, i.e. Phobos is basically a metallic geode. The atmosphere in this ancient dark world was system-wide and not isolated to planets so that there was no need for space suits to work on Phobos and, after the things was created and cooled, it was simply suspended in the zero-gravity space between Saturn and Mars so that the need to lift it into space was also obviated. Assume for a moment that the people living on Mars in prehistoric times actually escaped in something somewhere between the size of Phobos and the size of our own moon, or possibly in more than one such. Questions you might ask include: Where would they have headed? The basic answer is that they were more concerned with actually breaking free of our system than with heading TOWARDS anything in particular. They’d have headed away from the center of mass of our system, towards the South. Would they not have had some ultimate goal or star to turn towards? Probably not. Most likely they’d have figured that living around stars, particularly dwarf stars, was a dangerous way to live and that they no longer cared to live that way. The idea would be to set themselves up some comfortable distance from any sort of dangerous cosmic complexities. Where should we look for them, IF they’re still out there? The answer would be towards the South of our system, probably somewhere between a fifth of a light year and a light year away.

Chapter 13. Earthly Paradises.

Anybody who has read more than a little bit of ancient literature knows that there is a question of paradisial conditions having once existed in the world of the living, somewhere at least. One excellent book on this subject which interested readers might wish to add to their libraries would be Richard Heinberg’s “Memories and Visions of Paradise”, Quest Books ISBN 978- 0835607162 . What you’d want for a paradise world.

Within our own experience, however, that is, within recorded history, there has never been a reason to think of life on this particular planet as paradisial. You might want to start by asking what might have ever made anybody view life in past ages as paradisial or, for that matter, what you yourself might want in a supposedly paradisial world. Let’s make up a little list. Flight.

For starters, you’d almost certainly want to be able to fly. Humans have never had wings, but as we’ve seen in the previous chapter on gravity, there was at least a three-to-one attenuation of gravity in ancient times and if you stood at the very Northern tip of either Earth or Mars, the attenuation may well have been near total. The biggest single key to this one might be Phobos, Mars’ little moon which, as we saw earlier, is basically an ancient space station some 15 miles across. The first thing you’d notice about Phobos is that you couldn’t even think about building it either on Earth OR Mars given today’s realities, and there are several reasons for that. Building it in space would require a vast army of workers trying to work with space suits on which his untenable. Building it on the ground and lifting the parts into space would also be unworkable in today’s realities. Aside from everything else, the parts would have to be smaller on any side than the height of the breathable atmosphere of Mars and, for that matter, Mars has never been massive enough to hold a breathable atmosphere via gravity. What actually happened was that the thing was built in the space between Mars and Saturn under near zero gravity conditions and there was no problem breathing nor any need for space suits because the atmosphere at that time was system –wide and not peculiar to individual planets; Mars and Earth both were inside the heliosphere/plasma sheath of Saturn at that time and the material of that heliosphere was breathable. All of that wouldn’t exactly have been flying but, as they say around Washington D.C., it may have been close enough for government work.

Lifespans.

A paradisial world should feature longer lifespans than ours. The same attenuation of gravity which allowed for creatures which would be crushed by their own weight in our present world resulted in an overall decrease in stress on living creatures (gravity is the main source of stress on most animals). Most if not all ancient traditions feature some version of this one; the version most of us are familiar with is this:

GEN 5:3 And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and begat a son in his own likeness, and after his image; and called his name Seth:

GEN 5:4 And the days of Adam after he had begotten Seth were eight hundred years: and he begat sons and daughters:

GEN 5:5 And all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty years: and he died.

GEN 5:6 And Seth lived an hundred and five years, and begat Enos:

GEN 5:7 And Seth lived after he begat Enos eight hundred and seven years, and begat sons and daughters:

GEN 5:8 And all the days of Seth were nine hundred and twelve years: and he died.

GEN 5:9 And Enos lived ninety years, and begat Cainan:

GEN 5:10 And Enos lived after he begat Cainan eight hundred and fifteen years, and begat sons and daughters:

GEN 5:11 And all the days of Enos were nine hundred and five years: and he died…..

