Index

A morsellized and structural bone grafts, 2574–2575 AAOS classification, of acetabular bone defects, operative technique, 2575–2576 2557–2559 posterolateral approach, 2575 Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score, 100, 101 post-operative care, 2577 ABC. See Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) results, 2577, 2579 Abduction small fragment grafts, 2575 bracing, 4455 Acetabular rim syndrome, 2345 deformity, midfoot, 3549 Acetabuloplasty, 4602–4603. See also Shelf Abductor pollicis brevis (APB) acetabuloplasty median nerve lesions, 1585, 1586 Acetabulum median nerve palsy, 1587 bone metastases, 4303–4304 Abnormal parabola, metatarsalgia, 3529–3531 cementing process, 2408–2410 Acetabular bone defects component insertion, 2410 AAOS classification, 2557–2559 hip, 2347 CT scans, 2557 reaming, 2405 dislocation, prevention of, 2568–2569 rim preparation, 2406–2407 Paprosky classification, 2557, 2559, 2560 sucker aspirator device, 2407–2408 radiographic criteria, 2557 surface area, 2405–2406 reconstruction of, 2566, 2568 Acetabulum, aseptic loosening of THR Acetabular fractures aetiology and pathology, 2554–2555 aetiology, 2270–2271 anterolateral approach and implant removal, 2562–2563 in children, incomplete fractures, 4802 antibiotics, 2561–2562 classification of, 2270–2271 bone defects (see Acetabular bone defects) of columns, 2278–2279, 2288 complications, 2570 computerized axial tomography, 2285–2297 defect-specific reconstruction, 2564 disabling sequelae, 2313–2316 diagnosis of, 2555 in horizontal plane, 2275–2278, 2282–2288 goals, for hip reconstruction, 2560 ileo-inguinal approach, 2300–2306 isolated acetabular revision, 2558–2560 inveterate fractures, 2310–2313 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2570 Iselin’s posterior approach, 2298–2297 pre-operative work-up, for infection, 2556 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2306 radiographic criteria for, 2555 post-operative complications, 2307–2310 radiolucent lines, 2555 pre-operative planning and preparation, 2297–2298 revision implants, 2563–2564 principles of, 2270 surgical indications, 2555–2556 radiology, 2280–2285, 2289 surgical risk factors, 2560 surgical indications, 2297 type-I defect reconstruction, 2564 in vertical plane, 2271–2275, 2279, 2281 type-II defect reconstruction, 2564 Acetabular labrum, 2151 type-III defect reconstruction, 2564 Acetabular lip, 2270 type-IV defect reconstruction, 2564–2568 Acetabular revision total hip arthroplasty Acetabulum, hip replacement acetabular reconstruction, 2574, 2577–2580 anatomy, 2441–2442 combined cavitary segmental defect, 2574 bone grafting, 2445–2446 complications, 2579, 2581 CT scanning, 2442 graft preparation, 2576–2578 fixation of, 2444–2445 indication for, 2575 positioning of, 2443–2444 large fragment grafts, 2575 pre-operative planning, 2442–2443

G. Bentley (ed.), European Surgical Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 4897 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-34746-7, # EFORT 2014 4898 Index

Achilles reinforcement, 3896–3897 augmented, 3869 Achilles tendinopathy biomechanics, 3861 calcaneus fractures, 3821, 3823 classical open technique, 3866–3868 diagnosis, 3886 complications, 3870–3872 insertion (see Insertion tendinopathy) epidemiology, 3860 tendon body pathology (see Tendon body pathology) mini-open, 3868 Achilles tendon allograft, PCL reconstruction open repair, 3865–3866 femoral tunnel, 3055–3056 percutaneous, 3867–3868 fixation, 3058 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3869–3870 graft preparation, 3054–3055 presentation and diagnosis, 3861–3863 operating set-up, 3055 treatment, 3863–3865 patient position, 3054, 3055 Acute acromioclavicular-joint displacement. See also tibial tunnel, 3056–3058 Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) injuries Achilles tendon chronic rupture deck-chair position, 1027 aetiology, 3876 deltotrapezius muscle fascia, 1029 allograft, 3885 K-wire placement, 1027, 1028, 1030 artificial materials, 3883 strap incision, 1028 diagnosis, 3876 Acute carpal tunnel syndrome, 1572 fascia lata, 3885 Acute charcot foot, 3943, 3945 free flap, 3885 Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO). indications, 3885–3886 See Osteomyelitis tendon augmentation, 3877–3882 Acute haematogenous periprosthetic infection, tendon transfer, 3881–3883 2513–2514 treatment indications, 3876 Acute lateral ankle ligament injury Achillon® mini-open technique, 3869 diagnosis, 3682–3683 Achondroplasia, 1671 management of, 3683 crossed lengthening, 4351 Acute lengthening procedure, brachymetatarsia, Acquired varus deformity, 4372 3531–3532 Acromial fractures, classification of, 949, 951 complications and salvage, 3532 Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) injuries post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3532 acute, surgical treatment, 1027–1029 Acute ligament injuries, 1387–1388 aetiology, 1020–1021 Acute ligament injuries, knee anatomy, 848–849, 1020 ACL and MCL injuries, 2955–2956 chronic, surgical treatment, 1029–1031 anatomy and biomechanics, 2950 classification, 1021–1023 anterior cruciate ligament tears, 2955 complications, 1033–1035 history, 2951–2952 diagnosis, 1023–1024 imaging, 2953–2954 management, 1024–1026 locked knee, 2953 operative techniques, 1026–1028 management, 2954 outcome, 1032 medial collateral ligament sprains, 2954 paediatric sports injuries, 4858 multiple ligament injury, 2956 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 1032 PCL tears, 2956 pre-operative preparation and planning, 1026 physical examination, 2952–2953 surgical indications, 1025–1026 Acute low back pain. See also Low back pain surgilig ligament, 1031–1032 clinical recommendations, 779, 780 tumefaction, 1019 Acute-on-chronic SCFE treatment, 4429–4430 Acromio-humeral plate, shoulder arthrodesis, 1210 Acute-on-chronic slip, 4427 Acromion fractures Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation classification scheme of, 961 (APACHE), 100 operative technique, 962 Acute post-operative periprosthetic infection, 2513 post-operative, 1118 Acute SCFE treatment, 4429 surgical indications, 956 Acute slips, 4426 Acromionisers, 2159 Acute tarsometatarsal dislocation, diabetic foot, Active plantar flexion, 3861 3947, 3950 Acupass® Ap, 2902 Adamantinoma, 4116–4117 Acute Achilles tendon repair Adducto-equino-varus foot treatment, naviculectomy, Achillon® mini-open technique, 3869 4543, 4547 aetiology, 3861 Adhesiolysis, 1347 anatomy and pathology, 3860 Adhesion formation, in flexor tendon injuries, 1965 Index 4899

Adipose flap bulk protection, nerve pain, 1944, 1946–1947 Allograft techniques, for diaphyseal reconstruction, Adjacent level disease, 414–415 4244–4245 Adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) Alumina ceramics, total hip replacement ASDeg and ASDis lumbar fusion, 589–590 alumina/alumina bearings, revision of, 2468–2469 definition, 589 biological tolerance, 2462, 2463 lumbar disc arthroplasty, 590–592 brittleness, 2463 safety of spinal fusion and lumbar disc clinical experience, 2463–2464 replacement, 592 clinical outcome, 2464–2466 Adolescent tibia vara, 4379 complications of, 2466–2468 femoral deformity, 4382 friction characteristics, 2462–2463 hemi-epiphysiodesis, 4380–4382 surgical guidelines, 2470 tibia varus and torsion, 4382 vs. zirconia, physical properties of, 2462, 2643 AER. See Apical ectodermal ridge (AER) AMBRI classification systems, 1138 Agility® Ankle, 3707, 3722 AMBRII classification systems, 1164 Aging Ambulant child characteristics, 786 ankle plantar flexor lengthening, 4594–4595, higher probability of disintegration, 786–787 4598, 4599 I.V. disc degeneration, 786–788 calcaneal lengthening, 4587, 4588, 4592 spinal infections, 796–797 distal anterior femoral epiphyseodesis, 4587, typical disorders, 788–796 4589–4590 Akin osteotomy distal femoral extension osteotomy, 4583–4587 modified technique, 3412, 3414 distal hamstring lengthening, 4592, 4594, 4597 MTPJ, 3462 equinovarus foot deformity, 4595–4596 post-operative radiograph, 3412 first metatarsal extension osteotomy, 4590–4591, 4595 Allen test, 192, 193 medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy, Allgo¨wer suture technique, distal tibia fractures, 3783, 4588–4590, 4593 3784 patellar advancement, 4584, 4588 Allograft-prosthetic composites (APC), 2929–2930, 2934 proximal femoral de-rotation osteotomy, 4583–4585 femoral, 2930–2931 psoas lengthening, 4591–4592, 4596 tibial, 2930 tibial de-rotation osteotomy, 4857, 4591 Allografts tibialis anterior split transfer, 4597 Achilles tendon chronic rupture, 3885 tibialis posterior recession, 4596–4597, 4600 ACL repair, failure of, 3124–3126 valgus foot deformity, stabilisation of, 4587–4594 knee, 4228 Amelanotic melanomas, 1838–1839 limb salvage, 4237 American College of Surgeons (ACS), 99 meniscal allograft (see Meniscal allograft American Knee Society Score (AKSS) score, 3381 transplantation) American Spine Injury Association (ASIA) classification, open fractures, allogenic bone grafts, 217 700–701, 745, 746 osteoarticular, 4234 Amniotic band syndrome, 4516 peroneal tendon disorders, 3650 Amplitude of displacement, 141 UOA (see Unicondylar osteo-articular allografts Amputations (UOA)) arterial disease, 376 Allografts, bone loss in knee Boyd amputation, 388–389 aetiology, 2926, 2927 circular open, 381–382 anatomy and basic science, 2926 diabetic foot, 376, 3939, 3941 APC (see Allograft-prosthetic composites (APC)) disarticulation, at hip, 399–401 classification, 2926, 2927 disarticulation, at knee, 392–394 complications, 2933 Gritti-Stokes, 394–397 CT scan, 2932 indications, 376 diagnosis of, 2927 infection, 377 extensor mechanism allografts, 2931–2932 knee, 4228 indications, 2927 pain, 377 operative technique, 2928 periprosthetic infection, 2521–2522 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2932–2933 post-operative problems, 379–381 pre-operative preparation and planning, 2927–2928 pre-operative preparation, 377–378 radiography, 2932, 2933, 2935 re-plantation/transposition, limb/digits, 377 segmental allografts, 2928–2929 surgical technique-handling, tissues, 378–379 soft-tissue envelope, 2932 Syme’s amputation, 385–388 surgical results, 2934 of toes, 382–383 4900 Index

Amputations (cont.) anatomy and landmarks, 3660–3661 transfemoral, 397–399 anterior (see Anterior ankle arthroscopy) transhumeral (above elbow), 403 complications of, 3673–3674 transmetatarsal, 383–385 conservative treatment, 3666–3668 transradial (forearm), 402–403 diagnosis of, 3663–3667 transtibial (below-knee), 389–392 indications and contra-indications, 3666–3668 trauma, 376–377 posterior (see Posterior ankle arthroscopy) types, 381–403 pre-operative preparation and planning, 3664, 3665, upper limb, 401–402 3668–3669 venous insufficiency, 376 Ankle-brachial index (ABI), 2962, 3925, 3928 Amyoplasia and orthopaedic management. See also Ankle bridging external fixator, distal tibia fractures, 3772 Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) Ankle-foot orthoses (AFO), 3958, 3959 elbow, 4634–4635 with cerebral palsy, children, 3395–3396 foot and ankle, 4638–4640 Ankle fractures hip involvement, 4636 acute hindfoot arthrodesis, 3761 knee involvement, 4637–4638 aetiology, 3736–3739 lower limb surgery, 4636 anatomy, 3739, 3741 Pterygia syndrome, 4638 arthroscopy, 3760 shoulder, 4634 bimalleolar fractures, 3751–3753 spine surgery, 4640–4641 bio-absorbable fixation materials, 3760–3761 upper limb surgery, 4634 biomechanics, 3739 wrist and hand, 4635–4636 classification of, 3736–3739 Anatomical plates, 1266 complications, 3762–3764 Anatomical snuff box (ASB), 1704, 1705 Danis-Weber classification, 120 Anconeus flap technique, 13 definition of, 3736 Anderson Orthopaedic Research Institute (AORI) diagnosis of, 3739–3744 classification system, bone loss, 2926, 2927 indications for, 3744 Anderson’s classification, of CPT, 4329 isolated lateral malleolar fractures, 3745–3749 Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), 1843, 4020, 4026–4027 medial malleolar fractures, 3749–3751 Angiogenesis, 1189, 1190 pathology, 3739 spinal metastases, 4312–4313 posterior malleolus, 3753, 3755–3760 Angiography post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3761–3763 limb salvage, 4256 pre-operative preparation and planning, upper limb, 4153–4154 3744–3745 Angioplasty, diabetic foot, 3925, 3929 syndesmosis fixation, 3751–3755 Angular deformity tightrope device, 3761 leg length discrepancy combined with, 4350 Ankle fractures in children midfoot, 3548, 3549 applied anatomy and ossification, 4832 Ankle arthrodesis avulsion fractures, 4837 anatomy, 3693 axial compression fractures, 4835 anterior approach, 3697–3698 classification and mechanism of injury, 4832–4837 arthroscopic fusion, 3696–3697 closed reduction, 4839 classification of, 3694–3695 complications, 4842–4845 clinical examination of, 3694 diagnosis, 4837–4839 complications of, 3702–3703 indications, surgery and operative technique, 4840 diabetic foot, 3952, 3953 juvenile Tillaux fracture, 4840, 4841, 4850 dorsal extension of, 3692 physis, premature closure, 4842, 4844 evaluation and diagnosis, 3693–3694 pronation-eversion-lateral rotation injuries, lateral transfibular approach, 3698–3702 4831, 4839 open ankle fusion, 3697 Salter-Harris type I and II fractures, 4840 pain, 3694 Salter-Harris type III distal tibial fractures, pathology, 3693, 3699 4840–4841 post-operative medication and analgesia, 3702 Salter-Harris type IV distal tibial fractures, 4841 post-operative treatment, 3701–3702 Salter-Harris type VI injuries, 4835 pre-operative management, 3695–3696 supination-inversion injuries, 4831, 4835, 4839 screws and implants, 3700 supination-lateral rotation injuries, 4831, 4832, 4839 Ankle arthroscopy supination-planter flexion injuries, 4831, 4839 advantages, 3660 transitional fractures, 4835–4836 aetiology of, 3661–3663 treatment, 4839 Index 4901

tri-plane fracture, 4836–4838, 4840–4842 Anterior cervical surgery valgus deformity, 4844–4845 anterior cervical fusion, complications, 420–421 Ankle plantar flexion, acute Achilles tendon repair, complications, 419–420 3863, 3864 disc replacement/fusion, 421 Ankle plantar flexor lengthening, 4594–4595, Anterior cord syndrome (ACS), 701 4598, 4599 Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). See also Medial Ankle replacement collateral ligament (MCL) injuries anatomy of, 3706–3708 analytical evaluation, 3121–3122 for ankle osteo arthritis, 3705, 3706 anatomy, 3114–3115 biomechanics, 3707–3708 arthrometer evaluation, 3121 complications of, 3713–3714, 3718, 3720, 3721 autograft/allograft, 3124–3126 contra-indications, 3709–3711 clinical history, 3118–3120 failure of, 3707, 3721 combined injuries, 3104–3105 generation of, 3706, 3707 CT and MRI evaluation, 3121 indications for, 3708–3709 instability, 3116–3118 operative technique, 3711–3719 knee mobility, 3116, 3118–3120 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3716–3718 ligamentization process, 3114 pre-operative preparation and planning, 3711, 3712 meniscal allograft, 2898 results of, 3721–3722 persistent pain, 3116–3118, 3120, 3121 Ankle sprains physical examination, 3120 acute lateral ankle ligament injury, 3682–3683 radiological evaluation, 3121 aetiology, 3680 reconstruction of, 3103–3104 anatomy, 3680–3681 rehabilitation of, 3102, 3126 Brostro¨m-Gould technique, 3685–3686 tears, 2955 chronic ankle instability, 3684–3685 treatment of, 3122–3124 classification, 3680 Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, athlete’s knee complications of, 3687–3688 indications, 3353 lateral, 4866 vs. MCL, 3354 medial, 4866–4870 MRI, 3352–3354 non-anatomical reconstructions, 3686–3688 physical examination, 3352 operative technique, 3686–3688 pivot-shift test, 3352 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3686 prevention, 3353 pre-operative preparation and planning, 3685–3686 surgical approach, 3355–3356 Ankylosed hips, total hip replacement for Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, 3306 anatomical abnormalities, 2454 bone tunnels, 2982–2985 complications, 2460 complications, 2987–2990 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2459–2460 diagnosis, 2976 pre-operative preparation, 2455 double-bundle, 2979 surgical indications, 2454 follow-up, 2987 surgical procedure, 2455–2459 graft passage tensioning and fixation, 2985–2987 Antegrade nailing technique indications for surgery, 2976–2977 of distal femur fractures, 2710–2711 operative technique, 2978–2982 of femur, trochanteric approach for, 2674 partial, 2979 vs. retrograde technique, femoral shaft fractures, patella fractures after, 2784 2687–2688 pre-operative preparation, 2977 Anterior ankle arthroscopy rehabilitation protocol, 2987 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3673 timing of surgery, 2977–2978 procedure of, 3669–3670 wound closure, 2987 Anterior ankle impingement syndrome Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with bone aetiology of, 3661 aetiology, 2993–2994 conservative treatment, 3666–3667 anatomical risk factors, 2994 diagnosis of, 3663, 3664 applied anatomy, 2992–2993 indications and contra-indications, 3666–3667 biomechanical risk factors, 2994 Anterior cam-type impingement lesion, 2165 complications, 3013–3014 Anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF). environmental risk factors, 2994 See Cervical spine history, diagnosis, 2994–2995 Anterior cervical fusion hormonal risk factors, 2994 adjacent level disease, 414–415 imaging, 2995 cervical arthroplasty, 412–414 indications for surgery, 2996–2997 4902 Index

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with in bone cement, 333–335 bone (cont.) knee, 4236 neuromuscular risk factors, 2994 local, 215 operative technique, 2997–3010 monotherapy, 2522 physical examination, 2995 necrotising fasciitis, 274–275 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3010–3013 open fractures, biologics, 215 pre-operative preparation and planning, 2997 septic arthritis, 4478 Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture systemic, 215, 333 ACL reconstruction (see Anterior cruciate ligament Anti-epileptic drugs, 1949 (ACL) reconstruction) Antimicrobial agents, 4476–4477 in paediatric cases, 2977 Antispasticity medication, 2036 Anterior direct pes cavus, 4534 AO B3-C3 fracture, 1404–1405 Anterior dislocation, 2499–2500 AO classification system Boss-Holzach-Matter method, 1129 distal femur fractures, 2703 caution, 1129 distal radial fractures, 1678, 1679 clinical examination, 1128 of femoral shaft fractures, 2679–2680 Hippocrates, 1128 humeral shaft fractures, 1297–1298 Kocher technique, 1129 patella fractures, 2770–2771 Saha technique, 1128 proximal humerus fractures, 1278–1280 Stimson, 1128 thoraco-lumbar fractures, 747, 748 surgical indications, 1129 Apert’s syndrome, 928 Anterior dislocation, in SCJ Apical ectodermal ridge (AER), 1655 anatomic classification, 979 Apophysitis closed treatment, 986–987 iliac crest, 4862 open treatment, 988–989 Osgood-Schlatter’s disease, 4864 Anterior drawer test, shoulder instability, 1166, 1168 Apprehension test Anterior flap techniques, hip disarticulation, 4204–4206 hip dysplasia, 2345 Anterior forearm fascial flap wrap, nerve pain, 1942–1943 shoulder instability, 1142, 1166, 1168 Anterior fusion. See Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) Arcuate sign, PLC injuries, 3079, 3080 Anterior interosseous nerve palsy, 1892 Arm nerves Anterior knee pain median, 1560–1561 Hoffa’s syndrome, 3363–3364 ulnar and radial, 1561 patellar and quadriceps tendinopathy, 3364–3365 Arterial disease indications, amputation, 376 Anterior knee pain scale (AKPS). See Kujala patello- Arterial injury femoral score antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy, 205–206 Anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion arterial insufficiency, 208 lesion (ALPSA), 1140, 1141 circulatory compromise, 206 Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), 544–545 clinical signs and assessment, 192–194 degenerative disease, spinal fusion, 584–585 closed fractures, 182 lateral transpsoas interbody fusion, 584 complications, 206–209 lumbar spinal fusion, 584–585 debridement, 195–196 Anterior shoulder instability, paediatric sports, 4856–4857 initial treatment, 194–195 Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), 2110 intra-operative complications, 208–209 Anterior tibial bowing duplicated hallux, 4330, 4331 lower extremity, open fractures, 182–185 Antero-inferior instability. See Multidirectional microsurgical technique, 198–203 instability; Open capsuloplasty microvascular dissection, 203–205 Anterolateral fibrous knot, 4520 open fractures, 181 Anterolateral tibial pilon fracture, 3783 open hand injuries, 189–190 Anteromedial facet fractures, 1471 pelvic fractures, 182 Anteromedial fibrous knot, 4520 post-operative management, 206, 209 Anteromedial rotatory instability (AMRI), 3094, 3100 prognosis of fractures, 191–192 Antero-superior approach, resurfacing arthroplasty, 1219 repair strategies, 194 Antibiosis, 2522 salvage and re-vascularization, 209 Antibiotic loaded acrylic cement (ALAC), one-staged skeletal repair, 196–197 approach, 3283–3284 upper extremity, open fractures, 188–189 Antibiotic simplex bone cement, 2600 vascular repair, 197–198 Antibiotic therapy vascular system damage, 190–191 antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, 335–336 venous congestion, 206–208 arterial injury, 205–206 wound coverage, 205 Index 4903

Arteries, in amputation, 379 Arthroplasty Arteriovenous shunting, diabetic foot, 3916, 3917 allografts (see Allografts, bone loss in knee) Arthritis, 1188 ankle, 325 distal radio-ulnar joint, 1766–1768, 1771 capsulectomy, 2230 pisotriquetral joint, 1765–1766, 1770 cork screw, 2231 Arthrodesis displaced cervical hip fracture, 2227 ankle (see Ankle arthrodesis) elbow, 325–327 basal thumb osteoarthritis, 1807–1808 finger OA, 1818–1822 calcaneocuboid, 3556 first MTP joint resection and replacement, finger OA, 1817–1818, 1820 3966–3968 first MTP joint, 3965–3966 haemophilia, 323–325 giant-cell tumour, 4042, 4046 healed cervical hip fracture, 2227 haemophilias, 322–323 hemiarthroplasties, 2228 hindfoot, 3761 hip, 323 knee, 4229, 4234 knee, 324 midfoot (see Midfoot arthrodesis) musculo-skeletal radiography, 9, 12 naviculocuneiform, 3555–3556 randomized controlled studies, 2229 periprosthetic infection, 2521 resurfacing (see Resurfacing arthroplasty) reconstructive, 3558–3560 THA (see Periprosthetic femoral fractures in THA) shoulder (see Shoulder arthrodesis) venting catheter, 2231 sub-talar (see Sub-talar arthrodesis) Arthroscopic Bankart repair (ABR), 1169, 1171 talonavicular, 3555 Arthroscopy tarsometatarsal, 3556–3558 ankle (see Ankle arthroscopy) Arthrodiatasis, 1482 ankle arthrodesis, 3696–3697 devices, 1496 ankle fractures, 3760 fixators, 1506 avulsion fractures, PCL, 3054 manipulation under anaesthesia, 1503, 1505–1506 Bankart and Capsular shift procedures, 1145–1147 mechanical distraction, 1496–1498 Bankart-repair, 1148 operative technique, 1495–1497 basal thumb osteoarthritis, 1808 post-operative protocol, 1498, 1502 debridement, 1075–1076 Arthroeresis, 4557 elbow joint and capsule distension, 1348, 1351 Arthrofibrosis, PCL–retaining TKA, 3197 frozen shoulder, 1189, 1190 Arthrogram hip arthroscopy (see Hip arthroscopic treatment) containment, 4454 knee (see Knee arthroscopy) of hip, 4396–4399 lateral decubitus positions and portals, 1348, 1349 Arthrogryposis, 1663 MCL injuries, 3100 Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) meniscal allograft transplantation, 2901–2903 aetiology, 4629 mosaicplasty, 2918–2920 amyoplasia, 4632–4633 open coracoid transfer, 1147 characteristics, differing subgroups, 4629 open iliac crest autograft, 1147 classification, 4629 open Trillat procedure, 1145 co-morbidities, 4641 osteochondral defects, 2907–2910 complications, 4642 osteochondral lesions of the talus, 3729–3731 definition, 4628 posterior cruciate ligament, 3043, 3049–3050 diagnosis, 4631–4632 scaphoid fracture, 1713–1714 distal, 4629–4630, 4632 sub-talar arthrodesis, 3571–3580 indications for surgery, 4633 supracondylar femoral osteotomy, 3135 neurological causes, 4630 wrist (see Wrist arthroscopy) non-neurological causes, amyoplasia, 4629 Arthroscopy, partial rotator cuff ruptures orthopaedic management, 4633–4641 biceps stability, 1073, 1074 pathophysiology, 4630 bursectomy, 1073–1075 peri-operative care, 4641 coraco-acromial arch, 1073, 1075 prevalence, 4628–4629 debridement and subacromial decompression, 1076 rehabilitation issues, 4641 monofilament suture marker, 1073, 1074 specific anaesthetic issues, 4641 palpation, 1073 Arthrolysis stability, 1074 with sub-talar implant, 4541, 4545 Articular cartilage defects wrist arthroscopy, 1645–1646 aetiology, 2914 Arthropathy, 7 classification of, 2914 4904 Index

Articular cartilage defects (cont.) Japanese Institution Committee radiographic diagnosis of, 2915–2916 classification, 2134, 2135 mosaicplasty (see Mosaicplasty) necrotic area movement, weight bearing zone, Articular fractures, 944–945 2137–2140 Articular stress forces, 1336 proximal humeral fractures, 1250 Artificial hip joints restoring bone blood supply, in necrotic area, clinical outcome, 2375 2140–2143 contact mechanics, 2368 screw-plate fixation, complication of, 2246 tribology, 2366 talus fractures, 3808–3809 ASA grading, 2214 Avulsion fracture ASB. See Anatomical snuff box (ASB) and apophysitis, 4862 Aseptic loosening distal scaphoid, 1701–1702, 1723 reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, 1117 Avulsion fractures, PLC injuries, 3079 revision total knee arthroplasty, 3273–3275 acute bony avulsions, 3052, 3053 A Severity Characterisation of Trauma (ASCOT) arthroscopic techniques, 3054 score, 101 open surgical technique, 3052–3054 Association for Orthopaedics (AO) classification, 705–706 Axial flag flap, 1988–1989 Athlete’s knee, 3349–3350 Axial pattern regional flaps ACL injury, 3352–3356 axial flag flap, 1988–1989 anterior knee pain, 3363–3365 first dorsal metacarpal artery flap, 1990 dislocation and multiple-ligament-injured, 3357–3358 groin flap, 1996–1999 lateral knee pain, 3366–3368 neurovascular island flap, 1991–1993 LCL injury, 3351–3352 posterior interosseous flap, 1994–1996 ligament sprains classification, 3350 radial forearm flap, 1993–1994 MCL injury, 3350–3351 reversed homodigital island flap, 1990–1991 medial knee pain, 3365–3366 Axonotmesis, 1559 meniscus and cartilage injuries, 3358–3363 PCL injury, 3356–3357 uncommon causes, 3362–3368 B Atkins approach, sub-talar arthrodesis, 3571, 3577–3580 Back-and-forth posterior portal, knee arthroscopy, Atlas fractures, upper cervical spine injury, 730–732 2724, 2726 Atraumatic injury, 981 Bacterial infections, orthopaedics and fractures Augmentation-plasty antibiotic prophylaxis, 333–336 Achilles reinforcement, 3896–3897 bacteriological culture, periprosthetic infection, 2515 Acute Achilles tendon repair, 3865–3866 biofilm concept, 332–333 bone-quadriceps tendon-plasty, 3895, 3897 with bone and joint infections, 331–332 bone-tendon graft harvest, 3896 Baker’s cyst, 40, 41 flexor hallucis longus tendon (FHL) transfer, 3895 Bankart lesion Autograft definition, 1126 ACL repair, failure of, 3124–3126 gleno-humeral instability, 1140, 1141 autologous bone grafts, 216–217 open capsuloplasty, 1156–1157 peroneal tendon disorders, 3650 Vicryl# sutures/anchors, 1157, 1159 Autologous chondrocyte implantation/transplantation Bankart sutures/anchors, 1157, 1159 (ACI/ACT), 3731. See also Matrix-assisted Bare spoy, 1176 chondrocyte implantation (MACI) Barlow test, 4392 complications, 2912 Barouk®, 3507, 3508 factors, 2912 Basal cell carcinoma, 1838 surgical results, 2911 Basal dorsiflexion osteotomy Autologous fibular graft technique, 4242–4244 complications and salvage, 3528–3529 Automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy (APLD), 573 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3528 Avascular necrosis (AVN), 4406 Basal spontaneous nerve pain, 1913 acetabular fractures, 2293, 2308, 2309 Basal thumb osteoarthritis Chopart and fracture-dislocations, 3853–3854 activity modification, 1798–1799 distal de-rotation osteotomy, Freiberg’s disease, 3535 analgesics, 1799 of femoral head, 4395, 4399, 4400 counselling, 1798 Ficat-Arlet staging system, 2134 hemitrapeziectomy, 1804 hip dislocation and femoral head fractures, 2195 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, 1799 hip fracture, children, 4802–4803 pre-operative counselling, 1802 intramedullary pressure reduction, 2135–2137 prevalence of, 1797 Index 4905

splintage, 1799–1800 Bipolar electrocoagulation, 2719 stabilisation, 1803–1804 Birth lesion of brachial plexus (BLBP), 907–908 stage 1 disease treatment, 1803–1808 Bisphosphonates, 4458 steroid injection into, 1800–1802 bone metastases, 4300 subluxation, stress views of, 1798 osteoporosis, 290–291 surgical denervation, 1803 Blade-plates, 1266 surgical interventions, 1802 Blisters, 3771 thumb extension osteotomy, 1803 Blood loss thumb strengthening exercises, 1799 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 508–509 total joint replacement, 1805–1807 neuromuscular scoliosis, 506 trapeziectomy, 1804–1805 Blood sedimentation rate, 2514 trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis, 1807–1808 Blount’s disease trapeziometacarpal arthroscopy, 1808 adolescent type, 4373–4374 (see also Adolescent treatment options, 1798–1800 tibia vara) Basic life support interventions (BLS), trauma care, 103 aetiology, 4375 Baumann angle, elbow injuries in children, 4706 characterization of, 4373 Beak sign, talocalcaneal coalition, 3666 classification by treatment group, 4374 Bear-hug test, 1069, 1070 infantile type, 4373 (see also Infantile tibia vara) Becker flap wrap, nerve pain, 1942, 1944 Langenskiold radiological stages, 4374 Beckwith syndrome, 4348 Blunt dissection, 4064 Belly-press test, 1068, 1070 Bolus tracking technology, 14 Below-elbow plaster cast, 1709 Bone Below-knee amputation, 3942 adjacent, 4063–4065 Benign cartilage tumours amputation, 379 chondroblastoma, 4088 autograft (see Bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft chondromyxoid fibroma, 4086–4088 technique) enchondroma, 4083–4084 cartilage tumours (see Cartilage tumours) juxtacortical chondroma, 4085–4086 fibrous dysplasia, 4172 multiple enchondromatosis, 4084–4085 giant-cell tumour (see Giant-cell tumour (GCT)) Ollier’s disease, 4084–4085 growth, amputation, 380–381 osteochondroma, 4080–4083 innominate, 4048 periosteal chondroma, 4085–4086 lengthening, 4229 synovial chondromatosis, 4088–4090 percutaneous biopsy, 4315–4317 Bennett’s fracture, 1863–1865 segmental defects, open fractures, 216 Bernese peri-acetabular osteotomy. See Peri-acetabular tarsal, 4048 osteotomy Bone block procedures Biceps brachii muscle, 1318, 1319 arthroscopic/open Trillat procedure, 1145 Biceps load test II, SLAP lesions, 1143 Bristow-Latarjet procedure, 1147 Biceps tenodesis/tenotomy, 1079–1080 Eden-Hybinette procedure, 1147 Bicipital tendon, 1333 open J-span technique, 1147–1148 Bi-condylar fractures, of tibial plateau superior peroneal retinaculum repair, 3651, 3652 external fixation, 2836, 2838–2841 Bone cement, 4040 intramedullary nailing and compression bolts, Bone grafting method 2840–2843 acetabulum, hip replacement, 2445–2446 open reduction and internal fixation, 2838, 2840 in congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia (CPT), plating osteosynthesis, 2832, 2834–2836 4339–4340 Bifocal lengthening, 4351–4352 periprosthetic femoral fractures in THA, 2544–2546 Bigelow manoeuvre, 2188 scaphoid fracture, 1717–1718 Bilateral cavovarus foot, 4527, 4534 sub-talar arthrodesis, 3571 Bilateral cavus foot, 4561, 4564 Bone grafts Bilateral femoral fractures, 2684–2685 distal radial fractures (DRF), 1689–1690 Bilateral idiopathic deformity, 4522 Kienbo¨ck’s disease, 1735 Bilhaut-Cloquet procedure, 1663–1664 Bone injury, children Bimalleolar fractures, 3751–3753 aetiology and classification, 4768 Biomarker analysis, 2517 anatomy and pathology, 4768–4769 Biophysical stimulation, 249 complications, 4774 Bi-planar fluoroscopy, 765 diagnosis, 4769 Bi-planar image intensifier, 2215 distal phalanx, 4771 Bi-planar trochanteric osteotomy, 2424–2425 indications for surgery, 4771–4772 4906 Index

Bone injury, children (cont.) Bone reconstruction metacarpal fractures and dislocations, 4769–4770 allografts, 4267 operative technique, 4772–4774 autografts, 4267–4268 phalangeal fractures, 4770–4771 combined reconstruction technique, 4268 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 4774 revision total knee arthroplasty, 3270–3273 pre-operative planning, 4772 soft tissues, 4270–4271 Bone loss Bone resections structural allografts (see Allografts, bone loss in knee) articular resections, 4262 tibial shaft fractures, 2876 diaphyseal resections, 4260–4262 Bone metastases Bone scan acetabulum, 4303–4304 kyphoplasty, 764 aetiology and classification, 4283 scaphoid fracture, 1706 anatomy, 4283 spondylolysis with or without spondylolisthesis, 536 axial skeleton, 4301 upper limb, 4153–4154 complication, 4292–4293 Bone scintigraphy, 4256, 4298 diagnosis, 4296–4298 Bone substitutes diaphysis bone, 4285–4286 bone void filler, 93, 94 endoprosthetic surgery, 4304–4305 clinical problems, 95 femoral and tibial diaphysis, 4289–4290 demineralisation, 92 hip, 4303 effects on regeneration, 95 intertrochanteric region, 4289 growth factors, 94 knee, 4290–4292 non-injectable materials, 92 long bone surgery, 4302–4303 osteoconductive, 92 lower extremity, 4287–4288 patient-related factors, 94–95 mechanism of fracture, 4299–4300 Bone swellings operative technique, 4285 enchondromata, 1842, 1843 pathogenesis, 4296 locally aggressive bone tumours, 1843, 1844 pathological fractures, 4306 ostochondromata, 1842–1843 pathology, 4283 Bone-tendon graft harvest technique, 3896 pelvis, 4286–4287, 4303–4304 Bone transport, 4894–4895 post-operative care, 4305–4306 Bone tumours pre-operative preparation and planning, 4283–4285, adamantinoma, 4116–4117 4301–4304 angiosarcoma, 4115–4116 principles, 4296 biopsy technique, 4007–4009 radiation, 4282 chondrosarcoma, 4114–4115 rehabilitation, 4305–4306 chordoma, 4116 risk assessment, 4299–4300 classification, 4106–4107 shoulder and upper limb, 4302, 4303 complications, 4013–4014 solitary renal metastases, 4301, 4302 diaphyseal reconstruction (see Diaphyseal subtrochanteric region, 4289 reconstruction) surgery cost, 4306–4307 Ewing’s sarcoma, 4110–4113, 4257 surgery indication, 4283 fibrosarcoma, 4113 survival, 4282 hemangioendothelioma, 4115–4116 treatment, 4300 malignant fibrohystiocytoma, 4113 upper extremity, 4285 musculo-skeletal computed tomography, 18, 19 Bone mineral content (BMC), 285 musculo-skeletal radiography, 6–8 Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), 217–218, 4347 needle biopsy, 4394–4404 Bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft technique non-surgical treatment, 4257–4258 arthroscopy, 3001 open biopsy, 4394 closure, 3010 osteosarcoma, 4107–4110, 4257–4258 femoral tunnel preparation, 3004–3005 scintigraphy, 24 fixation, graft, 3009–3010 spinal biopsy, 4009–4013 graft harvesting, 2997–3000 Bone tunnel placement, 1389 graft placement, 3006–3009 Bone void filler, 93, 94 graft preparation, 3000–3001 Bonney-McNab osteotomy, 3460–3461 intercondylar notch preparation, 3001–3004 Bony abnormalities, 4348 patient positioning, 2997 Bony anterior glenoid rim lesions tibial tunnel preparation, 3005–3006 classification of, 1138, 1139 Bone-quadriceps tendon-plasty, 3895, 3897 size of, 1139 Index 4907

Bony Bankart lesions, 1168–1171 surgical indication, nerve lesions treatment, Bony deformity, 4357 4647–4648 Bony meniscus, 3789 surgical treatment, 4650–4651 Bony stability, 1310–1311 Brachial plexus, traumatic lesions Border digits, 1659–1660 age, 907 Boss-Holzach-Matter method, 1129 anatomy, 892–893 Boston brace, 467 avulsed spinal nerves, re-implantation, 905 Bosworth posterior approach, femur, 2673 birthlesion, 907–908 Both-bone forearm fractures cell death, 892 in children, 4679 closed infraclavicular lesion, 894–895 combined antegrade/retrograde FIN, 4680 complete lesion, 902 indications, 4681–4682 conventional nerve transfers, 903, 905 post-operative care, 4681 C5-T1 avulsion, 902 radius, retrograde FIN, 4680 deformity, 915–916 ulnar fractures, retrograde FIN, 4680–4681 diagnosis, 897–899 Botulinum toxin distraction, 907, 908 adverse effects, 3397 epidemiology, 908–912 current treatment plans, 3397 incidence, 895–896 intramuscular injection of, 2036 Mallet chart, 910–911 knee function improvement, 3397 neurological recovery, 902, 904–905 principles, 3396 neurophysiological investigations, 912–913 Boutonnie`re deformity, 1970, 1972–1974. See also open injuries, 893–902 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint operation, 899, 914–915 Boyd’s amputations, 388–389 operational indications, 913–914 Boyd’s classification, of CPT, 4329 pain relief, 905–908 Brace repair strategies, 899–902 Boston brace, 467 spontaneous recovery, 911–912 cervico-thoraco-lumbo-sacral orthosis, 466–467 supraclavicular brachial plexus, 895, 896 Charleston brace, 469–470 treatment, 896–897, 912–913 Cheˆneau brace, 468–469 ventral root repair, 905 complications, 466–470 Brachioradialis muscle, 1320 idiopathic scoliosis, 466–470 Brachydactyly, 1667 kyphosis, 475–477 Brachymetatarsia, 3515, 3517 Lyon brace, 467–468 Breast carcinoma metastasis, 4011, 4012 Malaga brace, 469 Bristow-Latarjet procedure, 1147 night braces, 469–470 British Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN), providence brace, 470 101 Rigo-Cheˆneau system (RCS) brace, 469 Brodsky classification, charcot foot, 3945, 3946 soft brace, 470 Bronchial carcinoma, 3980 SpineCor brace, 470 Brostro¨m-Gould technique, ankle sprains, 3685–3686 SPoRT, 469 Brown procedure, 4368 thoraco-lumbo-sacral orthosis, 467 Brown-Sequard syndrome, 701 treatment, infantile tibia vara, 4375–4376 Bruises/haematoma medial, 1463, 1465 Wilmington brace, 467 Bruner technique, 1614–1615 Brachialis muscle, 1332 Brunet-Guedj test, 3862, 3863 Brachial plexus injuries in children Bryan cervical disc prosthesis, 409 classification, 4646–4647 Bryan-Morrey approach in elbow, 1328, 1331 diagnosis, 4650 Bungee effect, 2974 elbow and forearm, flexion deformity, 4651 Bunionette deformities hand recovery, 4651 aetiology of, 3504 neurophysiology, 4647 classification of, 3504, 3505 operative techniques upon nerves, 4648–4649 complications of, 3509 pathology, 4645–4646 diagnosis, 3504–3505 physiotherapy occupational therapy, 4647 indications for, 3506 post-operative care, 4649, 4651 operative techniques, 3506, 3507 results from repair, 4649 outcomes of, 3508 risk factors, 4645–4646 post-operative care, 3507–3508 shoulder deformity, 4649–4650 pre-operative preparation, 3506 sports injuries, 4854–4855 scarf osteotomy, 3506–3508 4908 Index

