Index

Political slogans, Chinese or Tibetan words that are not names, and titles of books and songs are italicized. abbots 27, 84, 103, 148 student activists 33 Ama 97, 387, 394 abuse 65, 85, 99, 148, 153, 155, 222, 333, Tibetan activists xxxiii Ama Adhe xix, 394 393, 401 wounded activists 141, 391 Ama Kyi-­la 97, 387 insults 93, 96, 252 Adhe Tapontsang. See Ama Adhe ambans xx, 37, 170, 381, 396 accountable. See responsibility administration office 124, 155, 252, 381–­ Amdo xxi–­xxii, xxv–­xxvi, 69, 132, 169, accusations 71, 99, 127, 148, 207, 230, 32, 384, 386, 397, 404 324, 387, 394–­95, 403 253, 255, 280, 374, 403 advertising 326, 329 Amdo ’58 394 accused 87, 93, 108, 115, 123, 141, agate. See zi Amdo Jampa 26, 387, 396, 408 206, 278, 280, agricultural and pastoral production American imperialists 248, 272 accuser 93 299 Amitabha 292 aiding foreign powers, 123 agricultural plants 289 ammunition 212, 214 achieving a basically well-­off society Agricultural Machinery Plant Amoghasiddhi 292 131, 381 236, 383 Ani Lhadrön 97, 100–­101, 387 activism 20, 47–­48, 223 agricultural production mutual-­aid Ani Sita-­la 109–­10, 387 activists xii, xviii, xxiii, xxxii, 89, 131, 137, groups 287 Annals of Major Events in History of 151, 153, 155–­56, 158–­59, 172, 210, agriculture 181, 252, 386, 407 the Party in Tibet 69, 123, 238, 312, 219, 224, 267, 308, 350, 362, 388 learn agriculture from Dazhai 402, 408 activist leaders 152 287, 289, 383 anniversaries 249, 354 aggressive activists 33, 48, 85, airport 110, 324 of the founding of prc 97, 182, 97, 147, 214, 375, 384, 398 air-­raid shelters 268–69,­ 326 185, 249, 261, 279, 354 ex-­activists 155 air-­defense 268 of the founding of tar 279, 312, female activists 19, 24, 33, 87, 93, aja 120–­21, 387 314 97, 101, 105, 107, 112, 120, 141 Akester, Matthew xxxviii, 394, 401, 408 Anu 245, 387 female Tibetan activists xxxiv Alexander, André 141, 398–­401, 408 April 1 Directive 210, 381 former activists 127, 153, 155, Alliance, the 209, 230, 276–­67, 299, architecture 39, 189, 399 158, 172 385, 403 archways 37, 175, 237, 279, 327 from outside Tibet 19, 50, 201 English name for Nyamdrel Arendt, Hannah 403 in the Jokhang 33, 36, 46, 49–­ 33, 43, 74, 181, 199, 205, 241, aristocracy xxxiv, 2, 42, 45, 67, 85, 112, 50, 64, 66, 71 382, 396 115, 122, 128–29,­ 135, 149, 152, 398–­ leading struggle sessions 85, of factions 230, 276–­77, 299, 39, 402 87, 91, 93–­94, 97, 101, 105, 385, 403 aristocratic families 8, 47, 110, 107, 112, 114–16,­ 120, 123, Great Alliance, the 209, 241, 396 118, 132, 141, 158, 167, 236, 126–­27, 138, 141, 143 with Gyenlog 196, 233, 238 274, 346, 405 aristocracy (cont.) artifacts 50, 56, 67, 93, 113, 152, 351, reassess Cultural Revolution aristocrat-­officials xxii, xxxiv, 369–­70, 376 110, 211, 249, 278, 315, 356, 83, 94, 151, 277, 332, 400 antiques 51, 62, 65, 103, 147, 393 fourth-­level 114, 118, 170, 351 authority 87, 229, 247, 250, 261, 393, 123, 125 curios 86, 95, 170, 350 396 former aristocrats 2, 83, 94, 151, devotional objects rediscovered Avalokiteshvara. See Chenrezig 277, 332, 398 93 Avedon, John 394 nobles 85, 94, 98, 116 items 21, 30, 51, 54, 63, 73–­74, noblewomen 110, 120 103, 138, 141, 375 Baba Phuntsog Wanggyal xix armbands. See red: armbands junked 51 bad 67, 72, 92, 317 Armed Forces Department 256–57,­ relics 64, 73, 93, 152, 278, 404 categories. See categories: Four 262, 267, 278, 384 religious artifacts 73, 342 Bad Categories armed forces 72, 236, 326 sacred artifacts. See sacred: elements 223, 238, 253, 358, armed masses 267 artifacts 381, 397 Armed Police 28, 31, 78, 250, valuables 49–­51, 54, 141, 147, karma 56, 155, 316–­17, 370, 324, 353, 384 255 378–­79 factional struggle 33, 86, 207–­8, artillery 162, 173, 237, 269 old customs 24 210, 212, 218 artists 26, 52, 249, 279, 323, 332, 396, badges xiv, 92, 215, 251 armed resistance xxii–­xxiii 400 Baguo. See Barkor armored vehicles 354 artisans 77, 150, 165 Bamo. See Sakya Bamo armories 212–­14, 238 Tibetan artists 396 Banakshöl 400 army xi, xxi, xxiii, 69, 129, 210, 219, 223, assemblies 74, 261, 274–­75 Banchan. See Panchen: Panchen Lama 228, 234, 237–38,­ 250, 255, 286, attacks 8, 25, 100, 105, 120, 206, 210, bandits 143, 222, 254, 407 290, 293, 296, 324, 353, 382, 384–­ 218, 398 Banggo 121, 387 85, 395, 398, 401–­2 attacked 150, 157, 373–­74, 376 Ban Jiao xxx, 396 barracks 176, 214, 238,, 353 attackers 93, 108, 218, 349 banknotes 132 division 214 by factions 37, 207, 209, 211, banned books, events xiii, xxv, xxviii 5, Eighteenth Army 106, 230, 242, 214, 217–­18, 230, 234, 238, 78, 171, 222, 321, 394, 400 247, 249–­50, 382 247, 263, 375, 401 banners 6, 13–­14, 20, 28, 114, 195, 249, entered Tibet xv on individuals 8, 150, 157, 230, 274, 300, 314, medical teams 246 247, 349, 373–­74 bilingual 7, 9, 82 newspaper 276 on the Four Olds 2, 45, 62, 71, of factions 200, 220, 235, 240–­ officers 243 255, 339, 376 41, 243 Tibetan army xxi auditorium 194 in Jokhang 4, 7, 36, 82 uniforms 59 August 19 rally. See rallies banshichu. See administration office arrest xxix, 31, 137, 209–­10, 221, 223, August 1966 2, 19, 41, 46, 60, 73, 114, barbarism 2, 173, 320 290, 376 123–­24, 144, 163, 210, 332, 350, 354 Bargo-­kaling. See Drakgo-­kaling charged 28, 99, 101, 135, 143, 211, August 24 revolutionary action Barkor 95, 127, 130, 132, 161, 169–­70, 349, 374 24, 28, 30, 37, 41, 46–­48, 52, 212, 226, 268, 324, 326–­27, 372, 375, house arrest xxii, 5, 87, 401 54, 63, 339–44,­ 346, 349, 397, 399, 404 imprisoned 43, 58, 61, 78, 97, 381, 403 Barkor Ancient City 351 110, 125, 150, 290 authorities challenged 214–­15, 217, 220, destroying the Four Olds in 28, jail 98, 101, 130, 221–­22, 230, 238, 255 32, 38, 49–­50, 52, 54, 56–­57, 290, 376 local authorities 141, 400 67, 72, 369–­70 raped 221 post-­1980 authorities 31, 141, four corners 397, 404 art xxv, xxxi–­xxxii, 196, 233, 261, 310 158, 253, 323, 334, 338–­39, Neighborhood Committee 50, and literature organizations 165 349, 354, 394, 397, 402–­4, 52, 54, 57, 110, 123, 127, 132–­ performance art piece 323 407 33, 141, 143, 156, 163, 171–­72, programs 189 pre-­1980 authorities 31, 123, 370, 377, 387, 400 socialist-­realist xxxii 131, 187, 229–­30, 248, 253, head of 54, 127, 132, 156, 400–­401 171–­72 Barkor (cont.) Bhrikuti 21, 58, 64, 93, 387 tar People’s Broadcasting New Barkor Square 345 Bhutan 401 Station 91, 208–­9, 385 parades in 24–25,­ 28, 38, 49, 88, bicycles 145, 329, 331, 333, 369 broadsheets xviii 91, 107, 350, 352 big-­character poster xxiii Brodsky, Joseph 330, 404 police station 124 “big lie,” the xxvii brooms 25 square 345 biographies xviii iron brooms 20, 22, 40–­42, 205 struggle sessions in 97, 110, testimonies xix–­xx, xxxiii Buchung 224, 387 114, 118, 126–­27, 132, 136, 141, biography 407 Buchung Tsering 70, 387 143, 145 autobiographies xix, xxxi, 173, Budapest 112 zurshi 56, 369, 391, 397, 404 393–­94, 397, 401, 408 Buddha 22, 73, 77–­78, 101, 109–­10, 150, barley 85, 124, 130, 157, 253, 315 memoirs xviii–­xix, 63, 74, 150, 292, 331, 369, 382 as harvest 204, 244–45,­ 288 394–­95 Buddha families 66 as loans 124, 130 blacksmiths 141, 375 Buddha’s hair. See Willow in statues 65, 376 Blakeslee, Joy 394 Five Buddha Families 66 as torture 100, 119 blockhouses 139 statues 21, 37, 48, 50–­51, 58, 62, Barnett, Robert 394–­95, 407 bo 124, 130, 387, 400 68, 72, 75, 77, 375, 377–­78 Battle of Chamdo 115, 128 statues repaired, restored 79, Bodhisattvas 