Question is, how believable is that and what does it mean in the context of our own idea of what a “year’ is? Again, most of the answer involves stress. Most orthopedists will tell you that there is no such thing as a totally healthy human back after age 40. If nothing else has killed a human prior to age 80 or 90, the thing which usually does is arthritis, and the root cause of that is gravity and stress. Granted we don’t have any way of knowing what the word “year” meant prior to the flood but, basically we don’t have to. The ratios are different to such an extent as to tell the story on their own. In our age, the ratio of maturity to lifespan is something like one to four (20 – 80). For a person (Enos for instance) living to 90, then marrying and having a first child and thereafter living another 815 years, the ratio is 90/905, or about one to ten. Obviously, whatever a year might have meant to Enos, he lived a good deal longer than any of us will.

Communication with animals.

We mentioned the question of the former ability of humans to communicate with animals in Chapter 3. Genesis mentions Eve speaking with a serpent in a natural sort of manner without the authors thinking it necessary to provide any sort of a special explanation and, again as noted above, Plato provides an elaborate description of this capability in antediluvian times in his dialog “Statesman”. There is evidence that some trace of this sort of thing remains. Rupert Sheldrake describes experiments involving an African grey parrot who has been raised as if he were a child rather than a bird and learned conversational English, and who appears to have a major talent for mind reading, at least as regards his owner and trainer.[63] Statistical analyses of the experiments indicate a real telepathic capability which rises far above any sort of a null hypothesis.

The Question of an Antediluvian peace.

We would obviously like our paradisial world to be peaceful. It is at this point that we begin to notice that some of the traditions begin to contradict each other and conflict.

Genesis indicates that humans began to eat meat only after the flood and we notice in Plato’s writing above:

“neither was there any violence, or devouring of one another or war or quarrel among them…”

There is, however, no way to picture any cat ever having lived on veggies and the idea of a shark or a tyrannosaur eating chips or cookies is laughable.

The first thing which happens in Genesis is a case of fratricide, and the question of Cro Magnon man prior to Genesis is worse. Danny Vendramini notes[64]:

“These scenarios suggest that, from the extinction of the Neanderthals (around 28,000 years ago) through the Mesolithic Period and into the Late Neolithic period (2500 years ago), lethal violence between coalitions of armed Cro- Magnons was practically continuous. Throughout this period, nomadic groups of Cro-Magnons attacked, raped, pillaged, tortured and killed each other in a bloodbath of indescribable proportions. This hypothetical scenario may seem overly dramatic and judgmental towards men, but it is emphatically corroborated by a sizeable body of evidence from crushed skulls and arrow-riddled bodies from countless Neolithic and Mesolithic mass graves and massacre sites. The data confirm an unprecedented period of endemic intergroup and extragroup warfare from the Mesolithic onwards. 673,674,675,676,677,678

And yet the traditions of an Earthly paradise, at least during the “Golden Age” period, are insistent. There is one such tradition which has always struck me as having some deep inner meaning, and that is the tale of the Norse god Baldr mentioned in the Poetic Edda[65]. In the tale, Odin’s wife, Frigg, seeks to extract a pledge of safety for Baldr, a Christ-like figure in Norse mythology, from every living thing and neglects only the mistletoe which is thought to be harmless. Loki thereafter forms a dart/javelin from the mistletoe and causes Baldr’s blind brother, Hoth, to hurl the dart, killing Baldr.

Here is what I believe the tale actually represents. Baldr represents human kind which, originally at least, had no means of defense from either predators or pests and parasites on this planet. At least during the classical Golden Age period, i.e. in a telepathic age which prevailed on this planet prior to the flood and the fall of the tower, an order was promulgated from on high that humans were not to be harmed . This, the fact of humans being able to communicate with the other creatures, and the thing about the opposable thumbs and humans being able to assist other creatures with every sort of problem requiring them (pulling thorns etc.) provided humans with a certain level of safety during that age.

