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Past Zoom Talks Reviews Monday 12th April 2021 Sarah Slater: 'Secrets, Sex, Scandal and Salacious Gossip of the Royal Court, 1660 to 1830' - Reviewer: Janette Sykes Anyone who ever thought that the permissive society was invented in the ‘swinging’ 1960s is at least three centuries shy of the mark, according to Sarah Slater, guide lecturer at London’s Hampton Court Palace. According to Sarah, the vivacious colleague of equally vibrant joint chief curator at Hampton Court and television historian Lucy Worsley, sexual liberation began back in the 1660s with the restoration of the monarchy and the reign of Charles II. Dispirited by a decade of austerity under Oliver Cromwell, which Slater likened to living in lockdown, British aristocrats embraced the ‘Merry Monarch’s’ debauched lifestyle with gusto. Emulating his excessive drinking, gambling and whoring – including countless mistresses and a host of illegitimate children – they earned the nickname ‘The Libertines’. Despite his lascivious habits, Charles failed to sire any legitimate children of his own, so the throne passed to joint monarchs William and Mary, who were both rumoured to have homosexual tendencies. William is said to have had a same-sex relationship with Arnold Joost van Keppel, 1st Earl of Albemarle, ancestor of both Alice Keppel, mistress of Edward VII, and Camilla Parker-Bowles, Duchess of Cornwall. The last Stuart monarch, Anne, had 18 children – only five of which were born alive, and none ever survived to adulthood. However, anyone who has seen the recent film ‘The Favourite’ will know that she took secret lovers – Sarah Churchill, the Duchess of Marlborough and ancestor of Sir Winston Churchill, and Sarah’s younger cousin, Abigail Hill. Sarah (Slater’s) self-made evening gown of green silk over white linen and pinned-up hair with curly tendrils framing the face supported her claim that the Stuart period was a ‘very sexy age’. Dresses supported the breasts and nipped in the waist, while showing off as much flesh as possible – particularly the shoulders, neck and back. Pearls were worn to indicate a woman’s purity and virginity, and these qualities were emphasized throughout both Stuart and Georgian eras. In stark contrast, the opposite qualities were encouraged in men – particularly in kings and aristocracy – who were expected to take a succession of mistresses to prove their masculinity. Rulers and the nobility would have a favourite mistress, or ‘maitresse en titre’, and women would jealously vie for the prestigious title. Various terms were used to describe prostitutes, ranging from the euphemistic ‘Women of Fashion who Intrigue’ and ‘Good Natured Girls’ to earthier terms such as ‘Ladies of Pleasure’, ‘Whores’ and worse. By 1811, The Dictionary of Vulgar Tongue defined a ‘punc’ as a whore or prostitute and a ‘quean’ as a disreputable woman, prostitute or slut – very different to their meanings in the modern era. Anyone who watched ‘The Harlots’ drama series on BBC TV will be familiar with Harris’s List, which appeared on Georgian times. This popular publication listed between 150 and 190 prostitutes operating around Covent Garden, including their contact details, sexual specialities and descriptive ditties praising their various attributes. Double standards governing attitudes to male and female infidelity were graphically illustrated in the union of George I and his first cousin, Sophia Dorothea of Celle. George ran off with his mistress and Sophia took a lover, Count Christoph von Königsmark. Their affair became public knowledge and Königsmark was murdered in mysterious circumstances. Sophia was found guilty of adultery, was imprisoned for 30 years and was never allowed to see her children again. George IV was profligate both sexually and financially, acquiring an official mistress at the age of 16 and, as Prince of Wales, running up massive debts of £500,000 (around £75 million in today’s values). George III agreed to settle the bill, providing his son settled down. Young George duly wed Caroline of Brunswick, but the couple were reportedly disgusted by the sight of each other and the marriage soon foundered. George IV’s sister, Princess Sophia, like other women of the time, was expected to remain chaste until she married. However, her mother Charlotte refused to grant her permission to tie the knot, so she embarked on a relationship with Major General Thomas Garth, George III’s chief equerry, and 33 years her senior. Sophia gave birth to an illegitimate son in 1800, who was widely believed to be either Garth’s son, or the product of an incestuous relationship with her brother Ernest Augustus, Duke of Northumberland (a story which was said to have been circulated by the Duke’s political enemies). Sarah also took us on a whistle-stop tour of sex toys, contraceptives and aids to abortion that prevailed during the period – ranging from dildoes made of