68, 75, 244, 316 Bcu gcig. See Chubchi 89, 316, 375, 377 Chenrezig 21, 64, 172–73,­ 397, beatings 28, 85, 93, 99, 119, 132, 208, Buddhism xxvii, 7, 21, 27, 73, 92, 103, 405 252, 371, 401 309, 396, 405 death and destruction of 68, 75 beaten to death 252 revival of 79, 155, 162, 176, 249 bombarding the headquarters xxiii, 55, drums, gongs 24, 46, 89, 166, Buddhist 20–­21, 39, 41, 52, 59, 77–­79, 381, 384 368, 374 84, 88, 92, 127, 131, 151, 155, 172, 176, bombing xxii beggars 100, 121, 371 249, 291, 327, 330, 334, 346, 371, Bomé county 213, 402 Beijing ix, xii, xxiv–­xxv, xxvii, xxix–­xxx, 375, 377, 397, 400, 405 books xviii, xxx, xxxiii, 18, 37, 68, 135, xxxii, 211, 224, 230, 249, 287, 371, Buddhist Association 81, 108, 152, 169, 185, 216, 226, 240, 254, 256, 396 373, 381, 398 274, 279, 302, 309, 317, 322, 367, Beijing Industrial College 397 Buddhist Institute 249, 402 371, 379, 381, 383 Beijing Institute of Aeronautics practice 32, 56, 145 red books xxxii, 18, 185, 236, 180, 397 reliquary 25 240, 274, 296, 367, 383–­84 Beijing Institute of Geosciences reverted to religion 32, 52, 56, borders xxii, xxvi, xxix, xxxi–­xxxii, 37, 397 79, 127, 131, 145, 162, 172, 69, 125, 254, 267, 394 Beijing Normal College 397 176, 249 Beijing Revolutionary counties 206, 211, 401 rituals 162, 170 Headquarters of Rebels 209 frontier 248, 272, 393 teachings 82, 150, 269, 327, 346, Beijing Road 22, 128, 139, 171, trying to cross 221 375, 398 176, 213, 241, 326, 356, 381, bourgeois xxiii, 229, 261, 263, 367–­68, Building Construction Team 124, 214 387 383 buildings 3, 55, 88, 161, 167, 173, 175, influence of 10, 12–­13, 15–­16, 19, Bright Neighborhood Committee 171, 189, 199, 212, 238, 289, 327–­29, 352, 53, 63, 175, 189, 211, 291, 312 381 400, 408 Jowo sent to 58, 93, 399 British xx–­xxi, 116, 213, 272, 400 mansions 87, 91, 136, 141, 214, orders from 19, 53, 71, 206, 210, British invasion xx 236 212, 215, 217, 272 Great Britain xxi converted into shops, Red Guards from 19, 60–­62, Tibetan surrender to xxi hotel 38, 60, 95, 350 70, 180, 203, 238, 247, 279, brje ba xv Yabshi Takster 3, 60, 128, 346, 397 broadcasting xxix, 107, 174, 321, 326, 180, 329, 362, 404 shocked by violence 212, 215, 349, 385 Tibetan buildings 86, 139, 161, 217 broadcast stations 74–­75, 91, 236, 250, 327, 350 Benjamin, Walter 320, 403 180–­81, 208–­9, 212, 214, 385 bullets 143, 173, 212, 214, 222 Berger, John 404 loudspeakers 107, 195, 241, 326, sugarcoated bullets 367, 369, Berlin 332 332, 373 385 bumpa 103, 105, 387 Rolleiflex 106 gratitude, praise for 13, 16, 29, Burang 401 rolls 324–­35 121, 126, 202, 222, 292 burned 38, 67, 97, 103, 334 security cameras. See ideology 7, 42, 150–­52, 248 religious texts 74, 112, 167, 291, surveillance Leading Small Group. See 371 Shanghai 58 ii 85 Central Cultural Revolution Butalia, Urvashi 322, 403 Tibetan cameraman 13 Leading Small Group butter lamps 64, 176, 317 used by author 323–­25, 328, and military 45, 69, 122, 246–­47, tea 76, 99, 158, 253, 286 333–­34, 338, 349 250, 252, 267, 269 bystanders 28, 85, 89, 105, 338, 371 used by Tsering Dorje 237, 291, Organization Bureau 75, 206 307, 323–­24, 333, 349 reassessing Cultural Revolution cabinet ministers 66, 123, 129, 402. See viewfinder 117, 307, 324–­27, 349 230, 289, 312, 321 also kalon Zeiss Ikon 85, 323, 326–­27, 334, rebellions 217–­18, 220 cadres 53, 76, 148, 188, 205, 251, 287, 358 rewriting history 312 308, 378, 395 campaigns 55, 230, 248, 278, 289 and United Front 9, 66, 108, 112, battalion level 299 against the Panchen 5, 108 125, 129, 149, 405 cadre xii, xxxiii, 120, 185, 277, Destroy the Four Olds 20, 71–­73, Cement Factory 180, 379, 405 286, 290, 372 176, 206, 212, 267, 281, 379 cemetery 213, 215–17,­ 256, 383 Cadre School 70, 115, 246, 251, Pacification of the Rebellion 69, Nyemo martyrs 219–­22 386 151 censorship xxviii–­xxix Golden Ribbon 16, 19 post-­1980 277, 349, 384, 401 central 73, 212, 232, 272 grassroots 131, 153, 156, 171 Three Educations 53–­54 authorities 69, 211, 240, 249 Han Chinese 108, 146–­47, 374 cangue 119 Central Cultural Revolution in neighborhood committees capitalist xxiii, 25, 143, 150, 190, 229 Leading Small Group 12, 61, 58, 68, 99, 113, 127, 152, 157, headquarters 190–­91, 375 210–­12, 230, 247, 272, 381 190 reactionaries 205 government xxi, 4, 72, 212, 238, in struggle sessions, parades restorationists 143 368 32, 108, 113, 127, 146–­48, 185, rightists 229, 381 certificate of surrender 255 283, 399 road 150, 261, 272, 384 chabtog 161, 387, 400 in the military 250, 252, 267, 299 roaders xxiii, 15, 199, 205–­6, Chagpori 162, 167, 169, 175, 177, 268, revolutionary cadres 25, 165–­67, 209, 234, 267, 278, 381, 405 353, 384 276 seedlings 283, 382 yaoling jiemai 175 senior cadres 75, 91, 250, 261 Cartier-Bresson,­ Henri xxxii Yaowangshan 176, 387, 401 targeted 208–­9, 252, 374 categories 47, 87, 149, 151, 157, 221 Chairman Mao. See Mao Zedong training for 42, 45, 70 cameras xxxiii, 35, 85, 91, 174, 231, 266, four categories 157 Chamdo 108, 115, 128, 135, 180–­81, 212–­ 284 the Five Black Categories 47, 157, 14, 217–­18, 224, 255, 268, 290, 387, aperture 325 382, 397 398, 405 black-­and-­white photograph the Four Bad Categories 99, 382, Liberation Committee 115, 135, 331 399 405 cameraman xxxi, 7, 13, 107 ccp (Chinese Communist Party) viii, Changchun xxix Canon Digital slr 360–­62 xvii, xix–­xxiv, xxvi, xxxiii, xxxviii, 19, Chang Liuzhu 16, 402 darkroom 257, 325 189, 231, 281–­82, 289, 383. See also Changseb shar 61, 171, 387, 400–­401 filming xxxi Party chaos 205, 208, 215, 252, 329, 371 Fuji 324–­25 Central Committee 53, 69, 261, caused by factions 49–­50, 110, Gopro Hero3 327, 360, 363 273, 302, 314, 381, 393 254, 312, 327, 350 Kodak 325 Central Organization Bureau 75 Chapa Kalsang Wangdu 236, 387 lens xxxiv, 117, 231, 324, 328, entities created by 19, 28–­29, Chapé Tseten Phuntsog 407 342, 394, 399 45, 49, 53–­54, 58, 155–­56, chapel 56, 74, 369, 378, 405 looking into lens 10, 35, 117 279, 405 Chaplin, Charlie 46 posing for 266, 284, 286, 294, grassroots 153, 155–­56, 171–­72, Charpa Khangsang 97, 387 301 220, 267, 269 Cheng Demei 62–­63, 381, 397, 407 Chengdu xxvi, 43, 62, 106, 180, 210, 229, violence in 22, 43, 97, 207–­10, Panchen clique 143, 272, 312, 255, 257, 286, 381 217, 228 382, 386, 403 Chengguanqu 155, 381–­82, 397 China and Tibet. See Tibet and China splittist clique 71, 149, 403 Inner City District 49, 52, 54, Chinese Communist Party. See ccp collaborator 2, 112, 122, 125, 128, 149–­ 57–­58, 97, 112, 120, 131, 147, Chinese language xxv 50, 192, 374, 400, 405 152, 155, 161, 171–­72, 190, 351, Chödrön 161, 387 collective labor 285, 288, 291, 302 370, 374, 382, 397, 400, 404 Chonggye 224, 291, 387 colonial 219, 328, 356 Cheng Kuande xi, xxvi, 381 Chöphel 171, 226, 387 commander 61, 66, 122, 125, 150, 211, Chen Jiajin 181, 381 chorten. See stupa 399 Chen Mingyi 74, 240, 273, 381 Chubchi xxxviii, 57–­58, 67–­68, 157, 387 deputy commander 93, 122–­23, Chenrezig 21, 64, 172, 371, 378, 387, Chunyi 218–­19, 251–­52, 387 221, 231, 278 397, 405 chupa 11, 286, 387 in pla 13, 74, 247, 256, 405 emanation 173, 378, 398 Chushi 54–­55, 156–­57, 171, 387 of faction 61, 93, 105, 181, 224, great compassion 64, 405 Chusum 41, 44–45,­ 48, 63, 387 226 statue 65, 155, 371 cinema 161, 189 of Gyenlog 43, 165, 180, 211, 223 thousand-­armed 155, 371 circumambulation 53, 88, 170–­71, 375, commercial 158, 161, 326–­27, 345 404 Chen