Bunnell technique, 3895, 3896 diagnosis, 4734 Burch-Schneider antiprotrusio cages, 2569, 2570 indications for surgery, 4734 Burks and Schaffer approach, avulsion fractures, operative technique, 4734 PCL, 3052–3054 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 4734 Bursal-side tear (BT), 1065 pre-operative preparation and planning, 4734 Bursitis, 40, 41 Capsule suturing, 1157, 1159 Burst fractures Capsulo-ligamentous injuries, 1140 CT scan, 735, 736 Capsuloplasty. See Multidirectional instability thoraco-lumbar fractures, 749–750 Carbuncles, 2022 Butler procedure, 4570–4571 Cardiorespiratory assessment, 502–503 Butterfly-plate type technique, 550–551 C-arm fluoroscope, 1262, 1264 Carpal boss. See Carpometacarpal boss Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), 1695 C anatomy, 1888 C1-C2 fixation, rheumatoid arthritis, 436–437 associated conditions, 1888–1889 Calcaneal lengthening complications, 1891 ambulant child, 4587, 4588, 4592 conservative management of, 1890 flat foot, osteotomy, 4558–4561 diagnosis of, 1889–1890 osteotomy, 4541–4543 Durkan’s test, 1889 Calcaneal tuberosity, 3824 epidemiology, 1888 Calcaneocavus foot deformity exposure to vibrating tools, 1889 anatomy of, 3596 minimally-invasive techniques, 1891 characteristics of, 3597 operative technique, 1890–1891 outcomes, 3610–3613 Phalen’s test, 1889 pathogenesis of, 3600 post-operative care, 1891 treatment considerations, 3603–3604 pre-operative preparation, 1890 Calcaneocuboid arthrodesis, 3556 and repetitive hand use, 1889 Calcaneofibular ligament re-routing, superior peroneal surgical indications, 1890 retinaculum repair, 3651, 3653–3654 Tinel’s sign, 1889 Calcaneo-navicular coalition, flat foot resection, 4559, 4562 Carpometacarpal boss, 1834–1836 Calcaneo-pedal block (CPB), 4512–4514 5th Carpometacarpal joint post-traumatic arthritis, 1774 Calcaneous foot vs. convex congenital foot, Carpometacarpal (CMC) joints of finger, 1600–1601, 4526, 4534 1794–1795 Calcaneus fractures Cartilage anatomy and pathomechanics, 3814–3816 assessment, surgical exposure, 3435, 3436 classification, 3816–3817 musculo-skeletal ultrasound, 37, 38 complications, 3830–3831 Cartilage tumours diagnosis, 3817–3818 adjuvant treatment, 4100–4103 minimally-invasive treatment, 3820–3821 benign (see Benign cartilage tumours) open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), 3821, chondrosarcoma, 4080 3823–3829 malignant (see Malignant cartilage tumours) post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3830 prognosis, 4100 procedures, 3818–3820 WHO classification, 4080 surgical indications, 3818 Cast immobilization, 1708, 1709 Calcitonin, osteoporosis, 292 Cat bites, hand infection, 2028 Calcium, osteoporosis, 290 Catterall classification, 4450–4451 Calf squeeze test, 3862 Cauda equina syndrome, 576, 702 Callus formation, 152 Cavalier procedure, 4541, 4546 Cam effect, 2637 Cavernous haemangiomata, 1839 Camitz procedure, 1586 Cavitary bone defect reconstruction, 2571 Campbell approach, elbow, 1328–1330 Cavovarus foot deformity, 4495, 4496, 4498, 4500, Camptodactyly, 1660, 1662 4527, 4534 Can˜adell’s technique, 4260–4264 anatomy of, 3596 Canal plug template, 2591–2592 characteristics of, 3597 Cannula technique, 768 operative technique, 4565–4566 Capitellum fractures, 1307, 1308 outcomes, 3610, 3614–3615 aetiology and classification, 4733–4734 pathogenesis of, 3598, 3599 applied anatomy, 4734 physiopathology, 4528, 4534 complications, 4734–4735 surgical technique, 3604–3610 Index 4909

treatment considerations, 3601–3602 Cementless total hip replacement Cavus foot, 4534–4539, 4561, 4564 acetabular cup, 2386 aetiology and classification, 4561–4562 acetabulum preparation, 2388 bilateral, 4561, 4564 anterior surgical approach, 2386 causes of, 4562, 4564 anterolateral surgical approach, 2385–2386 cavo-varus foot, operative technique, 4565–4566 bearing materials, 2382–2383 diagnosis of, 4564–4565 cementless acetabular cups, 2380–2381 Dwyer lateral wedge resection calcaneal osteotomy, cementless stems, 2381–2382 4568, 4569 complications, 2393–2384 first metatarsal osteotomy, 4566–4567 computer navigation, 2393 hallux interphalangeal joint fusion, 4567, 4568 different anchorage, 2380 Jones transfer, 4567, 4568 femoral neck osteotomy, 2386–2387 midfoot osteotomy, 4567, 4568 femur preparation, 2391–2393 patho-anatomy, 4562, 4564 heterotopic ossification, 2393 plantar fascia release, 4566, 4567 implant survival, 2394–2395 posterior displacement osteotomy of calcaneus, indication, 2383 4568, 4569 lateral surgical approach, 2385 surgical indications, 4565 liner choice, 2390–2391 Cavus foot deformity minimally-invasive surgical approach, 2386 calcaneocavus foot, 3597, 3600, 3603–3604, peri-operative antibiotics, 2393 3610–3613 posterior surgical approach, 2385 cavovarus foot (see Cavovarus foot deformity) post-operative rehabilitation, 2393 characteristics, 3595 pre-operative planning, 2383–2385 equinocavovarus (see Equinocavovarus foot press-fit cups, 2389–2390 deformity) stem implantation, 2391–2393 pure cavus foot, 3597, 3598, 3600–3601 threaded cups, 2390 treatment considerations, 3600 Cement techniques. See also Femoral impaction types of, 3596, 3597 grafting (FIG) Cellulitis, 2021–2022 mantle, 2605 Cemented stems, intra-operative complications and membrane removal, 2593 cement escape, 2420 neomedullary canal, 2598–2600 cement pressurisation safety, 2420 pressurisation, 2600, 2601 cement setting, 2418–2419 with suction catheter, 2600 drop in blood pressure, 2418 Cement-within-cement technique, 2532 intra-operative fracture, 2420 Central cord syndrome, 700 Cemented total hip replacement Central polydactyly, 1665 acetabulum, 2405–2410 Central portal, knee arthroscopy, 2723 cement-bone interface, 2415–2416 Centre of Rotation of Angulation (CORA), 4350 cemented stems, 2418–2420 Cephalomedullary nails, 2686, 2691, 2692 clinical results, 2400–2401 Ceramic-on-ceramic bearings crude techniques, 2398 in hip arthroplasty, 2374–2375 diagnosis, 2401–2402 total hip arthroplasty, 2382 femoral canal, 2410–2414, 2417–2418 Ceramic-on-ceramic total hip replacement femoral component models, 2398–2399 alumina (see Alumina ceramics, total hip replacement) indications, 2401–2402 chromium-cobalt alloy, 2471 insertion and pressurisation, 2414–2415 foreign body reaction mechanism, 2461 materials and interface of, 2398 highly cross-linked polyethylene, 2471 post-operative management, 2416–2417 low friction concept, 2461–2462 pre-operative planning, 2402–2405 Cerclage osteosynthesis, 1455, 1457 stem insertion, 2415 Cerebral autoregulation, 2690 stem selection, 2399–2400 Cerebral palsy (CP) in children Cementless acetabular cups biceps lengthening, 4621 pres-fit cups, 2380 Canadian Occupation Performance Measure threaded cups, 2380–2381 (COPM), 4614 Cementless stems diplegic, 4610 diaphyseal fixation, 2382 evaluation, 4610 meta-diaphyseal fixation, 2382 FCU to ECRB transfer, 4621–4622 proximal fixation, 2381–2382 flexed elbow surgery, 4616–4617 Cementless surface replacement, 1218 forearm rotation surgery, 4616–4617 4910 Index

Cerebral palsy (CP) in children (cont.) Cerebral palsy (CP), upper limb Goal Attainment Scale (GAS), 4613 aetiology of, 2034–2035 hand control, 4611 assessment of, 2035 hemiplegic, 4610 elbow surgery, 2037 House functional classification system, 4611, 4612 forearm deformity, 2041–2043 House thumb-in-palm classification, 4611, 4612 non-surgical management, 2035–2036 Manual Ability Classification System, 4613 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2046–2047 postoperative treatment, 4622 shoulder surgery, 2036–2037 PT release, 4621 tendon transfers, 2036 swan neck deformity, 4620–4621 thumb deformity, 2043–2046 thumb, 4622 wrist and finger deformity, 2037–2041 thumb-in-palm surgery, 4617, 4620 Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), 2690 transcranial magnetic stimulation, 4610 Cervical coxa vara. See Developmental coxa vara treatment and timing, 4614 Cervical extension osteotomy, neurologic volarly flexed wrist, 4618–4619 complications, 622 wrist surgery, 4614–4616 Cervical hip fractures Zancolli classification, 4613 algorithm for, 2230 Cerebral palsy (CP), knee Austin Moore uncemented unipolar ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), 3395–3396 hemiarthroplasty, 2228 anterior knee pain, 3392 closed reduction, 2216–2218 botulinum toxin (see Botulinum toxin) Garden IV, 2221 clinical features, 3390 periprosthetic hip fracture, 2228 crouch gait, 3391 Cervical myelopathy, 413–414 daily living activity, 3392 Cervical nerve root compression and radiculopathy, degenerative arthritis, 3392 412–413 3D-gait analysis, 3393 Cervical spine diagnostics and evaluation, 3392–3394 anterior cervical decompression and fusion, 418–419 dynamic EMG, 3393–3394 decompression and disc arthroplasty, 415–417 fixed flexion deformity, 3391 indications for surgery, 410–412 Gross Motor Classification System (GMFCS), 3392 involvement, rheumatoid arthritis, 427 jump-knee gait pattern, 3392 prosthetic design, 410 knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO), 3395 spinal fusion and intervertebral disc replacement, local drugs, 3396 408–410 long-term outcome, 3403–3404 Cervical spine injury musculo-skeletal and motor system, 3392–3393 anatomy, 718–719 natural history, 3391 epidemiology, 717–718 orthoses, positioning and guiding growth, 3395 evaluation and management, 719–722 pathological fracture, 3391 imaging studies, 722–724 pathology, 3390–3392 non-operative treatment, 724–726 physical therapy, 3395 operative treatment, 727, 728 pre-requisites, 3390–3391 paediatric, 739 radiographs, 3393 upper, 727–735 seating problems, 3391 Cervical Spine Injury Severity Score (CSISS), 735 sensory system and cognitive function, 3392 CFD. See Congenital femoral deficiency (CFD) serial casting, 3396 Chamfered metatarsal bases, 3934, 3937 short-term outcome, 3402–3403 Chance fracture, 750 surgical procedure, 3398–3402 Charcot arthropathy, midfoot surgical treatment, 3397–3398 aetiology and classification, 3549, 3550 systemic drugs, 3396 reconstructive arthrodesis, 3558–3560 therapeutical principles, 3394–3402 Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, 4543 video films, 3393 cavovarus foot deformity, 3598, 3604–3610, Cerebral palsy (CP), orthopaedic management 3614–3615 of, 4575 neuromuscular scoliosis, 513 aetiology and classification, 4576–4577 Charcot restraint orthotic walker (CROW), 3952, 3953 anatomy and pathology, 4577–4578 Charnley categories and mean, 2604 operative technique, 4583–4605 Cheilectomy, MTPJ pre-operative preparation and planning, complications, 3463 4581–4582 medial incision, 3462–3473 surgical indications, 4578–4581 use of, 3462 Index 4911

Chemonucleolysis, microdiscectomy, 571–573 procedures, 3843–3845 Cheˆneau brace, 468–469 surgical indications, 3841, 3843 Chevron, longitudinal cut, 3438 Chordoma, 4116 Chevron osteotomy, 1331 Chronic acromioclavicular-joint displacement. See also bunionette deformities, 3506 Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) injuries tibialis posterior tendon rupture, 3630, 3631 calcifications, 1029 Chiari osteotomy, 4360, 4407–4408 coracoacromial ligament, 1031 biomechanics, 2335–2336 deck-chair position, 1030 ectopic ossification, 2341 deltoid muscle incision, 1029–1030 indications, 2336–2337 Chronic ankle instability (CAI) intra-operative complications, 2341 diagnosis, 3684 lateral femoral cutaneus nerve lesions, 2341 management of, 3684–3685 limitations, 2337–2338 Chronic attritional injury, 1384 post-operative treatment, 2341 Chronic dislocation pre-operative planning, 2338 antero-inferior, 1132 pseudarthrosis, 2341 posterior dislocation, 1132–1133 rehabilitation, 2341 Chronic ligament injury sciatic nerve lesions, 2341 grafts, 1388 surgical technique, 2338–2340 lateral ligament reconstruction, 1390–1391 transtrochanteric approach., 2340–2341 medial reconstruction, 1388–1390 Chiari pelvic osteotomy, adolescence, 4414–4415 pathology, 1388 Child protection issues with lower limb fractures, Chronic low back pain. See also Low back pain 4827, 4829 European clinical guidelines, 780–781 Children’s Oncology Group (COG), 4258 Chronic osteomyelitis, 4892–4894. Chondral injury See also Osteomyelitis osteochondral allograft transplantation, 3362 Chronic regional pain syndrome type 1, nerve pain, radiographic findings, 3361 1949–1951 regenerative techniques, 3362 Chronic SCFE treatment, 4429 torsional traumatic mechanism, 3361 Cierny and Mader staging system, 4887 Chondroblastoma, benign cartilage tumours, 4088 Cincinnati knee rating scale, 3378, 3379 Chondrocyte transplantation. See also Osteochondral Circular open amputations, 381–382 defects (OCD) Circumferential cerclage wire fixation, 2773, 2778–2780 arthroscopy, 2907–2910 Classical open technique, acute Achilles tendon repair, matrix-assisted chondrocyte implantation, 3866–3868 2910–2911 Clavicle injuries. See also Mid shaft clavicular fractures Chondrogenesis, 4347 developmental anatomy, 4694 Chondro-Gide®, 3731 incidence, 994, 995 Chondroid tumour, 3980, 3985 lateral clavicle injuries, 4697–4698 Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) mal-unions complications, 1010–1011 clinical presentation, 4086 medial clavicle and sternoclavicular injuries, diagnosis, 4087 4695–4696 histology, 4087–4088 non-unions complications, 1006–1010 radiology, 4087 paediatric sports injuries, 4857–4858 treatment, 4088 post-operative care, 4166 Chondrosarcoma rehabilitation, 4166 de-differentiation, 4004–4005, 4115 Robinson classification, 996, 998 knee, 4224 shaft fractures, 4694–4695 malignant (see Malignant chondrosarcoma) surgical and applied anatomy, 997 periosteal, 4114 upper limb, 4158 peripheral, 4114 Claw toe deformities spinal biopsy, 4011, 4013 complications, 3500 Chopart fracture-dislocations correction of, 3484–3488 anatomy and pathomechanics, 3836–3838 definition of, 3472–3473 classification, 3838, 3839 Clear cell sarcoma, 4115 complications, 3853–3855 Cleft foot, 4516 diagnosis, 3839–3841 Cleft hand, 1658–1660 internal fixation, 3845–3849 Clenched fist injuries, 2028 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3853 Clinodactyly, 1662 primary fusion, 3853 Clock-face concept, 2983 4912 Index

Closed flexor tendon injuries, 1956 ACL repair, failure of, 3121 Closed fractures, arterial lesions, 182 allografts, bone loss in knee, 2932 Closed space infections, in hand ankle fractures, 3743, 3744 felon, 2023–2024 arthritis, 1769 tenosynovitis/bursitis, 2024–2026 arthrograms, 15 Closed treatment atlas fractures, 731–732 femoral shaft fractures, 151–154 bone and soft tissue tumors, 4007–4008 humeral shaft fractures, 146–150 bone metastases, 4284 radial and/or ulnar fractures, 154–157 burst fractures, 735, 736 tibial shaft fractures, 142–144 5th carpometacarpal joint, 1774 Closed-wedge osteotomy cervical spine injury, 723 bunionette deformities, 3506, 3507 cotyloid fossa, 2187 osteoarthritis, 3135–3138 diabetic foot, 3951, 3952 upper tibial osteotomy, 3147, 3150–3152 distal femur fractures, 2703 Clubfoot distal radius fracture, 1678, 1682 exogenous factors, 4516 distal tibia fractures, 3769, 3771 history of, 4484–4485 facet fractures and dislocations, 738, 739 mal-treated clubfoot, 4500–4505 femur, hip replacement, 2442 neglected, 4505–4509 flexion teardrop fractures, 735, 737 recurrent, 4495–4500 fracture classification systems, 118 staged casting method, 4484 giant-cell tumour, 4038–4039 virgin clubfoot, 4485–4495 glenohumeral dislocation, 1125 Clunk syndrome, 3198 hip arthroscopic treatment, 2154 CMF. See Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) hook of hamate non-union, 1765 Coagulation defect. See Haemophilias injection and biopsy placement, 19, 21 Coated implants, 218 Kienbo¨ck’s disease, 1729, 1736 Cobb procedure kyphoplasty, 764 flat foot deformity, 3592–3593 ligamentous injuries, 1747–1749 tibialis posterior tendon rupture, 3632, 3633 limb salvage, 4256 Cold welding effect, humerus fractures, 1271 meniscus repair, 2884 Coleman block test middle facet talo-calcaneal coalition, 4556 lateral, 4500, 4501 midfoot arthrodesis, 3553 midfoot arthrodesis, 3552 mid shaft clavicular fractures, 995–997 peroneal tendon disorders, 3646 musculoskeletal tumours, 3978–3980 Collateral ligament injuries, paediatric sports injuries, (see also Musculo-skeletal computed tomography) 4864–4865 myelography, 15 Column procedure notch plasty, 1760, 1768 elbow arthrolysis, 1491, 1492 occipital condyle fractures, 727 post-traumatic elbow stiffness, 1488 osteochondral lesions of the talus, 3727, 3732 Combined ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures, patellar instability, 2792 2691–2692 pelvic fracture, 2323 Combined nerve palsies, 1591–1592 peroneal tendon disorders, 3647, 3648 Compartment syndrome pisotriquetral joint, 1766, 1775 in knee arthroscopy, 2731–2732 radial osteotomy, 1759, 1767 tibial shaft fractures, 2876 scaphoid fracture, 1706–1708 upper tibial osteotomy, 3153 SCFE, 4428 Complete digital amputations, 2088–2089 septic arthritis, 4473 Complex pelvic fracture, 2321 snapping scapula, 938 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), 3307, 3853 spinal metastases, 4315 Complex regional pain syndrome l (CRPS l) spondylodiscitis, 818 bone scan in, 2740 spondylolysis with or without spondylolisthesis, 536, 538 post-arthroscopic pain, causes of, 2740–2741 sternoclavicular joint, 985–986 signs and symptoms, 2738 talus fractures, 3792 vasomotor changes, 2739–2740 thoraco-lumbar fractures, 745, 756–757 Computed radiography (CR), 5 total ankle replacement, 3712 Computed tomography (CT) unicameral bone cyst, 4023, 4024 acetabular bone defects, 2557 unicondylar osteo-articular allografts, 2940, 2941 acetabular fractures, 2285–2297 upper limb, 4153–4154 acetabulum, hip replacement, 2442 wrist arthroscopy, 1625 Index 4913

Computed tomography arthrography (CTA), 18–19 soft tissue retractions, 4517, 4520 Computer-aided techniques vascular anomalies, 4522 advantages and disadvantages, 686, 688 X-rays, 4524–4525 pedicle screw insertion, 679–686 Congenital hand anomalies spine surgery, 678–679, 686–689 achondroplasia, 1671 Computer-assisted orthopaedic surgery (CAOS), aetiology, 1654 scoliosis, 489 arthrogryposis, 1663 Computer assisted surgery (CAS) camptodactyly, 1660, 1662 anterior-posterior approach, 758 central longitudinal deficiency, 1658–1660 percutaneous pedicle screw placement, 754–755 clasped thumb, 1662 thoraco-lumbar fracture, 755–758 clinical assessment, 1655–1656 Computer-assisted total knee replacement. See also Total clinodactyly, 1662 knee replacement (TKR) duplications, 1663–1667 balancing steps, 3232–3234 embryology, 1654–1655 bone-referenced technique, 3231–3232 IFSSH classification, 1654 clinical results, 3233–3236 Madelung’s deformity, 1670 complications, 3235–3236 Marfan’s syndrome, 1670 correct three-dimensional axes, 3230–3231 radial longitudinal deficiency, 1656–1657 Knee Society score, 3234–3235 radio-ulnar synostosis, 1663 mechanical axis deviation, 3233–3234 symphalangism, 1663 navigation features, 3230 syndactyly, 1658–1660 operating time, 3235 transverse deficiencies, 1656 operative technique, 3229–3233 trigger thumb, 1662 PiGalileo® System, 3228–3229 ulnar longitudinal deficiency, 1657–1658 tourniquet time, 3235 undergrowth, 1667–1670 Concomitant ligamento-skeletal co-injuries, 1462 windblown hand, 1663 Condylar blade-plate, 2705, 2709 Congenital hypoplasia, 1667 Condylar fractures, 1415, 1417, 1420, Congenital lower limb deficiency syndromes, 4355 1872–1876 Congenital over-riding 5th toe, 4570 Congenital convex foot (CCF) Congenital postural deformities, 4533–4534 characteristic of, 4525 Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) description of, 4525 aetiology and classification, 4328–4329 diagnosis of, 4527–4529 amputation, 4342 treatment of, 4529–4530, 4532 anatomy and pathology, 4329–4331 Congenital coxa vara. See Developmental coxa vara Anderson’s classification, 4329 Congenital dysplasia or dislocation of the hip (CDH), bone grafting in, 4339–4340 4385–4386 Boyd classification, 4329 Congenital femoral deficiency (CFD), 4355 complications of, 4342–4343 Paley classification of, 4355, 4356 Crawford types of, 4329, 4330 type 1A management, 4355–4356 description of, 4327 type 1B management, 4356–4359 diagnosis of, 4331–4332 type 2A management, 4357, 4359–4362 eight-plate hemi-epiphyseodesis, 4341 Congenital foot deformities fibular surgery, 4340–4341 acquired pathologies, 4534 hallmark of, 4327 bone anomalies, 4517 intramedullary stabilisation, 4337–4339 cavus foot (see Cavus foot) MRI scans, 4333 CCF (see Congenital convex foot) periosteal grafting, 4340 clinical evaluation, 4523–4524 plain X-rays, 4333 clinical examination, 4522–4523 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 4342 clubfoot, 4516 pre-operative preparation and planning, 4332–4333 congenital postural deformities, 4533–4534 prophylactic by-pass grafting technique, 4334, 4335 deformations, 4516 resection and bone transport/shortening, 4334–4337 echography, 4525 resection and vascularised interposition grafting, 4337 malformations, 4516 rhBMP-2, 4339, 4340 MRI, 4525 supramalleolar osteotomy, 4341 muscular anomalies, 4520 surgical indications, 4332 pathology, 4516–4517 transphyseal osteotomy, 4342 pre-natal diagnosis, 4524 Conservative orthopaedic treatment. See Idiopathic skew foot, 4532–4533 scoliosis; Kyphosis 4914 Index

Constant Score (CS), 883–884 Cubital tunnel, 1412, 1413 Constitutional stenosis, 627 Cubital tunnel syndrome Constriction band syndrome, 1668–1670 anatomical studies, 1895 Construction and management, operating theatres, 70 anterior transposition, 1898 Containment theory combined elbow flexion and pressure provocation, 1896 goal of, 4454 complications of, 1899–1900 methods of, 4455–4457 compression site creation, elbow, 1899 pre-requisites for, 4454 diagnosis of, 1895–1896 Continuous passive motion (CPM), 964, 1352 Froment’s sign, 1896 Contrast-enhanced MRI, 47–48 haematoma, 1899 Contusions, 4854 in situ decompression, 1897–1898 Conus medullaris syndrome, 703, 704 intra-operative subluxation, of nerve, 1899 Conventional radiography, 5 Martin-Gruber anastomosis, 1896 CORA. See Centre of Rotation of Angulation (CORA) medial elbow instability, 1899 Coracoclavicular ligament, 1017 medial epicondylectomy, 1898–1899 Coracohumeral ligament (CHL), 857 modified McGowan Grading, 1896 Coracoid fractures numbness/hyperaesthesia, of elbow tip, 1899 and acromial fractures, 957 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 1899 classification, 948–951 pre-operative preparation and planning, 1897 and distal third of the clavicle, 957 revision surgery, for persistent symptoms, 1900 and glenoid neck, 957 Riche-Cannieu anastomosis, 1896 and grade 3 acromio-clavicular joint disruptions, 957 subcutaneous transposition, 1898 operative technique, 963–965 submuscular transposition, 1898 surgical indications, 956–957 surgical options for, 1897 Core decompression, AVN symptoms, 1895 aftercare, 2136 thermoplastic/prefabricated splints, 1896 bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, Tinel’s sign, 1896 2136–2137 Wartenberg’s sign, 1896 hormone-enhanced bone grafts, 2136 Cuboid closing wedge osteotomy. See Medial cuneiform metallic porous implants, 2137 opening osteotomy surgical technique, 2135–2136 Cuboid tunnel, peroneal tendon disorders, 3640 Coronoid fractures, 1438 Cuff repair anterior capsule, 1470–1471 arthroscopic repair, 1078, 1079 anteromedial facet fractures, 1471 articular vision, 1076, 1077 brachialis muscle, 1471 bird-beak suture-passer, 1078, 1080 diagnosis, 1473–1474 intra-tendinous tear, 1078 MUCL, 1471 subacromial space, 1076, 1077 O’Driscoll’s classification, 1472 suture-bridge configuration, 1076–1078 operative management, 1473–1477 traction suture, 1078, 1079 outcome and complications, 1477 Cuff tear arthropathy (CTA) trauma and post-traumatic deformities, 1347 characterization, 1109 Coronoid line, 4709 clinical outcomes, 1115, 1116 Coxa pedis, 3809 humeral head visualization, 1111 Coxa vara Cuneiform bones, plantar opening-wedge of, 4533 definition of, 4419 Curly toe, 4571 developmental (see Developmental coxa vara) deformity, 3492–3494 hip fracture, children, 4803 Cysts. See Pseudotumours, haemophilias Cozen’s phenomenon, 4824 Cytogenetics, frozen shoulder, 1194 CPT. See Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) Cytokines, 1193 Crawford types, of CPT, 4329, 4330 C-reactive protein (CRP), 2514, 3281 Cross finger flap, 1986 D Cross-linked polyethylene bearings, 2382 Danis-Weber classification, 120, 3736, 3737 Crossover toe deformity, 3494–3496 Dashboard injury, 2701 Cruciate ligament injuries, paediatric sports injuries, 4865 Da Vinci position, 652, 653 Cruciate repair, open capsuloplasty, 1160 Davos technique, 1129 Crude techniques, cemented total hip replacement, 2398 Debridement C-sign, talocalcaneal coalition, 3666 diabetic foot, 3925, 3929–3930 CTS. See Carpal tunnel syndrome infected total knee prosthesis management, 3286–3288 Index 4915

with lavage, periprosthetic infection, 2518 surgical methods, 250–252 necrotic tendon debridement, 3870, 3871 tibial shaft fractures, 2875 open fractures, biologics, 214 treatment options, 249 Dechamp suture-passer, 434 Delayed wound healing, 3870, 3871 De-coaptation, 2637 Delto-pectoral approach, 1263–1266 Decompression anatomical plates, 1266 chronic compression syndrome, 234 blade-plates, 1266 core decompression, AVN, 2135–2137 exposure of, 1265 and disc arthroplasty, 415–417 skin incision, 1263–1265 of foot, 232–234, 237 standard plates, 1266 of leg (tibia), 231–237 Delto-pectoral interval lumbar spinal stenosis, 632 open capsuloplasty, 1154–1155 subacromial, 1076 plate osteosynthesis, proximal humerus fractures, of thigh, 231 1237, 1238 Deep space infections, in hand Denis classification, thoraco-lumbar fractures, 747 hypothenar compartment and space, 2027 Dennyson-Fulford technique, of extra-articular subtalar mid-palmar infections, 2026 arthrodesis, 4561, 4564 subaponeurotic space, 2027 Denosumab, 292, 4042, 4296 thenar compartment and thenar space, 2026–2027 Dens fractures, 729, 732–734 Deep venous thromboses (DVT), 2197, 2736 Dermoid cysts. See Epidermal inclusion cysts ankle fractures, 3761–3762 Design and devices, operating theatres posterior cruciate ligament-retaining total knee air changes, 71 arthroplasty, 3196 air cleanliness level classification, 70 prophylaxis, knee, 4234 contamination, chemical agents, 70 tibial shaft fractures, 2876 energy saving measurement, 74 Definite fixation, 3825, 3827 noise levels, 71 Deformities pressure gradient, 71 bunionette (see Bunionette deformities) recovery time, 71 calcaneocavus foot (see Calcaneocavus foot rules for, 68–69 deformity) sterilisation, 74–75 cavovarus foot deformity, 3596–3599, 3601–3602, system construction and management, 70 3604–3610, 3614–3615 (see also Cavus foot thermal comfort conditions, 71 deformity) VCCAC systems, 69–74 (see also Ventilation and equinocavovarus foot (see Equinocavovarus foot controlled-contamination air conditioning systems) deformity) De-twisting cast, treatment with, 4531, 4536 flat foot (see Flat foot deformity) Developmental coxa vara Hammer toe, 3472 aetiology of, 4420 hyperextension, 3478, 3479 clinical presentation, 4420 lesser toe (see Lesser toe deformities) complications of, 4424 mallet toe deformities, 3472, 3492–3494 head-shaft angle, 4420 midfoot, 3548–3549 Hilgenreiner-epiphyseal angle, 4420, 4421 pure cavus foot, 3596–3598, 3600–3601 indications for surgery, 4421–4422 toe (see Toe deformity) intertrochanteric osteotomy, 4422–4433 Dega osteotomy, 4357 neck-shaft angle, 4420 Degenerate meniscal lesions (DML) non-operative treatment, 4421 algorithm, 2891–2894 occurrence of, 4419 definition, 2890–2891 Pauwel’s osteotomy, 4423 Degenerative deformity (Scoliosis and/ or Kyphosis) pelvic AP radiograph, 4420 clinical appearance, 793 right hip, 4420, 4421 scoliosis, 793 timing of surgery, 4422 surgical treatment, 794 treatment aims, 4420–4421 Degenerative spondylolisthesis, 535, 554, 627, 628, 793 Trendelenburg test, 4420 Delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) (dGEMRIC), 4395, 4397 aetiology and classification, 4386–4388 Delayed union fractures anatomy, 4389–4391 aetiology, 246 applied anatomy, 4388–4389 classification, 246–248 arthrography, 4396–4399 definition, 242–255 and associated abnormalities, 4387 non-surgical methods, 249–250 asymmetrical hip abduction, 4391, 4392 4916 Index

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) (cont.) extracorporeal irradiation technique, 4246 Barlow test, 4392 musculoskeletal oncology, 4248–4249 breech presentation, 4387 pre-operative imaging, 4242 capsule laxity, 4387–4388 Diaphyseal resections and CDH, 4385–4386 Can˜adell’s technique, 4260–4264 closed reduction, 4397–4399 intra-epiphyseal osteotomy, 4262, 4265 complications, 4400 Diaphysial endoprosthetic reconstruction, 4247–4248 diagnosis, 4391–4394 Diaphysis bone Galeazzi’s test, 4392 elbow, 4286 genetic factors, 4388 surgical techniques, 4285 Graf’s ultrasonographic classification, Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI-MRI), 46–47 4393–4395 Digital flexor tendons, at wrist, 1837 hip replacement, 2441–2449 Digital nerves, 1570 Ludloff sign, 4392 Digital radiography (DR/DX), 5 maternal hormones, 4388 DIP joint collection mimicking infection, 2017, 2019 muscle tone and ligaments, 4387–4388 Direct lateral approach musculo-skeletal ultrasound, 41 knee, 2752 Ombredanne diagram, 4393 sub-talar arthrodesis, 3571–3580 open reduction procedure, 4399 Direct MR arthrography, 48 Ortolani test, 4392 Direct pes cavus, 4534 pathology and biomechanics, 4388–4389 Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand primiparity, 4387 (DASH) score, 999 splinting programme, 4396–4399 Disarticulation of hip, amputations, 399–401 traction, 4399–4400 Disarticulation of knee, amputations, treatment plan, first year of life, 4394–4395 392–394 Developmental stenosis, 627 Disc degeneration Deyerle pins, 2222 aging spine, 788–790 Diabetes mellitus, 268 description, 644 ankle fracture treatment, 340 spinal and I.V. disc degeneration, 786 epidemiology, 351–352 Disc herniation osteopenia of phalanges, 2029 aging spine, 788–790 Diabetic foot far lateral, 570–571 aetiology, 3916–3917 recurrent, 576–577 charcot, 3942–3943 Discitis. See Spondylodiscitis classification, 3916–3917 Discogenic back pain, spinal fusion clinical presentation, 3943–3945 diagnosis, 587 footwear and insoles, 3955–3959 treatment, 587–588 investigations, 3918–3920 Discoid meniscus, paediatric sports injuries, 4866 non-operative treatment, 3921–3925 DISI. See Dorsal intercalated segment instability operative treatment, 3925–3942 (DISI) surgery, 3945, 3947–3954 Dislocation, acetabular fractures, 2308–2310 treatment, 3945 Dislocation, hip ulceration, 3919–3921 aetiology of, 2499–2500 Diabetic foot infections conservative treatment, 2501–2503 clinician presentation and diagnosis, 352–354 dynamic hip abduction brace, 2503 epidemiology, 351–352 first dislocation, acute treatment of, 2501 pathophysiology, 352 implant-related risk factors, 2497 treatment, 354–356 incidence of, 2496 Dial test, 3039, 3066, 3078, 3079, 3081, 3120, 3357 mechanism/direction of, 2500–2501 Diaphyseal-condylar angle, 4707–4708 patient-related risk factors, 2496 Diaphyseal fractures in children. See Flexible recurrent (see Recurrent dislocation) intramedullary nailing (FIN) surgeon-related risk factors, 2497–2499 Diaphyseal reconstruction temporal pattern of, 2501 allografts vascularised fibular grafts, 4245 Dissection allograft techniques, 4244–4245 microvascular arterial repair, 200, 203 autologous fibular grafting, 4242–4244 proximal femur, 4216–4217 biological methods, 4242 soft tissue sarcomas, 4064 bone transportation, 4246–4247 Distal anterior femoral epiphyseodesis, ambulant child, with endoprostheses, 4247–4248 4585–4587, 4589–4590 Index 4917

Distal arthrogryposis. See also Arthrogryposis multiplex pre-operative preparation and planning, 2704 congenita (AMC) retrograde intramedullary nailing of, 2711–2712 diagnostic criteria, 4632 screw fixation, 2705 history, 4633 Distal hamstring lengthening, 4592, 4594, 4597 Distal biceps avulsion Distal hamstring release, 4605 aetiology, 1356 Distal humerus, 1306 anatomy and classification, 1356 post-operative care, 4166 complications, 1359–1360 reconstruction, 4163, 4166 diagnosis and imaging, 1357 rehabilitation, 4166 mechanism, 1356–1357 resection, 4162, 4164, 4165 operative technique, 1358–1359 Distal humerus fractures outcome, 1360 aetiology, 1408–1409 post-operative care, 1359 anatomy, 1409 rehabilitation, 1359 biomechanics, 1409–1410 surgical indications, 1357 classification, 1398, 1400, 1408–1409 Distal chevron osteotomy complications, 1404–1406, 1418–1419, 1421 complications, 3426–3427 diagnosis, 1400–1401, 1410, 1411 guide-wire position, 3423, 3425 hemi-arthroplasty, 1414–1416 medial eminence removal, 3423, 3424 operative technique, 1402–1403, 1412–1414 mid-side incision, 3423, 3424 post-operative care, 1404, 1417–1418 post-operative shoe, 3424, 3426 pre-operative planning, 1401–1402, 1412 V-shaped osteotomy, 3423, 3425 rehabilitation, 1404 Distal cuts, scarf osteotomy, 3437–3438 skeletal anatomy, 1410 Distal de-rotation osteotomy, Freiberg’s disease, surgical indications, 1401, 1410–1412 3534–3535 total arthroplasty, 1416–1417 complications and salvage, 3535 trauma/post-traumatic deformities, 1347–1348 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3535 Distal interphalangeal joints (DIPJ), 2075 Distal femoral extension osteotomy, ambulant child, finger OA, 1814, 1818 4583, 4585 proximal interphalangeal joint, 1607 Distal femoral metaphyseal injuries, knee, 4819 Distal interphalangeal joints (DIPJ) of finger Distal femoral physeal injuries, knee, 4817 chronic instability of, 1791 Distal femur, endoprosthetic replacement, 4229–4230 dislocation associated with fractures, 1790 Distal femur fractures joint instability, 1790 aetiology, 2700–2701 soft tissue restraints, 1790 anatomy, 2701, 2702 Distal locking of short nails, 2257 antegrade intramedullary nailing of, 2710–2711 Distally-based finger island flap, 1990, 1991 AO classification, 2703 Distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA), 3420, 3422, complications, 2713 3427, 3442–3443, 3445 condylar blade-plate, 2705, 2709 Distal oblique bundle (DOB), 1511, 1512 CT scan, 2703 Distal phalangeal fractures, 1882–1883 dashboard injury, 2701 clinical examination, 1879 diagnosis of, 2701–2703 FDP avulsion fractures, 1884 Doppler ultrasound, 2701–2702 mallet fractures, 1881 dynamic condylar screw, 2709 shaft fractures, 1881 external fixation of, 2712 tuft fractures, 1880–1881 floating knee injury, 2701 Distal phalanx defect, classification of, 1999 implants for, 2704 Distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) incidence, 2700 anatomy, 1756–1757 indications for surgery, 2703 arthritis, 1766–1768, 1771 injuries and associated injuries of, 2701 4th and 5th carpometacarpal joint, 1774 intramedullary nails, 2710 clinical presentation, 1757 lateral approach, 2705, 2706 destruction of, 2064 locked plates, 2708–2709 Essex-Lopresti injury, 1761, 1768 minimally-invasive plate osteosynthesis, 2700 hook of hamate non-union, 1764–1765 MRI, 2703 hypothenar hammer syndrome, 1775 parapatellar approach, 2705, 2706 instability causes, 1757 patient positioning, 2704–2705 lunate-hamate arthritis, 1775 plating, 2705 luno-triquetral instability, 1769–1770, 1772 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2712–2713 neurogenic pain, 1775 4918 Index

Distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) (cont.) extensile approach, medial and lateral columns, neuroma, 1775 3782–3784 pisotriquetral joint, 1765–1766, 1770 extra-articular fractures, AO 43-A, 3773–3775 resection arthroplasty, 1778–1779 initial management, 3771–3772 sigmoid notch incongruity, 1759–1761, 1767, 1768 intra-articular, AO 43-B, 3778–3779 stiffness, 1768–1769 intra-articular, AO 43-C, 3781–3782 synovitis of, 2064, 2065 intramedullary nailing, 3775–3776 tendon, 1762–1763, 1769, 1770 minimally-invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO), TFCC (see Triangular fibrocartilage complex 3776–3778 (TFCC)) radiology, 3768–3770 treatment, 2065 soft tissue injuries, 3770–3771 triangular fibrocartilage injury, 1771–1772 Distal transfer of rectus femoris muscle, 3399–3400 triangular fibrocartilaginous complex, 2065 Distal triceps avulsion ulnar head replacement, 1777–1778 aetiology, 1360 ulnar styloid impaction, 1774 anatomy, 1360–1361 ulna shortening, 1, 1776–1777 classification, 1360 ulno-carpal instability, 1773 diagnosis and imaging, 1361 wrist arthroscopy, 1775–1776 mechanism, 1361 Distal radius operative technique, 1361–1362 post-operative care, 4167 outcome, 1362 rehabilitation, 4167 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 1362 resection, 4164 surgical indications, 1361 vascularized fibular graft reconstruction, Distraction osteogenesis, 4351, 4378, 4379, 4894 4164–4166, 4168 Djian angle, 3892 Distal radius and physis fracture DM cups. See Dual mobility (DM) cups indication for surgery, 4762 Docking technique/screw fixation, 1391 operative technique, 4762–4764 Dog bites, hand infection, 2028 post-operative care, 4764 Doppler flowmetry, 2190 Salter & Harris type I/II, 4752 Doppler ultrasound, 185, 2701–2702 Distal radius fracture (DRF) Dorsal approach, Morton’s neuroma, 3541, 3542 anatomy, 1680–1682 Dorsal closing wedge osteotomy, of first biomechanics, 1682 metatarsal, 4567 classification, 1678–1680 Dorsal contoured plating clinical evaluation, 1683–1684 home run screw insertion, 1458, 1461 closed reduction, 1686–1688 intra-operative distractor, 1458 complications, 1694–1695 plate ostesynthesis, 1458, 1459 costs of, 1678 uni-cortical screw placement, 1458, 1460 definition, 1677–1678 Dorsal digital ganglion, 1834, 1835 dorsal approach, 1691, 1692 Dorsal hand defects, 1982 epidemiology, 1678 Dorsal incision, diabetic foot, 3941 fixation and management, 1631–1633 Dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI), indications, 1686 1744–1745, 1747 medical history, 1677 Dorsal mid-line incision, 1455 open reduction, 1688–1690 Dorsal scapular nerve injury, 970 osteoporosis, 1682–1683 Dorsal V sign, 1877, 1878 post-operative care, 1691–1694 Dorsal wrist ganglion, 1815 pre-operative planning, 1686 aspiration, 1829 primum non nocere, 1676–1677 incidence, 1829 rehabilitation, 1691–1694 MRI scans, 1829, 1830 treatment, 1684–1686 open excision technique, 1830–1832 volar approach, 1691, 1693 recurrence rates, 1830 Distal supracondylar femoral extension osteotomy, Dorsal zig-zag incision, extensor tendon 3401, 3402 synovectomy, 2052 Distal tibia fractures Dorsolateral hump, in child, 4523, 4532 anterolateral approach, lateral column, 3779–3781 Dorsolateral plate, 1403 anteromedial approach, medial column, 3779 Double bundle reconstruction, PCL classification, 3768, 3769 femoral tunnel, 3059–3060 definitive management, 3773 fixation, 3061 dual incision, 3784 graft preparation, 3058–3059 Index 4919

operating set-up, 3059 medial head, gastrocnemius release, 3905, 3909 passage of, 3061 open plantar fascia release, 3904–3907 patient position, 3058 Duwelius’ values, 2128 tibial tunnel, 3060–3061 Dwyer lateral wedge resection calcaneal osteotomy, cavus Double crush phenomenon, 1887 foot, 4568, 4569 Double disk diffusion test, 4478 Dwyer osteotomy, cavovarus foot deformity, 3602 Double longitudinal dorsal dermatofasciotomy, 3844 Dynamic condylar screw (DCS), 2709 90 Double plating, 1409 Dynamic electromyography (EMG) Double-row technique, rotator cuff repair, 1093 cerebral palsy, knee, 3393–3394 Double wire, trochanteric osteotomy gait analysis, total knee replacement assessment, anterior strand of, 2435, 2438–2439 3336–3337 insertion of, 2433, 2435 Dynamic factors, 1313 placement of, 2434, 2435 Dynamic hip screw fixation, 2222–2223 posterior strand of, 2435, 2436 Dynamic reference base (DRB), 980 re-attachment of, 2436–2437 Dynamic supination, of bilateral clubfoot, 4519, 4525 Doyle’s classification, of mallet finger injury, 1969 Dynamization, femoral shaft fractures, 2692–2693 Drawer test, PLC injuries, 3079 Dysplastic hip. See Hip dysplasia Drehmann’s sign, SCFE, 4427, 4428 Dysplastic spondylolisthesis, 535, 554 DRF. See Distal radius fracture (DRF) Drive-through sign, PLC injuries, 3080 Drop sign, 1435 E DRUJ. See Distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) Eaton & Littler reefing procedure, for 1st CMC joint Dual incision technique, distal tibia fractures, 3784 laxity, 1788–1792 Dual mobility (DM) cups, 2569 Echography, congenital foot deformities, 4525 chronic instability, treatment of, 2644–2646 Ectopic ossification, Chiari osteotomy, 2341 concept of, 2636, 2637 ECU tendonitis. See Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) follow-up results, 2642–2643 tendonitis Kerboull cross, 2645 Eden–Hybinette procedure, 1147 vs. metal-on-metal large diameter bearings, joint Effusion, in knee arthroscopy, 2737–2738 mobility of, 2637, 2638 Ehlers–Danlos/Marfan syndromes, 1142 polyethylene wear, 2643–2644 Eichenholtz classification, charcot foot, 3943, 3944 prosthetic stability, 2637–2639 Elastic stable intramedullary nail (ESIN). range of motion, 2637 See also Flexible intramedullary nailing (FIN) revision for aseptic loosening, 2645 entry point, 4760–4761 revision for chronic instability, 2645–2646 femoral shaft fractures, 4813–4814 revision for septic loosening, 2645 final position, 4761 revision surgery results, 2644–2646 nail passage, 4761 2009 SOFCOT symposium, 2638–2642 nail selection, 4760 Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), 12–14 one/both bones, 4760 Duchenne muscular dystrophy post-operative care, 4761–4762 blood loss, 508–509 pre-operative planning, 4760 description, 507 Elbow diagnosis, 507 anatomy, 1305–1309, 1382–1383 incidence, 507 anterior approach, 1332–1333s lung function, 509–511 anterior band, 1334, 1335 natural history, 508 biceps brachii muscle, 1318, 1319 neuromuscular scoliosis, 507–511 biomechanics, 1314–1315, 1333–1336 operative technique and fusion levels, 509 bone metastases, 4286 Dunn subcapital re-alignment osteotomy, 4393 brachio-radialis muscle, 1318, 1320 Duparc classifications, patella fractures, 2669–2770 diagnosis, 1384–1387 Dupuytren’s disease, 1187 distal humerus, 1318–1319 Dural tears, 575 examination findings, 1385, 1386 Durkan’s test, 1889 fixator, 1440–1441, 1496, 1497 Durom cups, 1223 flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, 1318, 1319 DUROM® Hip Resurfacing instrumentation, forces, 1313–1314 2627–2629 force transmission, 1334–1336 DuVries technique kinematics, 1333 endoscopic partial plantar fascial release, 3905, 3908 ligament injury, 1383–1384 gastrocnemius recession, 3905 management, 1387–1391 4920 Index

Elbow (cont.) Elbow instability motion, 1333–1334 LCL, 1345 movements, 1309–1310 MCL, 1346 pathophysiology, 1382–1383 Electrical stimulation, 249–250 sloppy hinge, 1315 Electromagnetic stimulation, 249 stability, 1310–1313 EMergency TRAuma Score (EMTRAS), 100 ulnar nerve compression at, 1895–1900 En-1, 1655 valgus stress, 1334, 1335 En bloc resection, spinal metastases, 4222 Elbow arthroscopy Enchondroma anatomy, 1340–1341 definition, 4083 complications, 1352–1353 diagnosis, 4084 diagnosis, 1341–1342 histology, 4084 pathology, 1340–1341 radiology, 4083–4084 post-operative care, 1351–1352 treatment, 4084 rehabilitation, 1352 Enchondromata, 1842, 1843 surgical indications, 1342–1348 Ender nails, 1251, 1252, 1256, 2248–2249 technique, 1348–1351 End-neuromas, nerve pain, 1934 trauma and post-traumatic deformities, classification of, 1916, 1917 1347–1348 of cut nerves, 1911 Elbow dislocations, 1387 failure to relieve, 1934–1935 aetiology and classification, 4742 nerve reconnection, 1935–1936 applied anatomy, 4742–4743 relocation, 1914–1915 complications, 4744 severity and pain types, 1919, 1920, 1925, 1926 diagnosis, 4743 Tinel sign, 1935, 1936, 1939 entrapment, 1574 typical nerve relocation patient chart, 1914 indications for surgery, 4743–4744 of ulnar digital nerve, 1918, 1919 nerve injuries, 1572–1573 zone I, relocation of, 1917–1922 paediatric sports injuries, 4859 zone II, relocation of, 1924–1927 posterior interosseous nerve, 1575 zone III, relocation of, 1927–1931 ulnar neuropathy, 1573–1574 Endoprosthesis Elbow fracture dislocation giant-cell tumour, 4042, 4046 aetiology and classification, 1424–1429 knee, 4228 anatomy, 1428–1430 Endoprosthetic fixation character, 1426, 1429 bone bridging, 4122–4126 complications, 1443–1447 bone remodelling around endoprostheses, 4121–4126 computed tomography, 1435–1437 compression fixation, 4129 conventional imaging, 1429, 1434, 1435 extracortical fixation, 4126–4129 diagnosis, 1433–1437 femoral stems, 4120 hinged elbow fixation, 1424–1425, 1433 fixation of soft tissues to endoprostheses, 4130–4131 joint biomechanics, 1428 massive allograft, 4120 kinematics, 1430–1431 massive endoprosthetic replacements, operative technique, 1437–1440 4120–4121, 4131 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 1443, 1445 young patients, 4121 stability, 1431–1433 Endoprosthetic surgery, bone metastases, 4304–4305 surgical indications, 1437 Endoscopic discectomy, 573–575 Elbow injuries in children Endoscopic technique, snapping scapula, 940–941 applied anatomy, 4705 Endotracheal intubation (ETI), 104 capitellum fractures, 4733–4735 Enthesopathy resection, Achilles tendinopathy, diagnosis, 4705–4710 3895, 3897 elbow dislocations, 4742–4744 Epidermal inclusion cysts, 1837 lateral humeral condyle fractures, 4722–4727 Epidural analgesia, 2476 medial humeral condyle fractures, 4728–4730 Epiphyseal growth-plate injuries olecranon fractures, 4740–4742 aetiology of injuries, 4656–4657 radial head and neck fractures, 4735–4740 anatomy, 4654–4655 sports injuries, 4859–4860 blood supply, 4655 supracondylar humerus fractures, 4710–4722 classification, 4657–4660 (see also Salter–Harris T-condylar fractures, 4730–4731 injury) transphyseal fractures and separations, complications, 4656–4657 4731–4733 diagnosis, 4660 Index 4921

epidemiology, 4654 Extensor pollicis longus (EPL) rupture, 1695 indications for surgery, 4661 diagnosis of, 2078 operative technique, 4661–4665 treatment, 2079–2080 post-operative care and rehabilitation, Extensor retinaculum, 3783 4665–4666 Extensor tendons, at wrist, 1837 zones, 4655 Extensor tendons, in hand Epiphyseal-metaphyseal angle, 4372, 4373 acute/chronic boutonniere deformity, 1969 Epiphyseodesis, 4349 aetiology, 1967 EPL. See Extensor pollicis longus (EPL) rupture anatomy, 1966, 1967 Equinocavovarus foot deformity basic science and biomechanics, 1966 anatomy of, 3596 bony mallet injuries, 1972 characteristics of, 3597 boutonniere deformity, 1970, 1972–1974 outcomes, 3609–3612 complications, 1973 pathogenesis of, 3598, 3600 diagnosis of, 1969 treatment considerations, 3603, 3604 Doyle’s classification, of mallet finger injury, 1969 Equinovarus foot deformity, ambulant child, dropped finger zones V and VI, 1970 4595, 4597 extensor outcome-dorsum, of hand, 1974 Equinus, 3863 fight bite injury, 1970–1971, 1973, 1974 Erosive osteoarthritis, 1812 lacerations, 1969 Essex-Lopresti injuries, 1761, 1768 mallet finger deformity, 1969–1970, 1973, 1974 aetiology and classification, 1541 open/closed boutonniere deformity, 1969 anatomy and pathology, 1543 open mallet injuries, 1972 complications, 1551–1552 pathology, 1966 diagnosis, 1544 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 1973 operative technique, 1549 pre-operative preparation and planning, 1971 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 1551 prognosis, 1974 pre-operative planning, 1546 treatment indications, 1969 surgical indications, 1546 zones, in digit and thumb, 1967–1968 Essex–Lopresti lesion Extensor tendon synovitis IOM, forearm, 1519–1521 distal swelling, 2052 Sauve–Kapandji procedure, 1519 extensor retinaculum, 2052 Ethibond™, olecranon fractures, 4754 treatment, 2052–2053 European and American Osteosarcoma Study Group Extensor tenotomy, 3490–3492 (EURAMOS), 4109 External beam radiation therapy, osteosarcoma, 4110 Evrard’s posterior approach, femur, 2673–2674 External fixation Ewing’s sarcoma, 4252–4254, 4257 advantages, 3324–3325 bone and soft tissue tumors, 4004 bi-condylar fractures, of tibial plateau, 2836, diagnosis, 4110 2838–2841 local control, 4112 disadvantages, 3325 multidisciplinary team, 4111 of distal femur fractures, 2712 post-operative radiation, 4112 DRF, 1686–1687 radiographic investigation, 4112–4113 ilizarov ring, 3325–3326 symptoms, 4111 of patella fractures, 2774–2775 Exeter experience, 2603 External fixation, tibial shaft fractures Exostosectomy and graft, scarf osteotomy, 3440 anaesthesia and positioning, 2870 Extended lateral approach, sub-talar arthrodesis, 3571, considerations for, 2860–2862, 2872 3577–3580 hybrid tibial external fixator-stages, 2873 Extension and flexion stiffness, in children. See Knee indications for, 2860 stiffness, in children monolateral tibial external fixator, 2872–2873 Extensive synovitis, 2156 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2874 Extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) table and equipment, 2872 lateral epicondylitis, 1344, 1345, 1370 External obturator muscle, total hip arthroplasty, radial nerve palsy, 1589 2111, 2113 ulnar nerve palsy, 1591 External rotation recurvatum test, PLC injuries, 3079 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscles Extra-articular distal femoral fractures, 2704, 2705, deep dissection plane, 1536, 1537 2712, 2713 superficial dissection plane, 1535, 1536 Extra-articular proximal tibial fractures, 2843–2847 Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendonitis, 1763, 1769 Extra-articular shaft fractures Extensor indicis proprius (EIP), 1586–1587 dorsal approach, 1869, 1870 4922 Index

Extra-articular shaft fractures (cont.) distal occlusion of femur, 2594–2595 foam backed aluminium splint protection, 1867, 1869 exclusion of infection, 2589–2590 mid-axial approach, 1869–1871 Exeter experience, 2603 middle phalangeal shaft, 1867, 1868 femoral component removal, 2593 multifragmentary phalangeal shaft fractures, 1872 femoral component template, 2590–2591 proximal phalangeal fractures, 1867, 1868 femur repair, 2594–2602 static external fixators, 1872 gamma irradiation, 2586 transverse fracture proximal phalangeal shaft, 1867, 1868 graft additives, 2589 Extracorporeal irradiation technique, diaphyseal graft impaction, 2595–2598 reconstruction, 4246 graft preparation, 2593–2594 Extracorporeal shock waves, 250 hip aspiration, 2592 Extrinsic swan neck deformity, 2040–2041 hip replacements, 2603 indications, 2589 joint exposure, 2592–2593 F Kaplan Meier survivorship curves, 2605 Fabella syndrome, 3367 large cortical femoral defects, Gruen zones 2/4, 2587 Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, 970 long stem template, 2592 Factor deficiency. See Haemophilias malleable stainless steel meshes, 2594 Fallen fragment sign, 4019 mid-stem impaction, 2598–2599 Falls mode of failure, 2605 after amputation, 381 Mohr–Coulomb theory, 2586 osteoporosis and fall prevention, 293–296 patient positioning, 2592 False L5-S1 spondylolisthesis, 535 positron electron tomography, 2587 Farabeuf’s manoeuvre, 1785 post-operative management, 2602–2603 Fascial flap wrapping, nerve pain, 1941–1942 prophylactic wiring of femur, 2594 Fasciocutaneous flap, 1421 proximal graft packing, 2599 Fassier-Duval intramedullary nail and CPT, 4338 radiographic analysis, 2605 Fast spin echo (FSE), 44–45 roentgenstereophotogrammetric analysis, 2589 Fat embolism syndrome, tibial shaft fractures, 2876 strut grafts, 2602 Fat pad, 4710 Femoral lengthening, 4354–4355 Fat suppression, musculo-skeletal MRI, 45 Femoral neck and proximal femur fractures FDL and FHL tendon transfer, peroneal tendon arthroplasty, 2226–2231 disorders, 3650 Asnis screw system, 2222 Femoral canal bone grafting, 2240 complications, 2417 bone transplantation, 2226 exposure, 2410–2411 cement augmentation, 2240 medullary canal, 2412–2414 cervical hip fractures, 2216 preparation, 2410–2411 classification, 2209–2211 rasping, 2411–2412 complex fracture types, 2242–2244 trial reduction, 2411–2412 Deyerle pins, 2222 Femoral fractures diagnosis, 2206 indications, 4678–4679 distal locking of nail, 2256–2257 post-operative care, 4677–4678 dynamic hip screw fixation, 2222–2223 retrograde FIN, mid-shaft fractures, 4674–4676 Ender’s nails, 2248–2249 types, 4676–4677 epidemiology of, 2204–2206 Femoral head femoral/cross lag screw positioning, 2255–2256 necrosis, 2207–2209 femur entry point, 2251–2253 vascular supply in childhood, 4795 femur reaming, 2253–2254 Femoral impaction grafting (FIG) fracture reduction, 2250–2251 allograft and xenograft bone, 2586 fracture table and image intensifier, 2214–2215 biopsies, 2588 guide-wire insertion, 2253 bone chips washing, 2587 hook pins/screws, 2217–2222 bone deficiency analysis, 2590 implant choice, 2248 canal plug template, 2591–2592 incision, 2251 cement and membrane removal, 2593 intramedullary fixation, 2248, 2259–2260 Charnley categories and mean, 2604 intramedullary nails, 2249 clinical results, 2603–2606 Knowles’s pins, 2222 cortical healing beneath wire mesh, slab radiograph, long nails distal locking, 2257–2259 2587, 2588 Medoff sliding plate, 2240, 2242 Index 4923

multiple screws, 2222, 2223 retrograde femoral nailing technique, 2685, 2686 nail insertion, 2254 rigid nailing, 4816–4817 non-operative treatment of, 2226 spica casting, 4810–4813 operation choice, 2215–2216 stabilisation of, 2680 operative technique, 2249 static intramedullary nailing, 2692 osteosynthesis, 2216–2217 (see also Osteosynthesis) surgical treatment, 2680–2683 pathophysiology, 2207–2209 traction, 4810 post-operative management, 2244, 2259 treatment, 4808 pre-operative patient optimization, 2212–2214 Winquist and Hanson classification of, 2679 pre-operative planning, 2249–2250 Femoral shaft fractures, closed treatment prognostic investigations, 2206–2207 angulation, 153 rehabilitation, 2260–2262 callus formation, 152 reversed fracture line, 2244 cast-brace method, 152, 153 screw-plate fixation, complications, 2244–2246 complications of traction, 153–154 short barrel plate, use of, 2239–2240 femoral sleigh, 151, 152 short nails distal locking, 2257 indications, 151 stable locked screws/pins, 2223–2224 Thomas traction, 151, 152 supplementary fixation, 2240 Femoral straightening osteotomy, 2611, 2613, 2616, 2617 time to surgery, 2211–2212 Femoro-acetabular impingement (FAI), 2344. traction treatment, 2211 See also Hip arthroscopic treatment trochanteric hip fractures, 2231–2239 Femoro-tibial angle, 4372, 4373 trochanteric-stabilizing plates, use of, 2240, 2241 Femur Ullevaal screws, 2222 anatomy of, 2664–2665 wound closure, 2259 antero-lateral approach, 2670, 2671 Zickel nail, 2248 antero-medial approach, 2670 Femoral neck fracture, Garden classification, 118–120 biopsy of, 2675 Femoral neck osteotomy, cementless THR, 2386–2387 Bosworth posterior approach, 2673 Femoral osteotomy, 4455–4456 closure of, 2668 Femoral resection, PCL sacrificing TKA, 3205–3207 distal extension, of incision, 2668–2670 Femoral shaft fractures endoprosthetic replacement of distal, 4229–4230 age groups, 2678 Evrard’s posterior approach, 2673–2674 antegrade vs. retrograde nailing technique, 2687–2688 exposure of, 2665–2667 AO classification of, 2679–2680 femoral diaphysis, lateral aspect of, 2666, 2667 bilateral femoral fractures, 2684–2685 Hohmann’s retractor, 2666, 2668, 2675 clinical features, 2680 intercondylar notch approach, retrograde nailing of, combined ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures, 2674–2675 2691–2692 medial approach, 2670–2673 complications, 2684 mid-line anterior approach, 2670 dynamization role, 2692–2693 minimally-invasive plate osteosynthesis, 2675 elastic stable intramedullary nailing, 4813–4814 patient positioning, 2665 external fixation, 4814–4816 perforating vessel exposure, 2666, 2667 femoral shaft and neck fractures, 2685–2686 posterior approach, 2671, 2673 floating knee, 4817 postero-lateral approach, 2664 fracture management, aims of, 2680 proximal extension, 2668, 2669 frequency, 4808 skin incision and extensions, 2665, 2666 functional outcomes, 2693 trochanteric approach, antegrade nailing of, 2674 and head injuries, 2690–2691 vastus lateralis, 2666, 2667 injury mechanism, 2679 X-rays, 4348 intramedullary nailing of, 2686–2690 Femur, hip replacement mal-union, 2684 anatomy, 2441–2442 minimally-invasive plate osteosynthesis, 4816 CT scanning, 2442 and neck fractures, 2685–2686 fixation of, 2446–2449Harris hip score, 2449 non-union, 2684 pre-operative planning, 2442–2443 pathological fractures, 2686 Fernandez classification, DRF, 1679, 1680 Pavlik harness, 4808–4810 FGFs. See Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) post-operative management, 2683 Fiberwire®, 4754 primary external fixation, indications for, 2680 Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), 4346–4347 radiographs, 2680, 2681 Fibroblasts, 1191–1193 rehabilitation, 2683 Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, 1484 4924 Index

Fibromatosis, 3980, 3986 complications, 4784–4785 Fibrosarcomas, 4106, 4113 diagnosis, 4782–4783 Fibrous calcaneo-navicular coalition, 4556 indications for surgery, 4783 Fibrous dysplasia, 4021, 4031–4033 operative technique, 4783–4784 Fibular collateral ligament (FCL), 3074, 3075 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 4784 Fibular hemimelia pre-operative planning, 4783 associated abnormalities, 4360, 4362 First arthrodesis, MTPJ classification of, 4632–4363 complications, 3466–3467 functional foot, 4363–4364 osteotomes, 3465 Ilizarov fixator, 4365, 4366 petallisation, 3465, 3466 incidence, 4360 residual articular cartilage, 3465 Paley classification, 4364–4367 temporary fixation, 3466 supramalleolar osteotomy, 4364, 4365 First dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap, 1990 Fibular surgery, CPT, 4340–4341 First generation prosthesis, stem and socket of, 2464 Fibula, X-rays, 4348 First metatarsal extension osteotomy, 4590–4591, 4595 Ficat-Arlet staging system, 2134. See also Avascular First metatarsal osteotomy, cavus foot, 4566–4567 necrosis (AVN) First metatarso-phalangeal joint FIG. See Femoral impaction grafting (FIG) arthrodesis, 3965–3966 Fight bite injury, 1970–1971, 1973, 1974 ischaemic foot, 3925, 3927 Figure-of-eight technique, PLC ligament repairs, 3086–3087 proximal phalanges resection, 2968 Fine-needle aspiration/capillary (FNA/FNC) biopsy, replacement arthtoplasty, 3966–3968 3996–3997 resection arthroplasty, 3966 Finger defects, classification of, 1998, 1999 First tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint Finger extensor tendon ruptures abduction of, 3420 differential diagnosis, 2053–2054 characteristics of, 3420 dorsal dislocation, 2053 dynamic muscular forces, 3420 treatment, 2054 hypermobility of, 3419–3420 Finger injuries Fish-tail deformity carpometacarpal joint, 1794–1795 supracondylar humerus fractures, 4722 distal interphalangeal joints, 1790–1791 Fixation of endoprostheses. See Endoprosthetic fixation metacarpophalangeal joint, 1793–1794 Fixator clamp, 1443, 1447 proximal interphalangeal joint, 1791–1793 Flatfoot, 3621–3622 Finger osteoarthritis, 1811 aetiology and classification, 4554, 4555 aetiology, 1812 axial profile, 3623, 3624 arthrodesis, 1817–1818 calcaneal lengthening osteotomy, 4558–4561 arthroplasty, 1818–1820 calcaneo-navicular coalition, resection of, 4559, 4562 Brewerton’s views, 1815, 1816 causes of, 3622 complications, 1820–1822 classification of, 3626–3629 diagnosis, 1814–1815 Dennyson-Fulford technique, of extra-articular distal interphalangeal joints, 1814 subtalar arthrodesis, 4561, 4564 dorsal wrist ganglion, 1815 flexible, 4554–4556 drug therapy, 1817 flexor digitorum longus, 4559, 4560 ganglion cysts, 1815–1817 flexor hallucis longus, 4559, 4560 intra-articular steroid injections, 1817 Grice extra-articular subtalar arthrodesis, 4557 intraosseous scaphoid cyst, 1815 Grice-Green extra-articular subtalar arthrodesis, Kellgren and Lawrence classification system, 4560–4561, 4563 1812–1813 medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy, metacarpophalangeal joints, 1813 4557–4559, 4561, 4562 mucous cysts, 1815 posterior coronal profile, 3623, 3624 pathophysiology, 1814 radiological deformity, 3623, 3626 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 1820 radiological investigation, 4554–4556 pre-operative preparation and planning, 1817 sagittal profile, 3623 proximal interphalangeal joints, 1813–1814 surgical indications, 4556–4557 signs and symptoms, 1814–1815 talo-calcaneal coalition, resection of, 4559–4560 surgical indications, 1815–1817 tibialis posterior tendon (see Tibialis posterior X-rays, 1815, 1816 tendon rupture) Finger tip injury, children Flat foot deformity aetiology and classification, 4781–4782 aetiology, 3583–3584 anatomy and pathology, 4782 anatomy, 3584–3585 Index 4925

biomechanics, 3584–3585 Flexor hallucis longus (FHL), ankle arthroscopy classification, 3583–3584 aetiology of, 3662 Cobb procedure, 3592–3593 anatomy, 3661 complications of, 3591–3592 conservative treatment, 3667 diagnosis, 3585–3586 diagnosis of, 3663–3664 indications for, 3586 indications and contra-indications, 3667 operative technique, 3587–3591 Flexor origin split, 1475 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3590–3591 Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) pre-operative preparation and planning, 3586–3587 synovitis, 2056 tendon transfer (see Tendon transfer technique) treatment, 2080 Fleck sign, peroneal tendon disorders, 3641, 3646 Flexors-minimally-invasive surgery (MIS), 3490–3492 Flexible flat foot Flexor tendon injuries lateral radiograph, 4555, 4556 adhesion formation, 1965 on tip-toe standing, 4554, 4555 aetiology, 1956–1957 on weight-bearing, 4554, 4555 assessment of, 1960 Flexible intramedullary nailing (FIN) attrition ruptures, 1956 bi-polar construct, 4671 bowstringing, 1965 both-bone forearm fractures (see Both-bone forearm complications, 1965 fractures) delayed presentation, 1962–1963 complications, 4686–4687 diagnosis of, 1960 dedicated instruments, 4672–4673 extrinsic healing, 1957 femoral bipolar retrograde, 4671, 4672 FDP, closed avulsion of, 1957 forearm antegrade/retrograde, 4674 flexor repair regimes, in children, 1964–1965 humeral shaft fractures (see Humeral haemostasis, 1957, 1959 shaft fractures) healing, 1958–1959 humeral uni-polar retrograde, 4673 inflammation, 1957, 1959 implant selection, 4671–4672 intrinsic healing, 1957 principles, surgical technique, 4671 open and closed, 1956 surgical technique, 4673–4674 operative techniques, 1962–1964 tibial bi-polar antegrade, 4673 partial injuries, 1963 tibial shaft fractures (see Tibial shaft fractures) partial injury rehabilitation, 1964 unicameral bone cyst, 4025, 4026 pathophysiology, 1959 uni-polar, 4671 post-operative care, 1964 Flexion-abduction-external-rotation (FABER), 2154 pre-operative preparation and planning, 1961 Flexion axis, 1306 primary repair, 1962 Flexion extension proliferative phase, 1957, 1959 arc of injury, 1426 rehabilitation regimes, 1964 elbow, 1335 remodelling phase, 1957, 1959 Flexion osteotomy technique resting tone and active motion, 1960 errors and difficulties, 2139 surgical indications, 1960–1961 planning, 2138 surgical outcomes, 1965–1966 surgical procedure, 2138–2139 suture configuration types, 1963–1964 Flexion teardrop fractures, CT scan, 735, 737 tendon repair, strength of, 1962 Flexor aponeurosis release, 2038–2039 tenolysis, 1963 Flexor carpi radialis, for thumb stabilisation, 1804 two-stage reconstruction, 1963 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscles, 1318, 1319, 1412, 1413 Verdan’s flexor tendon zones, of injury, 1957 deep dissection plane, 1536, 1537 Flexor tendons superficial dissection plane, 1535, 1536 anatomy of, 1957–1959 Flexor digitorum longus (FDL) biomechanics of, 1960 Achilles tendon chronic rupture, 3881, 3883 composition of, 1957 tibialis posterior tendon rupture, 3631, 3632 in the digits, 1837 Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) nutrition, 1958 closed avulsion of, 1957 ruptures, 2056 vs. FDS and vinculae, 1958, 1959 Flexor tendon sheath Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) transfer, ganglion, 1833–1834 1585–1586 restricted interphalangeal joint flexion, 2055, 2056 Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) treatment, 2055–2058 Achilles tendinopathy, 3895 Flexor tendon synovitis Achilles tendon chronic rupture, 3882, 3883 carpal tunnel, 2055 4926 Index

Flexor tendon synovitis (cont.) Foraminotomy, lumbar spinal stenosis, 630 flexor tendon sheath, 2055–2056 Forearm ruptures, 2056–2058 bones, 1526–1527 Flexor tenotomy, for curly toe deformity, 4572 radius (see Radius) Flexor-to-extensor transfer procedure, toe deformities, ulna, 1535–1537 3487, 3489–3491 Forearm bones Floating knee anatomical structures, 1526–1527 femoral shaft fractures, 4817 anterior structures, 1527–1528 injury, 2701 Forearm fractures, both-bone. see Both-bone forearm Floating toe syndrome, 3498 fractures Flumazenil, 2187 Forearm fractures in children Fluoroscan imaging system, basal thumb osteoarthritis, aetiology and classification, 4750–4752 1801–1802 applied anatomy, 4752–4753 Fluoroscopy diagnosis, 4753–4754 bone and soft tissue tumors, 4007 distal radius and physis (see Distal radius and physis) musculo-skeletal radiography, 5 elastic stable intramedullary nailing technique, Focal dome osteotomy, infantile tibia vara, 4376–4377 4760–4762 Foot indications for surgery, 4754–4764 of ambulatory cerebral palsy child, 4541–4542 Monteggia fracture (see Monteggia fracture) cavus (see Cavus foot) olecranon fractures (see Olecranon fractures) flat foot (see Flat foot) radial head (see Radial head fractures) lateral X-rays, 4521 radial neck (see Radial neck fractures) malignant bone tumours, 4271 radius and ulna fractures (see Radius fracture) of non-ambulatory cerebral palsy child, treatment, 4754–4764 4542–4543 Forearm joint scanner, 3955, 3956 anatomy and biomechanics, 1510–1514 Foot deformities diagnosis, 1515–1517 Butler procedure, 4570–4571 Essex–Lopresti lesion, 1517, 1519–1521 congenital over-riding 5th toe, 4570 pathophysiology, 1514–1515 correction of, 4605 Forearm rotation, 1307, 1334 curly toe, 4571 Forefoot deformity, 3933 medial cuneiform opening osteotomy, 4569–4570 Foreign body lesions, 1839 metatarsus adductus, 4568–4569 Foreign body synovitis, 312, 313 skewfoot, 4570, 4571 Fracture Foot disorders amputation, 381 anatomy, 4511–4512 with arterial injury (see Arterial injury) clinical examination, 4513, 4515 avulsion, 4862 congenital foot deformities (see Congenital foot complex pelvic, 2321 deformities) distraction, 141 embryology, 4511 fixation, 1437 hallux valgus, 4548 of foot, in children (see Foot fractures in children) idiopathic tip-toe walking (ITTW), 4546–4548 graft, 4277–4278 inflammatory pathologies, 4547–4548 haematoma, 140 morphotypes, 4512–4513 intra-operative, 2420 physiopathology, 4539–4548 Jones, 4850, 4868–4869 segmentary analysis, 4515 metacarpal, 4861–4862 syndromic feet, 4548 metatarsal, 4850 treatment of, 4515–4516 middle phalangeal and proximal phalangeal, 4861 tumours and infections, 4548 musculo-skeletal ultrasound, 40 X-rays, 4513 open pelvic, 2325 Foot fractures in children paediatric sports injuries, 4860–4861 calcaneus, 4847–4848 pathological, 4225–4226, 4255, 4305 complications, 4847 patterns, 141 diagnosis, 4848 pelvis (see Pelvic fractures) lateral process fractures, 4847 phalangeal, 4850 talar neck, 4846, 4847 prosthesis, 4278 talus, 4846 radionuclide imaging, 26–27 talus body, 4847 short oblique, 141 treatment, 4848 simple pelvic, 2321 Index 4927

spiral long oblique, 141 cytogenetics of, 1194 supracondylar, 6, 7 diabetes, 1187 tri-plane, 4868 Dupuytren’s disease, 1187 unstable pelvic, 2323–2324 healing process, 1192–1194 Fracture classification systems jerk pain, 1186 application, 116 manipulation under anaesthetic, 1195 characteristics and statistics, 125–128 pathology of, 1191–1192 complexity, 132–133 physiotherapy, 1195 defects, 130 prevalence, 1186 developmental considerations, 134 radiology, 1189 fracture-specific systems, 118–120 steroid therapy, 1195 generic/universal system, 121–124 surgical findings, 1190–1191 groups, 116 symptoms and signs, 1187–1189 history, 117–118 terminology, 1186 inherent laws, 130 thyroid disease, 1187 limitations, 128–130 Frustum, 3708 observer experience, 131 Frykman’s classification, DRF, 1678, 1679 patient-specific classification systems, 120–121 Fukuda retractor, 1156 radiographic images, 131–132 Fulcrum test, shoulder instability, 1142 reliability of, 133 Fulkerson tibial tubercle osteotomy, patellar soft-tissue injury classification system, 124–125 instability, 2790 taxonomy, 115, 116 usefulness and qualities, 133–134 Fracture healing G delayed union and non-union, 242–255 Gabapentin, 2196, 2478 description, 242 Gadolinium, musculo-skeletal MRI, 47–48 mal-union, 255–263 Gaenslen’s incision, diabetic foot, 3936, 3938 stages of, 244 Gagey test, shoulder instability, 1166, 1167 Fracture, Monteggia, 258, 259 Gait analysis, total knee replacement assessment Fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX), osteoporosis, coronal plane adduction moment, 3338 288–289 definition, 3333 Fracture-specific systems dynamic EMG, 3336–3337 Danis–Weber classification, of ankle, 120 instrumental systems, 3337 Garden classification, of femoral neck, 118–120 IOR experience, 3338–3344 Neer classification, of proximal humeral, 118–119 kinematic assessment, 3334–3336 Schatzker classification, of tibial plateau, 120 kinetic assessment, 3336 Vancouver classification, of periprosthetic proximal modern laboratory, 3334 femoral, 120 prosthesis insert, 3338, 3339 Fragment fixation system (FFS), 1466, 1468 stiff knee pattern, 3338, 3340 Frame distraction, 3401–3402 systematic review, 3337–3338 Frankel classification grading system, acute spinal cord Gait pattern injury, 429 definition, 3392 Free-flap techniques improvement of, 3395 Achilles tendon chronic rupture, 3885 stiff-knee gait, 3392 hip disarticulation, 4207 Galeazzi fracture-dislocations Freezing–thawing technique, soft tissue aetiology and classification, 1540–1541 sarcomas, 4064 anatomy and pathology, 1543 Freiberg’s disease complications, 155 distal de-rotation osteotomy, 3534–3535 diagnosis, 1544 metatarsalgia, 3519–3520 operative technique, 1548–1549 paediatric sports injuries, 4867, 4868 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 1550–1551 Friction, 2369 pre-operative planning, 1548 Friedreich’s ataxia, neuromuscular scoliosis, 513–514 surgical indications, 1545–1546 Froment’s sign, 1896 Galeazzi’s test, DDH, 4392 Frozen shoulder Gamma nail, 2231 arthroscopic release of, 1195–1197 Ganglion cysts, 1815–1817 arthroscopy, 1189, 1190 description of, 1828 blood tests, 1190 diagnosis of, 1828 contracture, 1192–1194 dorsal digital ganglion, 1834 4928 Index

Ganglion cysts, 1815–1817 (cont.) posterior dislocation, 1129–1131 dorsal wrist ganglion, 1829–1832 recurrent dislocation, 1131–1132 flexor tendon sheath ganglion, 1833–1834 standard X-rays, 1125 intra-osseous ganglions, 1834 voluntary dislocation, 1130–1131 natural history of, 1828 Glenohumeral instability non-operative treatment, 1828–1829 aetiology, 1138–1139 pathogenesis of, 1828 anatomy, 1139–1142 surgical excision, 1829 arthroscopic Bankart and capsular shift procedures, volar wrist ganglion, 1832–1833 1145–1147 Ganglionectomy, 1642, 1643 biomechanics, 1139–1142 Ganz procedure, SCFE, 4393–4396 bone block procedures, 1145 Garden classification, of femoral neck, 118–120 classification systems, 1138–1139 Garden grade I-IV, 2210 complications, 1148–1149 Gartland–Wilkins classification, of supracondylar diagnosis, 1141–1142 humerus fractures, 4711–4712 indications, 1144 Gas gangrene infection, 2028 open procedures, 1145 Gastrocnemius, 3401 pathology, 1139–1142 lengthening, 3894–3895 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 1148–1149 medial and lateral long heads release, 3401 pre-operative preparation and planning, 1144–1145 Gemelli muscles, total hip arthroplasty, 2111, 2113 Glenohumeral joint General joint hypermobility (GJH), 1165, 2804 anatomy, 850–851 Generic/universal fracture classification systems, 121–124 capsule of, 857 Genito-urinary injuries, pelvic fractures, 2325 concavity compression, 858–859 Genu Varum, 4371 dynamic factors, 858–859 Giant-cell reparative granuloma, 4021–4022 forces across, 859–861 Giant-cell tumour (GCT) fossa forms, 856 adjuvant therapy, 4040–4042 free-body, 860 aetiology, 4038 labrum, 856–857 of bone, 1843, 1844 muscles, 857–858 bone grafting, 4039–4040 portal placements, 1087–1088 clinical features, 4038 spinal needle, 1088, 1089 curettage, 4039–4040 subacromial bursoscopy, 1088 grading systems, 4039 suture (see Sutures) imaging, 4038–4039 Glenohumeral joint instability lower limb, 4044–4051 classification, 4701 malignant lesion, 4052 diagnosis, 4701 oncological control, 4052 incidence, 4700 prognostic factors, 4039 mechanism of injury, 4701 radiotherapy, 4051–4052 surgical anatomy, 4700 reconstruction, 4042–4044 treatment, 4701 resection, 4042–4044 Glenoid cavity fractures staging systems, 4039 operative technique, 961–962 of tendon sheath, 1836–1837 surgical indications, 955–956 WHO, 4037–4038 Glenoid neck fractures Gilchrist sling, shoulder instability, 1169, 1171 classification, 948, 951 Girdlestone–Taylor procedure, 4571 fracture patterns involved, 948, 949 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 100 ipsilateral clavicle fracture osteosynthesis, 961 Glenohumeral dislocation operative technique, 960–961 age, 1124 possible traumatic ring, 948, 950 anterior dislocation, 1127–1129 posterior approaches, 960 chronic dislocation, 1132–1133 superior approach, 960, 961 clinical examination, 1124–1125 surgical indications, 954–955 complications, 1133 types, 945, 947–948 CT scan, 1125 Glenoid neck preparation, 1157, 1159 definition, 1123 Glenoid rim fractures laxity, 1123 classification, 948, 951 MRI, 1125 mechanism, 948 multi-directional instability, 1130, 1132 operative set up, 965 patho-anatomy, 1125–1127 Global therapy concept, for soft tissue defects, 1978 Index 4929