Hesiod notes (Works and Days)[66]:

(ll. 109-120) First of all the deathless gods who dwell on Olympus made a golden race of mortal men who lived in the time of Cronos when he was reigning in heaven. And they lived like gods without sorrow of heart, remote and free from toil and grief: miserable age rested not on them; but with legs and arms never failing they made merry with feasting beyond the reach of all evils. When they died, it was as though they were overcome with sleep, and they had all good things; for the fruitful earth unforced bare them fruit abundantly and without stint. They dwelt in ease and peace upon their lands with many good things, rich in flocks and loved by the blessed gods.

But it didn’t last. Plato (The Statesman) notes[67]:

Deprived of the care of God, who had possessed and tended them, they were left helpless and defenseless, and were torn in pieces by the beasts, who were naturally fierce and had now grown wild. And in the first ages they were still without skill or resource; the food which once grew spontaneously had failed, and as yet they knew not how to procure it, because they-had never felt the pressure of necessity. For all these reasons they were in a great strait; wherefore also the gifts spoken of in the old tradition were imparted to man by the gods, together with so much teaching and education as was indispensable; fire was given to them by Prometheus, the arts by Hephaestus and his fellow-worker, Athene, seeds and plants by others.

Righteous Conduct.

Likewise in a paradisial world, you would like for people to behave decently towards one another. Genesis clearly does not support that, beginning with a tale of fratricide and culminating with a tale of the destruction of the Earth due to sin and misconduct on the part of man, and a reader doesn’t need to buy the idea of sin CAUSING the flood to suspect that the tale reads as it does partially at least because a lot of sin was going on at the time.

Other antique sources tell much the same story. Again we see conflicting traditions.

The Ganymede Hypothesis and Past Paradisial Conditions.

What if anything would the Ganymede hypothesis predict regarding ancient traditions of paradisial conditions? Granted there is reason to think that conditions on Earth prior to the flood and particularly during the Golden Age era would have been paradisial in some respects, evidence does not support the idea of there ever having been a complete paradise on Earth. But Cosmos in Collision does in fact document the idea that life on Ganymede may have been as close to paradisial as you could ever hope to achieve while still in a mortal body.

Cosmos in Collision also describes the differences between the Cro Magnon human saltation(s) and the saltation of the familiar Bible antediluvians which occurred some thousands of years later. Common sense dictates that Cro Magnon descendants would not remember much of anything about life on Ganymede, but that the people of the first few hundred years of Genesis might. That is, IF they had transferred here from Ganymede rather than being created here ex-nihilo as per Genesis.

Again Genesis is laconic and does not provide any sort of a flavor of this. Nonetheless, there is at least one of the ancient Israelite books (The First Book of Adam and Eve) which got left out of the Bible for whatever reason which appears to be describing life somewhere which cannot be gotten to easily with ordinary cars, motorcycles, or aircraft[68]

Chapter XI - A recollection of the glorious days in the Garden.

1 Then Adam and Eve felt themselves burning with thirst, and heat, and sorrow. 2 And Adam said to Eve, "We shall not drink of this water, even if we were to die. O Eve, when this water comes into our inner parts, it will increase our punishments and that of our descendants." 3 Both Adam and Eve then went away from the water, and drank none of it at all; but came and entered the Cave of Treasures. 4 But when in it Adam could not see Eve; he only heard the noise she made. Neither could she see Adam, but heard the noise he made. 5 Then Adam cried, in deep affliction, and beat his chest; and he got up and said to Eve, "Where are you?" 6 And she said to him, "Look, I am standing in this darkness." 7 He then said to her, "Remember the bright nature in which we lived, when we lived in the garden! 8 O Eve! Remember the glory that rested on us in the garden. O Eve! Remember the trees that overshadowed us in the garden while we moved among them. 9 O Eve! Remember that while we were in the garden, we knew neither night nor day. Think of the Tree of Life, from below which flowed the water, and that shed lustre over us! Remember, O Eve, the garden land, and the brightness thereof! 10 Think, oh think of that garden in which was no darkness, while we lived in it. 11 Whereas no sooner did we come into this Cave of Treasures than darkness surrounded us all around; until we can no longer see each other; and all the pleasure of this life has come to an end."