Yonggui 288–­89, 381, 403 commissioners. See ambans Barkor circuit 161, 169, 327, 350, communes 204, 267, 278, 287–­89, 322, deputy premier 288 397 381 Chiang Kai-­shek 272, 381, 407 damage to 52, 55, 64 communalization 285, 287–­90, children 107, 157, 161, 163, 195, 385, counterclockwise 89 307 395, 401 by former activists 121, 127, criticism of 281, 287–­91, 322, in crowds 18, 28, 36, 101, 103 145, 153 403 of elites 47, 95–­96, 99, 125, Lingkor 53, 176–­77, 236, 326, establishing 259, 267, 278, 282, 131–­32 356, 402 287 potential progressives 30, 45, Podrangshabkor 326, 390 People’s Communes 281–­82, 187, 200, 294, 302 citizens xii, xviii, xx, xxiv 284, 289 China vii–­viii, xi, xvii–­xxi, xxix–­xxx, civil war 110, 179, 207, 401 propaganda in 283–­84, 306–­8 xxxv, xxxviii, 107, 202, 268, 287, 312, claims xvii, xix–­xxi, xxx, xxxii Rebels’ Commune 100, 180, 321–­22 class xix, xxi–­xxiv, xxxiii, 53, 150, 309 209, 383, 385 China Tibetology Research background 46, 92, 250 Communications Department 191, 218, Center 224 class education 221, 381 232, 241, 250, 381 Chinese presence in Tibet xxii class warfare xxi, xxiv Communications Office 181, 191, claims to Tibet 37, 393 cleanse the class ranks 277–­78, 241, 243, 385 Cultural Revolution 381, 405 communism 56, 73, 101, 150, 254, 309, organizations in 12, 22, 189, crimes 47 405 217, 228, 241, 252, 255, 272, enemy xxiii, xxxiii, 96, 113, 149, as a faith 56, 101, 309 276 161, 183, 222, 260, 267, 269, communists 2, 110, 115, 135, ethnic Chinese areas xxviii 272, 278, 381 153, 252 inland China 43, 61, 63, 169, 182, hatred 46, 206, 218 Youth League 11, 156, 381 250, 382–­83 nature, identity 45, 236 Communist Party. See ccp (Chinese mainland China 19, 39, 42, struggle 53–­54, 111, 131, 152, Communist Party) 46–­47, 60–63,­ 182, 208, 210, 249, 272, 291, 302, 395 Communist Party School 181, 247, 287, 321, 324, 340, 342, upper class 94, 110, 151–­52, 229 397 356, 383, classified 11, 54, 97, 149 compassion 64, 78, 132, 155, 269, 327, New China 106, 171, 185 as counterrevolutionaries 150, 397–­98, 405 Red Guards, activists in 17, 45, 217, 278, 399 compensation 113, 223 59–­61, 63, 155, 209, 247, 397 as Four Olds 67, 77 Compilation of Major Events in Tibet 41, used in slogans, phrases 159, as upper-­strata patriots 118, 128 209, 397, 407 163, 171, 175, 185, 188, 191, clinics 246, 252, 400–­401 comprehensive management 171, 381, 281, 332 clique 87, 108, 403 401 comprehensive social security 401 in Chamdo 108, 213–­14, 218, 223, crowns 50, 66, 109–­10, 382 confiscated 85, 123, 152, 376 390, 402 cruelty 2, 157, 173, 212, 272, 401 as Four Olds 37, 73–74,­ 87, 112, in Lhokha 224, 288, 291 cultural 115, 278 near Lhasa 49, 75, 130, 217, 278, pride xxvii conflict 43, 199, 205, 217, 252, 254, 382 287, 400 renaissance xxv armed 86, 113, 207–­8, 211–­13, with rebellions 217–­18 workers 196, 232–­33, 292, 382 217–­18 countryside xxiii, xxvii, xxxiii, 54, 144, Cultural Palace 8, 189, 274, 371, 373, conflicts 43, 205, 252 150, 218, 246, 284, 300 382, 384, 386 ideological 196, 206–­7 coup attempt xxiv demolished 275, 336 within military 205, 232, 250–­ courthouse 88, 118 Cultural Revolution xi–­xii, xv, xix, xxii, 52, 254 cppcc 81, 95, 108, 110, 125, 135, 150–51,­ xxiv, xxvi, xxxi confusion 48, 56, 58, 148, 153, 247, 322, 224, 373, 382, 398, 402, 405 aftermath of 10, 76, 78–­79, 81, 327 Chinese People’s Consultative 93, 95, 99, 108, 110, 112, 133, Construction Bureau 131 Conference xxxviii 143, 152–­53, 225 Construction Team 57, 124, 214, Lhasa Municipal cppcc Chinese Cultural Revolution 370, 382 76 Database vii People’s Political Consultative Contemporary Tibetan Studies condemned 312 Conference 9, 66, 76, 87, correcting errors in 223, 312 Institute 61 112, 398 destruction during 2, 10, 21–­22, cooperation, co-­option. See Second Congress of tar cppcc 41, 51, 53–­54, 60, 63–­65, 68, collaborator 9 70, 72–­73, 77, 272 cooperatives 113, 124, 163, 368, 372, crime, criminal offences xvii end of 10, 33, 56, 58, 61, 64, 76, 376, 404 of ox-­demons 47, 87, 103, 115, 78, 81, 93, 95, 110, 112, 115, pilot cooperative 287 135, 141, 143 133, 143, 150, 153, 223, 230, shoemaking cooperative 105, of protecting the emperor 180, 250, 279, 291, 316, 326, 343 112 386 factions in 33, 43, 75, 105, 180, vegetable cooperative 100 criminals 48, 85, 99, 114, 119, 124, 183, 191, 200–­201, 205–­8, 210, copper 37, 51, 175 238 214, 223–­24 coral 56, 370 criticism 58, 207, 263, 276, 287, 368, fortieth anniversary xiii corpses, bodies 9, 212, 215, 223, 310 375, 385 Great Proletarian Cultural buried 103, 213, 215, 250, 256 avoiding criticism 135, 173, 374 Revolution, the xxiii, 13, 22, human remains 173 in schools 46, 173 190, 229, 273, 276, 368, 382 correct 223, 312, 402 of military 215, 250–­51 groups 210–­12, 247, 403 politically 32, 157, 173, 195, 276, of ox-­demons 99, 103, 108, 110–­ in Tibet vii–­viii, xi, xviii, xxx 385 12, 118, 137, 332 leaders during the Cultural counterattack 199, 234 parades 327 Revolution 385, 395 counterrevolutionary xxiii, 45, 220–­22, sessions 46 Leading Small Group 12, 230, 250, 272 crowds xxxii–­xxxiii, 59, 78, 92, 204, 349 272, 382 aristocrats 99, 108–­9, 119, 135, around Dorje Phagmo 96–­97, new names, slogans 16, 20, 28, 141, 150, 399 101, 103, 106 41–­42, 63, 124, 149, 156, 171, cliques xxiv at rallies 14, 188, 192, 209 174, 253, 273–­74 elements 99, 108, 119, 135, 374, at struggle sessions 114, 127, phases of xxx, 148, 156, 163, 250, 397 132–­33, 138, 145–­46, 333 278–­80 gang, revisionists 229, 312 crowd 14, 28, 36–38,­ 50, 78, remaining questions 155, 220, rebellion 69, 255, 278, 397 96–­97, 101, 103, 106, 114, 127, 321, 333 violent turmoil 217, 382 132–­33, 138–­39, 145–­46, 192, serious errors of xvii suppression of 217 204, 209, 215, 333, 344, 349 start of 2, 12, 28, 46, 53–­54, 60, counties 20, 63, 69, 256, 276, 290, 403 destroying the Four Olds 28, 63, 70, 100, 112, 135, 151, 155, border 206, 211, 401 36–­38, 50, 97, 344 230, 250, 326, 339 county-­level 76, 206, 257, 259, in the Sungchöra 28, 82, 139, verdict on 223, 280, 290, 312 262, 277, 283, 400 192, 349 Culture Bureau 233, 382 dakini 103, 387, 389 to Jokhang 44, 49, 52, 55, 57, 64, Jowoshi 56, 369, 388, 397, 404 Dalai clique 71, 108, 143, 149, 382 71, 73, 76, 280, 343 new god 59–­60, 70, 292, 296, Dalai Lama xx, xxii, xxiv–­xxv, xxvii, 7, to mosque 137 300, 310 27–­28, 31–­32, 61, 64–­65, 75, 84, 93, to murals 75–­76, 213 protector deities 21, 48, 64, 77, 110, 112, 123, 127, 132, 150, 172, 176, to other buildings, monasteries 85, 91, 127, 135, 144, 352, 378, 217, 248, 321, 329, 342, 368–­70, 375 72, 127, 153, 212–­13, 255, 397–­98, 404 and Summer Palace 25, 84, 123, 329–­30, 377 four protector deities 165, 172–­73, 332, 338, 396 to policies, culture 54, 113, 209, 397, 404 and Sun Chamber 7, 27–­28, 31, 255, 289, 291, 379 protector goddess 64, 85, 397 75, 342 to statues 48, 51, 65–­66, 93, Dekyi lam 356, 387 as hero xxviii 155, 207 Dekyi Tsomo 224, 387 autonomy 403 to the Potala 71, 268 delegates xxv, 8, 215, 248, 334, 403 birthday 127 damaru 110–­11, 144, 387 Demo 77, 387, 398, 401 criticized 25, 93, 368–­69, 375 Damshung airport 110 Tenth Demo 77, 84–­85, 398 Eleventh Dalai Lama 94–­95 dance 137, 166, 196, 233, 284, 314 Democratic Reforms, the xxii, 69–­70, family home 3, 61, 128, 329, ballet 28, 346, 405 151, 287, 291, 382 400, 404 red ballets 346 property, land redistributed 38, Fifth Dalai Lama 21, 66, 77, 