wax, horn, leather or wood and imported from Italy during James II’s reign to ‘French letters’ made from sheep’s intestines, which could be washed and re-used. Other, more dubious, contraceptive methods included breast feeding, sponges or linen soaked in lemon juice or vinegar, douches or, even more bizarrely, drinking the urine of a healthy stallion! Herbs taken to abort pregnancies included angelica, tansy, wormwood, yarrow and essential oil of pennyroyal – all of which made their victims very ill. The Stuarts’ and Georgians’ libertarian lifestyle eventually gave way to the more (publicly) repressed Victorian era, when Queen Victoria and Prince Albert became role models for sexual fulfilment within the framework of a happy marriage. The widespread crackdown on morals was fuelled by the need to control rampant sexual disease and reduce the size of families, which were an increasing financial burden in a rapidly industrialising age. During the Q&A session, Sarah revealed that she makes all the gowns she wears while welcoming visitors to Hampton Court Palace, from a red ‘robe à la française’ for day wear to a Victorian mourning gown, which she dons for spooky night-time ghost tours. She bases her designs on scaled up patterns from both books and portraits and it generally takes around a week to make them – though the first she ever worked on took a month. Unlike the women in Stuart and Georgian times, who literally ‘pinned’ their garments, Sarah uses safety pins and Velcro to keep them in place. Perhaps just as well, given the revealing nature of the favoured fashions of the day! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thursday April 1st 2021 Evan Davis: ‘Lies and fake news: are we living in a post-truth age? - Reviewer: Janette Sykes Television and radio journalist Evan Davis is clearly someone with a penchant forgetting straight to the point. His engaging online talk to Buxton u3a members was officially entitled ‘Lies and fake news: are we living in a post truth age?’, but he deftly distilled the topic into a single word: bullshit. Rather disarmingly, he revealed that his recent book, Post Truth, has been described as a ‘grand theory of bullshit’. In reality it’s the demystification of a somewhat complicated concept, unravelling the complex reasons why humans are inclined to believe what they want to believe, rather than seeking rational explanations. Davis, presenter of BBC TV’s Newsnight and Dragon’s Den and also of BBC Radio 4’s PM, began by pointing out that many people are understandably concerned about the prevalence of fake news, lies and misinformation in public discourse about subjects ranging from Brexit to the safety of Covid 19 vaccines. But, he argued, the nonsense often aired on social media or the internet is the symptom, rather than the source, of the problem, which in his view is based on tribalism and deeper divisions in society. Davis, who was the BBC’s Economics Editor for seven years, trained in economics when the prevailing view was that human beings are rational, we know what’s best for us and therefore do not say or do stupid things. The conundrum for him was that if this were the case, no- one would ever say or do stupid things in the real world – which is patently not true. He explained that, over the past 20 years, many economists have given more weight to the idea that people can be irrational. We all take mental short cuts in the way that we process the information that is constantly thrown at us, and so are susceptible to having psychological tricks played on us. In this way, communicators (particularly professional ones) who are not honest can distort or change our perceptions. One of the examples he cited was a device commonly used in politics – ‘expectations management’ – that is, if you are told that something is going to be terrible and it isn’t, it doesn’t sound as bad as it could have been and so can work to persuade you to accept it. In analysing how worried we should be about lies in the public realm, Davis pinpointed the often-quoted claim by Prime Minister Boris Johnson that the UK would take back control of roughly £350 million per week, made during the polarised pre-referendum Brexit debate. He identified this as the point at which many people became deeply worried about the misuse of information, but contested that the lie didn’t cause people to believe in Brexit, the lie was believed because some people supported Brexit. We believe something, a lie is said, and it gives us confidence in our belief. In deciding whether to believe the figure of £350 million, people broadly followed their preconceptions – and the lie fell on very fertile ground for pro-Brexiteers. On a more optimistic note, Davis suggested that, in the long term, lies don’t work nearly as well as people think – based on his conviction that people are pretty bright - and that eventually the truth will out.
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