Glomus tumours, 1839 operative techniques, 321 Golfers elbow, 1367 osteophytes resection, 326 Gradient echo (GE) sequences, 46 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 326 Graf’s ultrasonographic classification, of DDH, pre-operative preparation and planning, 321 4393–4395 pseudotumours, 326, 328 Graft impaction, FIG simultaneous operations, 326 allograft chip insertion, 2597 synovectomy, 321–322 cannulated instruments, 2595, 2596 Haemophilic synovitis, 311 distal femoral impactors, 2596, 2597 Haemorrhage distal femur fills, 2598 diabetic foot, 3921 guide-wire, 2595 pelvic fractures, 182 phantom sizing, 2595, 2596 Haglund’s deformity, 3912 Grafts Achilles tendinopathy, 3890 chronic ligament injury, 1388 posterosuperior calcaneus prominence fractures, 4277–4278 resection, 3893 Hamstring (see Hamstring graft) Hahn–Steinthal fracture, 1398 non-union fractures, 252–255 Hallux interphalangeal joint fusion, cavus foot, Strut grafts, 2600 4567, 4568 Granulomatous infection. See Tuberculous spinal Hallux interphalangeus infection clinical presentation, 3410–3411 Gravity stress test, ankle fractures, 3471, 3742, 3743 description, 3409 Grease gun injection injuries, 2003 interphalangeal joint fixed flexion, 3414–3415 Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS), 2121 mobile interphalangeal joint, 3412–3414 Greater tuberosity fractures, plate fixation, 1266 non-operative treatment, 3412 Grice extra-articular subtalar arthrodesis, flat foot, 4557, normal fontal plane alignment, 3409–3410 4560–4561, 4563 operative treatment, 3412–3415 Grice procedure, 4541, 4546 radiograph and clinical photographs, 3410, 3411 Gritti–Stokes amputations, 394–397 surgical precautions, 3415 Groin flap, 1996–1999 Hallux valgus, 3925, 3927, 4548 Gross Motor Functional Classification System aetiology, 3419 (GMFCS), 3392 anatomy, 3419 cerebral palsy, 4576, 4579 classification, 3419 Ground medical transport (GMT), 103 complications, 3429–3430 Growing-rod systems, scoliosis, 491–493 deformity, rheumatoid arthritis, 3964, 3965 Growth rate index (GRI), 4058 diagnosis, 3421–3422 GSB prosthesis, 1416, 1419 medial capsular integrity, 3420–3421 Guided-growth system, scoliosis, 492–493 Mitchell procedure, 3427–3428 Gustilo-Anderson open fractures classification, 3771 operative technique, 3423–3428 pathomechanics, 3419–3420 pes planus, 3419 H pre-operative preparation and planning, 3423 Haemangiomata, 1839–1840 surgical indications, 3422–3423 Haemarthrosis, in knee arthroscopy, 2735, 2736 Halo-vest, 726 Haematomas Hamate arthrosis luno-triquetral (HALT) dissociation, cubital tunnel syndrome, 1899 1649–1650 femoral head, 2209 Hammer toe deformity, definition of, 3472 fracture, 140 Hamstring graft. See also Anterior cruciate ligament talus fractures, 3791 (ACL) reconstruction Haemophilias choice and placement, 2974–2975 arthrodesis, 322–323 harvest and preparation of, 2981–2982 arthroplasty, 323–325 passage tensioning and fixation, ACL, 2985–2987 classification, 320 tunnel widening, 2975 complications, 326–327 whip-stitching, 2983 description, 320 Hamstring transfer diagnosis, 320–321 complications, 4884 economical considerations, 328 post-operative care and rehabilitation, indications for surgery, 321 4883–4884 knee stiffness, in children, 4872 surgical indications, 4880–4881 non-operative treatment, 321 surgical technique, 4881–4883 4930 Index

Hand Hemangioendothelioma, 4115 arteries/veins, 1611–1612 Hemiarthroplasty, 1414–1416 articular system, 1600 MTPJ, 3463–3464 carpometacarpal joint, 1600–1601 Hemiarthroplasty, proximal humerus fractures, extensor tendon (see Extensor tendons, in hand) 1254–1256 fibrous system, 1599 beach chair position, 1282, 1283 flexor tendon injuries (see Flexor tendon injuries) bicipital groove, 1285 high pressure injection injuries, of hand calcar length, 1283, 1284 injuries, occurrence of, 1955–1956 complications, 1289 median nerve, 1610 deltopectoral approach, 1282 metacarpophalangeal joint, 1601–1603 head size, 1283, 1284 osseous skeleton, 1598–1599 indications for, 1281–1282 proximal interphalangeal joint (see Proximal outcomes, 1289–1290 interphalangeal (PIP) joint) post-operative care and rehabilitation, 1288–1289 radial nerve, 1611 pre-operative preparation and planning, 1282 surgical approaches, 1612–1618 retrotorsion bar attachement, 1285, 1286 thumb, 1607–1609 stem insertion, 1284, 1285 traumatic injuries (see Soft tissue defects) suture fixation, 1286, 1287 ulnar nerve, 1610–1611 tuberosity, 1283–1285, 1287, 1288 Hand fractures HemiCAP®, 3731 intra-articular fractures, 1858–1862 Hemi-hamate osteochondral autograft, 1878, 1880 K-wire fixation, 1862 Hemipelvectomy management concepts, 1848 aetiology and classification, 4198 metacarpal fractures, 1848 amputation, 4198 phalangeal fractures, 1866–1876 anatomy and pathology, 4198–4199 thumb metacarpal fractures, 1862–1866 anterior flap techniques, 4204–4206 Hand infections diathermy, 4200 aetiology, 2011–2012 free-flap techniques, 4207 anatomy, 2015–2016 indication, 4197, 4199 classification, 2011 ischial tuberosity, 4200–4201 complications, 2021 necrosis, 4208 diagnosis of, 2016–2017 optimal sterile, 4201 differential diagnosis, 2017–2019 posterior flap techniques, 4201–4204 host type and infection, 2014–2015 post-operative care, 4207–4208 pathogens, 2012–2014 pre-operative planning, 4199–4200 pathophysiology, 2016 rehabilitation, 4207–4208 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2021 Hemi-peroneus Brevis technique, Achilles tendinopathy, skeletal infections, 2028–2030 3888, 3889 soft-tissue infections, 2021–2028 Hemi-plateau elevation, infantile tibia vara, 4378–4380 spread of pus, 2016 Hemiplegia, 4576 treatment, 2019–2021 Hemitrapeziectomy, basal thumb osteoarthritis, 1804 Hand swellings. See Swellings Hereditary sensory motor neuropathy, 513. See also Hand trauma, paediatric. See Paediatric hand trauma Charcot-Marie-tooth (CMT) disease Hangman’s fracture, 729, 730 Herring lateral pillar classification, 4451–4452 Hardware failure, midfoot arthrodesis, 3551, 3562 Hertel’s Binary/Lego description system, 1278, 1279 Harrington technique, bone metastases, 4303 Heterodigital island flaps. See Neurovascular island flap Harris hip score, 2449, 4415 Heterotopic bone, 1503 Harris’s theory, 2150 Heterotopic bone formation, acetabular fractures, Hawkins sign, 1049, 1068, 3808 2307 Head injuries and femoral shaft fractures, 2690–2691 Heterotopic classification (HO), 1484–1485 Head-shaft angle, 4420 Heterotopic ossification Healing process, frozen shoulder, 1192–1194 cementless total hip replacement, 2393 Health-related quality of life (HRQoL), 4136 tumour-like lesions, 4029 Heel pain syndrome. See Plantar fasciitis High pressure injection injuries, of hand Heel ulcers, 3924, 3926 amputation rate, 2003 diabetic foot, 3934–3935, 3938 complications, 2006 Heel walking test, 4513, 4515 consistency, of material injected, 2002 Helicoı¨dal lamina pedis of Mc Connail, 4512, 4514 debridement delay, 2003–2004 Helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS), 103–105 local tissue crushing, 2002 Index 4931

long-term outcome, 2005–2006 indications, 2154–2156 operative technique, 2004–2005 instrumentation, 2159 pathophysiology, 2002 Legg-Calve´-Perthes’ disease (LCPD), 2149 post-operative care, 2005 McKibbin instability index, 2149 tissue damage, 2002 operating theatre floor plan, 2159–2160 toxicity, of material injected, 2003 osteoarthritis, aetiology of, 2150–2151 veterinary vaccination injuries, 2006 outcomes, 2169 volume, of material injected, 2002–2003 patient positioning, 2158–2159 X-ray of, 2003 peripheral compartment and diagnostic round, 2152, High tibial osteotomies (HTO) 2162–2163 PLC ligament repairs, 3088 pre-operative preparation and planning, 2156–2158 symptomatic varus or initial femoro-tibial rehabilitation, 2168–2170 arthritis, 3117 vascularity of labrum, 2152 Hilgenreiner-epiphyseal angle, 4420, 4421 Hip dislocation and femoral head fractures Hill-Sachs lesion, 1126 aetiology, 2181 Hindfoot alignment, calcaneus fractures, 3827 avascular necrosis, 2195 Hindfoot deformity biomechanics, 2185 valgus, 3655 blood supply, 2183–2184 varus, 3655–3656 deep view thrombosis, 2197 Hinge abduction, 4461–4462 diagnosis, 2186–2187 Hinged elbow fixation engorged subsynovial retinacular vessels and biomechanics, 1433 bleeding, 2191, 2193 treatment protocol, 1424, 1425 fracture-dislocation in children, 2185–2186 Hintegra®, 3707 functional anatomy, 2183 Hinterman’s test, 4540 heterotopic ossification and prophylaxis, 2196–2197 Hip indications for surgery, 2188–2190 bone metastases, 4303 Kocker–Langenbeck approach, 2193 cemented total hip replacement (see Cemented total operative techniques, 2191 hip replacement) Pipkin classification, 2182–2183 cementless total hip replacement (see Cementless total post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2197–2198 hip replacement) post-traumatic arthritis, 2195 Chiari osteotomy (see Chiari osteotomy) pre-operative preparation and planning, 2190–2191 disarticulation (see Hemipelvectomy) reduction methods, 2187–2188 excision and reconstruction (see Proximal femur) road traffic collisions, 2180 MRI scan, 4348 sciatic and associated nerve injuries, 2195–2196 peri-acetabular osteotomy (see Peri-acetabular Thompson and Epstein classification, 2181–2182 osteotomy) total hip arthroplasty, 2194 (see also Total hip pointer (see Iliac crest contusion) arthroplasty (THA)) resection arthroplasty of (see Resection arthroplasty, trochanteric flip and anterior dislocation, 2191, 2192 of hip) types, 2181 snapping, 4872 venous thromboembolism, 2197 transposition, 4180–4186 (see also Pelvic tumours) Watson–Jones anterolateral approach, 2191 tribology (see Tribology) Hip dysplasia Hip adductor release, sitting child, 4599, 4601 apprehension test, 2345 Hip arthroscopic treatment femoro-acetabular (FAI) impingement, 2344 acetabular retroversion and pincer-type FAI, 2166–2168 open reduction technique (see Open reduction arthroscopic anatomy, 2151 technique, adolescence) biomechanics, 2152 pathomechanics, 2349 cam-type FAI, impingement lesion, 2165–2166 pelvic and femoral osteotomies, 4407–4408 central compartment, 2151–2152 radiographs, 2345–2347 choice of portals, 2160–2161 Hip flexor index, 4435 classifications, 2151 Hip flexor release, sitting child, 4599 complications, 2169–2171 Hip fracture, children diagnosis, 2153–2154 avascular necrosis, 4802–4803 diagnostic round and central compartment, 2161–2162 complications, 4802–4804 evolution of, 2148 coxa vara, 4803 femoro-acetabular impingement (FAI), effects of, diagnosis, 4796–4797 2163–2165 indications for surgery, 4797–4798 hip pain aetiology, in young adult, 2149–2150 infection, 4803 4932 Index

Hip fracture, children (cont.) Humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligaments (HAGL) non-union, 4803 lesion, 1140 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 4801 Humeral fractures, 1213 premature physeal closure, 4803 Humeral head. See also Proximal humerus plate fixation pre-operative preparation and planning, 4798 necrosis, 1261 Hip fractures vascularisation, 1260 cervical, 2211 Humeral implant insertion, 1415, 1416 subtrochanteric, 2209 Humeral neck preparation, open capsuloplasty, 1159 types, 2210 Humeral shaft fractures Hip instability. See Dislocation, hip anatomy, 1293–1295 Hip joint, 2423 classification, 1297–1298, 4685 dislocation of, 2430–2432 diagnosis, 1298 patient mobilization, 2438 examination, 1298 P1-/2-/3-/4-/P1-/2-/3-/H1/P1-/2-/3-/4-/H1/P2H1 indications, 4686 tumours, 4177–4180 injury mechanisms, 1295–1297 re-attachment of, 2433–2438 management of, 1298 trochanteric osteotomy (see Trochanteric osteotomy) nerve injury, 1300–1301 Hip reconstruction, in cerebral palsy, 4599–4604 non-operative management, 1298–1300 Hip replacement, for old Developmental Dysplasia of Hip open fracture, 1301–1302 (DDH), 2441–2449 operative management, 1299 Hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) pathological fracture, 1302 acetabular preparation and implantation, 2626–2628 post-operative care, 4686 advantages, 2621–2622 proximal third, 4685–4686 alternative surgical strategies, 2630–2631 retrograde FIN technique, 4685 complications, 2632–2633 treatment methods, 11298 component positioning, 2623 vascular injury, 1300 contra-indications for, 2624 Humeral shaft fractures, closed treatment DUROM® instrumentation, 2627–2629 contra-indications, 146–150 femoral head, vascular supply of, 2622–2623 non-union and complications, 150 femoral preparation and implantation, 2627–2632 radial nerve injury, 150 goal, 2623 Humeral-ulnar angle, 4706 indications, 2623–2624 Humerus intra-operative femoral component sizing, 2626 clavicle-for-humerus reconstruction, 4161, 4163 neck notching, 2623 distal humerus reconstruction, 4163, 4166 osteophytes, 2626 distal humerus resection, 4162, 4164, 4165 patient positioning, 2624 distal radius resection, 4164 patient selection, 2623–2624 intercalated resection, 4161–4162, 4164, 4165 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2631 prosthetic reconstruction, 4160–4163 pre-operative planning of, 2624, 2625 proximal humerus resection, 4158–4160 self-retaining retractor system, 2626, 2627 resection and reconstruction, 4164, 4167 surgical approach and prosthesis sizing, 2624–2626 vascularized fibular graft reconstruction, survival rates, 2622 4164–4166, 4168 Hip rotationplasty. See also Pelvic tumours Hybrid fixator, distal tibia fractures, 3773 classification, 4191, 4193 Hydraulic fluid injection injuries, 2003 indications, 4192–4195 Hyperabduction test, shoulder instability, 1166, 1167 Hip salvage procedures, 4646 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HOT), 356 Hoffa’s syndrome, 3363–3364 Hyperextension deformity, 3478, 3479 Hohmann retractor, 1156 Hyperlaxity, 1165, 1166 Homolateral Lisfranc fracture-dislocation, 3849, 3850 Hypermobility, 1165 Hong Kong operation, 834 Hypersensitivity, nerve pain management, 1912, 1913, Horii circle, 1425 1931–1934 Hormone-enhanced bone grafts, AVN, 2136 Hypoplasia, congenital hand anomalies, 1667–1669 Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score, 3380–3381 Hypothenar Hammer syndrome, 1775 Hox genes, 4347 Hypothenar space, hand infections, 2015 Ho:YAG laser, 2719 HRA. See Hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) Huber transfer, 1587–1588 I Hughston test, PLC injuries, 3079 Iatrogenic arthrofibrosis, 3298 Human bites, hand infection, 2028 Iatrogenic metatarsalgia, 3520 Index 4933

Iatrogenic patellar fracture, quadriceps tendon Infected total knee prosthesis management ruptures, 2763 aetiology, 3280–3281 IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) anaesthesia, 3284 diabetic foot, 3951, 3952 classification, 3281 plantar forefoot ulceration, 3934, 3935 completion of debridement, 3287–3288 transmetatarsal amputation, 3934–3936 diagnosis, 3281–3283 varus hind foot and recurrent ulceration, 3951–3952 implants and cement choice, 3285–3286 Idiopathic arthrofibrosis, 3298 one-staged approach, 3283–3284 Idiopathic flatfoot, 4539, 4540 operative technique, 3286–3292 Idiopathic scoliosis post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3290 acupuncture, 470–471 pre-operative planning, 3284–3286 brace types, 466–470 radiological preparation, 3284 complications of brace treatment, 466 re-implantation, 3289–3292 electrotherapy, 471 removal of implant, 3287–3288 hours per day, treatment, 465 risks, 3285 indications, 464–465 skin incision and debridement, 3286–3287 method of treatment, 465 surgeon’s planning and preparation, 3285–3286 termination of treatment, 465–466 Infections Idiopathic tip-toe walking (ITTW), 4546 acetabular fractures, 2307 Ileo-inguinal approach, acetabular fractures amputation, 380 anterior wall, 2280, 2302, 2303 ankle arthrodesis, 3703 of columns, 2295, 2297, 2305–2306 bacteria, 331–336 Cooper’s ligament, 2300 in diabetic foot, 351–356 detachment of, 2276, 2277, 2302 disc space, 578 high and low anterior column, 2280, 2302–2303 indications, amputation, 377 posterior column, 2283, 2301 infected fracture, 336–340 posterior wall, 2300–2302 in knee arthroscopy, 2736–2737 pure transverse, 2282, 2303, 2304 PCL-retaining TKA, 3196–3197 transverse fracture, 2285, 2304–2305 periprosthetic femoral fractures in THA, 2545 T transverse, 2304, 2305 prosthetic joint, 340–351 Iliac crest contusion, 4862–4863 tibial shaft fractures, 2874–2875 Iliac osteotomy, 2355 Inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL), 857 Iliopatellar band, PLC injuries, 3073 Infrapatellar contracture syndrome, 2741, 3307–3308 Iliopsoas tendinopathy, 2157 Inguinal flap design, 1996 Iliotibial band syndrome, 3366–3367 Injury Severity Score (ISS), 101 Ilizarov technique, for neglected clubfoot, 4508, 4509 Inlay technique, PCL Impaction bone grafting, 2570–2571 femoral tunnel, 3061 Implants graft preparation, 3062 for acetabular revision surgery, 2563–2564 operating set-up, 3062 fixation, revision total knee arthroplasty, 3273, 3274 patient position, 3061–3062 removal, revision total knee arthroplasty, 3270, 3271 Innominate osteotomy, 4407 Inclined osteotomy, infantile tibia vara, 4378 Inominate pelvic osteotomy, 4413 Incomplete non-viable digital amputations, 2089 Insertional Achilles tendinopathy Incomplete viable digital amputations, 2089 aetiology, 3908 Index finger metacarpal neck fractures, 1857–1858 clinical findings, 3908, 3910 Indian Hedgehog and Parathyroid Hormone Related imaging, 3910 Protein, 4347 treatment, 3910, 3912–3913 Indomethacin, 2197 Insertion tendinopathy. See also Insertional Achilles Infantile coxa vara. See Developmental coxa vara tendinopathy Infantile tibia vara classification and clinical aspect, 3890–3892 brace treatment, 4375–4376 diagnosis and treatment strategy, 3892–3893 focal dome osteotomy, 4376–4377 operative indications and techniques, 3893–3897 hemi-plateau elevation, 4378–4380 Inside-out technique, 1352 inclined osteotomy, 4378 In situ decompression, cubital tunnel syndrome, metaphyseal correction, 4379 1897–1898 osteotomy correction, 4378 In-situ-fixation, SCFE, 4431–4432 Infected fracture Insoles closed fractures, post-operative infection, 339–340 with incorrect window, 3955, 3956 open fractures, 336–339 with midfoot window, 3955 4934 Index

Instability Intra-articular thumb metacarpal base fractures ACL repair, failure of, 3116–3118 basal thumb fractures, outcomes of, 1865–1866 ankle (see Ankle sprains) Bennett’s fracture, 1863–1865 definition, 1141 Rolando fractures, 1865–1866 glenohumeral (see Glenohumeral instability) Intractable plantar keratosis (IPK), metatarsalgia, midfoot arthrodesis, 3554 3514–3515, 3527–3528 multi-directional (see Multidirectional instability) Intramedullary distraction, 4351 shoulder (see Shoulder instability) Intramedullary fixation, femoral neck fractures Instrument breakage, in knee arthroscopy, 2724 implant, cut-out of, 2259–2260 Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (see also IDDM) indications for, 2248 Interbody fusion, 542 later fracture, nail, 2259 anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), 544–545 non-union of fracture, 2260 combined anterior and posterior fusion, 545 operative fracture, nail, 2259 graft bed, discectomy and preparation, 649–651 Intramedullary hip screw (IMHS), 2231 L4-S1 fusion, 549 Intramedullary (IM) nail fixation, periprosthetic femoral L5 vertebrectomy, 549 fractures, 2541–2542 pars defect reconstruction procedures, Intramedullary (IM) nail fixation, proximal 549–550 humerus fractures posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF), 542–544 complications, 1254 spondylolisthesis reduction techniques, 545–549 operative technique, 1251–1254 use of, 552–553 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 1252–1254 wound closure, 649, 651 pre-operative preparation and planning, 1251 Interdigital neuroma. See Morton’s neuroma Intramedullary (IM) nailing, 1460 Internal fixation distal tibia fractures, 3775–3776 Chopart fracture-dislocations, 3845–3849 Intramedullary (IM) nailing, femoral shaft fractures knee arthrodesis, 3322–3323, 3325, 3326 fracture table vs. radiolucent flat table, 2686–2687 Lisfranc fracture-dislocations, 3849–3852 patients with concomitant chest trauma, 2688–2690 lumbar spinal fusion, 583 reamed vs. unreamed, 2688 Internal forequarter amputation. See Scapulothoracic Intramedullary (IM) nailing, tibial shaft fractures dissociation anaesthesia and positioning, 2863 International cartilage repair society (ICRS) classification considerations, 2861, 2868 system, meniscal allograft, 2898 distal tibial shaft fractures, 2867–2869 International Classification of Diseases-based Injury entry point preparation, 2864–2865 Severity Score (ICISS), 101 indications, 2859 International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) open tibial shaft fractures-stages, 2866–2867 subjective score, 3378–3380 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2874 Interosseous membrane, forearm proximal tibial shaft fractures, 2867–2869 disruption, 1516, 1518 RTN stages, 2865–2866 ligamentoplasty, 1519–1521 table and equipment, 2862–2863 longitudinal and transverse stability, 1512, 1513 UTN stages, 2866 middle radio-ulnar joint (MRUJ), 1511, 1512 Intra-muscular biceps femoris lengthening, 3398 Interphalangeal joint fusion Intramuscular medial hamstring lengthening, hallucis longus, 3415 3398, 3399 pre-and post-operative radiographs, 3414 Intra-operative distractor, 1458 Interposition arthroplasty, MTPJ, 3463 Intra-operative femoral component sizing, 2626 Interspinous distraction devices, 639–640 Intra-operative fracture, total ankle replacement, 3720 Interstitial brachytherapy, 4069 Intra-operative local infiltration analgesia, 2477 Intertrochanteric osteotomy, of developmental coxa vara, Intra-osseous (juxta-articular) ganglia, 4020–4021 4422–4423 Intra-osseous ganglions, 1834 Intervertebral foramen, lumbar spinal stenosis, 626–627 Intraosseous scaphoid cyst, 1815 and degenerative scoliosis, 634–635 Intratendinous tear (IT), 1065 stenosis with degenerative spondylolisthesis, 634 Intrinsic fracture stability, 141 Intra-articular fractures Intrinsic muscle retraction of intermediate severity, 2830, 2832 MP joint, 2058 Schatzker classification of, 2827 PIP joint, 2058 simple fractures, 2830, 2831 treatment, 2058–2059 Intra-articular osteotomy, wrist, 1644–1645 Inversion recovery (IR) sequences, 45 Intra-articular structural damage, in knee Inveterate fractures arthroscopy, 2732 of anterior surface, 2313 Index 4935

of columns, 2313 K in horizontal plane, 2312–2313 Kapandji pinning technique, 1688 of posterior column, 2311–2312 Kaplan Meier survivorship curves, 2605 of posterior wall, 2310, 2311 Kellgren-Lawrence classification system Irrigation cannulae, 2719 ankle arthrodesis, 3695 Irritable hip, differential diagnosis of, 4444 finger osteoarthritis, 1812–1813 Ischaemic foot Kessler suture technique, 1581 first metatarsophalangeal joint, 3925, 3927 Kienbo¨ck’s disease multiple surgery, 3925, 3926 aetiology, 1728–1729 Ischial osteotomy, 2353–2354 anatomy, 1728, 1729 Ischial tuberosity, hip disarticulation, 4200–4201 arthroplasty, 1734, 1736 Iselin’s posterior approach, acetabular fractures, biomechanics, 1728–1729 2298–2299 bone grafts, 1735 Isolated acetabular revision, 2558–2559 conservative management, 1734 Isolated excision, 3887 diagnosis, 1729–1731 Isolated lateral stenosis, 633 indications, 1729 Isolated stenosis of nerve root canal, 626 joint levelling, 1735 ITTW. See Idiopathic tip-toe walking partial/total wrist fusion, 1736 proximal row carpectomy, 1736 reconstruction, 1730–1734 J salvage, 1734 Jack’s test, 4538 wrist arthroscopy, 1642–1644 Japanese Institution Committee radiographic wrist denervation, 1734 classification, 2134, 2135 Kingella kingae, 4471–4472, 4474, 4478 Jerk pain, 1186 Kirschner-wires (K-wires), 766, 768 Jerk-test, shoulder instability, 1143 basal thumb osteoarthritis, 1807–1808 Joint aspiration, periprosthetic infection, 2515 calcaneus fractures, 3824, 3825 Joint distraction, 4457 cannulated pin/screw, 2217 Joint levelling, Kienbo¨ck’s disease, diabetic foot, 3929–3930 1731–1732 distal radius and physis fracture, 4762–4764 Joint line reconstruction, RTKA, 3273 femur repair, 2595 Joint prostheses, scintigraphy, 27, 28 infection, proximal inter-phalangeal joint Joint-side tear (JT), 1065 arthrodesis, 3534 Joint stiffening, prevention of, 142 in hand fractures, 1862 Joint synovitis metatarsal head, 3971 DIP joints, 2075 olecranon fractures, 1455–1456 DRUJ, 2064–2065 SCFE, 4431–4432 metacarpo-phalangeal joints, 2066–2070 tumors involvement in hip joint, 4179 opera glass fingers, 2061 Kite flap. See First dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap PIP joints, 2072–2075 Knee radio-carpal and mid-carpal joints, 2061–2064 ACL repair (see Anterior cruciate ligament) Jones classification, of tibial dysplasia, aetiology and classification, 4224 4367–4368 allografts (see Allografts, bone loss in knee) Jones fracture anatomy and pathology, 4224–4225 paediatric sports injuries, 4868–4869 antibiotic prophylaxis, 4234 tarso-metatarsal joint injuries, 4850 chondrocyte transplantation (see Osteochondral Jones transfer, Cavus foot, 4567, 4568 defects) Joystick pull test, 1516, 1517 complications, 4235 J-span technique, 1116, 1117 decision-making, 4229 Judet and Judet distractor, 1495 degenerate meniscal lesions, 2890–2904 Jumper’s knee, 4864. See also Patellar tendon diagnosis, 4226–4227 ruptures drains, 4235 Juvenile chronic arthritis, in children, 4872 DVT prophylaxis, 4234 Juxtacortical chondroma lateral parapatellar approach, 2748–2749 definition, 4085 limb salvage types, 4235–4238 diagnosis, 4085 MCL injuries (see Medial collateral ligament injuries) histology, 4086 medial, anatomy of, 3094–3096 radiology, 4085 medial parapatellar approach, 2746–2747 treatment, 4086 median (midline) approach, 2747 4936 Index

Knee (cont.) CRPS 1 (see Complex regional pain syndrome l) meniscal allograft (See Meniscal allograft diagnostic errors, 2735 transplantation) effusion, 2737–2738 minimally-invasive surgery, 2752 haemarthrosis, 2735, 2736 mobilisation, 4235 Ho:YAG laser, 2719 OA (see Osteoarthritis (OA)) infection, 2736–2767 operative techniques, 4229–4234 infrapatellar contracture syndrome, 2741 outcomes, 4235–4236 instrument breakage, 2724, 2732–2733 paediatric sports injuries, 4863–4866 intra-articular structural damage, 2732 patellar tendinopathy (see Patellar tendon ruptures) intra-operative complications, 2724–2726 pathological fractures, 4225–4226 irrigation cannulae for, 2719 PMC injuries (see Postero-medial corner injuries) lateral and medial suprapatellar portals, posterior approach, 2750–2752 2723, 2724 posterior capsular release, 3401 lateral mid-patellar portal, 2723 posteromedial approach, 2749–2750 leg holders/posts related complications, post-operative care, 4290–4291 2730, 2731 pre-operative planning, 4228–4229 mechanical instruments for, 2718 reconstructions (see Unicondylar osteo-articular motorised instruments for, 2718 allografts) MRI, 2735 rehabilitation, 4290–4291 nerve injuries, 2726 sterilising bone, 4228, 4234 neurological injury, 2733–2734 surgical techniques, 4290 operative complications, 2730–2735 traumatic lesions (see Traumatic lesions) osteonecrosis, 2742 UKR (see Unicompartmental knee replacement) pain, 2735 Van Nes-Borggreve rotationplasty, 4135–4147 patient positioning, 2719 vascularized tumours, 4291–4292 posterior portals, 2723–2725 Y-shaped approach, 2747–2748 post-operative care, 2726 Knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFO), 3395 post-operative complications, 2735–2742 Knee arthrodesis principles of, 2720 alternative therapy, 3328–3329 reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 2730, 2734 biological augmentation, 3326–3327 synovial fistula, 2737–2738 complications, 3327–3328 thromboembolic disease, 2735–2736 contra-indications, 3320 tourniquet related complications, 2731 double plate technique, 3324, 3327 universal requirements of, 2718 external fixation methods, 3324–3326, 3328 vascular injuries, 2724, 2733 fixation methods, 3322, 3323 wide-angle arthroscopes for, 2718 goal of surgery, 3321–3322 Knee dislocation implantation of, 3329 aetiology, 2957–2958 indications, 3319–3320 classification, 2958–2959 internal fixation methods, 3322–3323, 3325, 3326 clinical assessment, 2959–2960 long nail systems, 3324, 3327 common peroneal nerve injury, 2964 modular nail systems, 3323–3324, 3326 description, 2956–2957 one/two stage procedure, 3322 imaging, 2960 oxygen consumption, 3321 injury, 3357–3358 pedicled vascularised fibular graft, 3327 ligament injury, 2963–2964 pre-operative preparations and planning, ligament reconstruction, technical aspects, 3320–3321 2965–2966 Knee arthroplasty, allografts. See Allografts, bone loss management, 2963–2968 in knee outcome, 2966–2968 Knee arthroscopy, 2717, 2729 peroneal nerve injury, 2962–2963 anaesthesia, 2719 post-operative rehabilitation, 2966 anterior portals, 2720–2723 post-operative stiffness, 2966 antero-lateral portal, 2720–2722 tibial tuberosity fractures, 4823–4824 antero-medial portal, 2722, 2723 vascular injury, 2960–2962 arthroscope, 2718 Knee flexion test. See Brunet-Guedj test back-and-forth posterior portal, 2724, 2726 Knee, in and around fractures bipolar electrocoagulation for, 2719 distal femoral metaphyseal central portal, 2723 injuries, 4819 compartment syndrome, 2731–2732 distal femoral physeal injuries, 4817 Index 4937

management, 4818–4819 L patellar dislocation with osteochondral fractures, L2-L5 disc space, lumbar spinal fusion 4820–4822 common iliac artery, 659 patellar fractures, 4822 donor site complications, 659 tibial spine fractures, 4822–4823 genitofemoral nerve, 659 troubleshooting and complications, 4819 skin incision, 658–659 Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), ureter, 659 3376, 3377 wrong positioning of, 658 Knee osteoarthritis. See Upper tibial osteotomy L 4/5 disc space, lumbar spinal fusion Knee scoring systems anterior rectus sheath incision, 655, 656 AKSS score, 3381 arcuate line, 655, 656 Cincinnati knee rating scale, 3378, 3379 intra-operative monitoring, 655 clinical and scientific experience, vascular anatomy, 655 3382–3384 vascular mobilization variations, 656–658 HSS score, 3380–3381 L5/S1 disc space, lumbar spinal fusion IKDC subjective score, 3378–3380 retroperitoneal access, 653–654 KOOS, 3376, 3377 skin incision for, 653, 654 Kujala Patello-femoral Score, 3372–3373 three approaches to, 653, 654 lysholm scoring scale, 3376–3378 transperitoneal access, 654–655, 659 multiscore, 3383–3384 Labral disease, 2155 OKS, 3381–3382 Lachman manoeuvre, lesser toe deformities, 3478 outcome evaluation instruments, 3372 Lachman test, ACL reconstruction, 2976 score-pion, 3382–3383 Lag screw technique SF-36, 3374–3376 long oblique and spiral fractures, 1855–187 Tegner activity level rating scale, 3380 short oblique shaft fracture, 1853, 1855 use, clinical scores, 3382 Lamellar bone, woven callus formation, 141 WOMAC score, 3373–3374 Laminotomy, 630, 631, 637–638 Knee stiffness, in children Langenskiold procedure acquired causes, 4872–4873 Blount’s disease, radiological stages, 4374 aetiology, 4872 for tibiofibular synostosis, 4341 congenital causes, 4872 Large aneurysmal bone cyst, 4027, 4028 conservative management, 4873 Large juvenile bone cyst, 4024–4028 in extension, 4873 Larson procedure, PLC injuries, 3062–3063 flexion contracture release, 4876–4878 fixation, 3064 iatrogenic contracture, vastus lateralis, 4875 graft preparation, 3064 post-operative care, 4875 operative set-up, 3063 quadriceps contracture release, 4873–4875 tunnel preparation, 3064 “Knockout” animal tool, 4346 Lasso-sling technique, 1473, 1474 Knowles’s pins, 2222 Lateral and medial suprapatellar portals, 2723, 2724 Kocher approach, in elbow, 1321–1323 Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) Kocher-Lorenz fracture, 1398 arthroscopy, elbow, 1345 Kocher technique, 1129 complex, 1306, 1307 Kujala Patello-femoral score, 3372–3373 elbow, 1318, 1319 Kyphoplasty injuries, athlete’s knee, 3351–3352 complications, 771–772 stability, elbow, 1432 indications, 762–763 Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm (LCNF), 1567 operative technique, 765–770 Lateral decubitus positions, 1348, 1349 polymethyl-methacrylate, 762 Lateral epicondylitis post-operative care, 770–771 aetiology, 1366–1365 pre-operative preparation and planning, 763–765 botulinum toxin, 1369 rehabilitation, 770–771 clinical presentation, 1367 Kyphosis. See also Degenerative deformity (Scoliosis ECRB, 1370 and/ or Kyphosis) elbow arthroscopy, 1344–4345 description, 471 epidemiology, 1365–1366 natural history, 474 incidence, 1365–1366 non-operative treatment, 474–477 investigation, 1367–1368 radiographic evaluation, 472–474 outcomes, 1372–1374 Scheuermann’s, 471–472 rehabilitation, 1371 spondylolisthesis, 535 skin incision, 1533 4938 Index

Lateral epicondylitis (cont.) radiological stages of, 4447–4448 surgical techniques and rehabilitation, 1369–1371 radionuclide bone scan, 4444, 4445 treatment complications, 1375–1376 shelf procedure, 4464–4467 treatment methods, 1368–1369 treatment of, 4458–4462 Lateral femoral cutaneus nerve (LFCN) varus osteotomy, 4462–4464 skin incision for, 2110, 2112 Leg holders/posts related complications, 2730, 2731 vs. Smith Pertersen interval, 2112 Leg-length discrepancy Lateral full-length standing film, 536 aetiology and classification, 4345–4346 Lateral gastrocnemius tendon (LGT), 3076 anatomy and pathology, 4346–4347 Lateral humeral condyle fractures with angular deformity, 4350 aetiology and classification, 4722–4729 causes, 4345–4346 applied anatomy, 4729 complications, 4369 complications, 4732–4733 description, 4345 diagnosis, 4729–4730 diagnosis, 4347–4349 indications for surgery, 4730 operative technique, 4351–4368 operative technique, 4730–4731 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 4368–4369 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 4732 short stature, 4350–4351 pre-operative preparation and planning, 4730 surgery indications, 4349–4351 Lateral knee pain Lengthening over a nail (LON), 4353 fabella syndrome, 3367 Lesser arc injury, 1741–1744 iliotibial band syndrome, 3366–3367 Lesser metatarso-phalangeal joints, 3968 popliteus tendinopathy, 3366 Lesser toe deformities proximal tibiofibular joint instability, 3367–3368 aetiology, 3471–3472 Lateral ligaments anatomy, 3473–3477 injury, 1384 biomechanics, 3473–3477 reconstruction, 1390–1391 claw toe, 3472–3473 Lateral mid-patellar portal, 2723 complications of, 3497–3500 Lateral parapatellar approach, 2748–2749 corns and callosities, 3495, 3497 Lateral release, scarf osteotomy, 3435 crossover toe deformity, 3494–3495 Lateral retroperitoneal approaches (L2-L5), lumbar curly toe, 3492–3494 spinal fusion diagnosis, 3479–3481 complications, 658–659 fifth toe deformity overlapping, 3495 interbody fusion, 649–650 hammer toe, 3472 microsurgical/mini-open access, 645–647 indications for, 3481 surgical steps, 647–649 mallet toe, 3472, 3492–3494 Lateral tennis elbow, 1367 metatarsal heads resection, 3968 Lateral transfibular approach, ankle arthrodesis, 3698–3699 MTP joints, 3968, 3969 Lateral transpsoas interbody fusion, 584 operative techniques, 3481–3492 Lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL), 1382, 1432 pain, 3468 Laterodigital flap, 1987–1988 pathophysiology of, 3477–3479 Latissimus dorsi transfer, in shoulder, 1060 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3492 Lauge–Hansen classification Less invasive stabilization system (LISS), 2709 ankle fractures, 3737–3740 Lift-off test, 1068, 1069 mechanism of injury, 4838–4839 Ligamentous injuries Lautenbach technique, 4893 anatomy, 1740 Law of MacConnail, 4516 classification, 1744–1746 Laxity, 1165 diagnosis, 1745–1747 “Leave me alone” diseases, 4033 pathomechanics, 1740–1744 Legg-Calve´-Perthes’ disease, 2149, 4444–4467 Ligaments, musculo-skeletal ultrasound, 36–37 abnormal growth pattern, 4447 Ligamentum teres, 2151–2152 bisphosphonates, 4458 Light osteosynthesis, 3153 description of, 4444 Limb alignment, total ankle replacement, 3720 epidemiology, 4446–4447 Limb/digits, re-plantation/transposition, 377 management of, 4453 Limb growth, molecular regulation of, 4346 MRI, 4444, 4445 Limb lengthening procedure, 4351–4353 outcomes, 4448–4449 Limb salvage pathophysiology, 4445–4446 allografts, 4237 in plastic phase, 4453–4457 arthrodesis, 4237 prognostic classification systems, 4449–4453 bone distraction, 4238 Index 4939

endoprosthetic replacement, 4236–4237 Long-term suppression therapy, 2517 excision, 4238 Long thoracic nerve, 970 rotationplasty, 4236 Lopresti slipper, 3841 sterilising bone, 4238 Loss of motion, total ankle replacement, 3721 Limb salvage, children Low back pain aetiology and classification, 4252–4254 antidepressant drug therapy, 780 anatomy, 4255 clinical examination, 778–779 aseptic loosening, 4277 diagnosis, 777–778 bone sarcomas, 4252 differential diagnosis, 778 bone tumours, 4257–4258 European clinical guidelines, for chronic, 780–781 clinical history, 4255 imaging, 779 graft fracture, 4277–4278 multi-disciplinary pain centre, 779–780 imaging, 4254–4256 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 779 limb length discrepancies, 4275–4277 physical therapy, 779, 780 pathology, 4255–4257 prognosis of, 779 peri-operative complications, 4273–4275 randomized trial, 781 physiology, 4255 recommendations, for acute, 780 post-operative care, 4271–4273 risk factors for, 778, 780 pre-operative preparation and planning, 4258–4259 spinal manipulation therapy, 779 prognosis, 4252 strategies and management, 777 prosthesis fracture, 4278 Low contact stress (LCS) pseudarthrosis, 4278 AP-glide and rotating platform, 3212, 3213 reconstruction, 4262–4271 mobile bearing TKA, 3212, 3213 rehabilitation, 4271–4273 Lower cervical spine injury resection, 4260–4262 Allen-Ferguson classification, 735 surgery indication, 4258 burst fractures, 729, 735, 736 surgical technique, 4259–4271 facet fractures and dislocations, 729, 735–739 Lipfibromatous hamartoma, 1842 flexion teardrop fractures, 729, 735, 737 Lipomata, 1838 Lower extremity Lipomatosis, 1371 femoral head and neck, bone metastases, 4287–4288 Liquid cement injection injuries, 2003 open fractures, arterial injury, 182–185 Lisfranc’s fracture, 3548, 3549 surgical techniques, 4288 Lisfranc’s fracture-dislocations Lowering longitudinal cut, scarf osteotomy, 3436 anatomy and pathomechanics, 3837–3838 Lower limb, giant-cell tumour, 4044–4051 classification, 3838–3840 Low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), 218 complications, 3853–3855 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), 2213 diagnosis, 3839–3841 Lubrication, 2372–2373 internal fixation, 3849–3852 Ludloff sign, 4392 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3853 Lumbar disc arthroplasty complications, 589–590 primary fusion, 3852 Lumbar disc replacement. See also Lumbar spinal fusion procedures, 3843–3845 and disc replacement surgical indications, 3841, 3843 indications for, 586–587 Lisfranc’s injuries. See Tarso-metatarsal joint injuries Lumbar plexus block, 2476–2477 Lister’s tubercle, 1533 Lumbar spinal fusion and disc replacement Little league elbow, 4859–4860 adjacent segment degeneration, 589–592 Little league shoulder, 4858 anterior lumbar interbody fusion, 584–585 Liverpool classification, 3917, 3918 applications of, 582 Lmx-1, 1655 clinical outcomes after, 592–596 Load-sharing classification, 747, 748 discogenic back pain, 587–588 Locally aggressive bone tumours, 1843, 1844 motion preservation, 588–589 Locked plates, 1269, 1270, 1857, 2711–2714 post-operative care, 601–605 LON. See Lengthening over a nail retroperitoneal approach to L4-5, 596–600 Long-bone fractures classification. See Fracture wound closure, 600 classification systems Lumbar spinal stenosis Long bones and pelvis. See Bone metastases age groups, 629 Longitudinal cut, scarf osteotomy, 3437 combined forms, 628 Longitudinal division, of foot, 4515 co-morbidity, 629 Long leg X-rays, 4348 decompression methods, 632 Long stems, 2592 decompressive surgery, 628 4940 Index