169, Red Detachment of 172, 176, 393, 396, 399–­401 Women 28, 384 85, 116 Fourteenth Dalai Lama 3–­4, 25, ballroom 189 demolished 38, 69, 88, 138–­39, 175, 189, 41–­42, 108, 128, 173, 180, 217, traditional 19, 163 249, 275, 399, 402, 404 248, 328–­29, 367, 396, 398, with plastic pots 315 demolitions 69–­70, 190 401. See also Dalai Lama dang’an 395 demoness 21, 378, 405 government of viii, xiii, xv, xviii, Daofu. See Tawu Demo Rinpoche 77, 87, 93, 148, 398 xxi, xxviii, 21, 65–­66, 94, 110, dare-­to-­die 15, 33, 382, 384 Demo Rinpoche’s wife 85, 93 112, 129, 150, 393, 402 Dartsendo xxvi Ninth Demo. See Demo March 1959 xxii, 4, 97, 108, 123, Database of the Chinese Cultural Demo Wangchug Dorje 84–­85, 153, 173, 150, 173, 217, 329, 332 Revolution 70 387, 401 negotiated settlement xxiv Dawa 49, 159, 374, 387, 396, 401 Deng Xiaoping xxiii–­xxiv, xxvi, 230, 315, Seventh Dalai Lama 122, 172 Dawa-­la 159 349, 382 talks with China 248 Dawa Tsering (Qinghua student) 19, denunciation xviii, xxiii Thirteenth Dalai Lama xxi, 129, 60–­61, 210, 387 department store 139, 194, 238 132, 167, 395, 400 Dawa Tsering (Taiwan) xxxviii, 65, 387 deputies 8 dayang 373, 382 with Mao 378 Dergé xxvi, 137, 388 Dalai Lamas 22, 28, 84, 88, 165, 173, Dazhai 287–­89, 382–­84 destroy 154, 290, 309, 331, 394 338, 402 Dazhai model 287 Four Olds, the 14, 22, 28, 30, 44, and Chenrezig 172, 398 death xxiii, 68, 132, 154, 215, 379 47–­48, 57–­58, 60, 63, 70–­72, Dalianzhi. See Nyamdrel early 112, 120 176, 206, 267, 278, 281, 317, damage 63, 72, 93, 113, 120, 123, 127, insanity and 81, 85 322, 368, 370, 379, 382 209, 289, 327, 331 nailed to 212 Ganden 278, 330 attempts to repair 71, 76, 93, of Mao xxxiii, 99, 133, 248, 312, old, the 161, 163, 382 280, 330, 343 314–­15 Ramoche 58 attempt to limit 48–­49, 51, 71, 76 sentenced to 220–­22, 280 by factions 37, 207, 212, 255 strangled 219 reactionary element 134 by neighborhood committees trampled, beaten to 79, 252, temples, monasteries 58, 378 49, 52, 57, 137, 153, 155 394, 401 destroyed xviii, 70, 103, 110, 115, 162, by Red Guards 48, 55, 63, 66, debating courtyard. See Sungchöra 167, 175 343 Declaration of War Letter xviii, 24, 28, Four Olds, the 2, 41, 89, 91, 375 by students 48–49,­ 52 36, 63, 165, 205, 346, 386 Menpa Dratshang 176 by the Three Supports 255 deities 21, 59, 91, 149, 175, 282, 296 monasteries 53, 69, 71, 91, 212, catastrophic 64–65,­ 280, 287 goddess 64, 85, 103, 397, 402 328, 360, 378 destroyed (cont.) of Cadre School 115 Drepung xxxvii, 31, 86, 148, 216, 225, monasteries and temples 2, 44, of Neighborhood Committee 316, 379, 388, 396, 405 49–­55, 57–­58, 67, 69, 72–­73, 97, 123 Drichu 393 255, 378 divisions 81, 152, 211, 232, 251, 254 Drolkar 321–­22 statues 62, 67, 71–­72, 291 political divisions 46, 152, 251. Drolma stupas 317, 366, 370, 376, 379 See also drawing a line Drolma Chözom 394 the Jokhang 2, 22, 41, 54, 57, 62, doctors xix, 132, 150, 163, 167, 246, 378, Drolma Lhakhang 50, 388 65, 67, 74 400 Drolma Yangdzom 114, 388 destroying 19, 40–­41, 44, 49, 51, 53–­54, documentary xxix–­xxx, 289, 307, 323, drums 110, 144, 162, 166, 205 57, 65, 67, 72–­73, 85, 105, 108, 152–­ 395, 403 and gongs 24, 36, 46, 57, 89, 97, 53, 161, 278, 310, 344, 370, 384, 400 dogs 150, 217, 223, 328–­29, 375, 379 163, 195, 368, 370 by Red Guards 49, 54, 65 domdom 123, 388 drumbeats 165, 378 Cultural Revolution, the 108 dominance Drungche Lingka 25, 388 Four Olds, the 19, 40–­41, 51, 53, by faction 101, 199, 210–­11, 214, dugouts 173, 176, 223, 268 73, 85, 105, 152, 344, 384 223, 231, 280 Dugtsal lekhung 51, 388 destruction 2, 22, 42, 54, 63, 65, 71, 74, Dondrub Gyal 394 dumped 57, 74, 174, 317, 370 125, 131, 176, 207–­8, 248, 272, 278, Dongkar 287, 388 in river 167, 317, 371, 380 322, 327, 330, 384 Dongkar People’s Commune in street, latrines 58, 67–68,­ 174 devastation 41, 73, 110, 207–­8 282, 289 dust won’t remove itself 25 great destruction 272 Donnet, Pierre-­Antoine 78, 92–­93, no construction without 398–­99 earrings 65, 94, 123 destruction 2, 278, 384 doring 37, 388 east 26, 40, 75, 114, 124, 127 responsibility for 2, 71, 207, 272, Dorje 87, 148, 161 Barkor Neighborhood 278, 322 Dorje Phagmo. See Samding Committee 400 throughout Tibet 63, 71, 207–8,­ Dorje Phagmo City District 124, 382 248, 272 Dorje Tsering 107, 388 of Lhasa 46, 127, 212–­13, 222, detachment 28, 43, 47, 377, 384 Do senge 171, 388 245, 256, 278, 287, 324, 328 devoted to revolution 153 douzheng dahui. See struggle: struggle of the Barkor 91, 97, 114, 132, 352 Deyangshar 19, 388 rally Willow Grove. See Changseb Dharamsala 64–­65, 110, 321, 388, 396, Draglhalupug 162, 388 shar 399 Dragpa Gyaltsen 404 eastern xi, xxi–­xxii, xxv, xxviii, xxxiii Dharma 35, 59, 64 Drakgo-­kaling 175, 387–­88 China 356 Dharma king 21, 68 drama 28, 48, 76, 78, 189, 196–­97, 212, Courtyard of Happiness. See Dicos 86 243, 309, 346, 385, 402 Deyangshar dictatorship of the proletariat 81, 123, actors 196–­98, 214, 233, 284 267, 278, 302 Modern Drama Troupe 196–­97, semi-­independent principalities dig deep tunnels 52, 268–­69, 382 212, 243, 385 xxi directives 44, 49, 71, 155, 197, 205, 210, plays 28 Tibet xi, xxi–­xxii, xxv, xxxiii, 62, 212, 272–­73, 287, 299, 302, 381–82,­ revolutionary plays 28, 346 69, 169, 176, 249, 286, 339, 403 Tibetan playwright 152 396 director 61, 224, 233, 240, 273, 276, Drangdul township 287 Kham 256, 314 278, 377 Drapchishag 88, 388 East-­Is-­Red 124, 155, 171, 203, 382, 400 deputy director 35, 108, 110, 112, drawing a line, political division 150, Administration Office 382, 400 123, 150, 180–­81, 206, 233, 263, 272, 383, 396 Neighborhood Committee 382 240, 250, 252, 257, 262, 273, dividing 101, 152, 157, 233, 250, economic 143, 157, 278, 288, 326, 395, 276–­77 333 400, 405 beaten to death 252 draw a clear line 373 freedom declared 290 of Buddhist Association lining up 79, 157, 384 left economic errors 395 108 Drayab 100, 388 revolution 291 of Tibet Military Control dream 114, 127, 272. See also slogans: economy xxiv–­xxv Commission 123 China dream and subsidies xxv editor of paper, journal 112, 206, 224, epic. See Gesar factions xxiii, xxxiv, 43, 60, 81, 105, 180, 405 eradicate 24, 26, 272, 381, 395 207, 210, 215, 223, 226, 267, 372, 397 deputy editor 112 eradicate the Dalai 26, 381 allied with Nyamdrel 93 chief editor 62, 180–81,­ 224 Erdeni. See Panchen and military 212–­13, 232–­33, education 19, 42, 53, 151, 261, 279, 381, Erlangshang 63, 382 242, 250–­51, 254 395 errors 188, 278, 312, 395 armed factional conflict 33, 37, atheist education 378 Ersuo. See guest house 208, 212 class education 53, 221, 381 establish the new 163, 382 choosing sides 179, 191–­92, 206, patriotic education 88, 219 Establish-­the-­New 233, 250–­51, 386 political education xiii, xv, xviii, Avenue 54, 161, 169–­71 conservative 205, 207, 214, 234, xxv–­xxix, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxv, Neighborhood Committee 155, 254 151 253 cyclohexane used by 37 reeducation 99, 278, 290, 400 Sardzug lamchen 170, 390 headquarters 61, 74–­75, 180, socialist education 53, 69, 385, Square 28, 121 196, 205, 250 400, 405 estates 81, 116, 371, 374–­75, 400 propaganda by 15, 192, 194, Eighteenth Army. See army estate owners 2, 45, 87 196–­97, 373 Eight-­One-­Eight 43, 382, 397 Lhalu 274, 389, 402 splits 33, 60, 196, 232, 254 elements 85, 112, 134, 234, 268, 336 ethnicity xxix, xxxiv, 59, 61, 192, 206, sub-­organizations 180–­81 bad, rotten, evil