THE CLIMATE CRISIS: WHY POPULATION MATTERS a Population Matters Briefing EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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THE CLIMATE CRISIS: WHY POPULATION MATTERS A Population Matters Briefing EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The human population has grown from 1 Household consumption accounts for about billion in 1800 to 7.8 billion globally. It is two-thirds of GHG emissions. Because of still growing by around 83 million people high per capita emissions in the Global annually. The UN projects that without North, choosing smaller families is an action to slow population growth, we will reach effective individual action. between 9.4 billion and 10.1 billion in 2050. The leading study of climate policy The significant contribution of population solutions, Project Drawdown, has concluded growth to past and future emissions is that empowering voluntary actions to bend recognised by scientific bodies, including the population growth to a low scenario based 11,000 scientists signing the World Scientists on UN projections, including providing Warning of a Climate Emergency and the modern family planning and education to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. all, would save 85Gt of emissions by 2050. IPCC has identified potential future high This makes it the second most effective population growth as a “key impediment” to solution in limiting warming to 2°C and fifth hitting the critical target of limiting global most effective in limiting warming to 1.5°C. warming to 1.5°C. The gap between the emissions of the Global North and the Global South is narrowing. The emissions of low-middle income countries are increasing, up by 43.2% over 2000-2013, due in part to increased industrialization and economic output. In line with rising affluence, resource use per person is projected by the United Nations to be 71% higher per capita by 2050 than it is today. A recent peer-reviewed study looked at population growth over 44 countries and concluded that whilst emissions have reduced significantly over the past thirty years due to improvements in efficiency, the additional demand, caused partly by population growth, has offset the impact of efficiency solutions by more than three-quarters. 2 INTRODUCTION As part of the Paris Agreement of 2015, every nation on the planet pledged to limit global warning to below 2°C (3.6 °F) and ideally 1.5°C (2.7°F). Emissions must reduce by half over the next decade and reach net-zero – the point at which a balance is achieved between the amount of emissions produced and the amount of gases removed from the atmosphere – by 2050 to achieve this goal and prevent the worst impacts of the climate crisis. The State of Climate Action report released this year assessed 21 indicators and concluded that only two show a rate of change sufficient enough to meet the Paris 2030 and 2050 targets1. Whilst governments all over the world have launched plans to tackle climate change, one driver is all too often absent from policy frameworks: the rapid and ongoing growth of the human population. Although the immediate climate change priority is the urgent implementation of solutions which are maximally effective over the coming decade, minimising population growth through ethical, voluntary means will help to reduce emissions, protect carbon sinks and maximise the effectiveness of other solutions. Addressing population is not a substitute for other climate mitigation actions – it is an essential complement and accelerant to them. 3 DRIVING CLIMATE CHANGE The human population has grown from 1 billion Drawdown analysed 80 available, practical in 1800 to 7.8 billion globally. It is still growing policy options for minimising emissions, by around 83 million people annually. The UN ranging from plant-based diets to refrigerant projects that without action to slow population management. It concluded that, empowering growth, we will reach between 9.4 billion and voluntary actions to bend population growth to 10.1 billion in 20502. a low scenario based on UN projections would save 85Gt of emissions by 2050, making it The Fifth Assessment report in 2014 by the the second most effective solution in limiting Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warming to 2°C and fifth most effective in (IPCC) stated that “globally, economic and limiting warming to 1.5°C. population growth continued to be the most important drivers of increases in CO2 This makes it a more effective emissions from fossil fuel combustion”3. This was followed by the Fifteenth Assessment climate solution than almost report in 2018, identifying potential future all popular technological high population growth as a "key impediment" solutions, including electric to hitting the critical target of limiting global cars, and solar, offshore wind, warming to 1.5°C4. Its most optimistic pathway wave and tidal power7. models a population of 7bn by 2100 – far below the current UN projection. The 2019 World Scientists Warning of a Climate Emergency which has now been signed by more than 11,000 scientists globally, cites population growth as one of the key drivers of climate change and its six policy solutions include a call for global population to be stabilised “and, ideally, gradually reduced—within a framework that ensures social integrity”5. The value of population action to address climate change has been quantified by the world-leading study of climate change solutions, Project Drawdown. In its words, “as we consider the future of climate solutions, it matters how many people will be eating, moving, plugging in, building, buying, using, wasting, and all the rest. Population interacts with the primary drivers of emissions: production and consumption, largely fossil-fuelled”6. 