Lumbar spinal stenosis (cont.) flexion teardrop fractures, 735, 737 definition of, 625 forearm joint, 1516–1517 foraminotomy, 630 frozen shoulder, 1189 interspinous distraction devices, 639–640 giant-cell tumour, 4038–4039 intervertebral foramen, 626–627, 633–635 glenohumeral dislocation, 1125 isolated lateral stenosis, 633 hip arthroscopic treatment, 2154 isolated stenosis of nerve root canal, 626 hip dislocation and femoral head fractures, 2187 laminotomy, 630, 631, 637–638 imaging methods, spinal trauma, 704 levels and type of, 629–630 Kienbo¨ck’s disease, 1729, 1735, 1736 multiple laminotomy, 632 knee arthroscopy, 2735 operative planning, 630–632 knee dislocation injury, 3357–3358 primary forms, 627 kyphoplasty, 763 secondary forms, 627–628 ligamentous injuries, 1747 spine fusion, 632–633 limb salvage, 4256, 4258, 4259 stenosis of spinal canal, 626 luno-triquetral instability, 1770 surgical indications, 628–629 malignant chondrosarcoma, 4091 total laminectomy, 630, 635–637 MCL injuries, 3100 T-2 weighted MR midsagittal scan, 626 meniscal injury, 3359 Lumbar vertebrectomy (L3), 666–669 meniscus repair, 2885 Lumbrical channel, hand infections, 2015 microdiscectomy, 559, 561 Lumbrical dysfunction, metatarso-phalangeal joint, midfoot arthrodesis, 3553 3531 Morton’s neuroma, 3541 Lunate fractures, 1722 musculoskeletal tumours, 3980–3989 (see also Lunate-hamate arthritis, 1775 Musculo-skeletal MRI) Luno-triquetral ligament tears, 1639–1641 occipito-atlantal dislocation, 730 Lushka’s tubercle, 930 operative technique, 1750–1753 L5 vertebrectomy, spondyloptosis, 549 osteochondral defects, 2906–2907 Lymphangitis, thenar infection, 2017 osteochondral lesions of the talus, 3727, Lyon brace, 467–468 3728, 3732 Lysholm knee function scoring scale, 3376–3378 osteochondroma, 4081 Lytic bone tumour, 3997–3998 partial rotator cuff ruptures, 1066, 1069, 1071 patellar instability, 2792–2793 patellar tendon ruptures, 3020–3022 M pelvic tumours, 4172, 4174–4178 Mackenzie incision, 1219 peroneal tendon disorders, 3647 Macrodactyly, 1665–1667 pisotriquetral joint, 1766 Madelung’s deformity, 1670 plantar fasciitis, 3903 Mafucci’s syndrome, 4085 PLC injuries, 3080 Magnetic resonance angiography, 48 posterior cruciate ligament, 3044–3046 Magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) posterolateral corner injuries, 3047–3049 hip arthroscopic treatment, 2154 proximal femur, 4213, 4216 shoulder instability, 1143 proximal tibia, 4227, 4231, 4233 Magnetic resonance-guided biopsy, 3982, 3989 rotator cuff-fibrous skeleton, 1039–1041 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) rotator cuff repair, 1052 Achilles tendinopathy, 3886, 3890–3891, 3910 RTKA, 3267–3268 ACL injury, athlete’s knee, 3352–3354 scaphoid fracture, 1706–1707 ACL reconstruction, 3306 SCFE, 4428 ACL repair, failure of, 3121 vs. scintimetry, 2206 atlas fractures, 731 septic arthritis, 4473 bone metastases, 4284 spinal metastases, 4315 cervical spine injury, 722 spine, 3982, 3988 congenital foot deformities, 4525 spondylodiscitis, 802–804, 818 degenerate meniscal lesions, 2890–2891 surgical indications, 1747, 1749–1751 diabetic foot, 3919 TFCC, 1757, 1772 distal femur fractures, 2703 thoraco-lumbar fractures, 745 distal radius fracture, 1678, 1682 tibialis posterior tendon rupture, 3625–3627 dorsal wrist ganglion, 1829, 1830 total ankle replacement, 3712 ECU instability, 1762 traumatic triangular fibrocartilage injury, 1771 facet fractures and dislocations, 738 tuberculous spinal infection, 820 Index 4941

upper limb, 4153–4154 Marimastat®, 1193 Van Nes–Borggreve rotationplasty, 4136 Martin-Gruber anastomosis, 1896 WBB system, 665 Mason classification, radial head fracture, 1464, 1465 wrist arthroscopy, 1625–1626 Masquelet technique, 4340, 4343 Magnetic resonance tomography (MRT), 2514 Matrix-assisted chondrocyte implantation (MACI), 3731. Maisonneuve fracture, 3763 See also Osteochondral defects (OCD) Malaga brace, 469 complications, 2912 Malignant cartilage tumours factors, 2912 chondrosarcoma, 4099–4100 procedure of, 2910–2911 clear-cell chondrosarcoma, 4095 surgical results, 2911 cryosurgery, 4098 Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 1193, 1194 dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, 4094 Mature hips, prognostic classification in, 4449–4450 local recurrences, 4101 Maverick disc prosthesis, 586 malignant chondrosarcoma, 4090–4093 Mayo classification mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, 4094–4095 DRF, 1678 PMMA, 4097, 4098 fracture, 1453, 1454 Malignant chondrosarcoma McFarland-Osborne technique, trochanteric central chondrosarcoma, 4090 osteotomy, 2439 clinical presentation, 4091 Mechanical stimulation, delayed union fractures, 249 dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, 4090–4091 Medial bone tunnel placement, 1389 genetics, 4093 Medial clavicle fractures, 982 histology, 4092–4093 Medial collateral ligament (MCL) peripheral chondrosarcoma, 4090 elbow, 1318, 1319 radiology, 4091–4092 elbow arthroscopy, 1346 Malignant fibrohystiocytoma, 4113 elbow stability, 1431, 1432 Malignant melanoma, 1838–1839 sprains, 2954 Malleolar fractures Medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries bimalleolar, 3751–3753 ACL, 3102 lateral, 3745–3749 aetiology, 3094 malunion of, 3761 anatomy of, 3096–3098 medial, 3749–3751 arthroscopy, 3100 posterior, 3753, 3755–3760 athlete’s knee, 3350–3351 Mallet finger deformity, 1969–1970, 1973, 1974. biomechanics, 3097–3099 See also Distal interphalangeal joints (DIPJ) classification, 3094 Mallet toe deformities clinical examination, 3099–3100 definition of, 3472 combined injuries, 3104–3105 ray pathology, 3492–3494 complications, 3110 Malposition, total ankle replacement, 3720 management of, 3100–3101 Mal-treated clubfoot, 4498 MRI, 3100 bilateral residual quinus-cavovarus-adduction operative technique, 3105–3108 Cooper’ surgical procedure, 4498, 4500, 4504 paediatric sports injuries, 4864–4865 deformity, 4496, 4502, 4503 post-operative rehabilitation, 3109–3110 triple arthrodesis, 4501, 4503 radiographic evaluation, 3100 Malunion diseases reconstruction of, 3103–3104 acetabular fractures, 2313–2316 rehabilitation, 3101–3108 DRF, 1694–1695 surgical treatment of, 3108–3101 tibial shaft fractures, 2876 Medial column procedure, 1492–1493 Malunion fractures Medial cuneiform opening osteotomy, 4569–4570 aetiology, 255 Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm (MCNF), 1567 biomechanics, 256 Medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy classification, 255–256 ambulant child, 4588–4589 description, 255 flat foot, 4557–4559, 4561, 4562 diagnosis, 256 Medial epicondylectomy, 1898–1899 indications for surgery, 256–258 Medial epicondylitis operative techniques, 259–263 aetiology, 1366–1367 Mangled extremity severity score (MESS), 192 investigation, 1367–1368 Manifest foot compartment syndrome, 3844 rehabilitation, 1371 Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), 4613 treatment complications, 1375–1376 Marfan’s syndrome, 1670 Medial facets, 3824, 3825 4942 Index

Medial femoral circumflex artery (MCFA), 2183–2184 functional results, 2881 Medial humeral condyle fractures healing rate, 2881–2883 aetiology and classification, 4728 operative data and outcomes of, 2882–2883 applied anatomy, 4728 problems of, total ankle replacement, 3721–3722 complications, 4729–4730 prognostic factors, 2884–2885 diagnosis, 4728–4729 secondary arthritis, 2885 indications for surgery, 4729 shortening of, 2884, 2885 operative technique, 472 tear, paediatric sports injuries, 4866 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 4729 Mercedes-Benz Star approach. See Y-shaped pre-operative preparation and planning, 4729 approach, knee Medialisation, 2338–2339 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), 2136–2137 Medial knee pain Metacarpal fractures, 4861–4862 Pes Anserinus syndrome, 3366 base fractures, 1858–1862 semimembranosus tendinopathy, 3365 head fractures, 1858–1860 Medial ligament disruption, 1383 neck fractures, 1857–1858 Medial parapatellar approach, 2746–2747 Metacarpal shaft fractures Medial patello-femoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction, dorsal plate technique, for transverse shaft fracture, 2791, 2794–2797, 2807, 2810–2811 1851–1854 Medial reefing, patellar instability, 2801 Jahss manoeuvre, 1849, 1851 Medial tarsometatarsal joints, 3849, 3850 Kirschner wires, 1849–1851 Medial tibial pilon fracture, 3783 lag screw technique, 1853, 1855–1857 Medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL), 1309, non-operative management, 1849, 1850 1382, 1471 transverse, 1849 Median (midline) approach, 2747 Metacarpophalangeal joint (MPJ), 4861 Median nerve, 1318, 1319 arthrodesis, 1817 anatomy, 1584–1585 arthroplasty, 2066–2070 arm, 1560–1561 biomechanics, 1602–1603 direct injury, 1572, 1573 dorsal position of, 2066 lacerations, 1570–1572 finger OA, 1813 tendon transfers for palsy, 1585–1588 functional anatomy, 1601–1602 Medioplantar cuneiform bones closing-wedge osteotomy, implant designs, 2070–2071 4541, 4544 joint synovectomy, 2066 Medoff sliding plate technique, femoral neck fractures, post-operative care, 2071–2072 2240, 2242, 2243 procedures, 2070 Medullary canal, 1414, 1415 vs. proximal interphalangeal joint, 1607 Meggitt-Wagner classification, 3917 replacement, 1818–1819 Melone classification, DRF, 1678 thumb, 1608 Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Metacarpophalangeal joint (MPJ) of finger (MMSKC), 4258 chronic instability of, 1794 Meniscal allograft transplantation dislocation of, 1793 anaesthesia and surgical preparation, 2899 fracture-dislocation of, 1793 arthroscopic procedure, 2901–2903 soft tissue restraints, 1793 contra-indications, 2898–2899 Metacarpophalangeal joint (MPJ) of thumb indications, 2898 acute ligamentous injuries, treatment of, 1785 open procedure, 2899–2901 dislocation of, 1784–1785 pre-operative considerations, 2899 features, 1783 rehabilitation, 2903–2904 generalised joint laxity, 1786 Meniscal injury non-traumatic instability of, 1786 allografts, 3359 soft tissue structure of, 1783, 1784 continuous passive motion, 3360 traumatic instability of, 1785–1786 MRI, 3359 volar plate, laxity isolated to, 1786 natural history, 3359 Me´taizeau technique. See Flexible intramedullary prevalence of, 3358 nailing (FIN) scaffold, 3359, 3360 Metal-on-metal bearings techniques, 3359 in hip arthroplasty, 2374–2375 Meniscus repair total hip arthroplasty, 2382 case studies, 2889 Metaphyseal correction, 4379 DML (see Degenerate meniscal lesions) Metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle, 4706 failure and secondary meniscectomy, 2880–2881 Metaphyseal-diaphyseal tibial angle, 4372, 4373 Index 4943

Metaphyseal fractures, 4694 resection arthroplasty, 3464 Metastases. See Musculoskeletal tumours (MSK) soft tissue release, 3532–3533 Metastatic tumour cells, 4311–4312 surgical management, 3460, 3461 Metatarsalgia synovitis and instability, 3517–3519, 3521, 3532 aetiology, 3513 total arthroplasty, 3464 anatomy, 3515, 3517, 3520–3521 Weil’s osteotomy, 3529–3531 biomechanics of, 3521–3524 Metatarsus adductus, 4538, 4575 brachymetatarsia, 3515, 3517 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), causes of, 3512 4471, 4475, 4478 classification, 3513 Methotrexate, 4109 depressed MT/verruca plantaris, 3514–3515 Microarray chips, 4346 diagnosis, 3524–3525 Microbiological culture, 2516–2517 Freiberg’s disease, 3519–3520 Microdiscectomy hypermobile first ray, 3515–3516, 3518 advantages of, 560 iatrogenic metatarsalgia, 3520 automated percutaneus lumbar disectomy (APLD), 573 indications for, 3525–3526 cauda equina syndrome, 576 intermetatarsal bursitis, 3520 chemonucleolysis, 571–573 intractable plantar keratosis, 3514–3515 clinical presentation, 558–559 metatarso-phalangeal joint synovitis, complications, 575 3517–3519, 3521 conservative management, 559 operative techniques, 3526–3535 disadvantages, 560 parabola, 3515–3517 disc level identification, 561 pre-operative preparation and planning, 3526 dural tears, 575 pressure metatarsalgia, 3514 endoscopic discectomy, 573–575 rockers pattern, 3514 epidural bleeding, 575 stress fractures, 3518–3519 epidural corticosteroid injections, 560 Metatarsal heads, 3933 far lateral disc herniation, 570–571 Metatarsal parabola, 3515–3517 gentle retraction, 564 Metatarsocuneiform joint infection, 576 articulation, 3553 intervertebral disc incision and discectomy, 564–569 complications, 3454 ligamentum and laminae, 562–564 contraindications, 3452 location, 564 indications, 3452 microscope operation, 562 lapidus, 3451 microsurgical techniques, 558 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3454 minimally invasive techniques, 573 surgical technique, 3452–3454 MRI, 559, 561 Metatarsophalyngeal joint (MTPJ) natural history, 558 acute lengthening procedure, 3531–3532 nerve root injury, 575–576 aetiology, 3458 non-operative treatment, 559–560 Akin osteotomy, 3462 open discectomy, 570 anatomy, 3458 operative treatment, 560 basal dorsiflexion osteotomy, 3528–3529 pathophysiology, 558 cheilectomy, 3462–3463 patient positioning, 561 classification, 3459, 3461 persistent leg pain, 576 description, 3457 post-discectomy back pain, 577–578 distal de-rotation osteotomy, 3534–3535 protection, 564 examination, 3459 recurrent disc herniation, 574–577 first arthrodesis, 3464–3467 skin incision and retraction, 561–562 hemi-arthroplasty, 3463–3464 spinal fusion and disc replacement, 577–578 history, 3458 vascular injury, 576 interposition arthroplasty, 3463 wrong level surgery, 576 Moberg osteotomy, 3460–3461 Microsurgical/mini-open access, lumbar spinal fusion non-surgical treatment, 3460 anatomical considerations, 646–647 operative and post-operative regime and optical aids, 647 complications, 3460 positioning, 647 plantar condylectomy, 3527–3528 pre-operative planning and preparation, 645–646 proximal inter-phalangeal joint arthrodesis, Microsurgical technique 3533–3534 arterial injury, 198–203 radiological assessment, 3458, 3459 lumbar disc herniation, 558 4944 Index

Microvascular arterial repair Milwaukee shoulder syndrome, 1109 dissection, 203 Mini-arthrotomy mosaicplasty, 2917 end-to-end microvascular anastomosis, 204 Mini-lateral release, 2800 end-to-side microvascular anastomosis, 204 Minimally-invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) microvascular vein suturing and grafting, femoral shaft fractures, 4816 204–205 femur, 2675 Midazolam, 2187 locking screws, 3776, 3777 Middle finger metacarpal neck fractures, 1857–1858 medial malleolus extension, 3776, 3777 Middle glenohumeral ligament (MGHL), 857 plate holes, 3777, 3778 Middle phalanx plate insertion, 3776, 3777 deep defects, 1981 reduction screw, 3777, 3778 volar plate fracture, 1876, 1877 wound, 3777, 3778 Midfoot arthrodesis, 3547–3548 Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) aetiology, 3548–3549 approaches/exposures, 2386, 3313–3315 anatomy, 3549–3551 carpal tunnel syndrome, 1891 biomechanics, 3549–3551 complications, 658–659 calcaneocuboid arthrodesis, 3556 evaluation, 659–660 classification of, 3548–3549 indications and patient selection, 644–645 complications of, 3561–3562 for interbody fusion, 645 diagnosis of, 3552–3553 knee, 2752 indications for, 3553–3554 microdiscectomy, 573 naviculocuneiform arthrodesis, 3555–3556 operative techniques, 645–658 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3560–3561 principle, 644 pre-operative preparation and planning, 3554 unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR), reconstructive arthrodesis, 3558–3560 3157–3159 standard incision for, 3554, 3555 Minimally-invasive total knee replacement (TKA-MIS). talonavicular arthrodesis, 3555 See also Total knee replacement (TKR) tarsometatarsal arthrodesis, 3554–3558 different surgical approaches and surgical techniques, Midfoot injuries, 3840, 3842 3236–3238 Midfoot osteotomy, of Cole, 4567, 4568 goals of, 3236 Midfoot sprains/isolated fractures, 3854 indications/contra-indications for, 3237–3238 Mid-line approaches (L2/3, L3/4, L4/5, L5/S1), lumbar learning curve, 3238 spinal fusion, 650 outcomes, 3238–3241 localization, 652–653 risk factors for failure, 3241 L5/S1 disc space, 653–654 techniques, 3236 patient positioning, 652 Mini-medial parapatellar approach, 2752 pre-operative work-up, 651 Mini-midvastus approach, 2752 Mid-palmar space, hand infections, 2015 Mini-open repair technique, 3867 Mid shaft clavicular fractures Mini-subvastus approach, 2752 classification, 996, 998 Mitchell Procedure, 3427–3428 clinical assessment, 994–995 Mitchell-Ponseti abduction brace, 4489 complications, operative treatment, 1012 Mixed direct pes cavus, 4534 epidemiology, 994 Moberg osteotomy, 3460–3461 floating shoulder, 1004–1006 Mobile-bearing knee prostheses intramedullary (IM) pinning, 1003–1004 advantages, 3218 mal-union complications, 1010–1011 AGC, Biomet, 3212, 3214 management, 999 bi-cruciate sacrifice designs, 3218 neurovascular complications, 1011–1012 biomechanical characteristics of, 3216 non-operative treatment, 999, 1001 cadaver knees studies, 3219 non-union complications, 1006–1010 complications, 3221–3223 open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), femoro-tibial congruency and contact area, 3217–3218 1007–1011 gold standard, 3212 operative treatment, 999–1004 INNEX AP-glide, Zimmer, 3212, 3214 plate fixation, 1001–1003 Interax, Howmedica, 3212, 3214 radiological assessment, 995 in vivo studies, 3219–32220 surgical and applied anatomy, 997–998 LCS AP-glide and rotating platform, 3212, 3213 Mid-tarsal joint, 3836 limited and unlimited mobility, 3217 Milking manoeuvre, 1341 long-term outcomes, 3220–3221 Milwaukee brace, 466–467 MBK, Zimmer, 3212, 3214 Index 4945

Minns MB, Corin, 3212, 3214 Mulder sign, 3540, 3541 Oxford, Unicompartmental II, Biomet, 3212, 3215 Multi-digital injuries, 1982 parameters influencing automatic rotation, 3220 Multidirectional instability, 2501 and patello-femoral tracking, 3220–3221 Bankart lesion and sutures/anchors, 1156–1157, 1159 Rotaglide Corin, 3212, 3215 beach chair position, 1153–1154 SAL, Zimmer, 3212 closure, 1160–1161 TACK, Waldemar Link, 3212, 3215 complications of, 1161 TKA kinematic behaviour, 3219 cruciate repair, 1158, 1160 wear reduction, 3221 delto-pectoral interval, 1154–1155 Mobile interphalangeal joint, 3412–3414 examination under anaesthesia, 1154 Mobile pseudarthrosis, 4357, 4359–4362 glenohumeral dislocation, 1130, 1132 Mobility™, 3707, 3712, 3714, 3719 glenoid neck preparation, 1157, 1159 Modified McGowan Grading, 1896 humeral neck preparation, 1158 Mohr-Coulomb theory, 2586 incision of, 1154, 1155 Molecular genetics, 4346 indications for, 1153 Monckeberg’s sclerosis, 3918 interval subscapularis-supraspinatus, 1155 Monteggia fracture, 258, 259 paediatric sports injuries, 4857 classification, 4751 recovery room, 1161 indication for surgery, 4755–4756 recurrence rates, 1162 operative technique, 4756 rehabilitation, 1161 post-operative care, 4757 Reverdin needle, 1157–1158, 1160 Monteggia fracture-dislocations of shoulder, open capsuloplasty (see Open aetiology and classification, 1541–1542 capsuloplasty) anatomy and pathology, 1543–1544 subscapularis tendon, 1156–1161 complications, 1552 Multiform score, knee scoring systems, diagnosis, 1544–1545 3383–3385 operative technique, 1549–1550 Multimodal analgesia, 2475 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 1551 Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), 3769, 3770 pre-operative planning, 1548 Multiple digit amputation, thumb, 2090, 2091 surgical indications, 1546–1547 Multiple laminotomy, 632 Morel Lavalle’e lesions, 2325 Multiple longitudinal tenotomies, 3888 Morphine, 2187 Muscles Morrey’s Mayo distraction device, 1495 amplitude, 1582 Morscher hook-type techniques, 550 amputation, 379 Morton’s neuroma, 3537–3538 fascia, 1412, 1413 aetiology, 3538–3539 fibres, 1413, 1415 anatomy, 3539, 3540 musculo-skeletal ultrasound, 35 biomechanics, 3539, 3540 potential force, 1583 classification of, 3538–3539 Muscle trauma, THA complications, 3543 minimally-invasive surgery, 2117, 2118 diagnosis of, 3539–3541 posterior approach, 2118 indications for, 3541 Muscular hernia, 1516, 1518 nerve excision, 3542–3543 Musculo-skeletal computed tomography pathology, 3539, 3540 basic CT physics, 14 post-operative care, 3543 congenital abnormalities assessment, 18, 20 pre-operative preparation and planning, 3541–3542 CT contrast, 14–17 Mosaicplasty imaging, contra-indicated MRI, 18 arthroscopy, 2918–2920 indications, 17 clinical experiments of, 2915 interventional CT, 18–20 complications, 2922–2923 metallic artefacts reduction, 18, 20 contra-indications, 2916 post-operative assessment, 18, 20 indications for, 2916–2917 trauma, 17, 18 OLT, 3730–3731 tumours and infections, 18, 19 open procedure, 2921 Musculo-skeletal MRI post-operative care and rehabilitation protocol, appearances, tissues, 48–53 2921–2922 basic MR physics, 42 pre-operative preparation and planning, 2917–2918 clinical applications, 54–60 Motor nerves, 1570 contrast-enhanced MRI, 47–48 Mucous cysts, 1815 description, 42 4946 Index

Musculo-skeletal MRI (cont.) cartilage, 37 diffusion-weighted MRI, 46–47 clinical applications, 38–39 direct MR arthrography, 48 description, 33 fast spin echo, 44–45 developmental dysplasia of the hip, 41, 42 fat suppression, 45 foreign bodies, 39 frequency-selective fat saturation, 45 fractures, 40 gradient echo, 46 indications, 34–35 high field MRI, 60 interventional ultrasound, 41–42 image sequences, 43 ligaments, 36–37 interventional MRI, 60 muscle, 35 inter-vertebral discs, 44, 54 nerve entrapment/neuroma, 40 inversion recovery, 45 pitfalls and limitations, 33–34 MR angiography, 48 plantar fasciitis, 40, 41 MR image contrast, 43 plantar fibroma, 40, 41 opposed phase imaging, 45 synovium, 37 patient safety, 60–61 tendon, 35–36 pitfalls, 60 vascular malformations, 39, 41 proton density, 44, 45 Mycobacterium marinum, 2014 TR and TE, 42 Mycobacterium tuberculosis. See Tuberculous T1 weighted, 43 spinal infection T2 weighted, 43 Myelography, 537 upright MRI, 60 Myelomeningocele (MMC) Musculo-skeletal radiography orthopaedic management of arthropathy distribution, in hands, 7 aetiology and classification, 4576–4577 arthroplasty, 9, 12 anatomy and pathology, 4577–4578 basic radiographic physics, 4–5 operative technique, 4583–4605 bone density measurement, 12–14 pre-operative preparation and planning, bone tumours, 6–8 4581–4582 computed radiography, 5 surgical indications, 4578–4581 congenital abnormalities, 7, 9 upper extremity, 4623 conventional radiography, 5 Myofibroblast, 1191, 1192 digital radiography, 5 Myositis ossificans, 1484, 4022, 4029–4031 fractures, 6 Myositis ossificans circumscripta, 4854 indications, plain radiographs, 5–6 Myxofibrosarcoma inflammatory/degenerative conditions, 7 MRI, 3982, 3987 metabolic disorders, 9, 11 PET/CT, 3986, 3990 sacro-iliac joint involvement, 7, 10 Myxoid liposarcoma, 4007, 4008 soft-tissue abnormalities, 12 symmetrical arthropathy, 7 X-ray-guided intervention, 12, 13 N Musculo-skeletal radionuclide imaging. Nail complex injuries, 1980 See Scintigraphy Nailing technique, 2840–2843 Musculoskeletal tumours (MSK) mid shaft clavicular fractures, 999, 1000 adult Ewing-sarcoma, 3993 Naloxone, 2187 adult osteosarcoma, 3992–3993 Nancy technique. See Flexible intramedullary CT, 3978–3980 nailing (FIN) monitoring therapy, 3989–3992, 3997 Napoleon test, 1069 MRI, 3980–3983 Narakas classification, 909–910 PET, 3984–3985 National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (NASCIS), 702 PET/CT, 3986–3987 National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), 4360 scintigraphy, 3983–3984 Navicular, Chopart and Lisfranc fracture-dislocations, soft tissue sarcoma, 3992 3845, 3846 ultrasound, 3982–3983 Naviculectomy, 4543, 4547 X-ray, 3978–3980 Naviculocuneiform arthrodesis, 3555–3556 Musculoskeletal Tumour Society score (MSTS), 4129, Navigation, in THA 4150–4151, 4236, 4242 advanced navigation tracker, 2484 Musculo-skeletal ultrasound clinical results, 2489–2490 Baker’s cyst, 40 complications, 2490–2491 bursitis, 40, 41 cylinder reamer navigation, 2488, 2491 Index 4947

dynamic reference bodies, 2485 multiple crush phenomenon, 1887 economic aspects, 2491–2492 nerve contusion, 1887 femoral rasp navigation, 2487, 2489 plain radiographs, 1887 hip resurfacing navigation, 2488, 2490 radial nerve, 1902–1906 leg-length measuring-only application, 2487, 2488 recent external compression, 1886 Orthopilot system, 2487 sensory and motor signals, 1887 technical accuracy of, 2485 symptomatic nerve compressions, 1885 workflow in, 2485–2488 ulnar nerve, 1892–1901 Neck fractures Nerve conduits, 1568 anatomical, 1266 Nerve decompression. See Open/endoscopic valgus displacement, 1267, 1268 decompression, Morton’s neuroma varus displacement, 1267–1268 Nerve entrapment/neuroma, 40 Neck-shaft angle, 4420 Nerve excision, Morton’s neuroma, 3542–3543 Necrosis, toe deformity, 3500 Nerve grafting Necrotic tendon debridement, 3870, 3871 cable, 1566 Necrotising fasciitis, 2027–2028, 3939, 3940 damaged segment, 1566, 1567 adjunctive therapy, 276 harvesting techniques, 1567 aetiology, 268–269 technique, 1937, 1939 antibiotic therapy, 274–275 Nerve injuries classification, 269 axonotmesis, 1559 clinical presentation, 270 clinical features, 1561–1562 complications, 276–277 delay, 1569–1570 description, 268 digital, 1570 differential diagnosis, 273 fractures and elbow dislocations, 1572–1575 histological evaluation, 272–273 fractures and wrist dislocations, 1572 laboratory evaluation, 271 humeral shaft fractures, 1300–1301 management, 273 knee arthroscopy, 2725 operative technique, 273–274 management, 1563–1564 pathophysiology, 269 median and ulnar, 1560–1561 post-operative care, 274–275 MRI, 1562–1563 pre-operative preparation and planning, 273 neurapraxia, 1557, 1559 radiological evaluation, 271–272 neurophysiology, 1562 supportive therapy, 276 neurotmesis, 1559 Needle biopsy proximal, 1574 core-needle biopsy, 3997–4006 radial, 1561 FNA/FNC biopsy, 3996–3997 radial nerve injury and humeral fractures, Neer and Hawkins tests, 1068 1575–1576 Neer classification system, proximal humerus fractures, Seddon’s classification, 1559–1560 118–119, 1278 Sunderland’s classification, 1560 Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), 356 surgical and medical interventions, 1564–1565 Neglected clubfoot ultrasound, 1563 definition of, 4505 Wallerian degeneration, 1556, 1558 Ilizarov technique, 4508, 4509 Nerve injuries, children osteotomies, 4507 aetiology and classification, 4779 percutaneous lengthening, of Achilles tendon, anatomy and pathology, 4779–4780 4508–4509 complications, 4781 Neglected felon, hand infections, 2017, 2018 diagnosis, 4780 Neglected paronychia, 2022, 2023 indications for surgery, 4780 Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, 4073 operative technique, 4780–4781 Neocortex, 4121–4122 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 4781 Neonatal clubfoot specimen, 4516, 4517 pre-operative planning, 4780 Nerve compression, 1564, 1949 Nerve lesions Nerve compression, in upper limb high median, 1586 adhesive neuritis, 1887 low median, 1585 chronic external compression, 1886–1887 Nerve pain management electromyography, 1887 adipose flap bulk protection, 1944, 1946–1947 generic nerve anatomy, 1886 aetiology of, 1910–1911 median nerve, 1888–1892 anterior forearm fascial flap wrap, 1942–1943 MRI, 1887 anti-epileptic drugs, 1949 4948 Index

Nerve pain management (cont.) Neuraxial analgesia, 2475–2476 basal spontaneous pain, 1913 epidural analgesia, 2476 Becker flap wrap, 1942, 1943 single-dose spinal and epidural opioids, 2476 central nervous system, 1951 Neurofibromata, 1840, 1841 CRPS Type 1, 1949–1951 Neurological foot disorders, 4541–4543 cure of, 1943–1944 Neurological injury, 2733–2734 degree of, 1913–1914 Neurolysis, 1564 distal sensation, 1911 Neuroma, 1775 documentation of, 1914 Neuroma bulb treatment, 1915–1916 dorsal innervation of digits, relocation of, 1922–1924 Neuromas-in-continuity, nerve pain, 1911, 1936–1937 end-neuromas, 1911, 1914–1922, 1924–1936 Neuromata, amputation, 380 failure rate of, 1948–1949 Neuromuscular scoliosis fascial flap wrapping, 1941–1942 anaesthetic considerations, 503 hypersensitivity, 1931–1934 blood loss, 506 movement pain, 1913 cardiorespiratory assessment, 502–503 nerve compressions, 1949 cerebral palsy, 514–515 nerve grafting of, 1937, 1939 classification, 500 neuroma bulb treatment, 1915–1916 complications of surgery, 506–507 neuromas-in-continuity, 1911, 1936–1937 conservative treatment, 501 pain killers, 1949 considerations for, 500–501 post-operative management, 1948 curves, severe, 506 pre-operative discussion, with patients, 1916 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 507–511 pre-operative local anaesthetic assessment, Friedreich’s ataxia, 513–514 1916–1917 hereditary sensory motor neuropathy, 513 pressure pain, 1912 nutritional status, 503–504 ray amputations, relocation in, 1924 operative techniques, 504 scar-tethered nerves, 1911, 1936–1937 outcome measurement, 515–516 spiking spontaneous pain, 1913 pelvic obliquity, 504–506 treatment of, 1939–1940 pre-operative evaluation radiology, 501–502 typical nerve relocation patient chart, 1914 spinal cord monitoring, 507 vein wrapping, 1947–1948 spinal muscular atrophy, 511–513 Nerve palsy and neuralgia, THA surgical treatment, 501–502 anterior approach, 2118–2119 Neuropathy, 3916, 3917 anterolateral approach, 2119 Neurotmesis, 1559 incidence of, 2118 Neurovascular complications, PCL-retaining TKA, 3197 lateral approach, 2119–2120 Neurovascular injury, 2350–2351 posterior approach, 2120 Neurovascular island flap, 1991–1993 Nerve repair New Injury Severity Score (NISS), 101 age, 1570 NICE. See National Institute for Clinical Excellence anaesthesia and exposure, 1564 (NICE) conduits, 1568 Nonambulant child. See Sitting child delay, 1569–1570 Non-biological bone reconstruction end-to-side repair, 1568 endoprostheses, 4269 epineurial and fascicular suture, 1565, 1566 expandable prostheses, 4269–4270 intra-operative neurophysiology, 1564 hemiprosthesis, 4269 lesion, 1565 prosthesis and allograft combination, 4270 motor, 1570 Non-ossifying fibroma, 4021 neurolysis, 1564–1565 Non-spherical hip, 4449 post-operative management, 1569 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s), requirements, 1565 2477–2478 transfers, 1568–1569 Non-union diseases Nerve sheath tumours acetabular fractures, 2313, 2314 neurofibromata, 1840, 1841 ankle arthrodesis, 3703 schwannomata, 1840, 1841 midfoot arthrodesis, 3561 Nerve swellings periprosthetic femoral fractures in THA, 2546–2547 lipofibromatous hamartoma, 1842 tibial shaft fractures, 2875 nerve sheath tumours, 1840–1841 Non-union fractures Nerve transfers, 1568–1569 aetiology, 246 Neurapraxia, 1557, 1559 bone grafting, 252–255 Index 4949

classification, 246–248 Ollier approach, sub-talar arthrodesis, 3571–3574, definition, 242–255 3576–3577 distal tibia, 245, 246 Ollier’s disease, 4084–4085 elephant foot, 247 Ombredanne diagram, DDH, 4393 horse foot, 247 One-stage septic revision, 2518–2519 non-surgical methods, 249–250 Open ankle fusion, ankle arthrodesis, 3697 oligotrophic, 247 Open arthrolysis, elbow, 1491, 1492 surgical methods, 250–252 Open biopsy, bone and soft tissue tumors, 4394 treatment options, 249 Open capsuloplasty Non-union open reduction and internal fixation Bankart lesion, 1156–1157 (ORIF), 155 Bankart sutures/anchors, 1157, 1159 Non-vascularised bone grafting, 2140 capsule suturing, 1157–1158, 1160 Non-weight-bearing, in Perthes disease, 4454 closure, 1160–1161 Normal gait anatomy, 2443 complications, 1161 Norwegian Arthroplasty Register, 2123, 2126 cruciate repair, 1158 Notch-plasty, 1760, 1768 delto-pectoral interval, 1154–1155 No-touch technique, 140 examination under anaesthesia, 1154 NOVAE Tripod Cementless® Cup, 2636 glenoid neck preparation, 1157, 1159 NSAIDs, 3702 humeral neck preparation, 1158 Nurick’s classification system, 429 incision, 1154 indications, 1153 positioning, 1153–1154 O recovery room, 1161 Oblique Ollier type incision, 4558 rehabilitation, 1161 Oblique section technique, 4061 subscapularis, 1158–1160 O’Brien test, 3862 subscapularis-supraspinatus interval, 1155 Obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP), 927–928 suturing subscapularis, 1157–1158 Occipital condyle fractures, 727 T-eeing the capsule, 1156, 1158 Occipito-atlantal dislocation, 727–730 Open discectomy, 570 Occipito-cervical fixation, 437–438 Open/endoscopic decompression, Morton’s neuroma, 3542 Occult ganglion, 1829 Open excision technique, 1830–1832 OCD. See Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) Open flexor tendon injuries, 1956 Olecranon fractures Open fracture-dislocation, neck, 3793 aetiology, 1452, 4740–4741 Open fractures anatomy and biomechanics, 1452 with arterial lesions, 181 applied anatomy, 4741 lower extremity, arterial injury, 182–185 classification, 1453, 1454, 4740–4741, 4750 upper extremity, arterial injury, 185 complications, 1461–1462, 4742 Open fractures, biologics diagnosis, 1452–1453, 4741 allogenic bone grafts, 217 dorsal contoured plating, 1457–1460 antibiotic therapy, 215 dorsal mid-line incision, 1455 autologous bone grafts, 216–217 excision/advancement, 1455 bone morphogenetic proteins, 217–218 intramedullary nailing, 1460 bone segmental defects, 216 operative technique, 4741–4742, 4754 clinical guidelines, 214 post-operative management, 1460–1461, 4742, 4754 coated implants, 218 pre-operative preparation and planning, 1453, 4741 debridement, 214 rehabilitation, 4742 impaired fracture healing, diagnosis, 212–213 surgical approach and technique, 1454 infection-associated complications, 215 surgical indications, 1453, 1464, 4741 low intensity pulsed ultrasound, 218 tension-band technique, 1456–1457 management, 213–214 wiring, 1455–1456 platelet-rich therapies, 217 Olecranon osteotomy pulsed electromagnetic field, 218 AO A2 fracture, 1399, 1402 synthetic bone grafts, 217 AO C2 fracture, 1398, 1402 wound closure, 214–215 AO C3 fracture, 1401, 1402 xenogenic bone grafts, 217 complications, 1404–1406 Open hand injuries, 185–190 elbow, 1331–1332 Open meniscal allograft transplantation, 2900–2901 with homerun screw, 1402 Open mosaicplasty, articular cartilage defects, 2921 Olecranon process, 1347 Open pelvic fractures, 2325 4950 Index

Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) Osteoarthritis, 1682 bi-condylar fractures, of tibial plateau, 2838, 2840 amputation, 381 calcaneus fractures, 3821, 3823–3828 anatomical considerations, 3130 distal radius and physis fracture, 4777 basal thumb (see Basal thumb osteoarthritis) distal tibia fractures, 3773 biomechanical considerations, 3131–3132 fibula, 3772 diagnosis of, 3132–3133 mal-union technique, 1010 Harris’s theory, 2150 non-union technique, 1007–1010 knee (see Upper tibial osteotomy) patella fractures, 2776 midfoot, 3548 Open reduction and lateral plate fixation, 3825 radiographic parameters, 2150 Open reduction and screw fixation, 3819–3820 subtalar joint diagnosis of, 3665 Open reduction procedure, 4399 supracondylar femoral osteotomy (see Supracondylar Open reduction technique, adolescence femoral osteotomy, osteoarthritis) anterior approach,4407–4409 wrist arthroscopy, 1644, 1645 avascular necrosis, 4406 Osteochondral allogaft, 3731 bilateral dislocation, 4407 Osteochondral autologous transfer system (OATS), femoral shortening and derotation osteotomy, 3730–3731 4412 Osteochondral defects (OCD) inominate/Salter pelvic osteotomy, 4413 arthroscopy, 2907–2910 medial approach, 4406–4408 complications, 2912 medial displacement/Chiari pelvic osteotomy, factors, 2912 4414–4415 incidence of, 2906 pericapsular/Pemberton pelvic osteotomy, 4407 indications for, 2906 shelf acetabuloplasty, 4415–4417 matrix-assisted chondrocyte implantation, varus proximal femoral osteotomy, 4412–4413 2910–2911 Open repair technique, 3865–3866 MRI scanning, 2906–2907 Open surgical technique pre-operative investigations, 2906 avulsion fractures, PCL, 3052–3054 radiology, 2906 snapping scapula, 939–940 surgical results, 2919 Open-wedge osteotomy Osteochondral defects (OCD), ankle arthroscopy osteoarthritis, 3138–3140 aetiology of, 3662 upper tibial osteotomy, 3147, 3150–3152 conservative treatment, 3667 Operating room diagnosis of, 3664–3665 boots, 67 indications and contra-indications, 3667 clogs, 67 Osteochondral fracture. See Chondral injury clothes, 67 Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) description, 65 aetiology, 3726 European Standard EN 13795 regulation, 66 allogaft, 3731 hand washing and scrubbing, 65–66 characteristics, 3726 hood, 67 classification of, 3726–3727 organisation and responsibility, 68 definition, 3725 surgical cap, 67 incidence of, 3726 surgical gloves, 67–68 metallic inlay implants, 3731–3733 surgical gowns, 67 pathogenesis, 3726 surgical masks, 67 presentation and diagnosis, 3727–3728 surgical team, 68 treatment, 3728–3731 Operating theatres Osteochondral shear fragments, 1466, 1468 design and devices, 68–75 (see also Design and Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), knee devices, operating theatres) criterion, 3361 discipline, 65–68 (see also Discipline, operating juvenile OCD, 3360 room) nuclear imaging, 3360 Opioids, novel, 2477 paediatric sports injuries, 4863 Ortolani test, 4392 surgical treatment, 3361 Os calcis osteotomy, tibialis posterior tendon rupture, Osteochondroma 3630–3631 clinical presentation, 4080–4081 Osgood-Schlatter’s disease, 4864 definition, 4080 Osseo-ligamentous interaction, 1312–1313 diagnosis, 4081 Osseous lesions, 2692–2693 EXT1 and EXT2 genes, 4082 Osseous stability, 1318 histology, 4081–4082 Index 4951

radiology, 4081 strontiumranelat, 291 treatment, 4082–4083 vertebroplasty, 296–297 Osteochondrosis, 788 vitamin D, 290 Osteoclast X-ray studies, 832 electron microscopy structure, 283 Osteoporotic vertebral fractures, kyphoplasty. function and formation, 284 See Kyphoplasty Osteoconductive bone substitutes, 92 Osteosarcoma (OS) Osteofibrous dysplasia, 4005, 4006 bone tumours, 4107–4110 Osteoid osteoma, 3978–3979 distal femoral, 4000, 4001 Osteolysis, diabetic foot, 3919, 3920 FDG-PET/CT, 3986, 3992 Osteomyelitis humerus, 4001, 4002 aetiology, 4886–4887 knee, 4224 anatomy, 4887–4888 limb salvage, 4257–4258 causative organisms, 4886 MRI, 3980, 3983 in children, 4885 parosteal, 4005 Cierny and Mader staging system, 4887 proximal femur, 4213 classification, 4886–4887 proximal tibial, 4001, complications, 4896 4003, 4005 description, 4885 Osteosynthesis, 1693–1694 diagnosis, 4888–4889 bone metastases, 4285, 4289 indications for surgery, 4889–4890 cervical fractures, 2215 initial empiric therapy, 4886 guide-wire, 2217 metacarpals, second, 2011, 2013 outcomes, 2216 operative technique, 4892–4895 plate (see Plate osteosynthesis, proximal pathology, 4887–4888 humerus fractures) post-operative care and rehabilitation, screws and hook-pins, 2223–2224 4895–4896 shoulder arthrodesis, 1204, 1207, pre-operative preparation and planning, 4891 1209–1211 skeletal infections, 2028–2029 sliding hip screw, 2225 Osteonecrosis Uppsala screws, 2225 of femoral head (see Avascular Osteotomy necrosis (AVN)) bi-cortical screw, 3439 in knee arthroscopy, 2742 Chiari osteotomy, 4407–4408 (see also Chiari PCL, 3066 osteotomy) Osteophytes resection, 326 correction for infantile tibia vara, 4378 Osteoporosis displacement and fixation, 3438 basic treatment, 289 distal screw setting, 3438, 3439 bisphosphonates, 290–291 dorsal closing-wedge, 3912–3913 bone mass stages, 284–285 iliac, 2355 calcitonin, 292 innominate, 4407 calcium, 290 inominate/Salter pelvic, 4413 definition, 281, 285 ischial, 2353–2354 denosumab, 292 Kienbo¨ck’s disease, 1732–1733, 1735 diagnosis, 285–288 K-wire, 3438 DRF and, 1682–1683 pelvic, 2355–2356 and fall prevention, 293–296 peri-acetabular (see Peri-acetabular femoral head, 2209 osteotomy) Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX), 288–289 pericapsular/Pemberton pelvic, operative treatment, 296–297 4407, 4414 orthopaedic surgeons, 297–298 phalangeal bones, 3492, 3493 osteoclast, 283 PLC ligament repairs, 3088 parathyroid hormone, 291–292 proximal femoral, 4412–4413 pharmacological treatment, 289–290 retro-acetabular, 2355–2357 primary, 282 talus fractures, 3805 raloxifen, 291 tri-cortical screw, 3439 remodelling, 282, 283 triple pelvic, 4407 risk factors, fracture, 293 trochanteric (see Trochanteric osteotomy) scintigraphy, 28 upper tibial (see Upper tibial osteotomy) secondary, 282, 292 varus proximal femoral, 4412–4413 4952 Index

Ostochondromata, 1842–1843 Palpable gap, 3862 Osteoporosis, 786 Pan-metatarsal head-preserving surgery, rheumatoid Ovoid hip, 4460–4461 arthritis, 3868 Oxford Knee Score (OKS), 3381–3382, 4129 Pantalar release-technique, resistant clubfoot in infants, Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), 885 4493, 4496 Oxytip, 655 Paprosky classification, of acetabular bone defects, 2557, 2560, 2561 Paralysed limb, 1569 P Paralysis Paediatric cervical spine injury, 739 acetabular fractures, 2307–2308 Paediatric hand trauma in children, tendon transfer (see Hamstring transfer) bone injury, 4768–4774 Paraplegia, definition of, 832 nerve injuries, 4779–4781 Paratenonitis, Achilles tendinopathy, 3887 paediatric sports injuries, 4860–4862 Parathyroid hormone, osteoporosis, 291–292 soft-tissue and finger tip injury, 4781–4785 Partial calcanectomy, 3936, 3938 tendon injuries, 4774–4779 Partial foot, diabetic, 3927, 3959 Paediatric sports injuries Partial patellectomy, patella fractures, 2775–2776 ankle and foot, 4866–4869 Partial pulp necrosis, in felon, 2023 brachial plexus injuries, 4854–4855 Partial rotator cuff ruptures contusions, 4854 anatomy, 1064 elbow injuries, 4859–4860 arthroscopic assessment, 1072–1076 hip and pelvis, 4862–4863 arthroscopic debridement/subacromial knee, 4863–4866 decompression, 1076 myositis ossificans circumscripta, 4854 biceps tenodesis/tenotomy, 1079–1080 shoulder injuries, 4856–4859 blood supply, 1068–1069 spinal injuries, 4855–4856 classification, 1065–1066 sprains, 4854 clinical presentation, 1067–1069 strains, 4854 conservative treatment, 1071–1072 wrist and hand, 4860–4862 cuff repair, 1076–1079 Paget’s disease, scintigraphy, 29 decision-making, 1066–1067 Pain definition, 1065 indications, amputation, 377 diagnosis, 1069–1071 in knee arthroscopy, 2735 history, 1066–1067 in lateral epicondylitis, 1366 incidence, 1066 periprosthetic infection, 2512, 2513 indications, 1071 phantom, amputation, 380 local biomechanics, 1065 radicular, 4314–4316 MRI, 1066, 1069 Painful nerve management. See Nerve pain management operative treatment, 1072 Painful os peroneum syndrome (POPS), 3644, 3654 pathogenesis, 1066, 1067 Pain management, THR supraspinatus footprint, 1064–1065 anaesthesia, 2475 Partial wrist fusion, Kienbo¨ck’s disease, 1740 intra-operative local infiltration analgesia, 2477 Passive and active containment hypothesis, measurement of, 2474 4468–4470 multimodal analgesia, 2475 Patella fractures neuraxial analgesia, 2475–2476 after ACL reconstruction, 2783–2784 pain programme, 2478–2479 anatomy, 2766–2767, 2814–2815 patient education, 2478 AO classification, 2770–2771 peripheral regional anaesthetics, 2476–2477 in and around knee fractures, 4836 per-oral pain-reducing agents, 2477–2478 biomechanics, 2767 pre-emptive analgesia, 2475 cartilagenous lesions, 2768 Paley classification in children, 2782–2783 of CFD, 4355, 4356 circumferential cerclage wire fixation, 2773, of fibular hemimelia, 4364–4367 2778–2780 Paley multiplier, 4349 complications, 2778–2782 Palmar approach, proximal IPJ fracture-dislocation, concomitant ligament injuries, 2768 1878, 1879 diagnosis, 2768 Palmar defects, 1982 differential diagnosis, 2768–2769 Palmar digital bi-pedicle flap, 1983, 1984 Duparc classifications, 2769–2770 Palmar lip fractures dislocation, 1876–1878 extensor mechanism, ruptures of, 2768 Index 4953

external fixation, 2774–2775 pre-operative planning, 2793–2794, 2809 injury mechanism, 2767–2768 quadriceps dis-insertion, 2800 malunion, 2781–2782 sulcus angle, 2772 management principles, 2767–2768 surgical indications, 2809 morphological classifications, 2769, 2770 tibial tubercle osteotomy, 2801 non-operative treatment, 2771 tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance, 2772 non-union, 2781–2782 trochleoplasty, 2797–2802 open reduction and internal fixation, 2776 Patellar subluxation. See Patellar dislocation partial patellectomy, 2775–2776 Patellar tendon ruptures. See also Bone-patellar tendon- patella baja, 2779–2781 bone autograft technique patella bipartite, 2768–2769 acute complete ruptures, 3022–3025 pathologic fractures, 2784 aetiology, 3020 patient positioning, 2771, 2772 anatomy and pathology, 3020 percutaneous suture, 2773 cerebral palsy, knee, 3401, 3402 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2784 chronic complete ruptures, 3025–3029 radiographic evaluation, 2768 classification of, 3020 screw fixation, 2773–2774, 2780 complications, 3029 skin incision, 2771, 2772 diagnosis of, 3020–3021 skin lesions, 2768 indications for, 3021–3022 stiffness of knee, 2778–2779 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3029 stress fractures, 2783 pre-operative preparation and planning, 3022 symptomatic ligamentous tear treatment, 2778 Patella vascularization, 2766, 2767 tension band wire fixation, 2771–2773 Patello-femoral arthroplasty (PFR) after TKA, 2783–2784 complications, 3174–3175 total patellectomy, 2776 indications for, 3167–3169 trans-osseous wire suture, 2774 PFOA (see Patello-femoral osteoarthritis (PFOA)) treatment goals, 2771 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3174 X-rays, 2768, 2769 pre-operative planning, 3169–3170 Patellar advancement, ambulant child, 4584, 4588 replacement of, 3170–3172 Patellar and quadriceps tendinopathy, anterior knee pain, results of, 3175–3176 3364–3365 surgical technique, 3171–3174 Patellar dislocation trochlear dysplasia, 3164–3166 paediatric sports injuries, 4865 Patello-femoral (PF) complications, PCL–retaining TKA, with osteochondral fractures, 4820–4822 3197–3198 Patellar instability Patello-femoral joint, pathology of, 3400 aetiology, 2790–2791, 2804–2806 Patello-femoral osteoarthritis (PFOA) anatomy of, 2791 aetiology of, 3164–3166 biomechanics, 2806–2807 diagnosis of, 3166, 3167 classification of, 2790–2791, 2804–2806 treatment, 3166–3167 complications, 2801, 2815 Patello-femoral tracking, 3220 CT scan, 2792 Patient education, THR, 2478 diagnosis of, 2791, 2807–2809 Patient-specific fracture classification systems, 120–121 Fulkerson tibial tubercle osteotomy, 2791 Pauwel’s osteotomy, of developmental coxa indications for surgery, 2793 vara, 4423 lateral plain X-ray, 2792, 2793 Pavlik harness, femoral shaft fractures, 4808–4810 lateral release, 2800 PCL-retaining total knee arthroplasty (TKA) medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, 2791, anaesthesia and time-out, 3185–3186 2794–2797 biomechanics, 3181 medial reefing, 2801 cementation, 3191–3192, 3194 mini-lateral release, 2800 closure of, 3192, 3194 MRI scan, 2792–2793 complications of, 3196–3198 non-operative management of, 2790 distal femoral cut, 3188, 3189 operative correction of, 2794 examination under anaesthesia, 3186 operative technique, 2809–2810 exposure of, 3186 patellar tilt angle, 2772 extension gap balancing, 3188 pathology, 2806–2807 femoral component size, 3188, 3190 patient set-up, in theatre, 2794 femoral preparation, 3189–3192 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2801, femoral rollback, 3181 2814–2815 flexion gap balancing, 3188–3189 4954 Index

PCL-retaining total knee arthroplasty (TKA) (cont.) symphysis pubis, 2328 function and proprioception, 3182 traumatic hemi-pelvectomy, 2325 gait analysis, 3183 unstable, 2323–2324 implant design, 3181–3182 Pelvic fractures, children pain management, 3194–3195 acetabular fractures, 4801 patella preparation, 3190 apophyseal injuries, 4799 patient set-up, 3186 complications, 4802–4804 polyethylene wear, 3182 diagnosis, 2796–4797 pre-operative deformity, 3183 indications for surgery, 4797–4798 pre-operative preparation and planning, 3184–3185 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 4801–4802 proponents of, 3180, 3181 pre-operative preparation and planning, 4798 proximal tibia resection, 3187 type II, 4799–4800 range of motion, 3182–3183 type III,4800 rehabilitation, 3195 type IV, 4800 skin preparation and draping, 3186 Pelvic osteotomy, 2354–2355 surgical indications, 3183 Pelvic tumours survivorship of, 3183 aetiology and classification, 4172, 4173 tibial preparation, 3190, 3192 anatomy, 4172 trial and PCL balancing, 3190–3191, 3193 complications, 4187–4189 PCL-sacrificing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) diagnosis, 4172 biomechanical study, 3203–3204 hip transposition technique, 4180–4182, 4184, 4185 femoral resection, 3205–3206 indications, 4191, 4193–4195 history, 3202–3203 lower lumbar spine tumours, 4182 indications for, 3203–3204 post-operative care, 4183 long term outcomes, 3206–3208 P1-/2-/3-/4-/P1-/2-/3-/H1/P1-/2-/3-/4-/H1/P2H1 pre-operative planning, 3204 tumours, 4177–4180 soft tissue balancing, 3206 P1 tumour technique, 4175–4177 surgical technique, 3204–3205 P2 tumour technique, 4177 tibial resection, 3204–3205 P3 tumour technique, 4182, 4187 uses, 3102 rehabilitation, 4183 PDS® tape, 3023 sacrum tumours, 4189–4193 Pectoralis major transfer, in shoulder, 1059–1060 surgery indications, 4172 Pediatric Sinding–Larsen–Johansson disease, 2783 surgical technique, 4174–4175, 4179 Pedicled vascularised fibular graft, knee arthrodesis, 3327 Pelvis Pedicle subtraction osteotomy, 614–617 bone metastases, 4286–4287, 4303 complications, 621–622 and hip, paediatric sports injuries, 4862–4863 indications, 621 operative technique, 4287 Pelvic fractures X-ray, 4348 aetiology and classification, 2320–2322 Percutaneous distal metatarsal osteotomy, 3428 anatomy and pathophysiology, 2322–2323 Percutaneous kyphoplasty. See Kyphoplasty AO classification, 2332–2333 Percutaneous medial hamstring tenotomies, knee in arterial lesions, 182 cerebral palsy, 3398 clinical assessment, 2323 Percutaneous needle technique, biopsy, 4298 external fixator, 2327–2328 Percutaneous repair technique, acute Achilles tendon extraperitoneal pelvic packing, 2331 repair, 3867–3868 genito-urinary injuries, 2325 Perforating vessels, iliotibial band, 2110, 2112 with haemodynamic instability, 2321 Peri-acetabular osteotomy haemorrhage management, 2324–2325 abductor preservation, 2350 imaging, 2323 acetabular correction, 2357–2358 Morel Lavalle´e lesions, 2325 acetabular fragment vascularity, 2350 open, 2325 clinical findings, 2344–2345 pelvic C-clamp, 2326–2327 clinical results, 2360–2363 pelvic compartment syndrome, 2332 complications, 2358–2359 post-operative care, 2331–2332 femoral artery and nerve, 2350 pre-operative preparation and planning, 2325–2326 femoro-acetabular impingement (FAI), 2344 rehabilitation, 2331–2332 Hohmann retractor, 2353 sacro-iliac plating, 2330–2331 iliac osteotomy, 2354 sacro-iliac screws, 2328–2330 ischial osteotomy, 2353–2354 surgical complications, 2332 lateral femorocutaneous nerve, 2350 Index 4955

pelvic osteotomy, 2354–2355 histopathology, 2516 post-operative rehabilitation, 2358 imaging, 2514 pre-operative preparation and planning, 2352 joint aspiration, 2515 protrusio acetabuli, 2349 laboratory tests, 2514 radiographs, 2345–2347 late infection, 2514 retro-acetabular osteotomy, 2355–2357 leucocyte count, in aspiration fluid, 2515–2516 retroversion, 2347–2348 magnetic resonance tomography, 2514 sciatic nerve, 2350–2351 medical history, 2514 surgery indications, 2351–2352 microbiological culture, 2516–2517 surgical approach, 2352 one-stage septic revision, 2522–2523 Peri-articular calcification, 1484 pain characteristics, 2516, 2517 Pericapsular/Pemberton pelvic osteotomy, adolescence, pathogens, 2512 4407, 4414 periprosthetic membranes, 2516 Perilunate dislocations, 1750–1751 polymerase chain reaction, 2517 Periosteal chondroma. See Juxtacortical chondroma positive intra-operative culture, 2513 Periosteal grafting, in CPT, 4340 post-operative systemic antibiotic therapy, 2526 Peripelvic infections, 4475 resection arthroplasty, 2524, 2526 Peripheral nerve trunk, 1556, 1557 skeletal scintigraphy, 2514 Peripheral regional anaesthetics sole antibiotic treatment, 2521–2522 lumbar plexus block, 2476–2477 sonication, 2517 sciatic nerve block, 2477 two-stage revision strategy, 2523–2525, 2527 Periprosthetic femoral fractures in THA Periprosthetic loosening, total ankle replacement, 3721 bone characteristics, 2536 Periprosthetic proximal femoral fracture, Vancouver classifications, 2537 classification, 120 complications, 2545–2547 Periventricular leucomalacia, 4576 conservative treatment, 2536, 2538, 2539 Peroneal spastic flat foot. See Rigid flat foot displacement of, 2535, 2538 Peroneal tears factors of, 2528 assessment and reconstruction, 3643, 3645, 3649 implant morphology, 2535–2536 indications for, 3647–3648 location of, 2533–2534 pathogenesis of, 3640, 3641 prevention of, 2537–2538 Peroneal tendon disorders stress fractures, 2535, 2537 aetiology, 3638 surgical treatment, 2537–2545 anatomy, 3638–3640 timing of, 2528–2532 assessment and reconstruction, 3643, 3645, Periprosthetic femoral fractures, knee 3649–3650 aetiology, 3246 biomechanics, 3641 classification, 3246–3247 classification of, 3641–3644 plaster fixation, 3246, 3250 complications of, 3656 retrograde intramedullary nailing, 3250–3252 congenital abnormalities, 3652–3654 surgical options, 3247 diagnosis of, 3644–3647 treatment, 3246–3258 incidence of, 3638 Periprosthetic fractures indications for, 3647–3648 cementless total hip replacement, 2394 instability, 3655 PCL–retaining TKA, 3198 painful os peroneum syndrome, 3654 revision total knee arthroplasty (RTKA), 3275–3276 pathogenesis of, 3640–3641 Periprosthetic infection post calcaneal fracture deformity, 3655 acute haematogenous infection, 2513–2514 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3656 acute post-operative infection, 2513 pre-operative preparation and planning, 3648 amputation and excision, 2525–2526 retromalleolar groove deepening, 3652, 3655 arthrodesis, 2525 superior retinacular repair, 3650–3654 average rate of, 2516 valgus hindfoot deformity, 3655 bacteriological culture, 2515 varus hindfoot deformity, 3655–3656 biomarker analysis, 2521 Peroneal tendon subluxation and dislocations, blood sedimentation rate, 2518 ankle arthroscopy clinical symptoms, 2512 anatomy, 3661 CRP value, 2518 conservative treatment, 3668 debridement with lavage, 2522 contra-indications, 3668 early infections, 2517 diagnosis of, 3666, 3667 fistulae, 2516, 2517 indications for, 3648, 3668 4956 Index

Peroneal tendon subluxation and dislocations, Plain radiographs ankle arthroscopy (cont.) ankle fractures, 3741–3743 pathogenesis of, 3641 capsular distention and joint space widening, 4472 pathology of, 3663 imaging methods, spinal trauma, 702–703 superior retinacular repair, 3650, 3651 low back pain, 779 Peroneal tenosynovitis luno-triquetral instability, 1769, 1770 indications for, 3648 plantar fasciitis, 3903 pathogenesis of, 3641 revision total knee arthroplasty (RTKA), 3266 Peroneus Brevis muscle tendon transfer, 3881, 3883 styloid fracture, 1757 Peroneus Brevis tears, classification of, 3644 traumatic triangular fibrocartilage injury, 1771 Peroneus longus tears, classification of, 3641–3642 Plain X-rays Per-oral pain-reducing agents diabetic foot, 3927, 3931 Gabapentin, 2478 forearm joint, 1516 new opioids, 2477 Kienbo¨ck’s disease, 1728–1730, 1736 NSAID’s, 2477–2478 Planchette test, 4529, 4530, 4536 Perthes lesion, 1126, 1140, 1141 Plantar approach, Morton’s neuroma, 3541 Pes Anserinus syndrome, medial knee pain, 3366 Plantar callosities, 3864 Pes cavovarus, 4534–4536 Plantar condylectomy, IPK/depressed MT Pes planovalgus (PPV), 4536–4539 complications and salvage, 3527–3528 Petrie cast, 4455 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3527 Pfeiffer test, 2212 Plantar ecchymosis sign, Chopart and Lisfranc fracture- PFFD. See Proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD) dislocations, 3840–3841 Phalangeal fractures, 1866, 4850 Plantar exostectomy, 3950 condylar fractures, 1872–1876 Plantar exostosis, 3950 extra-articular shaft fractures, 1867–1872 Plantar fascia release, cavus foot, 4566, 4567 proximal IPJ fracture-dislocation, 1876–1884 Plantar fasciitis Phalen’s test, 1949 aetiology, 3902 carpal tunnel syndrome, 1889 diagnosis, 3902–3903 Phantom pain, amputation, 380 DuVries technique, 3904–3905 Phenol, giant-cell tumour, 4040 imaging, 3903 Phocomelia, 1654, 1656 musculo-skeletal ultrasound, 40, 41 Physeal injury, in SCJ, 981 non-operative treatment, 3903–3904 Physiological tibia vara, 4372–4373 operative treatment, 3904 Physiotherapy, frozen shoulder, 1195 Plantar fibroma, musculo-skeletal ultrasound, 40, 41 Piano key test, midfoot arthrodesis, 3552 Plantaris muscle tendonplasty, Achilles tendon chronic Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) rupture, 3878, 3881 classification, 303 Plantigrade foot, 3949, 3950 description, 302 Plastering technique differential diagnosis, 303 three-point fixation, 142 Echo and MRI findings, 304 tibial shaft fractures, 145–146 histology, 303 Plaster-of-Paris, diabetic foot, 3923, 3924 incidence, 303 Plate fixation radiological findings, 304 beach-chair position, 1002 symptoms, 303 mid shaft clavicular fractures, 1002–1005 treatment, 304–308 superior fixation, 1002, 1003 Pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis. See Giant-cell techniques, 999–1001 tumour (GCT) Plate fixation, proximal humerus fractures Pincer-type FAI, 2166–2168 anatomical neck fractures, 1266 Pinning complications of, 1271–1273 DRF, 1687 delto-pectoral approach, 1263–1266 luno-triquetral ligament tears, 1639–1640 fracture line, 1260, 1261 Pipkin classification, femoral head fractures, greater tuberosity fractures, 1267 2182–2183 head vascularisation, 1260 Pi plate, 1688 indications for, 1260, 1261 Piriformis tendon, total hip arthroplasty, 2116, 2117 patient positioning, 1262–1264 Pisiform fracture, 1723 rehabilitation, 1273 Pisiform transfer, Kienbo¨ck’s disease, 1731 surgical neck fractures, 1267–1269 Pisotriquetral joint, 1765–1766, 1770 three and four fragment fractures, 1268–1271 Pivot-shift test, 1342 trans-deltoid approach, 1262, 1264 Index 4957

Plate fixation, tibial shaft fractures Posterior ankle impingement syndrome anaesthesia and positioning, 2870 aetiology of, 3661–3662 considerations for, 2861–2862, 2871 conservative treatment, 3667 distal tibial shaft fractures, 2870–2871 diagnosis of, 3663, 3665 indications for, 2858–2860 indications and contra-indications, 3668 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2860–2861 Posterior approach proximal tibial shaft fractures, 2871 knee, 2750–2752 surgical technique-stages, 2870–2871 sub-talar arthrodesis, 3571–3572 table and equipment, 2868, 2870 Posterior compartment, 1348 Platelet-rich therapies (PLTs), open fractures, Posterior cord syndrome, 701 biologics, 217 Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) Plate osteosynthesis, proximal humerus fractures aching pain, 3059 beach-chair position, 1240 aetiology, 3038 biomechanics, 1233 anatomy and pathology, 3033–3036 complications, 1242–1244 arthroscopy, 3043, 3049–3050 deltopectoral interval, 1237, 1238 athlete’s knee injury, 3356–3357 diagnosis, 1233–1234 avulsion fractures of (see Avulsion fractures, fixation, 1240–1242 PLC injuries) indications for, 1234 biomechanics, 3036–3037 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 1242–1243 classification of, 3038–3040 pre-operative preparation and planning, 1234–1236 clinical examination of, 3041–3043 reduction, 1237–1240 complications of, 3065–3066 skin incision, 1237 degenerative disease, 3038 thoracobrachial fascia, 1237, 1238 diagnosis of, 3040–3041 Plating factors, 3067 in distal femur fractures, 2702 investigations, 3043–3048 osteosynthesis, bi-condylar fractures, 2832, 2834–2836 management of, 3032 Plica syndrome, 310–311 rehabilitation, 3064–3065 PMMA. See Polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) surgical management, 3050–3051 Poland’s syndrome, 1667, 1668 tears, 2956, 3038 Poliomyelitis, 4543–4544 Posterior direct pes cavus, 4534 knee stiffness, in children, 4872–4873 Posterior dislocation (PD), 2500–2501 Polyethylene wear, DM cups, 2643–2644 cardinal signs, 1129 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), periprosthetic causes of, 1129 infection, 2517 deformity, 916–917 Polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), 4097, 4098 diagnosis, 918 bone substitutes, 92 McLaughlin operation, 1130 kyphoplasty, 762 retroversion, 916–917 Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, 4031, 4032 surgical indications, 1134 Ponseti manipulation technique, virgin clubfoot, 4485–4488 treatment, 919–921 Ponseti technique, severe bilateral congenital clubfoot Posterior dislocation, in SCJ treatment, 4493, 4497 anatomic classification, 980 Popliteo-fibular reconstruction, PLC ligament repairs, closed treatment, 987 3084–3086 open treatment, 988–989 Popliteus tendinopathy, lateral knee pain, 3366 Posterior displacement osteotomy of calcaneus, 4568, 4569 Porous tantalum implant, 2137 Posterior facet fragment (PF), 3815 Positive intra-operative culture, periprosthetic Posterior facets, 3824, 3825 infection, 2513 Posterior flap techniques, hip disarticulation, 4021–4024 Positron emission tomography (PET) Posterior impingement, 1343–1344 musculoskeletal tumours, 3984–3985 Posterior interosseous flap, 1994–1996 periprosthetic infection, 2514 Posterior interosseous nerve (PIN), 1376, 1575, 2053 scintigraphy, 30, 32 compression at wrist, 1903 spinal metastases, 4315–4317 Posterior interosseous syndrome, 1904–1905 spondylodiscitis, 804 Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL), 666–667 Post calcaneal fracture deformity, peroneal tendon Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF), 540–542 disorders, 3655 lumbar spinal fusion, 581 Posterior ankle arthroscopy Posterior olecranon fracture-dislocation, 1426, 1427 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3673 Posterior portals, knee arthroscopy, 2723–2724 procedure of, 3670–3673 Posterior subluxation (PS) 4958 Index

Posterior subluxation (PS) (cont.) Post-operative spinal infections deformity, 916–917 aetiology and epidemiology, 809–810 diagnosis, 918 late infection with wound discharge, 808, 809 retroversion, 916–917 treatment for, 810–811 treatment, 917–921 vacuum-assisted wound closure, 810 Posterior triceps-splitting, 1326–1327 Post-operative systemic antibiotic therapy, 2522 Posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR) Post-traumatic arthritis late deformity treatment, 839 chopart and lisfranc fracture-dislocations, 3853–3854 postero-lateral approach, 935 talus fractures, 3808 Postero-inferior glenoid dysplasia and instability Post-traumatic deformities, 1347 chondrolabral, 930 Post-traumatic elbow contracture J-shaped, 929 biology, 1482–1484 Kim test, 928 complications, 1506–1507 pathology, 928–929 non-surgical treatment, 1487 posterior jerk test, 928–929 Post-traumatic elbow stiffness retroversion of, 929 anterior approach, 1487 subacromial dimple with, 930 avoidance, 1502–1503 subluxation, 928 biomechanics, 1482 Posterolateral corner (PLC) injuries, 3072. column procedure, 1488 See also Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) complications, 1506–1507 anatomy and pathology, 3033–3036 fixators, 1506 biceps femoris, 3074 mechanical distraction, 1494–1496 biomechanics, 3036–3037, 3073–3077 medial exposure, 1487–1488 classification of, 3072–3073 open arthrolysis in, 1491 clinical examination, 3078–3079 posterior extensile approach, 1488 complications of, 3089–3090 pre-operative preparation and planning, 1485–1486 factors, 3067 timing of surgery, 1486–1487 fibular collateral ligament, 3074, 3075 Post-traumatic osteomyelitis. See Osteomyelitis iliotibial band, 3073–3074 Post-traumatic synovitis, 311 imaging of, 3055–3057, 3079–3081 Pre-emptive analgesia, 2475 indications for, 3081, 3083 Pre-pseudarthrosis, 4328 lateral gastrocnemius tendon, 3076 Pres-fit cups, cementless total hip replacement, 2376 management of, 3032 Pressure metatarsalgia, 3514 mechanism of injury, 3077–3078 Primary finger osteoarthritis, 1812 operative technique, 3082–3088 Primary glenoid dysplasia, 926–927 popliteus complex, 3075–3076 Primum non nocere, 1676–1677 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3088–3089 Prodisc L prosthesis, lumbar disc replacement, 585–586 pre-operative preparation and planning, Prognostic classification systems 3081–3082 Catterall classification, 4450–4451 reconstruction of, 3054–3058 disadvantages of, 4453 Posterolateral fibrous knot, 4517 Herring lateral pillar classification, 4451–4452 Posterolateral fusion with and without instrumentation mature hips, 4449–4450 in situ, 540–541 Salter and Thompson classification, 4452 principles for, 540 Stulberg classification, 4449–4450 with reduction of spondylolisthesis, 540–541 Pronation abduction (PAB), 3740 Posterolateral rotatory drawer test, 1385, 1386 Pronation external rotation (PER), 3739, 3740 Posterolateral rotatory pivot shift test, 1385, 1386 Pronator syndrome, 1891–1892 Posteromedial approach, knee, 2749–2750 Pronator teres, 2042, 2043 Postero-medial corner (PMC) injuries. See also Medial Prophylactic antibiotics, 378 collateral ligament (MCL) injuries Prophylactic by-pass grafting technique, for CPT, 4334, 4335 anatomy of, 3096–3097 Prophylactic cerclage wiring, 2594 biomechanics, 3097–3099 Prophylactic treatment, of SCFE, 4431 reconstruction of, 3103–3104 Prosthetic joint infections (PJI) Posteromedial extensile, 1328, 1331 amputation, 349–351 Posteromedial release-technique, 4493–4495 antimicrobial suppressive therapy, 349 Posteromedial rotatory instability (PMRI), 1382 classification, 340 Posterosuperior calcaneus prominence resection, 3893 definition, 340 Post-operative fractures, total ankle replacement, diagnosis, 341 3720–3721 diagnostic tests, during operation, 344–347 Index 4959

epidemiology, 340–341 complications, 4693–4694 pre-operative investigations, 341–344 developmental anatomy, 4692 sensitivity and specificity, test, 341 diagnosis, 1233–1234, 4693 treatment, 347–349 diagnosis of, 1249, 1281 Proton density (PD), musculo-skeletal MRI, 44, 45 epidemiology, 1248 Protrusio acetabuli hemiarthroplasty (see Hemiarthroplasty, proximal pathomechanics, 2349 humerus fractures) peri-acetabular osteotomy, 2349 hemi-arthroplasty, 1254–1256 Provocative discography, 536–537 incidence, 4692 Proximal anterolateral (PAL) portal, 2161 indications for, 1234 Proximal cut, metatarsal, 3437 intramedullary nail fixation (see Intramedullary nail Proximal-distal axis, development of, 4347 fixation, proximal humerus fractures) Proximal femoral de-rotation osteotomy, 4583–4584 locked plates, 1254–1256 Proximal femoral fractures mechanism of injury, 4692 diagnosis, 4796–4797 Neer classification, 118–119 indications for surgery, 4797–4798 paediatric sports injuries, 4858–4589 pre-operative preparation and planning, 4798 pathology, 1232 type 1, 4798 physiology, 1279–1281 type II/III, 4799 plate fixation (see Plate fixation, proximal humerus type IV, 4799 fractures) Proximal femoral lengthening, 4351 plate osteosynthesis (see Plate osteosynthesis, Proximal femoral osteotomy, 4412 proximal humerus fractures) Proximal femoral seal, 2601 pre-operative preparation and planning, Proximal femoral varus de-rotation osteotomy, 1234–1236 4599, 4601 treatment, 4693 Proximal femur, 4052 Proximal humerus plate fixation aetiology and classification, 4212–4213 anatomical neck fractures, 1266 aseptic loosening, 4219–4220 anatomical plates, 1266 bipolar hemiarthroplasty, 4217–4218 blade-plates, 1265 curette, 4217–4218 complications, 1271–1273 design of, 4213, 4214 delto-pectoral approach, 1263–1264 diagnosis, 4213–4214 greater tuberosity fractures, 1267 dissection, 4216–4217 indications, 1260, 1261 greater trochanter, 4217 patient positioning, 1262–1264 limb-sparing surgery, 4212 rehabilitation, 1273 neo-adjuvant therapy, 4212 standard plates, 1270 position and approach, 4215 surgical neck fractures, 1267–1269 post-operative care, 4219, 4220 three/four fragment fracture, 1268–1271 pre-operative imaging, 4214–4215 trans-deltoid approach, 1262, 1264 prosthesis-allograft, 4213 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, 1660, 1662 rehabilitation, 4219, 4220 biomechanics, 1605–1607 soft tissue reconstruction, 4218–4219 collateral ligament/condyles, 1604 surgery indication, 4214, 4216 vs. distal interphalangeal joint, 1607 Proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD), dorsal structures, 1604 4348, 4355 functional anatomy, 2072–2073 Proximal graft packing, 2599, 2600 hyperextension, 2060 Proximal humeral epiphysiolysis, 4858 interphalangeal articulation, 1604 Proximal humerus vs. metacarpophalangeal joint, 1607 post-operative care, 4166 paediatric sports injuries, 4860–4861 prosthetic reconstruction, 4160–4161 PIPJ deformity, 3972 rehabilitation, 4166 proximal phalanx, 1603 resection, 4158–4160 treatment, 2073–2075 Proximal humerus fractures trochlear joint, 1603–1604 aetiology, 1230–1231, 1278–1279 volar plate, 1604–1605 anatomy, 1232, 1279–1281, 1549 Proximal inter-phalangeal joint arthrodesis biomechanics, 1232, 1233 complications and salvage, 3542 blood supply, 1232–1233 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3541 classification, 1230–1231, 1278–1280 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, finger OA classification and grading, 4692–4693 arthrodesis, 1817–1818 4960 Index

Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, finger OA (cont.) Pure transverse fractures replacement, 1819–1820 computerized axial tomography, 2290, 2292, 2293 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, lesser toe deformities pathological anatomy, 2276–2278, 2283, 2285–2288 fusion technique, 3483–3484 pure transverse, 2282, 2303, 2304 resection technique, 3481–3483 Purulent flexor tenosynovitis, middle finger, Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint of finger 2011, 2012 acute dislocation, 1792 Pus drainage, hypothenar space infection, 2026 chronic instability, 1792–1793 Push-up test, lesser toe deformities, 3472, 3480, 3481 fracture-dislocation, 1792 Pyogenic granuloma, 1840 soft tissue restraints, 1791–1792 Pyomyositis, 4475 Proximal IPJ fracture-dislocation distal phalangeal fractures, 1879–1883 dorsal V sign, 1877, 1878 Q hemi-hamate osteochondral autograft, 1878, 1880 Quadriceps dis-insertion, 2800 middle phalanx volar plate fracture, 1877, 1878 Quadriceps muscle sparing approach, 2752 palmar approach, 1878, 1879 Quadriceps tendon lengthening, 4605 palmar lip fractures dislocation, 1876–1878 Quadriceps tendon ruptures, 2756 volar plate arthroplasty, 1878–1879, 1881 acute complete rupture, 2758–2760 Proximal phalanx anatomy and pathology, 2756 deep defects, 1981 chronic complete rupture, 2760–2762 dorsal closing-wedge osteotomy, 3460–3461 complications, 2763 medial closing-wedge osteotomy, 3462 etiology and classification, 2756 MTP joint, 3970, 3971 iatrogenic patellar fracture, 2763 Proximal plantar exposure, scarf osteotomy, 3436 lateral plain radiograph, 2756, 2757 Proximal radial nerve compression, 1905–1906 MRI, 2756, 2757 Proximal radio ulnar joint, 1318 physical examination, 2756 Proximal row carpectomy, 1736 post-operative care, 2762–2763 wrist fusion, 2040, 2041 pre-operatively planning, 2758 Proximal tenotomy of hamstring muscles, 3398–3399 rehabilitation protocol, 2762–2763 Proximal tibia surgical indications, 2757–2758 endoprosthetic replacement, 4230–4231 tear location, 2758 fibula resection, 4232–4233 tendinopathy, 2756 Proximal tibial epiphyseal fractures, 4823 Quadriceps weakness. See Hamstring transfer Proximal tibial fractures Quadriplegia, 4576 AO/OTA classification, 2828 classification, 2827, 2828 complex/bi-condylar fractures, 2832–2843 R conservative management, 2829–2830 Radial and/or ulnar fractures, closed treatment, 154–157 epidemiology, 2826 Radial bursitis, 2025–2026 extra-articular, 2843–2847 Radial club hand, 1656–1657 intra-articular fractures, 2827, 2830–2832 Radial forearm flap, 1993–1994 operative management, 2830–2847 Radial head, 1438–1439 soft tissue injury, 2827–2829 elbow dislocation, posterior, 1426, 1427 Proximal tibiofibular joint, 3367–3368 forearm joint, 1510 Proximal ulna, coronoid fractures, 1474–1476 operative technique, elbow fracture dislocation, Proximal ulna fracture, 1464 1426, 1427 Proximo-medial portal, 1370 resection, 1416 Pseudarthrosis, 2341 Radial head fractures Pseudoarthrodesis, 1212–1213 aetiology and classification, 4735 Pseudoarthrofibrosis, 3309–3310 anatomy, 1463 Pseudoarthrosis, proximal humeral fractures, 1250 applied anatomy, 4735–4736 Pseudotumours, haemophilias, 326, 328 classification, 1463, 4760–4761 Psoas lengthening, ambulant child, 4591, 4592 complications, 4739–4740 Pulvertaft interweave, 1581–1582 diagnosis, 1463, 4736 Pure cavus foot deformity direct stabilisation, 4755 anatomy of, 3596 indications for surgery, 4736, 4754 characteristics of, 3597 internal fixation, 1463–1468 pathogenesis of, 3598 measurement, 1470 treatment considerations, 3600–3601 monoblock prosthesis, 1470 Index 4961

operative technique, 4737–4739, 4754–4755 malignant chondrosarcoma, 4091–4092 post-operative care, 4739, 4755 MCL injuries, 3100 pre-operative preparation and planning, 4736 MTPJ, 3969 prognosis, 4739 musculo-skeletal (see Musculo-skeletal radiography) prosthesis, 1468–1470 osteochondral defects, 2906 rehabilitation, 4739 osteochondroma, 4081 retrograde stabilisation, 4755 posterior cruciate ligament, 3040, 3043–3044 transcapitellar stabilisation, 4755 posterolateral corner injuries, 3047, 3048 trauma and post-traumatic deformities, 1347 resurfacing arthroplasty, 1223 Radial head replacement, 1315 scaphoid fracture, 1704–1705 Radial ligament complex, 1465–1467 scapular fractures, 952–953 Radial neck, 1416, 1419 snapping scapula, 938 Radial neck fractures. See also Radial head fractures spinal metastases, 4315 anatomy, 1463 spondylolysis with or without spondylolisthesis, classification and diagnosis, 1463 536, 538 internal fixation, 1463–1468 sternoclavicular joint, 983–985, 987 measurement, 1470 synovial chondromatosis, 4089 monoblock prosthesis, 1470 Tikhoff–Linberg procedure, 4142, 4143 prosthesis, 1468–1470 tongue-type fractures, 3816 Radial nerve, 1318, 1320 unicameral bone cyst, 4023, 4024 anatomy, 1588–1589 upper limb, 4139–4140 arm, 1561 Van Nes-Borggreve rotationplasty, 4125 injury and humeral fractures, 1575–1576 Radiohumeral joint, 1318 lacerations, 1572 Radioisotope scanning, 3046–3047 superficial, 1572 Radionuclide imaging. See Scintigraphy tendon transfers for palsy, 1589–1590 Radiosurgery, 4318 Radial nerve compression Radiosynovectomy, 321–322 confusion and pitfalls, 1906 Radiotherapy, 4318 posterior interosseous nerve, 1902–1903 adjuvant chemotherapy, 4073–4075 posterior interosseous syndrome, 1904–1905 bone metastases, 4300 proximal, 1905–1906 current strategy, 4071 radial tunnel syndrome, 1905 giant-cell tumour, 4051–4052 superficial, 1903–1904 importance, 4068 Radial osteotomy, 1759, 1767, 1768 intra-operative radiation therapy, 4071 Radial shortening loco-regional treatments, 4071–4073 distal radiao-ulnar joint, 1733 post-operative radiotherapy, 4068–4071 dorsal skin incision, 1732, 1733 preoperative radiotherapy, 4068 osteotomy, 1732–1733, 1735 Radio-ulnar joint disruption, 1515 scapho-trapezio-trapezoid fusion, 1734 Radio-ulnar synostosis, 1663 Radial styloidectomy, 1645–1648 Radius fracture Radial tunnel syndrome, 1905 above-elbow cast length, 4757 Radial-ulnar axis, 4347 anterior approach, 1527–1532 Radicular pain, 4314–4315 classification, 1451–4752 Radiocarpal dislocations, 1750, 1751 elbow position, 4757 Radiocarpal joint, 1628, 1629 forearm rotation, 4757 Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), 20 indication for surgery, 4757–4758 Radiographs operative technique, 4758–4762 acetabular fractures, 2280–2285, 2289 plaster cast moulding, 4757 ACL repair, failure of, 3121 posterior approach, 1532–1535 allografts, bone loss in knee, 2932, 2933, 2935 Raloxifen, osteoporosis, 291 bone metastases, 4297 Ranawat classification, neurologic deficit, 429 chondromyxoid fibroma, 4087 Random pattern regional flaps Chopart and Lisfranc fracture-dislocations, cross finger flap, 1986 3840–3841 laterodigital flap, 1987–1988 enchondroma, 4083–4084 thenar flaps, 1986–1987 endoprosthetic fixation, 4108, 4110, 4111, 4116 Ray amputations femoral shaft fractures, 2680, 2681 diabetic foot, 3927 frozen shoulder, 1189 nerve pain, 1924 juxtacortical chondroma, 4085 Reactive arthritis, 4475 4962 Index