elements 99, 143, 223, 324 factories 93, 180, 214, 224, 379, 405 223, 238, 253, 272, 358, 381, ethnic Chinese xii, xxviii, xxxiii, famine xxiii. See also prepare for war 397, 399 15, 26, 59, 143, 332 farmers xxii, 25, 113, 152, 204, 244, 262, counterrevolutionary elements half-­Tibetan 59, 76, 221 278, 291, 402 108, 119, 135, 374, 397, 399 evil 110, 114, 128, 144, 272, 394, 399 and communes 281–­82, 288–­90 in photos 105, 333 executions 220–­22, 290, 394, 402 and nomads 144, 180, 205, 281, progressive elements 46 total number in 1970–­71 223 288, 310 Eleven-­faced Chenrezig 64–­65 exhibition 74, 218, 220, 279, 332 and propaganda 300, 302, 308, eliminate 45, 47, 150, 210 of Red Guards’ Outstanding 310 class enemies 222 Achievement 51, 73, 384 farming 42, 53, 181, 207, 252, 267, 287, counterrevolutionary elements exile xxvii, xxxiv, 76, 110, 132, 224, 321, 291, 301, 308, 397 135 330, 394–­95, 399, 401, 408. See also and sent-­down youths 291, 397 superstition 70 fleeing fashion 2, 10, 15, 17, 44, 46, 59, 72, 159, the past 173 asylum 394 243 the rebellion 152, 382 delegations to Tibet xxv, 248 writing posters 15, 243 emanation 64, 173, 331, 398, 405 government in xx–­xxii, xxxi, fast-­food 86. See also Dicos emancipated serfs 11, 19, 25, 36, 45, 69, 135, 217 father of author vii–­viii, xxvi–­xxvii, xxix, 94, 127, 146, 148, 206, 244, 267, 278, hero xxviii xxxiv, xxxvii, 11, 64, 97, 106–­7, 216, 287, 382 in India, Nepal xix, 4, 97, 217 237, 250–­51, 256, 261–­62, 266, 282, and property 116, 141 March 1959 4, 108, 173, 217, 329, 290–­91, 307, 309, 322, 328, 331, and rebellion 218–­19, 254–­55, 332, 396 372, 394 290 refugees, émigrés xxii, xxxi, 217, intentions behind his and slogans, books 16, 116, 185, 394, 396 photographs xii, xxxi 188, 191, 263, 296, 301 exploitation 58, 94, 103, 150–­52, 174, photographs by xi–­xiii, xviii, and songs 29, 198, 202, 253 218, 326, 374 xxx–­xxxi, xxxv, 11, 64, 77, 82, and struggle sessions 36, 94, explosions 212, 214, 268 97, 107, 207, 237, 261–­62, 127, 146 eyeballs 107, 135 266, 282, 290–­91, 307, 309, emperors 37, 205, 210, 382–83,­ 386, 316, 322 395 factional xxii–­xxiii, xxxi, 86, 205–­6, 210, photographs reshot by author local 15, 157, 180, 205, 210, 382, 233, 251, 254, 396 323–­24, 328, 331–­33, 336, 386 fighting 37, 93, 155, 207–­8, 218–­ 338–­39, 343, 346, 349–­54, Engels, Friedrich 26, 282 19, 232, 238, 255–56,­ 277 358 environmental 275, 288 struggle 207, 210 See also Tsering Dorje February countercurrent 210, 382 in 1980 or after 65 Ganzi xxvi, 388, 402 February 9 incident 238, 382 flowers 289, 326, 346, 382 Ganzi News 257, 382 female 8, 180, 218, 286, 290, 307, 402 crepe paper 10–­11, 185 garlic 374 activists 47, 87, 107, 112, 226 flower vase, political 150, 277, 316, 384 garrison xxi, 214, 383 cadres 76 folk songs 16, 29, 292, 326 Garrison Command 74–­75, 382 female workers 244–­45 food 119, 288, 290, 329, 369, 371–­73 Lhasa Municipal Garrison 214, raped 221 Bureau 66, 376 383 Red Guards vii, xii, xxiii, xxxiii, rations 57, 157, 289 gateway-­stupa. See Drakgo-­kaling 47, 52, 226 supplies 22, 157 ga’u 105, 388 reincarnated lama 96, 98, 407 Forbidden Memory xvii, xxx, xxxv, xxxvii, Gelek Rinpoche 398, 400, 408 See also women 148, 316, 320–­23, 333, 385, 390, Gelugpa 27, 212, 388, 396, 398, 405 festivals 4–­7, 27–­28, 31, 112, 317, 334, 394, 399 Gendun Chöphel 112, 115, 139, 388, 399, 396, 405 galleries of photographs, 407 Tibetan New Year 4, 113, 131, arrangement xiii general 122, 150, 175, 231, 274 162, 172, 176, 316 glossaries xxxviii General Headquarters 180–­81, feudal 26, 174, 331, 381, 394 pseudonyms xiii 199–­200, 205–­6, 209, 382, landlords 229 Foreign Trade Office 51 386, 397 serfdom 2, 114, 162, 173, 272 forever red 161 General Secretary 47, 248 superstition 44, 114, 159, 161, 167 forgetting viii, xii, xx, xxxv, 16, 46, 153, Genlamé 66, 388 system 87, 394 159, 256, 331 Germany 141, 332 films 189, 197, 252, 289, 307, 349, 402 founding 189, 249, 261, 276, 279, 314 Gesar 71, 388, 394 revolutionary films 28, 76 of prc 97, 135, 182, 185, 354, 393 geshe 379, 388, 405 Serfs 385–­86, 401, 404 of tar 9, 11, 106, 279, 314 geweihui. See revolutionary fire 37, 74, 194, 324 Four committees setting fire to Four Olds 38, 67, Boundlesses 26, 382, 396 girls 17, 48, 105, 161, 215, 284, 401 317, 379 Cleanups (Purifications) 151, 375, killed 215 fire-­lighters 39 382, 385, 400, 405 Red Guards 11, 44, 47, 307 of Cultural Revolution 46, 63, News 2, 368, 382 glasses 43, 132, 156, 163, 172 383 No’s 97 gods. See deities opened fire 72, 131, 175–76,­ 190–­ Olds xxxi. See also destroy: Four gold 35, 70, 123, 141, 189, 292, 334, 343 91, 210, 368 Olds; destroying: Four Olds and silver 51, 56, 105, 124, 370 First Congress of People’s Deputies 8 Frucht, William xxxviii statues 50, 62, 65–­66, 103, 249, fist 16, 85, 87, 96–­97, 100–­101, 105, 143, Fujian 47 254 152, 161, 306 funeral 85, 87, 223 golden 22, 29, 31, 35, 54, 65–­66, 165, flag 60, 235, 326, 349 rites 223 249, 254–­55, 283, 306 five-­star 4, 35, 59, 166, 175, 187, Fushun 291 Ribbon 16, 19 327, 332, 340, 345, 382 rooves 28, 33, 50, 76, 343 red 28, 55, 161–­62, 166, 168, 175, Ganden 21, 27, 328 Urn 22 180, 187, 200, 226, 237, 253, darchen 88, 388 Goldstein, Melvyn xxx, 110, 118, 289–90,­ 272, 291, 300, 314, 327, 332, implicated in destruction of 278 394, 396, 398, 400, 402 340, 345, 371 monasteries 148 Golok 176 flags 91, 123 Monastery 27, 278, 330–­31, 369, Gongchandang 281, 382 pole 88, 397 388 gongs 24, 36, 46, 57, 89, 93, 97, 162–­63, prayer 37–­38, 67, 89, 176, ngamchö 317, 388 195, 368–­70, 373, 386, 389–­90 182, 397 podrang 21, 94, 110, 150, 172, cymbals 92 fleeing xix, xxii, 65, 221. See also exile 388, 396 Gonpasar Thubten Jikdral 151, 388 escaping xxii Gang of Four xviii, 312, 378, 382 Gonpo 144, 388 executed for 221 Gangtsug 56, 131, 158, 368–­69, 375, 388 Goulash. See Khrushchev in 1959 or after 4, 60, 103, 123, and Neighborhood Committee Government of the Dalai Lama. See 149, 217, 332, 370, 396, 399 66, 127, 156, 267, 372 Ganden Podrang in 1970 or after 125 Gansu 60, 63, 73 governor 398, 402 governor (cont.) Gyenlog xiv, 56, 60, 101, 113, 196, 199, hatted xxxiii, 128, 132, 135, 148, deputy governor 43, 203 231, 253, 367, 388, 391, 397 397 graduates 43, 51, 53, 75, 208, 250 and alliances 196, 200, 230, conical 87, 94, 397 college graduates 250 238, 277 tall hat 65, 85, 87, 92, 97, grain 65, 103, 119, 130, 288–­89, 400 and ideology 191, 205–­6, 219, 110, 119, 134, 143, 150 consecrated 64, 66, 376 234, 254 head lowered 18, 45, 113, 231 keep vast stores of grain 268, and military 217, 219, 230, 233–­ in rally 18, 28 382 34, 242, 247–­48, 250, 254, in struggle session 96, 105–­6, grasslands 53, 207, 288, 290, 292, 308 256, 276 111, 138, 144, 174 reclamation 288 and violence 86, 209–­13, 215, headquarters 200, 205–­6, 209, 233, grassroots cadres 131, 153, 156, 171 219 238, 243, 381–­84, 386, 397 grassroots organizations 155, and Zhang Guohua, Ren Rong Military Headquarters viii, xii, 382 56, 205–­6, 211, 230–­31, 238, xxi, xxiii, xxix, 188, 232, 241, gratitude 29, 185, 242, 254, 349 247–­48, 250, 276 250, 268 graves 215–­17 base 60–­61, 74–­75, 86, 180, 329, of ccp 49, 69 Great Educations campaign. See Three 372–­73, 375 of Peasants and Nomads 93, Great Educations campaign leaders 43, 47, 100, 165, 180, 105 Great Leap Forward xxiii 210–­1, 217, 224, 277 of Red Guards 49, 60–­61, 74, Great Prayer Festival. See