4 THE POPULATION DRIVERS The linkage between population and climate In addition to its contribution to emissions, change is self-evident: each additional person population growth directly affects the Earth's on the planet adds their own carbon footprint. ability to withstand climate change and absorb Essential requirements for decent human living greenhouse gases, most significantly through such as nutrition, housing, infrastructure, land conversion. For example, between 2001 and energy and material goods are all, at present and 2019, there was a total of 386Mha of tree cover for the immediately foreseeable future, needs loss globally, equivalent to a 9.7% that cannot be supplied without decrease in tree cover since 2000 and 105Gt producing greenhouse gas emissions. of CO₂ emissions17. The highest proportion of this loss, at more than a quarter, is attributed to The top two drivers of global emissions are urbanisation and commodity-driven energy (including energy-related emissions from deforestation18. It is estimated that land manufacturing and industry, electricity, heat, restoration and management solutions could and transport) at 73.2% of global emissions, provide a third of cost-effective climate and agriculture, forestry and land use, currently mitigation19: population pressure pushes in the accounting for 18.4%8. Global energy demand opposite direction. is expected to increase by 50% over the next 30 years as a result of both population growth and Similarly, population growth can and does economic development9. reduce the efficacy of other climate change solutions. For example, in the UK, the amount The food system as a whole - including of emissions caused by population growth refrigeration, food processing, packaging, and between 2005 and 2017 (30m tonnes) was transport - accounts for around one-quarter of almost double the amount of CO₂ removed by greenhouse gas emissions10 and emissions from forests in the same period (15.7m tonnes)20. A the agricultural sector continue to rise11. A 2018 recent peer-reviewed study, titled Population report by the World Resources Institute effects of increase in world energy use and CO2 concluded that 56% more food would be needed emissions: 1990 – 2019, looked at population in 2050 than in 2010, with population growth growth over 44 countries and concluded that driving “the majority of demand”12. If emissions whilst emissions have reduced significantly over from food production were to continue as they the past thirty years due to improvements in are currently, they will rise to a cumulative efficiency, the additional demand, caused partly 1,356Gt by the end of the century13, enough to by population growth, has offset the impact miss the 1.5°C target of the Paris Agreement. of efficiency solutions by more than three- quarters21. Whether it is wind turbines, food Construction accounts for 40% of global waste or changed diets, the overall effectiveness energy-related emissions14. To accommodate of all other solutions in driving down emissions a projected 3 billion extra people, an extra two is compromised by increasing the number of billion homes are estimated to be needed by carbon emitters. the end of the century15, alongside an additional 3-4.7 million kilometres of road16. 5 POPULATION AND CONSUMPTION: THE SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP Climate change has historically and continues to be driven by the wealthiest. A person born in the UK will emit 17 times more consumption emissions than a person born in Nigeria over their lifetime, whilst the richest 10% of the global population, comprising about 600 million people, are responsible for almost half of all emissions22. Household consumption accounts for about two-thirds of GHG emissions and UNEP’s Emissions Gap Report 2020 identifies a key role for personal lifestyle choices in tackling climate change23. Because of high per capita emissions in the Global North, choosing smaller families is an effective individual action. Research conducted in 2017 suggested that by far the single most effective measure an individual in the developed world could take to cut their carbon emissions over the long term would be to have one fewer child24. The study relied on estimates of future per capita climate emissions which are likely to change significantly, so its emissions savings figures must be treated with caution. It illustrates, however, how other individual climate actions - all of which remain effective and positive - lack the impact of limiting the number of new consumers, each with their own lifetime of emissions production.