A reader could be excused for thinking that the books of Adam and Eve read in some ways more like science fiction than like religious texts. In this section, Adam and Eve are seen bemoaning having to deal with darkness as if they had never seen it before, much as the antediluvians of Genesis did not see rain nor rainbows until the flood.

It doesn’t take the world’s best imagination to surmise that somebody living on one of Jupiter’s moons 7000 years ago might never have experienced total darkness.

The question of humans ever experiencing paradisial conditions prior to death is thus one of life’s mysteries, and will remain unknowable until somebody invents a time machine to try to investigate the question.

Conclusion.

What we have seen, basically, is that the universe runs on information and the flow of information. This includes the basic DNA/RNA information code for living tissue, the morphic fields which Rupert Sheldrake describes, the cosmic system which brings living creatures to new worlds when those worlds become capable of supporting them, the remnant telepathic capabilities which we observe in Ganz-Feld experiments and the like, and the full blown telepathic capabilities which prevailed in antediluvian times and which may yet prevail elsewhere in the cosmos.

We’ve seen that the idea of interstellar travel as it is presented in virtually all science fiction works, is basically misguided, i.e. that nothing physical which we could possibly bring back from such a trip could come close to justifying the cost. The ONLY thing which we should ever want from another star system is information. We’ve also seen that the human brain and mind were originally hard-wired for a form of communication as far above anything we have as our own best comms systems are above smoke signals, and that regaining some measure of proficiency with that ancient capability either via human skills or via electronics technology would very likely be our best shot at communication with the stars.

We have seen that most if not all of the stranger kinds of stories which one reads in the Bible are understandable IF one makes the effort to comprehend the world in which those stories take place. We have seen that the problem of evil is not a reasonable argument against the existence of God, and that the theory of evolution, which is the only theory of origins which does not involve God, is no longer tenable. In particular we have seen that the Ganymede Hypothesis amounts to a final coffin nail for evolutionism since humans and hominids are shown to come from different worlds and in fact to require different kinds of worlds, at least originally.

It would be a very good thing if copies of this work as well as copies of Cosmos in Collision could find their way into the hands of people who write science fiction stories and thus into the popular domain. That would have to result in science fiction novels which were substantially unlike anything on the market today.

[1] http://frederic.malmartel.free.fr/Fin_des_dinosaures/eedinosaures1.htm [2] Christopher McGowan, "DINOSAURS, SPITFIRES, & SEA DRAGONS", Harvard, 1991, pp 104-118 McGowan is Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology at the Royal Ontario Museum. [3] Knut Nielson's, "Scaling, Why is Animal size So Important", Cambridge Univ Press, 1984, page 163

[4] Christopher McGowan, "DINOSAURS, SPITFIRES, & SEA DRAGONS", Harvard, 1991 page 97 [5] Ibid, page 118 [6] Christopher McGowan, "DINOSAURS, SPITFIRES, & SEA DRAGONS", Harvard, 1991 pp 101 - 120

[7] Natural History, December 1991: "Sauropods and Gravity", Harvey B. Lillywhite [8] Ibid: "Lifestyles of the Huge and Famous", Peter Dobson [9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephant

[10] http://tinyurl.com/cazntcn [11] Adrian J. Desmond, The Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs: A Revolution in Paleontology, New York, 1976, pages 178 - 183 [12] Robert T. Baker, “The Dinosaur heresies", Zebra Books, pp 290-291 [13] http://www.holoscience.com/wp/electric-gravity-in-an-electric-universe/ [14] “Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Volume 2,” pages 10 – 11. See http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln2/1:6?rgn=div1;view=fulltext [15] http://www.chapmanresearch.org/PDF/There%20Were%20Giants%20on%20the%20Earth.pdf

[16] http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/720497/posts [17] Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book V Chapter II page 135 [18] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_paradox [19] E.g. Prof. R. Goldschmidt, - PhD, DSc Prof. Zoology, University of Calif. In Material Basis of Evolution Yale Univ. Press, “It is good to keep in mind ... that nobody has ever succeeded in producing even one new species by the accumulation of micromutations. Darwin’s theory of natural selection has never had any proof, yet it has been universally accepted.” [20] Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), now called Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) [21]

[22] http://www.amazon.com/Origin-Consciousness-Breakdown-Bicameral- Mind/dp/0618057072 [23] The Gods of the Egyptians (London, 1904), vol. I, p. 401; cf. P. Boylan, Thoth the Hermes of Egypt (Oxford, 1922) and B. von Turayeff, "Zwei Hymnen an Thoth," Zeitschrift fuer Aegyptische Sprache 33 [1895], pp. 120-125.