Monlam supporters 214, 219, 230–­31, 180–­81, 199, 211, 217, 329, chenmo 233–­34, 254, 276 385 Great Revolutionary Proletarian suppression of 230, 234, 254 Proletarian Headquarters 190–­ Alliance. See Nyamdrel Zaozong 74, 180, 205, 372, 383–­ 91, 273, 368, 375, 396 gsar brje. See Shajie: sarjé 84, 386, 388, 397 Rebels General Headquarters Guangzhou xiii Gyewa Lama 148, 388 200, 205–­6, 209, 397 Guangzhou road 356 Gyumé 57, 388 Hebi 136, 382 guerillas xxii Heilongjiang 394 fighting groups xxii hair 59, 103, 107, 124, 145, 172, 405 Help-­develop-­the-­border-­areas youth guest house 75–76,­ 138, 181, 382 coiffed 91, 399 244–­45, 382 Government Guest House No. cut short 17, 100–­101, 252, 289 Help Tibet 382 2 329 of dakinis 103 architecture 189, 382 guns 54, 143, 212, 214, 254, 373, 384 Han Chinese 43, 50, 62, 71, 76, 152, 201, Help Tibet policy, the 356, 401 grenades 213–­14 213, 236, 243, 309, 369, 371 yuanzang 189, 382, 386, 401 machine guns 86, 139, 213 cadres. See cadres Henan 62, 401 pistols 61, 213 ethnicity 61 and power. See power: grows Red Guards 50, 61–­62, 188, 201, He Zuyin 206, 382 out of the barrel 243 hidden 85, 99, 138, 333 rifles 93, 123, 260, 290 school pupils xxv, xxxii hiding photographs 394 Type 54 pistols 61, 213 students xxiii, xxv, 46, 48, 61, hiding sacred objects 64, 68, Type 79 submachine guns 213 247, 397 103, 375, 377 Guomindang 272 teachers 42 highest instructions. See Mao Zedong: Gutsa 222, 388 university students xxv Directives Gya kache 136, 388 writer 188 high pitch 214 Gyalwa Rinpoche. See Dalai Lama Harbin 397 Himalayas 231, 326 Gyami Tsering 143 harvest 100, 244, 252, 285, 302 Hindi 250 Gyantse 113 hats 9, 46, 83, 96, 145, 156, 306 history vii, ix, xvii–­xx, xxx–­xxxi, xxxv, Gyatso 148, 224, 388 Black Hat 103 41, 56, 59, 152, 172, 205, 248, 306, Gyatsoling 128, 399 chagda 123, 387 322, 407 Gyatsoling monastery 108 Dorje Phagmo’s 98, 103 and photography 48, 106, 228, Gyatsoling Thupten Kalsang fur 114, 288 256, 323, 326–­28, 330, 333 108, 388 straw 47, 136–­38 and ruins 326–­28, 330 Gyawo-­la 148 wet leather hat 290 barely known 228, 256 history (cont.) of trulkus, nun 81, 101, 107, 109 Inner City District. See ccp view of Tibet’s 171, 279, parades xxxi, 81, 86, 124, 350 Chengguanqu: Inner City 312, 393 Humpback Ngodrup 373 District classical Tibetan 21–­22, 56, 115, huofo 391, 399, 407 Inner Mongolia xvii, 70, 397 135, 172, 369 hurtsönpa. See Activist institute 43, 61–­62, 70, 162, 180–­81, concealed, hidden 16, 78, 171, Hu Yaobang 248, 382, 395 200–­201, 208, 224, 226, 249, 381, 173, 208, 228, 256, 312, 326–­ 386, 397, 402 27, 331, 333 ideals 45, 254 Central Nationalities Institute damage to 41, 48, 113, 171, 173 idealists 42, 59, 253 61, 70, 381 Hu Yaobang on Tibet’s 395 ideas 59, 135, 144, 151, 207, 250, 252, instructions 37, 49, 65, 70, 190, 215, no relation to 171 302, 309, 322 243, 368, 382 of Lhasa 2, 6, 21–­22, 37, 53, 58, ccp and Maoist 135, 144, 250, by Mao 190, 215, 219, 243, 261, 61, 84–­85, 110–­11, 118, 130, 322 267, 272, 276, 299, 346, 368, 132, 135, 169–­70, 172–­73, new ideas 59 378, 382, 385 369, 400 shaped by Chinese terms 207, instructed 52, 254, 287, 371 remembrance of xii 322 intellectuals 43, 54, 291, 395, 399, 403 rewritten by ccp 312 identity 52, 135, 148, 236, 289–­90, 326 dissident intellectuals xviii, xxix rubbish dump of 78, 205 ideology 2, 56, 229, 395, 400, 405 exile intellectuals. See exile Shakapba on Tibet’s 110, 399 factional 196, 205–­6 intellectual youths 54, 385–­86, unprecedented 41, 59, 152, 173, illiterate xxxiii 397 208, 333 images ix, xiii, xvii–­xx, xxviii, xxxi–­xxxiv, Tibetan intellectuals viii–­ix, honeymoon period 242 xxxviii, 71, 110, 131, 176, 242, 315, xiii, xv, xvii–­xxii, xxv–­xxxv, Hong Kong 321, 395, 400–­401, 403, 323, 363, 376, 394 xxxvii–­xxxviii, 54, 71, 291 407–­8 of Mao 26, 89, 206, 308 internal documents 407 Horkhang 115, 400 of pla 255 internal circulation 41, 278, 315, family 114, 116 of serfdom 219, 279 397, 402–­3, 408 Horkhang Jampa Tendar xi, xiv, positive images xviii internal meeting 182, 299 117, 119, 151, 290, 388 impact 63, 70, 101, 206–­7, 281, 333, internal petition 87 Horkhang Sonam Palbar 112, 402–­3, 408 Internationale 367 114, 122, 151, 388, 399 imperialism xi, 25, 248, 268, 272, 367, interviews 44, 48, 52, 66, 73, 85, 92, house 112 400, 402 97, 131, 158, 172, 208, 218, 322–­23, horror 9, 25, 202, 280. See also red: implementation 255, 267–­68, 280, 368, 396 horror 287–­88 interviewed 54, 58, 61, 113, 132, horses 16, 113, 123–­24, 174, 215, 286, three types of 267, 403 215, 223, 268, 290, 323 374, 405 importance 20, 71, 73, 163, 212, 228, interviewee 32, 54, 65, 146, 161, statues of 249, 370 268, 323, 333 206, 321–­22 hospital xi, 167–68,­ 170, 214–15,­ 378, 400 imposed 5, 85, 290–­91, 309, 324, 403 interviewing 107, 226 military 238, 244, 246, 386 military control 240, 252 investment xxv of Tibetan medicine 168 incarnations. See trulku, huofo iron 51, 248 hotel 61, 95, 113, 181, 191, 241, 362, 386 independence, Tibetan 93, 110, 123, 393, iron broom 20, 22, 25, 40–­42, house searches 49, 65, 74, 85, 87, 97, 395, 403 205 99, 152, 174, 247, 323, 325, 371, 374, India xix, xxi–­xxii, xxvii, 21, 64, 121, 132, Iron Hill 175, 353 399, 402 136, 143, 321, 329, 401 Hua Guofeng 312, 314, 382 borders with 401 jade 56, 107, 255, 292–­93, 370, 377 huangdi. See emperors flight to 4, 65, 92, 97, 103, 110, Jampa Chökyi 124, 388 Hua Xiaoqing 221, 382 125, 135, 217, 394, 396, 399 Jampa Lungtog. See Demo Hui. See Muslims: Chinese Muslims Indian troops 241 Rinpoche Hu Jintao 349 partition of 322, 403 Jampa Phuntsog 224, 388 humiliation xvii, xxi, xxv, xxxiii–­xxxiv, 2, reactionaries 248, 272 Jampa Rinchen xxxvii, 55–­56, 65, 85, 87, 110, 139, 148, 154, 326, 330, returned from 97, 112, 135, 396 153, 172, 190–­91, 267, 316–­17, 332–­33 Sino-­Indian war 106, 241 365, 367–­68, 388, 397, 404–­5 Jampa Chökyi (cont.) repair of 65–­66, 70–­71, 77–­79, Kashmir 136 Jampa Tendar 114, 117, 119, 151, 343, 377 Kashöpa 83, 110–­11, 113, 129, 138, 400 290, 388 roof 4, 28, 33, 35, 50, 52, 59, 76, Kashö Chögyal Nyima 110, 388 Jamyang Sherab 302, 388, 403, 407 339–­40, 343, 373 Kashö Dondrub 112, 388 Japan 76, 396 sacking of 2, 22, 30, 32–­33, Kashö Lhundrub Namgyal 97, Jebumgang 57–­58, 113, 157, 226, 388, 400 36–­39, 41–­42, 44, 48, 74, 155, 99, 103, 388 Jerag River 222, 388 370, 376 Kathogshag 38, 388 Je Rinpoche. See Tsongkhapa second floor 74, 76, 83, 342, 349, Katsel 402 jewelry 65, 67, 85, 110, 112, 124, 141, 152, 375–­76 Kazur Sonam Drolma 112, 388, 399 172–­73, 327, 397 Sun Chamber 7, 28, 31, 74–­75, khalkhasug 123, 389 Jianghai (river and sea) Rebels 241 342, 375, 385 Kham xi, xxi–­xxii, xxv–­xxvi, xxxiii, 286, Jiang Jieshi 381, 407 upper floor 5–­6, 22, 28, 30–­32, 314, 324, 389, 393 Jiang Qing xxiii–­xxiv, 211–12,­ 38, 49–­50, 64, 66 father reposted to 207, 256–­57, 312, 383 used for struggle sessions 81–­ 262 Jiang Zemin xxix, 349 82, 86, 88, 107, 121, 148, 154 Khampa xix, 135, 265–­66, 394 Jiangsu 43, 188, 356, 383, 402 journals 62, 257, 397 merchants from 95, 124, 135, 137 province 43, 356 journalists 78, 92, 158, 218, 325, militia in 257, 262, 264, 304 road 188, 356, 383, 402 331, 394 monasteries ruined in 69, 249 jiefang 322, 383, 402 Nationalities Pictorial 257, 384 khamtsen 375, 389 trucks 237, 299, 383 Jowo, the 51, 65, 67, 75, 78, 148, 376 khandroma. See dakini jijifenzi. See activist five golden crowns 