Reactive arthrofibrosis Relapse clubfoot. See Recurrent clubfoot ACL reconstruction, 3306–3307 Relocation test, shoulder instability, 1143 allergies and metal sensitivity, 3303–3304 Replantation surgery, 1464, 1465 complex regional pain syndrome, 3307 acute complications, 2102 ectopic ossifications, 3308–3309 age, 2092–2093 inflammatory factors, 3300–3303, 3305 bone shortening and fixation, 2095–2097 infra-patellar contracture syndrome, 3307–3308 complete digital amputations, 2088–2089 mechanical factors, 3298–3300, 3304 digital artery repair, 2099 neurological factors, 3306 digital nerve repair, 2100 Re-alignment osteotomies, 4432 digital vein repair, 2100–2101 Reamed tibial nailing (RTN) stages, tibial shaft fractures, dressing, 2101 2865–2866 incomplete non-viable digital amputations, 2089 Reamed vs. unreamed intramedullary nailing, of femoral incomplete viable digital amputations, 2089 shaft fractures, 2688 indications for, 2089–2092 Recombinant human bone morphogenic protein (rhBMP), mechanism of injury, 2093 4339, 4340 patient health, 2093 Recombinant tumour necrosis factor (rTNFa), 4073 post-operative management and rehabilitation, Reconstruction procedures 2101–2102 arthrodesis, charcot arthropathy, 3558–3560 pre-operative care of, 2093–2094 PCL injury, Achilles tendon allograft, 3054–3058 secondary procedures, 2101–2102 Reconstructive surgical techniques, PLC ligament repairs skin coverage, 2100–2101 Achilles tendon allograft, 3087 subacute and chronic complications, 2103 figure-of-eight technique, 3086–3087 surgical sequelae and techniques, 2094–2095 osteotomy, 3086 tendon repair, 2097–2099 patient preparation, 3082 time of ischaemia, 2093 popliteo-fibular reconstruction, 3084–3086 Resection arthroplasty procedure for, 3082–3084 MTPJ, 3464 Recruitment, lesser toe deformities, 3477, 3478 periprosthetic infection, 2521, 2522 Rectus femoris muscle, 3399–3400 Resection arthroplasty, of hip Recurrent B-Cell lymphoma, 4011, 4012 anatomical landmarks, overview of, Recurrent clubfoot 2651, 2652 bracing, 4495, 4497 antibiotic-containing spacers, 2650, 2651 3-D CT reconstruction, of whole foot, 4498, 4503 complication rate, 2657 incidence of, 4495 curved osteotome, for cup removal, 2653, 2656 Ponseti technique, 4495, 4500 debridement and jet-lavage, 2655, 2657 re-manipulation and casting, 4497, 4501 disadvantages of, 2656, 2657 tibialis anterior tendon transfer surgical procedure, existing scars, overview of, 2651, 2652 4497, 4499, 4502 extractors for, liner/cup and femoral components, Recurrent dislocation 2656, 2658 combined procedures, 2508 femoral spacer, 2652, 2655 component re-positioning, 2507–2508 high speed surgical drill system, 2651, 2653 constrained acetabular cups, 2506 indications for, 2650–2651 definition, 2496 leg-length discrepancy, 2656 dual mobility cup, 2806–2507 PE-liner extraction, 2652, 2656 femoral head exchange, 2503–2504 peri-prosthetic membranes, 2652, 2654 glenohumeral dislocation, 1131–1132 pre-operative and post-operative radiographs, insufficient soft tissue tension, 2508 2656, 2658 liner modification, 2505–2507 proximal femur exposure, 2651 neck-lengthening, cone adapters for, 2503, 2504 proximal stem mobilization, 2651, 2653 posterior lip augmentation device, 2505 special femoral hip component extractor, 2652, reduced offset, 2503, 2504 2654 revision surgery, results of, 2508–2509 surgical technique for, 2651–2658 uncemented acetabular component, mal-position transfemoral approach, 2652 of, 2505 wound closure, 2656 Recurvatum test, PCL, 3042 Resistance Augmented Baixauli (RAB), 2234 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), 1691, 1695, 2730, Resofix®, 3122, 3125 2734, 2736. See also Complex regional pain Restoration T3 stem, 2618, 2619 syndrome l (CRPS l) description of, 2612 acetabular fractures, 2303 indications for, 2610 Index 4963

Resurfacing arthroplasty Revision total knee arthroplasty (RTKA) anaesthesia, 1219 aetiology, 3262–3265 antero-superior approach, 1219 aseptic loosening, 3266, 3273–3275 beach-chair position, 1219 bone defects, 3266, 3267 cementless surface replacement, 1218 bone reconstruction, 3270–3273 closure, 1221 bone scintigraphy, 3266–3267 complications, 1224–1225 causes, 3265 Copeland Mark I and II prosthesis results, 1223–1224 classification, 3262–3265 Durom cups, 1223 clinical examination, 3265 glenoid preparation, 1221 complications, 3276 humeral preparation and replacement, 1219–1221 diagnosis, 3265–3268 indications/contra-indications, 1218 implant fixation, 3273, 3274 Mackenzie incision, 1219 implant removal, 3270, 3271 Mark III prosthesis results, 1224, 1225 infection, 3262–3263 post-operative restrictions and rehabilitation, instability, 3263–3264 1222, 1223 joint line reconstruction, 3273 problems of, 1225–1226 knee aspiration, 3266 SCAN cups, 1222, 1223 laboratory investigation, 3265–3266 signature guide templating for, 1226, 1227 mal-alignment, 3263 Resurfacing prosthesis, of index MCP joint, 1819 mechanical failure, 3263 Retro-acetabular osteotomy, 2355–2357 MRI, 3267–3268 Retrocalcaneal bursitis, 3910 patello-femoral dysfunction, 3264–3265 Retrograde nailing technique patient history, 3265 vs. antegrade technique, femoral shaft fractures, peri-prosthetic fracture, 3264, 3275–3276 2687–2688 plain radiographs, 3266 femoral shaft fractures, 2685, 2686 polyethylene wear, 3266 of femur, intercondylar notch approach for, pre-operative preparation and planning, 3268–3269 2674–2675 septic loosening, 3266, 3275 intramedullary, distal femur fractures, 2711–2712 skin incision and approach, 3269–3270 Retromalleolar groove deepening technique, peroneal sub-optimal fixation, 3264 tendon disorders, 3652, 3655 surgical indications, 3268 Retroperitoneal space surgical technique, 3269–3277 to intervertebral region, 648–650 rhBMP. See Recombinant human bone morphogenic to skin, 647–648 protein (rhBMP) Reverdin needle, 1157–1158, 1160 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Reversed gantry technique, 536 cervical spine involvement, 427 Reversed homodigital island flap, 1990–1991 Clark station, of atlas, 430 Reversed-windlass mechanism, lesser toe deformities, classification, 426 3472–3474, 3481 dens erosions, 427 Reverse pivot shift test, PLC injuries, 3079 diagnosis, 429–431 Reverse Segond fracture, PLC injuries, 3079 indications for surgery, 431 Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty McGregor line, 430 clinical outcomes, 1115, 1116 McRay (method/lines), 430 complications, 1115, 1117–1118 non-surgical management, 3964–3965 French multi-centre study, 1114 operative techniques, 433–442 history, 1105–1107 pathophysiology, 3963–3964 indication, 1109–1110 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 442–445 moment arm, 1107 pre-operative preparation and planning, 431–433 scapular impingement, 1107–1109 Ranawat criterion, 430–431 stability and loading, 1107 Redlund-Johnell and Pettersson parameter, 430 surgical technique, 1110–1114 rotator cuff–deficient arthritic shoulder, 1109 Revised Trauma Score (RTS), 100 surgical management, 3965–3973 Revision procedure synovitis, 313–316 ACL, objectives and prognosis, 3123 wrist arthroscopy, 1644, 1645 periprosthetic femoral fractures in THA, 2542–2554 Rheumatoid foot, 3965, 3967 setting, ACL, 3123–3124 Rheumatoid hand deformities timing of, 2442 aetiology and biomechanics of, 2052–2080 Revision total hip replacement. See Transfemoral ruptures, 2053–2054 extended osteotomy staging of surgical procedures, 2081–2082 4964 Index

Rheumatoid hand deformities (cont.) rotator interval syndrome, 1042 surgical principles, 2080–2081 subscapularis and supraspinatus muscles, 1040 surgical procedure timing, 2081 traumatic tear, of subscapularis, 1042 Rheumatoid nodules, 3964, 3966 Rotator cuff repair. See also Shoulder arthroscopy RICE principles, 4864 aetiology, 1044–1045 Riche-Cannieu anastomosis, 1896 anatomy, 1044 Right skew foot, 4526, 4533 antero-superior cuff, 1050 Rigid flat foot, 4554 biceps, 1050–1051 Rigo-Cheˆneau system (RCS) brace, 469 conservative treatment, 1054 RIKSHO¨ FT, 2205, 2209–2210 contractures release, 1056 Rocker extrinsic factors, 1084 bottom deformity, 4518, 4525 intrinsic factors, 1084 diabetic foot, 3923, 3924, 3958 latissimus dorsi transfer, 1060 Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis MRI, 1052 (RSA), 2589 open treatment, 1053–1054 Rolando fractures, 1865–1866 Panacryl study, 1059 Rotationplasty pattern of, 1045–1048 hip (see Pelvic tumours) pectoralis major transfer, 1059–1060 knee, 4234 poster-superior cuff, 1049–1050 limb salvage, 4236 post-operative management, 1098–1100 pelvis (see Pelvic tumours) re-introducing healing, 1055 Van Nes-Borggreve (See Van Nes-Borggreve rotationplasty, 1056–1057 rotationplasty) secure repair, 1057–1059 Rotationplasty for resection of all tumour shoulder arthroscopy, 1052–1053 bony fixation, 4145 subscapularis, 1059 bony preparation, 4144–4145 surgical technique, 1087–1098 circumferential skin incision proximal and surgical treatment, 1054–1059 distal, 4144 symptoms and signs, 1048–1049 final steps, 4145 technical objectives, 1055–1056 neurovascular structure, 4144 tendon transfers, 1059–1060 peroneal nerve exposure, 4144 ultrasound, 1051–1052 pre-operative preparation, 4144 Rotator cuff ruptures, partial. See Partial rotator cuff soft tissue fixation, 4145 ruptures soft tissue preparation, 4144 Rotator cuff tendons, 852 tumour resection, 4144–4145 Rotator interval syndrome, 1042 Rotationplasty for resection of type AI tumour RSD. See Reflex sympathic dystrophy (RSD) bony fixation, 4142, 4143 Rugby finger, 1956–1957 bony preparation, 4142 circumferential skin incision proximal and distal, 4141–4142 S final steps, 4143 Sacro-iliac joint, P1-/2-/3-/4-/P1-/2-/3-/H1/P1-/2-/3-/4-/ neurovascular structure, 4141 H1/P2H1 tumours, 4177–4180 peroneal nerve exposure, 4141 Sacro-iliac joint injuries pre-operative preparation, 4140–4141 open reduction, 4800–4801 soft tissue fixation, 4142–4143 pre-operative preparation and planning, 4798 soft tissue preparation, 4142 Sacro-iliac (SI) plating, pelvic fractures, tumour resection, 4142 2330–2331 vascular reconstruction, 4142 Sacro-iliac (SI) screw, pelvic fractures, Rotator cuff–deficient arthritic shoulder (RCDA), 1109 2328–2330 Rotator cuff-fibrous skeleton Sagging rope sign, 4447, 4449 anterior view, 1040, 1041 Saha technique, 1128 arthroplasty, shoulder, 1042 Salter and Thompson classification, 4452 clinical applications, 1042 Salter–Harris injury deltoid muscle, 1041–1042 classification mechanism, 4832–4833 delto-pectoral approach, 1042 clavicle epiphyseal separation, type I, 4696 infraspinatus muscle, 1040 distal femur, 4665 MRI, 1039–1041 distal humerus and proximal ulna, 4664 pennate, 1039 distal radius and ulna, 4664–4665 rotator cuff fibrous frame, 1040–1041 distal tibia, 4665 Index 4965

fracture treatment, 4663–4664 body, 4699 proximal femur, 4665 classification and treatment, 4698 proximal humerus, 4664 complications, 965 proximal tibia, 4665 coracoid, 4699 type I, 4657 developmental anatomy, 4698 type II, 4657 diagnosis, 952–953, 4698–4699 type III, 4658 glenoid, 4699–4700 type IV, 4658 incidence and mechanism of injury, 4698 type V, 4658–4660 lateral approach, 959–960 Salter osteotomy, 4456 long-time, 944 Salvage, Kienbo¨ck’s disease, 1734 open reduction and internal fixation, 964 Sauve-Kapandji procedure, 1519 operative technique, 960 Scandinavian Total ankle Replacement (S.T.A.R.™), OTA classification system, 944–947 3707, 3714 posterior approach, 958–959 Scaphocapitate syndrome, 1721 scapula neck, 4699 Scaphoid and carpal bone fractures superior approach, 959 anatomy, 1700–1702 surgical indications, 953–957 capitate fractures, 1721–1722 Scapular impingement classification, 1702–1703 anterior and posterior concern, 1108–1109 clinical outcome, 1718–1720 biomechanics, 1107 complications, 1715–1718 notch angle, 1108 diagnosis, 1703–1708 prosthetic overhang, 1108 hamate fractures, 1720–1721 Scapular neck fracture types, 1005–1006 lunate fractures, 1722 Scapular notching mechanism of injury, 1701–1702 definition, 1107 operative technique, 1712–1714 Grammont-type reverse shoulder system, 1115 pisiform fracture, 1723 Sirveaux classification, 1115, 1117 post-operative care, 1714 Scapula stabilisation test, 971–972 pre-operative care, 1712 Scapulothoracic arthrodesis rehabilitation, 1714 aetiology, 970 trapezium/trapezoid fractures, 1722 biomechanics, 970–971 treatment, 1708–1712 classification, 969–970 triquetrum fractures, 1722–1723 complications, 973–974 Scaphoid compression test, 1704 diagnosis, 971–972 Scaphoid fracture fixation, 1634 manifestation, 969 Scaphoid non-union advanced collapse (SNAC), post-operative management, 972 wrist osteoarthritis, 1645–1648 surgical technique, 972–974 Scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC), Scapulothoracic dissociation, 949 wrist osteoarthritis, 1637, 1645–1648 Scapulothoracic joint anatomy, 849–850 Scapholunate ligament injuries Scarf osteotomy, 3506–3508 classification system, 1637, 1638 anatomy, 3434–3435 scapho-lunate advanced collapse, 1637 complications, 3449 surgical techniques, 1638–1640 cuts, 3436–3438 Scapula displacement and fixation, 3438–3439 glenoid preservation, 4157–4158 DMAA correction, 3442–3443, 3445 intra-articular scapulectomy, 4157, 4158 elevation, 3444, 3446 post-operative care, 4166 exostosectomy and graft, 3439–3440 rehabilitation, 4166 exposure, 3435–3436 scapulectomy and humeral head resection, 4154–4157 fluoroscopic image, 3440 Tikhoff–Linberg procedure, 4154–4157 history, 3434 Scapular dysplasia intra-operative complications, 3446–3447 definition, 925 lateral release, 3435 primary glenoid dysplasia, 926–927 vs. long distal chevron, 3448–3449 secondary glenoid dysplasia, 927–932 long scarf, 3444–3447 Scapular fractures lowering, 3441–3442 acromion, 4699 medial tightening, 3440 aetiology, 944–945 post-operative complications, 3447–3448 anatomy, 949–952 shortening, 3441–3444 anterior approach, 958 supination, 3444, 3445 4966 Index

Scarf osteotomy, 3506–3508 (cont.) Screw design, scoliosis, 487–488 surgical indications, 3441–3446 Screw fixation surgical technique, 3435–3441 patella fractures, 2773–2774, 2780 toe-box shoe, 3440–3441 in uni-condylar fractures, 2705 Scar-tethered nerves, pain management, 1911, 1936–1937 Screw-home mechanism, UKR, 3156 Schatzker classification, of tibial plateau, 120 Screw-plate fixation, complication of Scheuermann’s kyphosis avascular necrosis, 2246 additional imaging studies, 474 cutout, 2244–2245 aetiology, 472 implant removal, 2246 description, 471–472 non-union, 2246 natural history, 474 plate detachment, 2245–2246 radiographic evaluation, 472–473 Secondary finger osteoarthritis, 1812 sagittal spinal imbalance, 473–474 Secondary glenoid dysplasia thoracic pattern, 472 Apert’s syndrome, 928 Scheurmann’s disease, 4856 obstetric brachial pletus palsy (OBPP), 927–928 Schreibers Krampfes, 1365 postero-inferior glenoid dysplasia and instability, Schwannomata, 1840, 1841 928–930 Sciatic nerve snapping scapula, 930–931 block, 2477 Sprengel’s deformity, 931–932 proximal femur, 4216 Secure repair, rotator cuff repair total hip arthroplasty, 2116 anchor, 1058–1059 Scintigraphy knots, 1058 abnormal bone scan, 23–24 suturebridge technique, 1057–1058 avascular necrosis, 27 suture-tendon junction, 1057–1058 basic physics of, 21–22 suture to anchor, 1058 bone marrow, 29–30 two row repair, 1057 description, 20–21 Seddon’s classification, 1559–1560 fractures, 26–27 Segmental allografts, 2928–2929. See also Allografts, imaging protocol, 22–23 bone loss in knee infection, 25–26 Segmental bone transport technique, diaphyseal inflammatory arthropathies, 27–28 reconstruction, 4246–4247 joint prostheses, 27, 28 Segond fracture, PLC injuries, 3074, 3079, 3080 kyphoplasty, 764 Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR), 3402 metabolic bone disease, 28–29 Self-retaining retractor system, 2626, 2627 metastatic disease, 24–25 Semimembranosus tendinopathy, medial knee musculoskeletal tumours, 3983–3984 pain, 3365 normal bone scan, 23 Semmes-Weinstein hair, 3918, 3919 osteoporosis, 28 Sensory examination tests, 700 Paget’s disease, 29 Sensory nerve dysfunction, 1562 PET, 30, 32 Septic arthritis, in infancy/childhood primary bone tumours, 24 C-reactive protein, 4473 radiopharmaceuticals, bone scan, 22 CT scans, 4473 SPECT, 29 diagnosis of, 4472–4474 white cell scan, 32–33 differential diagnosis of, 4474–4475 Scintimetry, femoral head circulation, 2207 gallium and indium-labelled-leucocyte Scoliosis. See also Degenerative deformity (Scoliosis scans, 4473 and/or Kyphosis) gram stains, 4473 in adults, 487–488 incidence of, 4469 corrective effect, 489–490 K. kingae, 4471–4472, 4474, 4478 distraction systems, 492 MRI, 4473 endoscopic techniques, 490 pathophysiology, 4470–4471 growing-rod systems, 491–493 prevalence of, 4469, 4470 guided-growth system, 492–493 prognosis of, 4478–4479 historical review of, 483–484 S. aureus, 4471 neuromuscular (see Neuromuscular scoliosis) synovial protein levels, 4474 screw head development, 487–488 technetium bone scans, 4472–4473 spinal cord monitoring, 488–489 vs. transient synovitis of the hip, 4474 techniques, later innovation, 484–487 treatment of, 4475–4478 titanium implants, 493–495 ultrasound, 4472, 4473 Index 4967

Septic arthritis, skeletal infections, 2029–2030 articular preparing and osteosynthesis, 1209–1211, 1213 Septic finger tenosynovitis, 2024–2025 chronic pain, 1213 Septic loosening, RTKA, 3275 classification, 1202 Septic suppurative bursitis, 4475 diagnosis, 1205–1209 Septic tenosynovitis, fluid collection and tendon swelling, fixation, 1204–1205 2017, 2019 humeral fractures, 1213 Sequential Organ Failure and Assessment (SOFA) indications for, 1205–1209 score, 100 patient positioning and surgical approach, 1207–1209, Sequestrum, 15, 18, 2016 1211, 1212 chronic osteomyelitis, femur, 4890 positioning of, 1202–1204 Severe abductus foot, 4543, 4547 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 1219–1212 Sever’s disease, 4867 post-operative course, 1211 Sforzesco brace, 469 pre-operative preparation and planning, 1207, Shapiro leg length discrepancy types, 4349 1209, 1210 Sharp dissection, soft tissue sarcomas, 4064 pseudoarthrodesis, 1212–1213 Shelf acetabuloplasty Shoulder arthroplasty, 1042. See also Reverse total and Chiari osteotomy, 4407–4408 shoulder arthroplasty; Total shoulder arthroplasty hip dysplasia, 4408, 4415–4416 Shoulder arthroscopy Shelf osteotomy, 4456, 4457 advantages, 1084 Short Form 36 (SF–36) health survey questionnaire, anaesthesia and positioning, 1086–1087 3374–3376 bird Peak, 1088, 1091 Short portable mental status questionnaire (SPMSQ), complications, 1100–1101 2212, 2213 contra-indication, 1085 Short stature, 4350–4351 Crochet Hook, 1088, 1092 Short tibia, congenital, 4353 glenohumeral joint, 1087–1088 Shoulder indications, 1084–1085 acromioclavicular joint, 858–859 patient information, 1085 arthrodesis (see Shoulder arthrodesis) pre-operative work-up, 1085–1086 assessment, 888 spinal needle, 1088, 1089 biomechanical analysis, 861–862 subacromial bursoscopy, 1088 bone metastases, 4303 surgical instruments and implants, 1086 definition, 848 surgical technique, 1087–1198 elements, scoring system, 885, 888 suture-passer, 1088, 1090 EQ-5D, health status measurement, 883 Shoulder injuries in children forces acting across, 859–861 clavicle injuries, 4694–4698 frozen (see Frozen shoulder) glenohumeral joint instability, 4700–4701 functional scores, 883–884 metaphyseal fractures, 4694 glenohumeral (see Glenohumeral instability) proximal humerus injuries, 4691–4693 glenohumeral joint, 850–851 scapula fractures, 4698–4700 health-care system, 882 sports injuries, 4856–4859 methodological evaluations, 882 Shoulder instability. See also Glenohumeral instability movements, 852–853 aetiology, 1164–1165 multi-directional (see Multidirectional instability) anatomy, 1165–1166 neuromuscular control, 861–862 anterior instability, 1142–1143 outcome tool, 886–888 arthroscopic Bankart repairs, 1169, 1171 pain scores, 884–885, 887 biomechanics, 1165–1166 pathology specific scores, 884 bony Bankart lesions, 1168–1171 PROMs, 881–882 classification, 1138–1139, 1164–1165 range of movement, 853–856 complications of, 1181 resurfacing arthroplasty (see Resurfacing arthroplasty) diagnosis, 1166–1168 rotator cuff tendons, 852 follow-up, 1171, 1172 scapulothoracic joint, 849–850 Gilchrist sling, 1169, 1171 stability, 856–858 indications, 1144 sternoclavicular joint, 848, 849 operative technique, 1176–1181 tests, 887–888 osteochondral lesions, 1167, 1168 TSR, 882 pathology, 1165–1166 Shoulder arthrodesis patient group profiles, 1169 aesthetic complications, 1213, 1214 posterior instability, 1143 aetiology, 1202 post-operative care, 1181 4968 Index

Shoulder instability (cont.) Sliding hip screw (SHS), plate fixation pre-operative plannings, 1172 basal fracture, 2234–2235 rehabilitation, 1181 closed reduction, 2235 therapeutic interventions, 1173–1175 Gamma nail, 2231 Shoulder instability, open capsuloplasty. See Open guide-wire positioning, 2236–2237 capsuloplasty lag screw insertion, 2237–2238 Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), 884–885 multi-fragment trochanteric fractures, 2235 Sigmoid notch, 1307, 1308 open reduction, 2235–2236 Silastic implants, 1807 osteotomies, 2236 Silfverskio¨ld-test, 3609 side plate application, 2238 Silicone sock, diabetic foot, 3957, 3958 surgical approach, 2236 Simmonds-Thompson sign. See Calf squeeze test two-part trochanteric fractures, 2235 Simple degenerative stenosis, 627 undisplaced fractures, 2234 Simple intra-articular fractures, 2830, 2831 wound closure, 2238–2239 Simple pelvic fracture, 2321 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) Sinding–Larsen–Johansson syndrome, 4864 acute-on-chronic slip, 4427 Single muscle analysis, 1313–1314, 1334–1335 aetiology, 4426 Single pedicle island flap, 1991, 1992 anteroposterior and lateral radiographs, 4428 Single photon emission computed tomography chronic slips, 4426–4427 (SPECT), 29 classification of, 4426–4427 Single row technique, rotator cuff repair, 1090–1093, complications, 4437–4438 1095, 1096, 1098 CT scans, 4428 Sitting child development of, 4426 acetabuloplasty, 4603 diagnosis, 4427 distal hamstring release, 4605 Drehmann’s sign, 4427, 4428 foot deformity, correction of, 4605 Ganz procedure, 4433–4436 hip adductor release, 4599, 4601 in-situ-fixation, 4431–4432 hip flexor release, 4599 Klein’s line, 4428, 4429 hip reconstruction, in cerebral palsy, 4599–4604 MRI findings, 4428 hip salvage procedures, 4604–4605 osteotomy levels, for deformity correction, proximal femoral varus de-rotation osteotomy, 4599 4432–4433 quadriceps tendon lengthening, 4605 post-operative care and rehabilitation, Skeletal anatomy, 1410 4433–4434 Skeletal deformities, 4349 prognosis, 4434–4435, 4437 Skeletal infections, in hand prophylactic treatment of, 4431 osteomyelitis, 2028–2029 treatment, 4429–4430 septic arthritis, 2029–2030 Sloppy hinge prostheses, 1315, 1408 Skeletal scintigraphy, periprosthetic infection, 2514 Smith–Perterson interval, 2110 Skewfoot, 4532–4533, 4570, 4571 Smith–Petersen osteotomy, 613–614 Skin and subcutaneous tissue swellings, complications, 621–622 1837–1839 indications, 621 basal cell carcinoma, 1838 Snapping hip, 4862 epidermal inclusion cysts, 1837 Snapping scapula foreign body lesions, 1839 anatomy, 936 lipomata, 1839 anomalies and radiological presentation, 937–938 malignant melanoma, 1838–1839 arthroscopic bone resection, 931 pyogenic granuloma, 1838 clinical features, 936–937 squamous cell carcinoma, 1838 conservative management, 931 Skin closure, 379, 383, 384, 388 diagnosis, 930 Skin incision non-operative treatment, 938–939 and debridement technique, 3286–3287 operative treatment, 939–941 elbow, 1324 superomedial angle, 935 lateral epicondyle and Lister’s tubercle, 1533 Snowboarder’s ankle, 3790 MTP joint, 3435, 3436 2009 SOFCOT symposium, DM cups, 2638 radius, 1528 clinical and radiographic results, 2639 RTKA, 3269–3270 intra-prosthetic dislocation, 2641–2642 ulna, 1535, 1536 prosthetic stability, 2639–2640 Skin necrosis, 3870, 3872 survivorship of, 2640–2641 Sleeve fracture, 2768, 2782, 2783 Softcast bootees, 3924–3926 Index 4969

Soft tissue defects, 1977 surgical planning, 4060–4061 acute soft tissue defects, 1979 surgical radicalization, 4067 assessment strategy, 1979 surgical techniques, 4060–4061 axial pattern regional flaps, 1988–1999 vessels, 4064–4065 chronic soft tissue defects, 1979 viscera, 4065 dorsal digital advancement/regression flaps, wide surgery, 4059–4060 1985–1986 Soft tissues bone reconstruction, 4270–4271 global therapy concept, 1978 Soft tissue stability, 1311–1312 multiple fingers, 1982 Soft tissue tumors nail and distal phalanx, 1980 biopsy technique, 4007–4009 palm and dorsum, of hand, 1982–1983 complications, 4013–4014 proximal and middle phalanx, 1981 needle biopsy, 3996–4006 random pattern regional flaps, 1986–1988 open biopsy, 3996 thumb, 1981 spinal biopsy, 4009–4013 treatment strategy, 1979–1980 Sole antibiotic treatment, periprosthetic infection, volar flap advancement, 1983–1985 2517–2518 volar V-Y advancement flap, 1983 Solid rod-screw type instrumentation, 540–541 wound inspection, 1979 Sonication, periprosthetic infection, 2517 wrist, 1983 Sonic hedgehog (Shh), 4347 Soft-tissue infections, in hand Sonography, forearm joint, 1516 closed space, 2023–2027 Spasticity, cerebral palsy in children. See Cerebral palsy special infections, 2027–2028 (CP) in children superficial, 2021–2023 Spica casting, femoral shaft fractures, Soft tissue injuries, 2827–2829 4810–4813 with closed fractures, 3770–3771 Spiking spontaneous nerve pain, 1913 in open fractures, 3771 Spina bifida, 4544. See also Cerebral palsy (CP) Soft-tissue injuries, children in children aetiology and classification, 4781–4782 Spinal accessory nerve injury, 970 anatomy and pathology, 4782 Spinal and epidural opioids, single-dose, 2476 complications, 4784–4785 Spinal Cord Injury Without Obvious Radiologic diagnosis, 4782–4783 Abnormalities (SCIWORA), 739 indications for surgery, 4783 Spinal deformity in childhood operative technique, 4783–4784 idiopathic scoliosis (see Idiopathic scoliosis) post-operative care and rehabilitation, 4784 kyphosis (see Kyphosis) pre-operative planning, 4783 Spinal fusion. See Minimally invasive Soft-tissue injury classification system, 124–125 surgery (MIS) Soft tissue reconstruction of hand Spinal injuries. See also Thoraco-lumbar fractures criteria for, 1978 epidemiology, 744 Soft tissue sarcomas paediatric sports injuries, 4855–4856 adjacent bone, 4063–4064 polytrauma patients management, amputation, 4067 744–746 anatomical compartments, 4059 Spinal metastases management histological classification, 4056 aetiology and classification, 4311 incidence, 4056 angiogenesis, 4312–4313 intralesional surgery, 4060 bone resorption, 4313–4314 joint invasion, 4066 chemotherapy, 4318 local recurrence, 4058 clinical incidence, 4310 marginal surgery, 4060 complications, 4322 natural barriers, 4059 conventional radiotherapy, 4318 neoplastic thrombi, 4065 CT, 4315 nerve, 4065–4066 decompressive surgery and instrumentation., outcome, 4058–4059 4319–4322 PET/CT, 3986, 3992 en bloc resection, 4322 prognostic factors, 4056–4059 invasion of soft tissue, 4313 radical surgery, 4059 kyphoplasty, 4319 radiotherapy (see Radiotherapy) metastatic tumour cells, 4311–4312 skin, 4061–4063 MRI, 4315 skip lesions, 4066–4067 PET, 4315–4317 staging, 4056 physical examination, 4315 4970 Index

Spinal metastases management (cont.) pathophysiology, 831 radiation therapy, 4318 posterior fusion, 834 radicular pain, 4314–4315 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 840 radiology, 4315 pre-operative planning, 833–834 radiosurgery, 4318 surgical indications, 833 spinal cord injury, 4314 surgical techniques, 834 steroids, 4318 untreated, 830–831 surgical treatment, 4318–4319 Spine infections, 801–802 symptoms, 4314 post-operative infections, 808–811 vertebroplasty, 4316, 4319 spondylodiscitis (see Spondylodiscitis) Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), neuromuscular tuberculosis, 806–808 scoliosis, 511–513 Spirit-based paints, 2003 Spinal osteotomy Splintage, basal thumb osteoarthritis, 1799–1800 complications, 621–622 Split thickness skin grafting (STSG), 1980 C7 plumb line, 613 Spondylodiscitis indications, 621 aetiologic bacteria isolation, 818 initial work-up, 610–612 aetiology, 802 lumbar lordosis, 612–613 anterior approach, 825–826 osteotomy selection, 617–620 bone scanning, 817 pedicle subtraction osteotomy, 614–617 classification, 814 pelvic incidence, 612 clinical features, 815–816 sagittal balance, 610 conservative treatment for, 805–807 sagittal imbalance, 610, 612 CT scan, 818 Smith–Petersen osteotomy, 613–614 diagnosis, 802–803, 816 spinal deformity, 622 double approach anterior and posterior, 825 thin-slice/spiral CT scan, 613 epidemiology, 802, 814 thoracic kyphosis, 612–613 history, 816 vertebral column resection, 617 incidence of, 802 Spinal stenosis, in elderly medical treatment, 820–821 of cervical spine, 791–793 microbiology, 816 condition, 790 MRI scan, 802–804, 818 degenerative scoliosis and, 791 nuclear medicine evaluation of, 803 pedicle fixation, 791–792 occipito-cervical instrumented fusion, 805, 806 surgical management, 791 pathophysiology, 814–816 Spinal surgery, bone metastases, 4304–4305 PET-scan, 804 Spinal trauma posterior approach, 825 biomechanics and classification, 705–708 radio-isotopic methods, 803 clinical assessment, 698–699 radiology, 816–817 computed tomography scan, 703–704 sedimentation rate, 817 considerations, 698 stage of, 797 magnetic resonance imaging, 704 surgical treatment, 821–826 neurological assessment, 700–702 transoral dens removal, 805, 806 neuro-protective therapy, 702 treatment, 804–806 plains radiographs, 702–703 Spondylolisthesis. See also Spondylolysis with/without timing of surgery, 709–710 spondylolisthesis treatment, 708–709 classification, 4855 ultrasonography, 704 paediatric sports injuries, 4855–4856 Spinal tuberculosis Spondylolysis. See also Spondylolysis with/without aetiology, 830–831 spondylolisthesis anterior and posterior instrumentation, 834–835, aetiology and classification, 534–535 837–839 with associated disc disease and grade 0 or 1 anterior radical resection, 834–836 spondylolisthesis, 553 bone graft, 834–836 with associated disc disease and grade 2 or 3 complications, 840 spondylolisthesis, 553 debridement, 834–835, 837–839 with associated disc disease and grade 4 diagnosis, 831–833 spondylolisthesis, 553 incidence, 830 definition, 534 late deformity, 837, 839 natural history of, 535–536 minimally-invasive techniques, 840 paediatric sports injuries, 4855–4856 Index 4971

pedicle lysis, 554 Sterile tourniquet, 1465, 1466 without associated disc disease and without Sterilisation, VCCAC systems, 74–75 spondylolisthesis, 553 Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) Spondylolysis with/without spondylolisthesis anatomy, 848, 849, 987–979 anterior approach, 539 anterior dislocation closed treatment, 986–987 butterfly-plate type technique, 550–551 classification, 979–982 clinical findings, 536 CT scan, 985–986 degenerative spondylolisthesis, 535, 554 epidemiology, 978–979 dysplastic spondylolisthesis, 535, 554 fracture dislocations, 981, 986 false L5-S1 spondylolisthesis, 535 mechanism of, 979 fusion length, 551–552 mild sprain, 980, 985 Gill procedure, 539–540 open treatment, 988–989 imaging, 536–537 pathology, 977 interbody fusion, 542–550, 552–553 posterior dislocation closed treatment, 987 Meyerding classification, 535 radiographic evaluation, 983–985 Morscher hook-type techniques, 550 signs and symptoms, 982–983 myelography, 537 spontaneous subluxation, 986 posterior approach, 539 subluxation, 981, 985 posterior instrumentation, 542–553 treatment principle, 985–986 posterolateral fusion with and without Steroid injection, into basal thumb osteoarthritis, 1800–1802 instrumentation, 540–542 Steroid therapy, frozen shoulder, 1195 pre-operative preparation and planning, Stiff elbow, 1344 surgery, 538 Stiff knee, in adults principles for treatment, surgery, 538 active and passive physiological ROM, 3296 provocative discography, 536–537 aetiology, 3298 radiological peculiarities, 538 anatomy, 3310–3311 spine approach, 538–539 biomechanics, 3310–3311 traumatic spondylolisthesis, 535 classification, 3298–3310 V-rod and pedicle screw technique, 550 complications, 3315 Spondylosis, paediatric sports injuries, definition, 3296 4855–4856 diagnosis, 3311 Spotorno stem, cementless THR, 2381 idiopathic arthrofibrosis, 3298 Sprains, paediatric sports injuries, 4854 invasive treatment, 3313–3315 Sprengel’s deformity, 931–932 knee-ankylosis, 3315 Spring wire, trochanteric osteotomy less or minimally-invasive treatment, 3312–3313 insertion of, 2433–2435 miracle of healing, 3295–3296 placement of, 2436–2438 non-invasive treatment, 3312 re-attachment of, 2436–2438 operative techniques, 3311–3315 Squamous cell carcinoma, 1838 pathology, 3310–3311 Stable locked screws/pins, 2223–2224 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3315 Stable, mild SCFE treatment, 4430 pre-treatment preparation and planning, 3311–3312 Stable, moderate to severe SCFE treatment, 4430 pseudo-arthrofibrosis, 3309–3310 Stainsby procedure reactive arthrofibrosis, 3298–3309 diabetic foot, 3930, 3933 restore knee function, 3297 first MTP joint, 3969 surgical treatment and indications, 3311 Standard X-rays, glenohumeral dislocation, 1125 TKR, 3297 Staphylococcus aureus, 4200, 4471, 4477, 4478. Stiffness. See also Knee stiffness, in children See also Spondylodiscitis PCL, 3066 hand infections, 2014 Stimson gravity method of femoral head, 2188 osteomyelitis (see Osteomyelitis) Streptococcus pyogenes, 2014, 2022, 2024, 2025, Static factors 2028, 4471 bony stability, 1310–1311 Stress fractures, metatarsalgia, 3518–3519 osseo-ligamentous interaction, 1312–1313 Stress radiographs, ACL rupture, 2996 soft tissue stability, 1311–1312 Strickland criteria, 1966 Static flat foot. See Pes planovalgus (PPV) Strontiumranelate, 290, 291, 297 Static intramedullary nailing, femoral shaft fractures, 2692 Strut grafts, 2602 Stature lengthening, 4350–4351 Stulberg classification, 4449–4450 Stenosis, congenital, 627 Stump liner sock, diabetic foot, 3957, 3958 Stenosis of spinal canal, 626 Subacromial bursoscopy, portal placements, 1088 4972 Index

