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Akistani College Students1 Attitudes Tonards 1 ~AKISTANI COLLEGE STUDENTS ATTITUDES TONARDS MARRIAGE1 AND MARRIAGE PRACTICES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION By FARHAT SHAH Bachelor of Arts Punjab University Lahore, West Pakistan 1952 Master of Arts in Sociology Punjab University Lahore, West Pakistan 1957 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science May 1961 PAKISTANI COLLEGE STUDENTS ATTITUDES TC:WARDS MARRIAGE AND MARRIAGE PRACTICES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION Thesis Approved1 Dean of the Graduate School ii OKU\H OMA STATE UN!VE RSITY LIB RARY JAN 2 1962 ACKNCWLEDGEMENTS The writer wishes to express her deepest gratitude to Dr. Hazel Ingersoll, Professor of Family Relations and Child Development, for her untiring effort, encouragement and valuable guidance she gave during the time this study was in progress; to Dr. June Cozine, Head of the Department of Home Economics Education for her helpful sugges- tions and critical reading of the manuscript. Sincere appreciation is also expressed to Dr. Lela o•Toole, Dean of the Division of Home Economics, and Dr. Katherine Roy for their continued interest and helpful suggestions. The writer is also grateful for the cooperation of those students who provided data for the study through questionnaires. iii 48 12 09 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. IITTRODlCTION • . • • 1 Statement of the Problem. • • • • • • • • • • ••••• 1 Need for the Study•••• ~ •••••••••••••• 1 ;' Purposes of the Study •••••••••••••• 2 Hypotheses and Basic Assumptions. • •••••••• 2 Limitations of the Study•••••••••••• 3 Sample ••••• · • • • • • • • • • • • . •••••• 3 Met.hodology • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 Explanation of Tenns Used in the Study••••••••• 9 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE • . 11 Historical Factors • 0 • • • • • • • • • • Q .·' . • • Contemporary Factors. III. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA •• . ' . 47 Background of the Respondents ••••••••••••• 47 Analysis and Interpretation of the Opinions of the Respondents • • . • • • • •••••••• , • • 57 Summary of the Major Findings • • • • • • ••• , • • • 79 / IV. .JHE DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHING OBJECTIVES AND TEACHING AIDS 82 Objectives of Teaching Family Relationships • • 82 Objectives With Corresponding Teaching Aids 84 v. SLMMARY OF THE RESULTS • . ••• 106 Major Findings ••••••• • ••• 106 Needs and Suggestions for Further Research. • • • ••• 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY . • • • • • • 110 APPENDIX A . ••• 114 APPENDI X B . •• 118 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page I• Age Level of the Respondents ••••••• 47 TI. Number of Siblings of the Respondents . 48 III. Marital Status of the Respondents . 48 IV. Sectarian Groupings of the Respondents •• 49 V. Caste Stratification of the Respondents . 50 VI. Rural-Urbal Background of the Respondents . 50 VII. Reads of the Families of the Respondents. 51 VIII. Family Pattern of the Respondents . 51 IX. Income Level of the Respondents ••• . 52 x. Control of Finances in the Respondent's Family • • 54 XI. Educational Status of the Respondents . 54 XII. Educational Qualifications of the Respondent's Father 55 XIII. Educational Qualifications of the Respondent•s Mother 55 XIV. Happiness in the Life of the Respondent's Parents • . • 56 xv. Ceremonies Held at the Birth of a Son in the Families of the Respondents . 57 XVI. Marriage as an Important Aim in Life. 57 XVII. Aspect I. Familism Versus In.dividuationalism in Marriage Choice and Family Living •••••• . 59 XVIII. Aspect II. Importance of Personal Psychological Factors in Marriage Versus Subordination of Psychological Factors to Family Unity. • • • • • • • • 61 XIX. Aspect III. Traditional Marriage Ritual and Customs Versus Liberal Marriage Ritual and Customs •••• 64 XX . Aspect IV. Authoritarian Family Practices Versus Equalitarian Family Practices and Attitudes . 66 V LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Table Page XXI. Aspect V. Inequality Versus Equality in Educational Opportunity and Level ••••• ,. •••••••• . 68 XXII. Qualities Desired in a Mate . 70 XXIII. Aspect I. Familism Versus Individuationalism in Marriage Choice and Family Living. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 71 XXIV. Aspect II. Importance of Personal Psychological Factors in Marriage Versus Subordination of Psychological Factors to Family Unity • • • • • • • • • • • 73 XXV. Aspect III. Traditional Marriage Ritual and Customs Versus Liberal Marriage Ritual and Customs ••••• 75 XXVI. Aspect IV. Authoritarian Family Practices Versus Equalitarian Family Practices and Attitudes •••• 77 XXVII. Aspect V. Inequality Versus Equality in Educational Opportunity and Level •••••••••••• . 