66 Khanigoshi. See stupa Jin Sha 206, 383, 405 Jo Rinpoche 21, 51, 66–­67, 75, 78, Khatsara 65, 389 jinten 376, 388 369, 388 Khenpo Council. See Nangmagang Jokhang, the xxxv, 35, 59, 65, 121, 238, Jowo Shakyamuni 21, 64, 66, Khenpo Jigme Phuntsog 402 317, 367, 388, 397, 400 388, 390 Khrushchev 190–­91, 248, 272, 368, 376, aftermath of sacking of 63–­67 Jowo statue 51, 54, 74 386, 401, 404–­5 Armed Police in, 1988 396 leg 65, 376 killings xv, xxx, 97, 123, 127, 238, 269, as broadcasting base 74–­75, Jowo’i udra. See Willow 316, 401–­2 180, 212, 373 July 211, 249, 383, 395, 404 by military 173, 214, 216, 223 as guest house 76 July 1 agricultural machinery by rebels 217–­19, 254, 290 as pigsty 67, 72, 74, 376 plant 236, 383 by Red Guards 148, 155, 212 Central Mandala 76, 381 June 7 Jokhang Incident 214–­17, 255, of activists, Red Guards 155, Central Temple 399 277, 383 212, 214, 216, 219, 256, 372 early history and role of 2, 4–­7, Junqu. See Military District of animals 75, 379 21–­22, 27, 37, 169 Jutingling 86, 388 of rebels 278 four decades after the sacking of soldiers 217–­19, 250, 254 of 79, 154, 327, 334, 339–­46, Kache. See Muslims kindergarten 376–­77 349–­50, 354 Kagyu 103, 390 King Gesar. See Gesar gallery 31, 47, 342, 346, 349 Kalimpong 135, 395 knives 94, 211 golden finials 50 kalon 94, 129, 150, 388 konchog sum 64, 68, 389 Great Courtyard 6, 30, 32, 64, Kalsang Drolma 112, 388 Kongzi miao. See Temple 76, 341–­42, 382 Kalsang Paljor 112, 138, 388 kou maozi 55, 383, 397 ground floor 50, 64, 74, 76–­77, See also lechepa Kuai Dafu 61, 383 376 Kangding xxvi, 286, 383 Kundeling 62 Jokhang Incident. See June 7 Kangyur 176–­77, 388 Kundera, Milan viii Jokhang incident Kardze xxvi, 256, 388, 402 Kungyur 132–­33, 389, 400 Jokhang Square 401 karma 54, 56, 67, 127, 151, 154–­55, 312, kunyer 77, 148, 377, 389 preparation for sacking of 22, 316–­17, 370, 376, 378–­79, 389 Kyabje Trijang Rinpoche 42, 389 24, 26, 35–­36, 45–­49 Karmapa xxviii, 103 Kyibuk 8, 389 reasons for sacking of 48–­49, Karushag 38, 139, 388 Kyire 113, 400 51–­52, 54, 57, 60 kashag 139 Kyirong 401 labeled 2, 55, 99, 108, 150, 157, 173, 210, Letter of Declaration. See Declaration of west of 87, 287, 289 217, 223, 278. See also Hatted War Letter Lhasa Middle School 15, 29, 32, 40, 50, labor 286, 376 Letter of Determination 15, 36, 383 57, 141, 173, 214, 221, 370, 383 collective 285, 288, 291, 302 lha diqueliang 77, 377, 389 and joining Red Guards 14, 19, hard 81, 111, 137, 374 Lhadrön 97, 100–­101, 387, 391 28, 44–­48 Labrang Nyingpa 141, 172, 389, 400 Lhagpa 181, 224 and Jokhang sacking 22, 28, 33, lake 21, 107, 302 Lhagpa Phuntsog 181, 224, 389 41–­42, 44, 49, 51–­52, 54, 65 lamas xxvii, xxxiii–­xxxiv, 22, 155, 177, lhakhang 50, 57, 68, 376, 388, 391, 405. language teacher 46–­47, 165 373 See also Destroyed: Monasteries Lhasa revolt, uprising 6, 46, 98, 115–­16, as struggle targets 2, 25, 53, 77, and temples 118, 125, 132, 139, 150, 155, 195, 218, 87, 98, 146–49,­ 346 Lhalu 25, 274–­75, 402 220, 332, 354, 373, 383, 397 co-­opted 87, 112, 398 Lhalu Tsewang Dorje 67, 150–­ March 1959 4, 6, 115, 123, 125, imprisoned 78, 87 51, 389, 400, 402 137, 139, 150, 176, 330, 354, Lamaism 70–­71 Lhamo 87, 246, 389 397 traditional respect for 82, 84, Lhamön 8, 143, 389 Nyemo rebellion xiii, xxx 98, 150, 152, 397, 399 Lhamön Sonam Lhundrub 108, Pacification of the rebellion xxii, 389, 398 Langdarma 66 69, 99, 123, 151, 219, 254–55,­ Langdun 132, 250, 389 Lhamön Yeshe Tsultrim 87, 287, 370–­72, 382, 384–­85, language xviii–­xix, xxv–­xxvi, xxviii, 7, 389, 398 404 20, 42, 197, 249, 279, 281, 290, 322 Lhasa viii, xii–­xiii, xvii, xx–­xxii, xxv, rebellion xxii, 137, 143, 381 baicai 281, 381 xxvii–­xxviii, xxx, xxxviii Lhatsun Rinpoche 87, 148, 389 Lan Zhigui 106, 383, 394, 399 China’s happiest city 327 Lhoba 106, 383 lao Xizangren 242, 383 Hospital of Tibetan Medicine Lhokha 28, 116, 181, 224, 288, 291, 389 Larung gar 249, 389, 402 167–­68 Lhundrub Namgyal. See Kashöpa Laundry song, the 233, 386 Military District 278, 383 Lhundrub Namgyal lé. See karma Military Subdistrict xi, xxvi Lhuntse 288 leader 33, 43, 49, 54, 56, 58, 85, 113, Municipal Communist Party Liaison Committee Against the Local 127, 129, 145, 152, 156, 171, 182, 217, Committee 209 Emperor 180, 210, 383 229–­30, 254, 267, 283, 302, 369–­71, Municipal Cultural Affairs Liao Yiwu 332 373–­76 Department 35 liberated 2, 12, 148, 218–­19, 254, 379, leading figures 268, 279, 288 Municipality Inner City Area. 402 in ccp 71, 205, 224, 230–­31, 247, See Chengguanqu: Inner City liberation 70, 141, 150, 290, 322, 383, 276–­77 District 404 in factions 15, 26, 42, 100, 210, new city 3 Liberation township 274–75,­ 383 224 north part of the city 47, 155, in neighborhood committees 191, 213, 274, 397 liberators 70, 135, 202, 329, 85, 100, 156, 267, 368 old city 28, 37–­38, 88, 161, 169, 332, 401 in “old society” 2, 98, 112, 129, 268, 324, 328–­29, 339, 351, trucks. See Jiefang 141, 221, 399 397, 404, 408 See also Peaceful Liberation Leading Small Group. See Central People’s Political Consultative Liemai commune 288 Cultural Revolution Leading Small Conference 66, 76 lieminerzhi, line, drawing a line. See Group preservation project 28, 351 drawing a line lechepa 120, 389 Revolutionary Committee 278 Li Fang 54, 147 left policies xxiii–­xxv, 219, 235, 252, 278 Revolutionary Rebels Commune Li Jun 401 left deviation 395 180, 209, 383 Li Xiannian xxiii, 312, 383 leftists 234, 253–­54, 299, 385, Revolutionary Rebels General Li Xiran 278, 383 403 Headquarters 180, 200, Li Zhengsheng 394 radicals xxi, xxiii–­xxiv, xxxiv 205–­6, 209, 383, 397: See Li Zhiyuan 47, 383 Legchog 224, 389 Gyenlog Lin Biao xxiii–­xxiv, 26, 159, 215, 263, Legend of the Red Lantern 28, 197, 383 subdistricts 126, 155 273, 309, 383 Lenin, Vladimir 282 Trading Company 194, 383 lingka 8, 25, 388 Lingkor 25, 161, 169, 236, 249, 356, 389, the People’s Republic 175, 332, mani mantra 38, 56, 64, 67, 327, 402 383 369, 389, 397 linking up 19, 201, 207, 247, 329, 383 the proletarian Cultural Mao Zedong xi, xiii, xxi, xxiii–­xxiv, xxxii, literature xxvi–­xxviii, 115, 149, 165, 173, Revolution 13, 41–­42 12, 15–­16, 55, 97, 152–53,­ 228, 234, 261, 393–­94 the total victory 276 268, 272, 277, 287, 309 literature and art 196, 232–­33, Long March 62–­63 brilliant radiance of Mao 162 243, 261 looting xv, xxx, 49, 65, 213–­14, 238, 278, death of 99, 133, 248, 312, 314–­15 Combat Headquarters 316 directives 205, 210, 243 243 cultural relics 278 great helmsman 162 soldiers 233, 383 looting in the daylight 212, 383 great leader 82, 126, 162, 272–­73, workers 232 pilfered 152 292 Tibetan literature 62, 64, 173, pillaging of the Jokhang 48, 55, highest instructions 219, 261, 386 67, 79 267, 272, 276, 299, 346 little vii, xvii–­xix, xxi, xxxii, xxxvii plundering 70, 148, 254, 272 Maoist era xix Mao Zedong Thought 2, 14, 24, Little Dalai 137 precious objects 30, 44, 49–­51, Little Dawa 159 162, 168, 188, 209, 272–­73, 56, 66–­67, 73, 93, 166, 342, Little Generals 46–­47, 383 289, 301–­2, 309, 396 370, 376, 399 Little Red Book xxxii, 18, 185, Mao Zedong Thought ransacked 66 236, 240, 274, 367, 383 Propaganda Teams 244, stealing 374–­75, 379 Little Red Guard 145 252, 299–­300, 383 lords. See nga-­dag Liu Shaomin 181, 217, 277, 383 Mao zhuxi 175, 300, 381, 383, lorogpa 374, 389 Liu Shaoqi xxiii, 190–91,­ 230, 386 loyalty 65, 153, 183, 207, 247, 254, 396 368–­69, 383, 