Subacromial decompression, 1076 Subtrochanteric hip fractures Sub-axial fixation, rheumatoid arthritis, 438–441 extramedullary fixation, 2247 Subcapital osteotomy, 1416, 1419, 4432 femoral head, 2209 Subcutaneous tissue amputation, 378 high and low fractures, 2247–2248 Subcutaneous transposition, cubital tunnel Medoff sliding plate, 2242 syndrome, 1898 trochanters pull, 2251 Subepithelial abscess of thumb, 2011 Sulcus test, shoulder instability, 1166, 1167 Subluxation, metatarso-phalangeal joint, 3530, 3531 Sunderland’s classification, 1560 Submuscular transposition, cubital tunnel syndrome, 1898 Superficial infection, 1012 Subscapularis, open capsuloplasty Superficial infections, in hand and supraspinatus interval, 1155 carbuncles, 2022 suturing, 1160, 1161 cellulitis, 2021–2022 tendinous flap, 1155–1157 herpetic whitlow, 2023 Subscapularis repair, in shoulder, 1059 nail, acute infections, 2022–2023 Subscapularis tendon, multi-directional instability subcutaneous abscess, 2022 deltoid retractor, 1157 subepithelial abscess, 2022 insertion of, 1156 Superficial radial nerve (SRN), 1567, 1572 vs. supraspinatus, 1155 Superficial radial nerve compression, at wrist, 1903–1904 suturation of, 1158–1161 Super hip operation, 4356, 4359 Subtalar arthrodesis Superior glenohumeral ligament (SGHL), 857 anatomy, 3567–3569 Superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions arthroscopic approach, 3571–3580 biceps load test II, 1143 biomechanics, 3567–3569 classification system, 1139 bone grafting, 3571 indications for, 1144 case studies, 3580–3581 repair of, 1148 direct lateral approach, 3571–3578 supine flexion resistance test, 1143 extended lateral approach, 3571–3572, 3577–3580 surgical treatment of, 1148 fusion position, 3570 Superior retinacular repair, peroneal tendon disorders indications for, 3569 acute dislocation, 3650, 3651 joint preparation, 3570 chronic dislocation, 3650–3652 mal-alignment, 3569 Superior suspensory complex (SSSC), 952 Ollier approach, 3571–3574, 3576–3577 Super Knee procedure, 4357, 4360 posterior approach, 3572 Supination adduction (SAD), 3738 post-operative management and rehabilitation, 3580 Supination external rotation (SER), 3737, 3738 rigid fixation, 3570–3571 Supine flexion resistance test, SLAP lesions, 1143 surgical approach, 3570 Supine position, 1536 Subtalar arthroscopy, calcaneus fractures, 3828, 3829 Supportive therapy, necrotising fasciitis, 276 Subtalar joint, ankle arthroscopy Supracondylar femoral osteotomy, osteoarthritis anatomy, 3661 arthroscopy, 3135 conservative treatment, 3668 closing-wedge osteotomy, 3135 diagnosis of, 3665–3666 complications of, 3140 indications and contra-indications, 3668 contra-indications for, 3134 pathology of, 3662–3663 lateral approach, 3135 Sub-total and total vertebrectomy, tumours medial approach, 3135 aetiology, 662 open-wedge osteotomy, 3137–3139 anatomy and pathology, 663–664 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3140 anterior approach, 670–671 pre-operative preparation and planning, 3134–3135 classification, 662–663 preparation for, 3135 complications, 672–674 for valgisation, 3133–3134 diagnosis, 664 for varisation, 3133 en bloc tumour resections, 662 Supracondylar humerus fractures posterior approach, 668–670 aetiology and classification, 4711–4712 posterior resection, 671–672 applied anatomy, relevant, 4711 post-operative care, 672 complications, 4719–4722 pre-operative preparation and planning, 665 diagnosis, 4712 rehabilitation, 672 indications for surgery, 4712–4713 sagittal resection, 668–672 operative technique, 4713–4718 surgery indications, 664 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 4718–4719 vertebrectomy, 665–668 pre-operative preparation and planning, 4713 Index 4973

Supramalleolar osteotomy, fibular hemimelia, Symmetrical arthropathy, 7 4364, 4365 Symphalangism, 1663 Supraspinatus footprint Symphysis pubis, pelvic fractures, 2328 anatomy, 1064 Syndactyly blood supply, 1064–1065 classification, 1659–1661 types, 1065–1066 occurrence, 1658 Sural nerve, 1567 Syndesmosis, ankle fractures, 3739 Surgical amputations. See Amputations fixation of, 3755–3763 Surgical anatomy, 1318–1320 Syndromic arthrogryposis, 4633. See also Arthrogryposis Surgical lengthening of short leg, 4350 multiplex congenita (AMC) Surgical neck fractures, 1267–1269 Syndromic feet, 4548 Surgical sepsis avoidance. See Operating theatres Synovectomy Surgical shortening of longer leg, 4349–4350 arthroscopic, 322 Surgical teams. See Discipline, operating room open, 322 Surprise (release) test, shoulder instability, radiosynovectomy, 321–322 1142–1143 Synovial chondromatosis Suspensioplasty, 1805 arthroscopic findings, 309 Sustentaculum tali, talus fractures, 3789, 3790 definition, 4088 Suturebridge technique, 1057–1058 diagnosis, 4089 Sutures histology, 4090 to anchor, 1058 operative findings, 309 arthroscopic repair, 1097–1098, 1100 radiological findings, 308 bridge technique, 1093, 1099 radiology, 4089 from coracoclavicular ligament, 1031 symptoms, 308 different kinds, 1089, 1094 treatment, 309–310, 4090 double row technique, 1093–1094 Synovial disorders, management non-absorbable, 1031 chondromatosis, 308–310 pinchers, 1089, 1093 foreign-body synovitis, 312, 313 properties, 1058 haemangioma, 312 single row technique, 1090–1093 haemophilic synovitis, 311–312 tendon junction, 1057–1058 lipoma, 312 tenotomy/tenodesis, 1096–1097, 1099, 1100 pigmented villonodular synovitis, 302–308 tension-band technique, 1092, 1098 plica syndrome, 310–311 type, 1094–1096 post-traumatic synovitis, 311 Swan-neck deformities rheumatoid arthritis synovitis, 315–316 flexor tendon synovitis, 2059 sarcoma, 312 PIP joint flexion, 2059 tuberculous synovitis, 312–315 treatment of, 2059–2060 Synovial fistula, in knee arthroscopy, 2738 Swellings Synovial haemangioma, 312 bone, 1842–1844 Synovial lipoma, 312 calcaneal fractures, 3817 Synovial sarcoma, 312 carpometacarpal boss, 1834–1836 Synovitis, 1837 classification of, 1826, 1827 Synovitis, ankle arthroscopy clinical assessment, 1826 aetiology of, 3662 computed tomography, 1827 conservative treatment, 3668 ganglion cysts, 1828–1834 diagnosis of, 3665 giant cell tumour of tendon sheath, 1836–1837 indications and contra-indications, 3668 isotope bone scans, 1826 Synovitis, knee arthroscopy, 2737–2738 magnetic resonance imaging, 1827–1828 Synovium, 37. See also Synovial disorders, nerve, 1840–1842 management plain radiographs, 1826 Synthetic bone grafts, 217 skin and subcutaneous tissue, 1837–1839 surgical principles, for hand tumours, 1828 synovitis, 1837 T talus neck fracture, 3791 Table-top test, 1342 tenosynovitis, 1837 Tailor’s bunion. See Bunionette deformities vascular, 1839–1840 Talar body fracture displacement Syme procedure, diabetic foot, 3930, 3933 lateral process, 3799–3802 Syme’s amputations, 385–388, 4360 osteotomy, 3799 4974 Index

Talar body fracture displacement (cont.) Temporary intervention therapy, 2518 posterolateral approach, 3799 Temporary resection arthroplasty, 2650. See also Talar head fractures, 3799, 3803–3807 Resection arthroplasty, of hip Talar neck fracture displacement Tendinopathy, ultrasound, 35, 36. See also Achilles anteromedial approach, 3795 tendinopathy oblique lateral approach, 3796 Tendinosis, 3887 screws, 3796–3799 Tendon, 1763, 1769, 1770 Talar trochlea, 3789 harvest, 1581 Talocalcaneal coalition, resection of, lengthening, 3870 4569–4570 musculo-skeletal ultrasound, 35–36 Talocalcaneal coalition, subtalar joint, 3666 re-insertion, 3895 Talonavicular arthrodesis, 3555 ruptured, 3866, 3867 Talonavicular dislocation, 3949, 3950 rupture, ultrasound, 36 Talonavicular joint, 4512 stumps, 3868 Talo-tibio-fibular unit (TTFU), 4512, 4513 suturing, 1581, 1582 Talus fractures Vicryl suture, 3867, 3868 anatomy and pathomechanics, 3788–3790 Tendon augmentation body displacement, 3799–3802 plantaris muscle tendonplasty, 3878 classification, 3790–3791 tenoplasty, 3877–3880, 3882 complications, 3807–3809 Tendon body pathology diagnosis, 3791–3792 classification, 3887 head, 3799–3807 non-surgical treatment, 3887 neck displacement, 3795–3798 surgical treatment, 3887–3889 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3807 Tendon injuries, children primary fusion, 3804, 3807 aetiology and classification, 4774 procedures, 3793 anatomy and pathology, 4774–4776 process, 3803–3804 complications, 4778–4779 surgical indications, 3792–3793 diagnosis, 4776–4777 Tarsal coalition indications for surgery, 4777 coronal CT image, 19, 20 operative technique, 4777–4778 paediatric sports injuries, 4867 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 4778 Tarsectomy, 4535–4538 pre-operative planning, 4777 Tarsometatarsal arthrodesis, 3556–3558 Tendonitis, 1361, 4854 Tarsometatarsal (TMT) fusion. See Metatarsocuneiform Tendonoscopy, 3649 joint Tendon transfer technique, 2036 Tarsometatarsal joint injuries in children (see Hamstring transfer) in children, 4848 flat foot deformity (see Flat foot deformity) Jones fracture, 4850 flexor digitorum muscle, 3881–3883 metatarsal fractures, 4850 peroneus Brevis muscle, 3881, 3883 phalangeal fractures, 4850 principles, 1580–1581 5th metatarsal fractures base, 4850 timing and pre-operative planning, 1583–1584 treatment, 4849 Tennis elbow, 1344, 1366 Tarsometatarsal joints, 3849, 3850 straps, 1369 Taylor Spatial Frame, 4353, 4382 Tenolysis, 1961, 1963, 3887 T-condylar fractures Tenosynovitis, 1837 aetiology and classification, 4730 Tension-band technique, 1457–1458 applied anatomy, 4730 wire fixation, 2771–2777 complications, 4731 Tensor fasciae latae (TFL), 4408, 4409 diagnosis, 4730 Terrible triad injury, 1439–1440 indications for surgery, 4730 TFCC. See Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) operative technique, 4730–4731 Theatre dress. See Discipline, operating room pre-operative preparation and Thenar flaps, 1986–1987 planning, 4730 Thenar space, hand infections, 2015 Teardrop appearance, 4707 Thickened iliopsoas tendon, 2156 Tegner activity level rating scale, 3380 Thiersch technique, soft tissue sarcomas, 4062 Templating, FIG Thomas traction, 151, 152 canal plug, 2591–2592 Thompson and Epstein classification, hip dislocation, femoral component, 2590–2591 2181–2182 long stem, 2592 Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) Index 4975

aetiology, 450–451 chronic venous and pulmonary sequelae, 366 anatomy, 451–452 direct anti-Xa inhibitors, 368 bone anatomical anomalies, 452 direct thrombin inhibitors, 368 cause, 451 early mobilization, 367 classification, 451 fatal PE, 366 complications, 458–459 graduated compression stockings, 367 diagnosis, 453 guidelines, 369–372 imaging, 455 heparins, low molecular weight, 368 incidence, 451 intermittent pneumatic compression motor symptoms, 453 devices, 367 musculoskeletal examination, 453 IVC filters, 368 neck, range of motion, 454 mechanical methods, 367 nerve compression, pathomechanics, 452–453 neuraxial anaesthesia, 367 neurological examination, 454 pathogenesis, 365–366 neurophysiological investigations, 455 pentasaccaccharide, 368 non-operative treatment, 456 plaster casts and knee arthroscopy, 369 operative technique, 456 prophylaxis duration, 369 outcomes of operative exploration, 457–458 risk factors, 366 pain history, 453 stacked and combined modalities, 369 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 457 surgical technique, 367 provocative tests, 454–455 tourniquet, 367 soft tissue anomalies, 452 warfarin, 368 supra-clavicular exploration technique, 456–457 Thumb treatment and indications for surgery, 456 anatomy, 1609 vascular examination, 453–454 basal thumb osteoarthritis (see Basal thumb vasomotor symptoms, 453 osteoarthritis) Thoracobrachial fascia, 1237, 1238 biomechanics, 1608–1609 Thoracolumbar fractures carpometacarpal joint, 1607 anterior-posterior approach, 758 defects, 1981 AO type and classification, 747–750 defects, classification of,1998, 1999 combined approaches, 757–758 interphalangeal joint, 1608 computer assisted surgery, 754–758 metacarpophalangeal joint, 1608 Denis classification, 747 opposition, 1585 epidemiology, 744 Thumb deformities evolution, of classification systems, 746–747 EPL rupture, 2078–2080 imaging, 745 FPL tendon rupture, 2080 in-hospital management, 744 interphalangeal joint, 2078 less-invasive and recent surgical techniques, 752–754 MP joint, 2077–2078 load-sharing classification, 747, 748 T-MC joint synovitis, 2075–2076 non-surgical treatment, 749–750 Thumb extension osteotomy, basal thumb polytrauma patients management, 744–746 osteoarthritis, 1803 surgical treatment, 750–753 Thumb injuries TLICS, 747–749 carpometacarpal joint, 1786–1790 with and without neurological deficit, 750–751 interphalangeal joint, 1782–1783 Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score metacarpophalangeal joint, 1783–1786 (TLICS), 707–708 Thumb interphalangeal joint (IPJ) Thoraco-Lumbar Injury Classification and Severity instability of, 1782–1784 System (TLICS), 747–749 management of, 1782 Thoraco-lumbo-sacral orthoses (TLSO), 467, 475 soft tissue restraints, anatomy of, 1782 Threaded cups, cementless total hip replacement, Thumb metacarpal fractures 2380–2381 extra-articular, 1862–1863 Three and four fragment fractures, 1268–1271 intra-articular thumb metacarpal base fractures, Three lockers concept, 1514 1863–1866 Three-point fixation, plastering technique, 142 Thumb strengthening exercises, basal thumb Thromboembolic disease, 2735–2736 osteoarthritis, 1799 Thromboprophylaxis Thumb surgery, in cerebral palsy aspirin, 368 EPL to EPB transfer, 2044, 2045 chemical methods, 368 extrinsic deformity, type 2, 2044 chemical prophylaxis, 369 FPL intramuscular slide, 2044, 2045 4976 Index

Thumb surgery, in cerebral palsy (cont.) Tibial spine fractures, 4822–4823 intra-operative retraction, 2044, 2046 Tibial tubercle osteotomy, 2801 intrinsic deformity, type 1, 2043 Tibial tuberosity fractures parathenar release of, 2044, 2045 child protection issues with lower limb fractures, short-arm plaster cast, 2046 4827, 4829 thumb-in-palm, type 3, 2044 Cozen’s phenomenon, 4824, 4825 thumb MPJ sesamoid capsulodesis, knee dislocations, 4824 2045, 2047 removal of hardware in children, 4829 Thyroid disease, 1187 tibial shaft fractures, 4826 Tibia Tibial-tuberosity-trochlea-groove-distance (TT-TG), congenital pseudarthrosis of (see Congenital 2807 pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT)) Tibial valgus deformity, 4348 left, 3984, 3988 Tibia vara. See also Blount’s disease X-rays, 4348 adolescent, 4379–4382 Tibial anlage, 4368 infantile, 4375–4379 Tibial de-rotation osteotomy, 4585–4587 physiological, 4372–4373 Tibial diaphysis, 4289–4290 Tikhoff–Linberg procedure Tibial dysplasia, 4367–4368 Ewing sarcoma, 4155 Tibial-fibular axis, 4347 proximal humeral prosthesis, 4157 Tibialis anterior split transfer, 4597 scapular prosthetic reconstruction, 4155–4157 Tibialis anterior tendon transfer surgical procedure, 4496, Tillaux-Chaput fragment, 3783 4498, 4499 Tillaux fracture, paediatric sports injuries, 4867–4868 Tibialis posterior recession, 4596–4597, 4600 TIMP, 1193, 1194 Tibialis posterior tendon rupture Tinel’s sign, 1935, 1936, 1939 anatomy, 3622–3623 carpal tunnel syndrome, 1889 clinical assessment, 3625, 3626 cubital tunnel syndrome, 1896 clinical deformity, 3623, 3624 Tip-toe test, 3862 functions, 3622–3623 Titanium-alloy (Ti4V6Al) implants, 493–495 imaging, 3625–3627 Toe amputations, 382–383 management plans, 3627–3635 Toe block extension, 3924, 3926 pathology, 3622–3623 Toe deformity radiological deformity, 3623–3626 amputation of, 3492 Tibial lengthening, 4351, 4353–4354 claw toe (see Claw toe deformities) Tibial neurovascular bundle, 03 corns and callosities, 3495, 3497 Tibial plateau fracture, Schatzker classification, 120 crossover toe, 3494–3496 Tibial resection, 3204–3205 curly toe, 3492–3494 Tibial shaft fractures fifth toe deformity overlapping, 3495 aetiology, 2854–2855 hammer toe, 3472 anatomy, 2855–2857 lesser toe (see Lesser toe deformities) antegrade FIN, 4683–4684 mallet toe, 3472, 3492–3494 classification of, 2855, 2856 osteotomy, 3492 clinical diagnosis, 2857–2858 rheumatoid arthritis, 3965, 3966 closed treatment, 142–144 Toe swelling, 3972, 3973 complications, 146, 2874–2876 Tomography, musculo-skeletal radiography, 4 diaphyseal fractures in children, 4682 Tongue-type fracture, 3816, 3819 differential diagnosis, 2858 Toronto Extremity Survival Score (TESS), 4236, 4246 distal fourth, 4684 Torpedo-shaped hip, 4460–4461 fibula nailing, 4684 Total ankle replacement indications for, 2858–2860, 4699 anatomy of, 3706–3708 operative technique, 2862–2873 for ankle osteo arthritis, 3705, 3706 pathology and basic science, 2855–2857 biomechanics, 3707–3708 plastering technique, 145–146 complications of, 3713–3714, 3718, 3720, 3721 post-operative care, 2874, 4684 contra-indications, 3709–3711 pre-operative preparation and planning, 2860–2863 failure of, 3707, 3721 radiological diagnosis, 2858 generation of, 3706, 3707 rehabilitation, 2874 indications for, 3708–3709 tibial tuberosity fractures, 4826 operative technique, 3711–3719 unstable fractures, 144–145 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3716–3718 Index 4977

pre-operative preparation and planning, Total patellectomy, 2776 3711, 3712 Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSR), 882 results of, 3721–3722 Total wrist fusion, Kienbo¨ck’s disease, 1736 Total arthroplasty, 1416–1417, 1420, 3464 Tourniquet related complications, 2731 Total contact cast Traction padding for, 3923 with cast-brace methods, 152 rocker mechanism, 3922, 3923 complications of, 153–154 Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA), 1401 femoral fracture patterns and, 154 in elbow contracture, 1489–1491 neuritis, 1936, 1937 Total hip arthroplasty (THA) success of, 152 acetabulum cross-section, 2109 table, biplanar image intensifier, 2214 anterior approach, 2110–2111 Thomas, 151 anterolateral approach, 2111–2114 Transarticular screw fixation, rheumatoid arthritis, 434–435 ceramic-on-ceramic (see Ceramic-on-ceramic total Trans-condylar fracture, 1415, 1417 hip replacement) Transcuboidal Chopart fracture-dislocation, 3848 dislocation, 2121–2124 Trans-deltoid approach, 1262, 1264 Duwelius’ values, 2128 Transfemoral (above-knee) amputations, 397–399 gait and limp, 2121 Transfemoral extended osteotomy heterotopic ossifications, 2125 applying cable cerclages, 2610, 2614 hip dislocation and femoral head fractures, 2194 clinical results, 2613 implant survival, 2125 complications, 2615 infection, 2124 drilling and joining, of holes, 2611, 2613 lateral decubitus position, 2108, 2111 failed stem extraction, 2611, 2615 learning curve, 2126 femoral straightening osteotomy, 2611, 2612, leg length discrepancy, 2124–2125 2616, 2617 MIS vs. normal approaches, 2127 Harris Hip Score, 2613 muscle trauma, 2117–2118 patient’s position, 2610, 2611 nerve palsy and neuralgia, 2118–2121 post-operative protocol, 2612–2614, 2616 non-union approach, 2108 prophylactic cable cerclage, position of, 2610, 2612 normal and minimally-invasive technique, 2126 radiographic results, 2614 outcomes, 2124 restoration T3, 2610, 2612, 2618, 2619 patient preference, 2125–2126 surgical incision, 2610, 2611 periprosthetic femoral fractures (see Periprosthetic Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, 584 femoral fractures in THA) Transgluteal approach, muscle split, 2111, 2115 posterior approach, 2116–2117 Transhumeral (above elbow) amputations, 403 supine position, 2108, 2110 Transient synovitis of the hip, 4474 transgluteal approach, 2114–2116 Transmetatarsal amputations, 383–385 Trendelenburg sign and gait, 2121 diabetic foot, 3934, 3937 WOMAC/HHS, 2127 Transnavicular Chopart fracture-dislocation, 3845, 3846 Total hip replacement (THR) Trans-olecranon fracture-dislocation, 1426, 1427 acetabulum, aseptic loosening of (see Acetabulum, Transperitoneal approach to L5-S1, 595–596. aseptic loosening of THR) See also L4/5 disc space, lumbar spinal fusion dislocation, hip (see Dislocation, hip) Transphyseal fractures and separations pain management (see Pain management, THR) aetiology and classification, 4731–4732 Total hip replacement, for ankylosed hips applied anatomy, 4732 anatomical abnormalities, 2454 complications, 4733 complications, 2460 diagnosis, 4732–4733 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 2459–2460 indications for surgery, 4733 pre-operative preparation, 2455 operative technique, 4733 surgical indications, 2454 pre-operative preparation and planning, 4733 surgical procedure, 2455–2459 Transpositional digital microsurgery, 2092 Total joint replacement, 1805–1807 Transradial (forearm) amputations, 402–403 Total knee replacement (TKR). See also Computer- Transtibial (below-knee) amputations, 389–392 assisted total knee replacement; Minimally- Transtrochanteric approach, 2340–2341 invasive total knee replacement (TKA-MIS) Transversal division, of foot, 4515 patella fractures after, 2783–2784 Transverse fracture stiff knee, in adults, 3297 computerized axial tomography, 2293–2295 Total laminectomy, 630, 635–637 ileo-inguinal approach, 2285, 2304–2305 4978 Index

Transverse fracture (cont.) Palmer’s classification, 1634–1635, 1637 pathological anatomy, 2278, 2285–2288 TFCC 1A, 1636–1637 Transverse zig-zag incision, MP joints, 2067 TFCC 1B, 1637 Trapeziectomy, 1806 TFCC 1C/TFCC 1D, 1637 basal thumb osteoarthritis, 1804–1805 ulnar shortening, 1759 and incision, 1804–1805 ulnar styloid fractures, 1634 with ligament reconstruction and ligament ulnar styloid non-union, 1759, 1765 interposition, 1805 ulno-carpal impaction, 1772–1773 Trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis, 1807–1808 wrist arthroscopy, 1775, 1776 Trapeziometacarpal arthroscopy, 1808 Triangular fibrocartilage injury, 1771–1772 Trapezium fractures, 1722 Tribology Trapezium-metacarpal (T-MC) joint treatment, 2076 artificial hip joints, 2366 Trapezoid fractures, 1722 ceramic-on-ceramic bearings, 2374–2375 Trauma contact mechanics, 2367–2369 indications, amputation, 376–377 definition, 2366 Milch’s classification, fracture, 1348 friction, 2369 radial head and coronoid fractures, 1347 lubrication, 2372–2373 Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS), 101 metal-on-metal bearings, 2374–2375 Trauma care surfaces, 2367 patient triage, 98–99 UHMWPE-on-metal/ceramic, 2373–2374 pre-hospital care, 102–105 wear, 2369–2372 scoring systems, 99–101 Triceps transport systems, 102–105 aponeurosis, 3889 trauma registries, 109–111 fibres, 1413, 1414 trauma systems, 105–109 Kocher posterolateral extensile, 1322–1323 Trauma series, proximal humeral fractures, 1249 muscle handling, 1412, 1414 Trauma systems olecranon osteotomy, 1331–1332 emergency ambulance services, 109 posterior splitting, 1326–1327 historical development, 106 posteromedial extensile, 1328, 1331 inclusive/exclusive systems, 107–108 preserving approach, 1326 injury prevention, 109 splitting-tendon reflection, 1327–1328 integration of all aspects, 109 tendon, 1415–1416, 1418 optimal elements, 107 Trigger thumb, 1662 patient volume, 108 Triphalangeal thumb, 1665 provision of specialties, 108 Tri-plane fracture, 4868 Traumatic hemi-pelvectomy, 2321, 2325 Triple pelvic osteotomy, adolescence, 4407, 4413–4414 Traumatic injuries Tripod effect, 4562 acute dislocation, 981 Tripod foot, 3516, 3518 of hand and wrist (see Soft tissue defects) Triquetrum fractures, 1722–1723 recurrent dislocation, 981, 986 Trochanteric hip fractures sprain, 980, 985 compression hip screw and lateral support plate, subluxation, 981, 985 2240, 2241 Traumatic lesions, 2879–2880 extramedullary sliding hip screw and in ACL-deficient knee, 2886, 2889 plate, 2233 degenerative meniscal lesion (DML), 2890–2894 Gamma nail, 2231 meniscus (see Meniscus repair) Gottfried plate, 2234 operative data and outcomes of, 2882–2883, intramedullary hip screw, 2231 2887–2888 intramedullary nail, 2233 in stable knee, 2886 lateral femoral cortex, 2242–2243 Traumatic spondylolisthesis, 535 proximal femoral nail, 2231–2232 Trendelenburg sign, 2121 Resistance Augmented Baixauli, 2234 frequency of, 2121, 2122 sliding hip screw and plate fixation, 2231, 2234–2239 gait, 2121 with subtrochanteric extension, 2243 Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), 1511 Trochanteric osteotomy, 2443 anatomic ligament reconstruction, 1765–1767 acetabulum exposure, 2430, 2432, 2433, 2435 arthroscopic re-attachment, 1757–1760 bi-planar, 2424–2425 diagnosis, 1636 cholecystectomy forceps insertion, 2427, 2429 open re-attachment, 1758, 1762–1764 exposure of, 2424–2426, 2428 Index 4979

gigli saw drawing, 2429, 2430 explantation and re-implantation, duration of, 2520 gluteus medius and vastus lateralis retracted, re-implantation technique, 2520–2521 2427, 2429 single and multiple component spacers, 2520 hip dislocation, 2430–2432 Two-stage septic revision surgery, 2650 patient mobilization, 2438 preparation for, 2426–2427, 2429 re-attachment of, 2433–2438 U spike insertion, 2428–2430 Ulceration, diabetic foot, 3919–9321 wire handling, 2438–2439 Ullevaal screws, 2222 wires placement, 2435, 2442 Ulna, 1416, 1419 Trochlea, 1307, 1308 closure, 1537 Trochlear dysplasia, 2805, 2806, 3164–3167 deep dissection plane, 1536, 1537 Trochleoplasty, 2793, 2794, 2796–2800 fractures (see Radius fracture) T transverse fractures shortening, 1773, 1776–1777 computerized axial tomography, 2292 skin incision, 1535, 1536 ileo-inguinal approach, 2304, 2305 superficial dissection plane, 1535, 1536 pathological anatomy, 2277–2278, 2284 supine position, 1536 Tuberculosis, spine. See also Spinal tuberculosis surgical anatomy, 1535 aetiology and epidemiology, 806 traumatology indications, 1535 diagnosis, 807–808 Ulnar bursitis, 2025 indications for surgery, 808 Ulnar club hand, 1657–1658 treatment for, 808 Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL), 1785 Tuberculous spinal infection Ulnar head replacement, 1777–1778 anterior approach, 825–826 Ulnar lengthening, 1735 clinical features, 839–820 Ulnar nerve diagnosis, 820 anatomy, 1590 double approach anterior and posterior, 825 arm, 1561 epidemiology, 818 distal humerus fractures, 1412, 1413 medical treatment, 821 in elbow, 1325 pathophysiology, 818–819 Elbow arthroscopy, 1340, 1341 posterior approach, 825 functional anatomy of, 1892–1895 surgical treatment, 821–826 lacerations, 1570–1572 terminology, 818 tendon transfers for ulnar nerve palsy, 1590–1591 Tuberculous synovitis, 312–315 ulnar paradox, 1895 Tuberosity Ulnar paradox, 1895 displacement, 3819 Ulnar screws insertion, 1443, 1447 fragment, 3815, 3822, 3825 Ulnar translocation of carpus, 2061, 2062 TUBS classification systems, 1138, 1164 Ulnar tunnel syndrome, 1900–1901 Tumour-like lesions Ulnocarpal abutment/impaction syndrome, 1648–1649 aetiology, 4018–4019 Ulnohumeral joint, 1306 aneurysmal bone cyst, 4026–4029 Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) classification, 4018–4019 material, 2373–2374 clinical features, 4019–4022 Ultrasound (US) fibrous dysplasia, 4031–4033 Achilles tendinopathy, 3886, 3910 imaging, 4019–4022 acoustic shadowing and enhancement, 33, 34 myositis ossificans, 4029–4031 acute Achilles tendon repair, 3865, 3866 staging, 4022–4023 anisotropy, 33, 34 surgical indications, 4022 bone and soft tissue tumors, 4007 treatment and surgical techniques, 4023 cartilage, 37 unicameral bone cyst, 4023–4026 frozen shoulder, 1189 Tumour necrosis factors, 4057–4058 imaging methods, spinal trauma, 704 Turner’s syndrome, 4352 ligaments, 36–37 Two-incision approach, tarsometatarsal arthrodesis, MCL injuries, 3100 3554–3556 muscle distraction injuries/tears, 34 Two-part fracture, 1269, 1278 muscle hernias, 34 Two-stage revision strategy, periprosthetic infection muscle laceration, 34 advantages of, 2519–2520 musculo-skeletal (see Musculo-skeletal ultrasound) antibiotic-containing chains, 2520 musculoskeletal tumours, 3982–3983 4980 Index

Ultrasound (US) (cont.) humeral head and neck, bone metastases, 4285 operator dependency, 33, 34 surgical techniques, bone metastases, 4285 patellar tendon ruptures, 3020, 3021 Upper femur. See Proximal femur pelvic fracture, 2323 Upper limb peroneal tendon disorders, 3646 amputations, 401–402 pisotriquetral joint, 1766 anatomy and pathology, 4151–4152 pitfalls and limitations, 33–34 bone metastases, 4303 plantar fasciitis, 3903, 3904 classification, 4150–4151 posterior cruciate ligament, 3044 complications, 4167–4168 posterolateral corner injuries, 3047 diagnosis, 4152 reverberation artefact, 33, 34 giant-cell tumour, 4042–4043 rotator cuff repair, 1051–1052 imaging studies, 4153–4154 scaphoid fracture, 1706 nerve compression in (see Nerve compression, septic arthritis, 4472, 4473 in upper limb) stimulation, delayed union fractures, 250 physical examination, 4153 synovium, 37 post-operative care, 4166–4167 tendinopathy, 35, 36 rehabilitation, 4166–4167 tendon rupture, 36 surgery indications, 4152–4153 Unicameral bone cyst, 4023–4026 surgical techniques, 4154–4168 Unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR) Upper thoracic spine fixation, 441 complications, 3160–3161 Upper tibial osteotomy concept of, 3155 aetiology, 3144 contra-indications, 3157 anatomy, 3144–3146 femoral preparation, 3159, 3160 biomechanics, 3144–3146 indications for, 3156–3157 classification of, 3144 patello-femoral joint, 3159 complications, 3153 post-operative care, 3160 diagnosis of, 3145–3147 surgical technique, 3157–3159 indications for, 3147 technical failure of, 3155, operative technique, 3149–3152 3160–3161 pathology, 3144–3146 X-Ray techniques, 3156 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3152–3153 Unicondylar osteo-articular allografts (UOA) pre-operative preparation and planning, benign tumours, 2937 3147–3149 degenerative changes, 2946 Urinary catheter, 2213 disadvantages, 2946 indications for2943, 2944 malignant bone tumours, 2937, 2938 V medial femoral graft collapse, 2944 Vacuum assisted wound closure (VAC) therapy, patellar autograft, 2938 3927, 3932 pre-operative diagnoses, 2938 Valgus displacement, 1267 results and complications, 2939–2946 Valgus drift, 3965, 3967 surgical techniques, 2938–2939 Valgus-extension osteotomy, 2137 Unipedicle heterodigital island flap, Valgus femoral osteotomy, 2339–2340 1991, 1992 Valgus foot deformity, stabilisation of, 4587–4594 United ankle arthrodesis, diabetic foot, 3952 Valgus high tibial osteotomy, PCL, 3041 Unreamed tibial nailing (UTN) stages, tibial shaft Valgus hindfoot deformity, 3655 fractures Valgus stability, 1433, 1434 IM nailing, 2866–2867 Valgus stress, 1334, 1335 Upper cervical spine injury test, 1385, 1386 atlas fractures, 730–732 Vancouver classification system, periprosthetic femoral occipital condyle fractures, 727 fractures, 120, 2537 occipito-atlantal dislocation, 727–730 Van Nes-Borggreve rotationplasty odontoid process, 732–734 aetiology and classification, 4137 rotatory atlanto-axial dislocation, 731–732 anatomy, 4137–4138 traumatic spondylolisthesis, of axis, 734 biomechanics, 4137–4138 Upper extremity complications, 4146–4147 cerebral palsy in children (see Cerebral palsy (CP) definition, 4136 in children) operative technique, 4140 Index 4981

pathology, 4137–4138 indications, 621 patient education, 4139 spinal osteotomy, 617 physical examination, 4139 Vertebral compression fractures physiotherapy, 4146 cement applicator, 795 post-operative care, 4146 correction, 795–796 prosthesis, 4146 progression of kyphosis, 796–797 radiological work-up, 4139 randomised clinical trials, 794–795 rehabilitation, 4146 vertebroplasty, 794 step-by-step surgical procedure, 4140–4145 Vertebral osteoporotic fractures, kyphoplasty. surgery indication, 4138–4139 See Kyphoplasty technical work-up, 4139–4140 Vertebrectomy Van Ness procedure, 4360 anterior approach, 667–668 Van Ness rotation plasty, 4228, 4350 lumbar, 666–669 Varus bony deformity, 3952, 3953 posterior approach, 665–667 Varus displacement, 1267–1268 thoracic, 667, 668, 670 Varus femoral osteotomy, 2340 Vertebroplasty, 296–297 Varus hindfoot deformity, 3655–3656 Vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR), Varus proximal femoral osteotomy, 4412–4413 490–491 Varus stability, 1334 Veterinary vaccination injuries, 2006 Varus stress radiography, PLC injuries, 3079, 3080 Vicryl# suture, 1157, 1159, 3867, 3868 Varus test, PLC injuries, 3078 Virgin clubfoot Vascular complications, PCL, 3066 Achilles tendon, percutaneous tenotomy of, 4487, 4488 Vascular injuries conservative treatment, failures of, 4489–4491 humeral shaft fractures, 1300 iatrogenic rocker-bottom deformity, 4491 knee arthroscopy, 2724 Mitchell-Ponseti abduction brace, 4488, 4489 in knee arthroscopy, 2734 orthotic management, 4488 Vascularised fibular grafting technique pain, 4491 femur operative procedure, 2141–2142 pantalar release-technique, 4493, 4495, 4496 fibula operative procedure, 2142–2143 plaster cast application, errors in, 4491 graft placement, 2143 Ponseti manipulation technique, 4485, 4487–4489 pre-operative planning, 2141 posteromedial release-technique, 4493–4495 surgical procedure, 2141 results, 4491, 4492 Vascularised fibular graft technique, 4245 VISI. See Volar intercalated segment instability (VISI) Vascularity, conservation of, 140 Volar flap advancement, 1983–1985 Vascularized bone grafts, 2226 Volar intercalated segment instability (VISI), Vascular malformations, 1840 1744–1745, 1747 Vascular repair techniques, 196–197 Volar-locking plates, 1689, 1690, 1695 Vascular swellings, 1839–1840 Volar plate arthroplasty, 1878–1879, 1881 Vastus medialis pars obliquus (VMO), 2805, 2811 Volar V-Y advancement flap, 1983 Vein wrapping, nerve pain, 1947–1948 Volar zig-zag incisions, flexor tendon synovectomy, Venous congestion 2056, 2057 arterial injury, 206–207 Volkov and Oganesian apparatus, 1495 with leeches, management of, 206–207 Voluntary dislocation, 1130–1131 Venous insufficiency, 376 Von Willebrands disease. See Haemophilias Venous thromboembolism (VTE), PCL–retaining V-rod and pedicle screw technique, 550 TKA, 3196 Ventilation and controlled-contamination air conditioning (VCCAC) systems W air handling unit, 72 Wartenberg’s sign, 1896 characteristics, 71–72 Wartenberg’s syndrome. See Superficial radial nerve construction and management, 70 compression, at wrist description, 69–70 Water-based paints, 2003 energy saving measurement, 74 Watson-Jones interval, 2111 specifications, 72–74 Wear sterilisation, 74–75 Archard wear law, 2370 Verdan’s flexor tendon zones, of injury, 1957 definition, 2369 Verruca plantaris, 3514–3515 finite element method, 2371 Vertebral column resection metal-on-metal bearings, 2370 4982 Index

Wear (cont.) anatomy, 1623–1624 simulator, 2371 arthrolysis, 1645–1646 Weber’s classification, of tibial dysplasia, 4368 biomechanics, 1624–1625 Web spaces, hand infections, 2015 complications, 1650 Weil’s osteotomy, abnormal parabola, diagnosis, 1625–1627 3529–3530 distal radio-ulnar joint, 1775–1776 complications and salvage, 3530–3531 distal radius fracture-fixation, 1631–1633 post-operative care and rehabilitation, 3530 ganglionectomy, 1642, 1643 Weinstein, Boriani, Biagini (WBB) system HALT, 1649–1650 definition, 662 indications, 1626 MRI, 665 intra-articular osteotomy, 1644–1645 transverse extension, 662–663 Kienbock’s disease, 1642–1644 Western Ontario and McMaster OA Index (WOMAC) Luno-triquetral ligament tears, 1639–1641 score, 3373–3374 medical history, 1622–1623 White cell scan, 32–33 mid carpal instability, 1646 Williams rod and CPT, 4338 mid-carpal joint, 1628, 1630–1631 Wilmington brace, 467 operative set-up, 1627 Windblown hand, 1663 pathology, 1623–1624 Windlass mechanism, 3523 portals, 1627–1628 Windscreen wiper, 1315, 2974 radiocarpal joint, 1628, 1629 Winnie block, 1144 rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis, 1644, 1645 Winquist and Hanson classification, 2679 scaphoid fracture fixation, 1634 Wiring techniques, mid shaft clavicular fractures, scapholunate ligament injuries, 1637–1639 999, 1000 SLAC/SNAC, 1645–1648 Wnt pathway, 1655 sprains, 1641–1642 Wolff crest, 4346 staging, 1627 World Health Organisation (WHO) surgical anatomy, 1623–1624 cartilage tumour classification, 4080 TFCC tears, 1634–1637 giant-cell tumour, 4037–4038 ulnocarpal abutment/impaction syndrome, Wound closure 1648–1649 arterial injury, 204–205 Wrist synovitis Chiari osteotomy, 2338–2339 distal radio-ulnar joint, 2064–2065 open fractures, biologics, 214–215 radio-carpal and mid-carpal joints, 2061–2064 Wounds Writer’s cramps. See Schreibers Krampfes diabetic foot, 3934, 3937 healing problems, midfoot arthrodesis, 3561 X problems, total ankle replacement, 3720 X-changeTM, 2591 Woven bone, 140 Xenografts, open fractures, 217 Wrist. See also Hand X-rays arthrodesis, 2064 acromioclavicular joint injury, 1024 deep defects, 1983 acute tarsometatarsal dislocation, 3947 denervation, 1734 anatomical TFCC reconstruction, 1759, 1766 dislocations, 1572 5th carpometacarpal (CMCJ) joint, 1774 posterior interosseous nerve compression, 1903 cervical spine injury, 723 superficial radial nerve compression, chest, 4255 1903–1904 congenital foot deformities, 45244525 swellings (see Swellings) ECU calcification, 1763, 1769 traumatic injuries (see Soft tissue defects) finger osteoarthritis, 1815, 1816 ulnar nerve, with functional zones, foot disorders, 4513, 4514 1893, 1894 high pressure injection injuries, of hand, 2003 ulnar tunnel syndrome, 1900–1901 intra-prosthetic dislocation, 2641, 2642 Wrist arthroplasties, 1734 kyphoplasty, 763, 765, 767 flexible hinge silicone, 2063 luno-triquetral fusion, 1770, 1772 indications for, 2064 musculo-skeletal radiography, 12, 13 wrist joint implants, 2063 musculoskeletal tumours, 3978–3979 Wrist arthroscopy (WA) partial foot, 3927, 3958 Index 4983

patella fractures, 2768, 2769 Y plain, 4255 Y-shaped approach, knee, 2747–2748 primary TKA, 3264 proximal tibia, 4227, 4233 radiolunate arthritis, 1767, 1771 Z reduction and internal fixation, 3947, 3950 Zadek calcaneal osteotomy, 3894 resection arthroplasty, 1778, 1779 Zancolli classification, 2037–2041 riple arthrodesis, 3949, 3950 Zickel nail, 2248 ulnar head replacement, 1777 Zirconia-toughened alumina, 2462. See also Alumina unicompartmental knee replacement, 3156 ceramics, total hip replacement unicondylar osteo-articular allografts, Zone I end-neuromas, relocation of, 1917–1922 2940, 2941 Zone II end-neuromas, relocation of, 1924–1927 varus bony deformity, 3952, 3953 Zone III end-neuromas, relocation of, 1927–1931 varus hind foot, 3953, 3954 Zone of polarising activity (ZPA), 1655 wrist arthroscopy, 1625 Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ), X-Stop implant, 639 639, 640 Xylocaine®, 3663 Zweymuller€ stem, 2382