[24] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DoZHWi1_oA [25] http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/The_Medusa_Fossae_formation_on_Mars#subhead3 [26] http://www.marsanomalyresearch.com/evidence-reports/2005/084/hale-civ- evidence.htm [27] http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/19/science/19obdinosaurs.html?_r=0 [28] Post in the cosmosincollision.com forum [29] http://www.space.com/28611-star-flew-through-solar-system.html [30] Dwardu Cardona “Flare Star”, 2007 pages 150 - 165 [31] http://www.evolutionnews.org/2011/07/spinning_fanciful_tales_about_048281.html [32] http://programmingoflife.com [33] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_Planet [34] http://www.sheldrake.org/research/morphic-resonance/introduction [35] http://www.sheldrake.org/reactions/the-telepathy-debate-prof-lewis-wolpert-vs-dr- rupert-sheldrake [36] Jaynes, Julian (2000-08-15). The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (p. 322). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kindle Edition.

[37] Lewis Ginzburg's Legends of the Jews, Vol V, page 175: “...however, Lekah, Gen. 7.4) BR 3.6 (in the week of mourning for Methuselah, God caused the primordial light to shine)…”

[38] http://bearfabrique.org/History/degrazia.html [39] Budge, E.A.Wallis (2012-05-12). Egyptian Ideas of the Future Life (p. 78). . Kindle Edition. [40] Budge, E. A. Wallis (2013-08-22). The Gods of the Egyptians, Volume 2: 002 (Kindle Locations 251-254). Dover Publications. Kindle Edition. [41] Jaynes, Julian (2000-08-15). The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (pp. 191-192). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kindle Edition. [42] Jaynes, Julian (2000-08-15). The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (p. 189). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kindle Edition. [43]

[44] E. A. Wallis Budge (2014-07-01). The Egyptian Book of the Dead (Illustrated) (Kindle Locations 1705-1728). . Kindle Edition.

[45] A FIRE NOT BLOWN, Hugh Crosthwaite, METRON PUBLICATIONS, 1997 page 69 [46] Ibid page 70 [47] Alfred deGrazia, God's Fire, ISBN: 0-940268-03-5, Metron Publications 1983, page 91 ff [48] Ibid page 95 [49] Ibid pages 95 - 96 [50] Op. cit. page 79 [51] http://www.orgonelab.org/miller.htm [52] http://www.amazon.com/Faster-Than-Light-Relativity- Reconsidered/dp/1477584587 [53] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGZ1GU_HDwY [54] http://www.metaresearch.org/cosmology/speed_of_gravity.asp [55] http://www.nature.com/news/stephen-hawking-there-are-no-black-holes-1.14583 [56] http://www.thunderbolts.info/thunderblogs/archives/solar08/062308_milky_way_birkeland_current.htm [57] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4GFAjX62Yg [58] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter [59] http://waterfordwhispersnews.com/2015/02/10/we-honestly-have-no-fucking-idea- what-were-doing-admits-leading-quantum-physicist/ [60] http://www.metaresearch.org/cosmology/speed_of_gravity.asp [61] http://www.thunderbolts.info/forum/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=384 [62] http://www.amazon.com/Faster-Than-Light-Relativity-Reconsidered/dp/1477584587 [63] http://www.sheldrake.org/research/animal-powers/the-nkisi-project [64] Vendramini, Danny (2011-12-26). Them and Us: How Neanderthal predation created modern humans (Kindle Locations 3758-3764). Kardoorair Press. Kindle Edition.

[65] http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe03.htm [66] http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hesiod/works.htm [67] http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/myths/statesman.htm [68] http://www.gutenberg.org/files/398/398-h/398-h.htm#chap08