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I WILL GO SINGING Walter Sisulu Speaks of His Life and Struggle for Freedom by Walter Sisulu with George M. Houser and Herbert S

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I WILL GO SINGING Walter Sisulu Speaks of His Life and Struggle for Freedom by Walter Sisulu with George M. Houser and Herbert S I WILL GO SINGING Walter Sisulu Speaks of His Life And Struggle For Freedom by Walter Sisulu with George M. Houser and Herbert Shore Dedication To the Sisulu family, by birth, adoption and marriage, all of whom have made themselves an integral part of the Movement for freedom and justice in South Africa, And To the "ordinary people" of South Africa who were truly extraordinary in the struggle to bring an end to the tyranny of apartheid and in giving birth to a new democracy in South Africa. 2 Preface "At 83," the letter said ,"I have been persuaded that I should not depart this life without recording for history and the archives my reminiscences and experiences, not only of my personal life, but also of those events in the long struggle for this 'New South Africa' that we are now beginning to build." Written on 17 August 1995 by Walter Sisulu, the letter invited us to assist him in putting his thoughts and memories on tape. "These past few years it has become apparent that more and more people worldwide have become interested in the politics and history of this country. I have finally been convinced that I should leave a record behind after I have gone. I am delighted you have agreed to help guide my thoughts onto tape for archival purposes. I assure you of my full cooperation." To speak of Walter Sisulu as one of the giants of South African history is not to indulge in a cliche, but is rather a simple and direct statement of fact. His life and the struggle for freedom in South Africa are intimately intertwined. Close comrade of Nelson Mandela throughout most of his life, fellow prisoner on Robben Island and other mainland prisons for some twenty-six years, Sisulu became Secretary General of the African National Congress in 1949 at a crucial turning point in South African history. The National Party, led by Daniel Malan, had just come to power the year before and with Malan as Prime Minister, set about codifyng into law the concepts and practices of what became known as apartheid. At the same time, the Youth League, of which Sisulu had been a founding member, emerged as the dominant influence in the African National Congress, leading it to a new activism which ultimately made possible the transformation of the country. From the early 1940s, when the Youth League was formed with Sisulu as its Treasurer, through the 1990s, he showed himself to be a master strategist, an effective mediator, a brilliant organiser and a mobiliser who inspired a devotion and commitment among ordinary people that reflected his own deep, passionate and unswerving dedication to the struggle which gave birth to present-day South Africa. Throughout the nation he is referred to frequently and by many as the "kingpin" in that struggle, a driving force for unity who held together diverse elements that composed ANC. All pay tribute to him as indeed one of the fathers of his country. Tata Sisulu. Born out of wedlock to an African mother and a white father, Walter Sisulu was actually a "Coloured" in the terminology of apartheid. But he chose to be an African, lived his life as an African and participated in the struggle under the oppressive pass laws for Black Africans. In 1997, in discussion with Joe Matthews, then a member of the Inkatha Freedom Party, and Deputy Minister for Safety and Security in the Government of National Unity, we were told that "Walter was the key person on the ground. He always seemed to know just 3 what strategies and tactics were needed to mobilise and organise masses of people into action. He was more than a visionary. He was a leading man of action who knew how to get things done." But Walter Sisulu is a modest man, at times even a self-effacing man, and there was a growing concern, as he grew older, that there was no sign of a memoir or an auto- biography from him. Many who had been involved in the struggle throughout the world increasingly urged him in some way to record the events in his life which are so intertwined with the remarkable changes in South Africa. Principal among these was Rica Hodgson, herself a prison graduate of the apartheid regime and Walter's personal assistant for many years. Rica was the driving force that brought this project into existence and it was her management and energy that created the conditions that made it possible. And so, in August 1995, the letter came. We two, George Houser and Herbert Shore, have been active participants in the liberation struggles in Africa for close to half a century. George Houser was founding director of the American Committee on Africa who first was in contact with Walter Sisulu in 1952 at the time of the Defiance Campaign, when Walter was Secretary General of the African National Congress. The ACOA was organised out of support for this campaign. Herbert Shore worked with the Council on African Affairs, under W.E.B. Dubois, Paul Robeson and Alphaeus Hunton, and then later with the American Committee on Africa. As a result of our work and writing, each of us was prohibited from re-entry into South Africa for several decades until the unbanning of the ANC and the release of Nelson Mandela from prison. We have collaborated closely on projects in the past, involving Mozambique and Angola as well as South Africa, and came to know the leadership of the liberation movements in exile in Dar es Salaam, Morogoro and Lusaka and have worked together on two booklets, Mozambique: A Dream the Size of Freedom and No One Can Stop the Rain, dealing with Angola (with Jennifer Davis and other members of the American Committee on Africa). This project began as an effort to record an oral history from discussions with Walter. It was not designed to be either a biography or an "as-told-to" autobiography. Elinor Sisulu, Walter's daughter-in-law, has been working on a major biography and generously shared with us segments of her research and early drafts of sections of her book to assist us as background to our discussions. Our task was to guide Walter's "thoughts on tape for archival purposes." We were honoured to be asked to undertake this project, knowing full well that there were many others who were highly qualified to do so. Nevertheless when we were asked, we took it on because of its vital importance to an understanding of South African history, our profound respect and admiration for Walter and the pressure of the fact that perhaps time was running out. In September and early October, 1995, we spent approximately two weeks in Johannesburg in intensive discussions with Walter both at ANC headquarters and 4 at his home in Soweto. These were more than question and answer interviews. Our questions were designed not simply to elicit direct factual response, but primarily to stimulate Walter's memories, and the narrative was permitted to go wherever he took it. This was to be the basis for a narrative in Walter's voice, rather than a tightly- organised journalistic interview. It was to be the story of the struggle as Walter remembered it. The interpretations would be from his point of view. It was expected to be full of digressions and repetitions, and it was -- memories stimulating and crossing with other memories. The recording was for an archive at the Mayibuye Centre. It was intended to be public domain, available to students, scholars and writers in the future. The atmosphere of our sessions was relaxed and informal -- three of us, sitting around a table, talking with a tape recorder in our midst. By the end of this period we had more than fourteen hours recorded on tape cassettes of Walter Sisulu recounting his memories from his beginnings in the Transkei up to our sitting with him in 1995. Copies were made of the tapes and placed in the Mayibuye Centre at the University of the Western Cape, at the Africa Fund in the U.S., in the ANC archives at Fort Hare University, and the set of originals was given to Walter Sisulu himself. The project could have (and, as we originally conceived it, should have) ended there, providing a valuable resource for researchers who could take time to listen to the tapes. To make the recordings even more useful, Professor Andre Odendaal, then Director of the Mayibuye Centre, and an active partner in the project, had transcriptions made. It became clear, as we studied the transcriptions carefully, that this record would be considerably enhanced if the text were organised both topically and chronologically. It was also clear that there were omissions in the narratives and some errors or ambiguities of names, places and dates that are inevitable in the recording of remembrances of events that had taken place years earlier. Our next step was the process of organising the text, filling in the omissions wherever possible, clarifying names, dates and spellings, and checking on translations from Xhosa and Zulu. In Autumn, 1996, we worked together in New York to edit the text and organise its structure. Then we completed this phase of the project with a return trip to South Africa. In January and February, 1997, we spent a few more weeks with Walter in Johannesburg and Cape Town. Fourteen more hours of tape recordings resulted from this visit. The text is Walter's story in his own words. We have worked with him to organise the narrative, edit the material and provide some background commentary for context and clarification.
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