78 vi CHAPTER I I NTR. OOUG::TI, QN An objective survey of the attitudes of Pakistani students towards marriage and marriage practices in the light of the attitudes commonly held in that culture will show what young educated pebple of Pakistan tend to think at this time. Due to the introduction of Western education, and the increase in urban ways of living, there is a shift in emphasis of the values towards family living. How much urbanization and western education have influenced the attitudes towards marriage and marriage practices can be discovered at least to some degree, by Pakistani students' responses to a questionnaire. Statement of the Problem The problem of this study is to investigate if the traditional patterns of marriage and married life are acceptable to the Pakistani College men and women, and to determine the degree of change in their attitudes regarding this aspect. Need for the Study A. The changes that have come in the Pakistani society are not a matter of evolution but revolution. Revolution in the ~ateiial life is 1 2 not so drastic as it is in the thinking process of the people. Conse­ quently the goals, values and the standards are affected. There was a need to determine the degree of change from familisrn towards indi vid-.,, , 1 • · ualisrn in the marriage relations. In additioh, the investigator saw a need to discover if specific attitudinal differences exist between male and female students towards marriage and married life as a whole. B. Family Relations as a branch of Horne Economics has been recently introduced in Pakistan. No books regarding family life in Pakistan are available for teaching. So the results of this research and inquiry can be a minor contribution to the subject matter for teaching. Purposes of the Study 1. To discover some of the attitudes college students hold with regard to marriage practices in Pakistan. 2. To identify attitudinal trends in marriage practices through comparison with traditional and liberal "ideal types". 3. To compare the marital attitudes of college men with those or college womeh. 4. To draw some implications from these findings on which to formulate family life teaching objectives. 5. To fonnulate objectives and devise some teaching materials. Hypotheses and Basic Assumptions 1. The investigator hypothesizes that: ~. The attitudes of college men and women regarding marriage practices are in transition from traditional Muslim 3 customs towards the liberalism influence of the Western Culture. b. Men and women differ in their attitudes towards marriage, and the marriage customs with the men being more tradi­ tional. 2. Assumptions are that: a. These findings have some validity in predicting behavior in that attitudes motivate behaviour. b. That attitudes can be influenced by education. c. That findings such as these have value in fonnulating educational objectives because they !epresent desired goals for marital behaviour. Limitations of the Study 1. Findings of the study and their educational implications are limited to this sample of college populations (and not to Pakistan's population as a whole). 2. The study is limited to what can be learned about attitudes from the use of a questionnaire. 3. The study is limited to the closely affiliated aspects of marriage and does not include detailed family structure. Sample The sample selected for this study was of 160 under-graduate students taken from four different colleges in Lahore (men and women). Lahore is a city of more than one million people of all colors, classes and creeds. The population is heterogeneous and complex. 4 The community of students draws its population from all kinds of people irrespective of caste and religious affinity. Modern trend of uni versal education especially in urban areas, is throwing open doors of schools and colleges to groups of all income levels. The idea was to take three hundred students for sample, but due to lack of cooperation in men's co lleges i t was reduced t o one hundred and sixty. In the case of 300, the plan was to take 75 cases from each college, i.e. two men's colleges and two women's. A doubt might arise as to the validity of t he conclusions based on a small sample. A larger sample would certainly have been desirable, but in handling a larger sample, the efforts and resources of an organized agency would have been necessary, with i ts attendant drawbacks of disunity of purpose of inquiry, and varied interpretation and results, deduced from the experience of different persons. Moreover, a big st udy on a big scale is not within t he limit s of t he resources of time and energy of the investigat or. Methodology Methodology. Since t he sample was comprised of only educated people, a question­ nair e wa s used. These quest i onnaires were di stribut ed to the st udents by the int er viewer herself i n t he case of women1 s colleges, and by ot hers in t he case of men's colleges.
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