385, 401, 404 poems of 226, 296, 401 Three Loyalties 26, 385, 396 Liu Xia 332 portraits of 24, 28, 59, 91, 94, 97, to Mao 49, 243, 308, 405 Liu Xiaobo 332 162, 165, 185, 187, 300, 306, Lubu. See Lugu Liuyuan 60, 62, 383 309, 314, 332, 358, 370 Lugu 67, 126, 130, 389, 396–­97, 400 Living Buddha. See huofo Quotations of Chairman Mao 18, Lugu Aja 120–­21 Lixin dajie 161, 170, 383 131, 161, 190, 194, 207, 214, Lugu Banggo 121 Lixin guangchang 121, 383 225, 232, 236, 243, 253, 296, Lugu Neighborhood Committee Lobsang Dondrub 224, 226, 389 301, 309, 330, 376 33, 118, 120, 371, 373 Lobsang Wangyal 394 Works of Chairman Mao 70, 232, Lungshar 110, 389 Lobsang Yeshe 132, 389 296, 301 Lobso chenpo sum. See Three Great Lu Xinhua 393 writings 252, 261, 294, 296, 302, Educations campaign lyrics 16, 29, 253–­54, 292, 402 304 local emperor. See emperor: local lyricism 41, 202 March Fifth Rally 199, 234–­35, 382, 402 Locus 321 March 1959. See Lhasa revolt, uprising long earring 94, 123 Ma 78, 377 Marpori 172, 175, 268–­69, 326, 389 Long Guotai 173–­74, 383, 401 Machinery Factory 214, 224, 236, 383 Martyrs’ Cemetery xiii, 213, 215–­17, long live Machinery Maintenance Factory 219–­22, 256, 383 great leader Chairman Mao 82, 162 180 Marxists 206, 282, 330 invincible Chairman Mao 14, 162, madness 195, 322 mass 174, 188, 206, 314, 331, 378, insanity 81, 85, 316 famine xxiii 383 lost their minds 280 dictatorship 81 long live, long live, long live 206 mall 139, 194, 327–­28, 330, 351, 354, organizations xxiii, 180–­82, 211, the Chinese Communist Party 13, 360–­61, 385, 399 218, 238, 240, 243, 277, 383 82, 383 Manchu xx, 37, 395 heads of 277 the great solidarity of mani 397 parade 188 nationalities 175 mani chapel 56, 64, 67, 369 rallies 2, 9, 81–­82, 191, 210, 221, the great unification of manikhang 132, 389 314, 346, 358 nationalities 332, 383 mantra 35, 38, 64, 176, 327, 397 massacres 254 masses xxiii, xxxii, 25–­26, 44, 49, 53, Merunyingpa 65, 68, 389 militia 26, 56, 145, 159, 304, 314, 381, 59, 69–­70, 72, 87, 106, 131, 161, 174, monastery 57, 212, 373, 389 383–­84 206, 220, 244, 251–­52, 255, 267, 278, temple 24, 181 Lhasa Municipal Women’s 261, 299, 371, 373–­74, 378 Middle School. See Lhasa Middle 383 May 11, 1967 228, 238, 240 School militiawomen 261, 264, 266 May 16 Circular 12, 383, 395 military, Tibet political studies by 263, 304 May 23 Literature and Arts commanders, former Tibetan squad 56, 267, 369, 374 Headquarters 196, 241, 243, 66, 399 Tibetan militia 257, 267 383 Communications Department training in Kham 262–­65, mayor 118, 128 218, 250 267–­68 media xviii, xxx–­xxxi, 4, 107, 257, 296, Headquarters Compound viii, training in Lhasa 258–­61 330, 332, 394, 396 118, 183, 188, 228, 233, 236, Tromzikhang militia 316, 367–­ Central China News 250–­51, 356, 371, 376, 386, 69, 374, 379 Documentary Studio 91 393 Mimi 44 Central Newsreel and Military Commission, Central minister in cabinet 66, 94, 110, 123, 129, Documentary Film Studio 255, 272, 314, 381 399, 402. See also kalon 307 Military Control Commission minority nationality 106, 127, 197, 276 Central Newsreel Production 123, 207, 228, 234, 238, 240–­ minzu wenti 152, 382, 384 Studio 7, 13, 107 41, 243, 248, 250–­52, 255, mipön 118–­19, 130, 389 China News Documentary 383, 386 miwang 404 Studio 91 Military District xi, xxvi, 91, 267, mobilize the masses 19, 69, 72, 131, 190–­ social media xxx 278, 356, 383, 386, 393, 403 91, 206, 350, 368–­69, 375 medicine 64, 67, 132, 372, 376 military leaders 215, 243, 276, model hero 131, 197, 202, 404 medical 132, 246, 400 309 Mohr, Jean 327–28,­ 404 Medical College 162, 167, 176, military officers 75, 81, 114, 125, Mo-­la 143, 389 353 215, 277, 296 Mo Jianzhang 143, 384 Tibetan Medical College 162, propaganda teams 252–­55, monasteries 6, 28, 45, 47, 77–­78, 156, 167, 353, 401 300–­301, 308, 383 169, 207, 324, 349, 405 Tibetan medicine 67, 167–­68 rule xxv, 210–­11, 228 after rebuilding 78, 153, 162, tsothal 67, 391 Military Region 225, 324, 326, 346, 349, 353, Medrogongkar 75, 389, 400 and factions 199, 207, 210, 404 memory viii, xii, xviii, xx, xxxvii, 19, 41, 215, 217, 230–­33, 235, 238, and Monlam 6, 27, 31 56, 216, 281, 316, 328, 331, 333, 404 240–­41 and Three Greats 2, 47 recollection 19, 43, 48–­49, 84, and the Jokhang 74, 215, 217, preserved 69 202, 208 255 reduced before Cultural Meng Huang 332 Cadre School 251, 386 Revolution 6, 42, 53, 69–­71 menku 132, 389 Chinese commanders 13, 74, resident work teams in 346, menpa 162, 167, 176, 389 230–­31, 238, 240, 248, 278, 384, 404 Menpa Dratshang 162, 167, 176, 402 sacking of 2, 9–­10, 44, 49, 51, 389 Communication Department 218 57–­58, 62, 72–­73, 207, 254–­ Mentsikhang 167–­68, 389 former aristocrats in 115, 118, 55, 278, 289, 317, 330, 380 merchants xv, 28, 32, 38, 47, 56, 81, 83, 122, 128, 221 wrecking of 52, 60, 77, 212, 257, 110, 124, 134, 137, 139, 143, 194, 328, Logistics Department 244 291, 370, 378 350–­51, 369, 383, 405 Party Committee 238 money 62, 154–­55, 249, 253, 257, 326, Chinese traders xxv photographers working for 13, 369, 379, 405 merchant family 45–­46, 98, 91, 106–­7, 207, 250 comfort money 223, 381 135, 399 seizing Tibet Daily office 210 Mongolian xvii, xx, 73, 123, 377 traders xxi, xxv, 28, 351, 374 subdistrict xi, xxvi monks 2, 5–­10, 25–­26, 28, 31, 42, 51, 58, Meru 400 the thirteen military regions 76, 150, 152, 255, 317, 328, 346, 377 Meru Neighborhood Committee 255 and Jokhang 50–­51, 65–­66, 74–­ 57, 67–­68, 157, 226 Tibet Military Region viii, xi 76, 148, 317, 342, 346 monks (cont.) Naktsang Nulo 395 neibu. See internal documents: internal few remaining 2, 6–­7, 27 namchu wangden 35, 389 circulation in Congress 8 names neighborhood committees 36, 38, 44, in rallies 9–­10 name boards 162, 165–­66, 168, 46, 48–­49, 51, 55, 58, 72, 81, 85, 99, monk-­merchant 66 174–­76, 338, 353, 401 119, 126, 153, 155, 157–­59, 268, 350, monks’ robes 76, 85, 92, 98, name-­changing 24–­25, 133, 156, 372, 374, 379, 384 100–­101, 366, 373 165, 167, 172, 274, 279, 329, 356 activists, Red Guards in 58, 70, took part in destruction 56, 58, Gao Yuanhong 159, 382 85, 87, 115, 119–20,­ 123, 127, 316–­17, 375 Hongqi 161, 382 137, 141, 153, 214, 226 Monlam chenmo 4–­7, 27–­28, 31, 75, 339, Lin Yuzhen 159 and destroying Four Olds 33, 373, 389, 396, 405 Mao Weihua 159, 383 36, 52, 54, 56–­58, 66–­68, monument 37, 326, 329 Weidong 161, 384, 386 70, 85 mosque 73, 97, 124, 136–­37 Yonghong 161, 386 and struggle sessions 86, 93, ahong 137 new names 121, 159, 161–­62, 95, 97, 100, 103, 105, 107, imam 137 165–­76, 314 112–­15, 118–­20, 123–­24, 127, Lhasa Great Mosque 97 of revolutionary groups 180–­81, 129, 131–­33, 137–­38, 141, 143 sacked 137 196, 200, 243, 396–­97 Barkor Neighborhood motherland 11, 149, 336, 383 renamed, renaming 6, 28, 54, Committee 52, 54, 57, 123, Mountain of the Medicine King. See 84, 124, 155, 159, 161-­2, 166, 127, 132–­33, 141, 143, 156, 163, Chagpori 168, 170–­71, 173–­74, 331, 338, 171–­72, 370, 377, 387, 400 mountains 13, 16, 20, 103, 276, 397 354, 397, 402, 404 Bright Neighborhood mourning 330–­31 revolutionary names 172, 353 Committee 171, 381 deep mourning 330, 331 Tibetan names 159, 169, 180–­81, deputy heads 85, 100, 113, 132, Mo Yeshe-­la 68 397, 399, 401, 405 156, 163, 171–­72, 211, 217, Mo Yuzhen 143, 384 Namgyal 370, 373, 389 226, 248 mucus 122–­23, 332–­33 Nangkor 161, 389 leaders of 36, 54, 56, 58, 66, municipal nangma 163, 389 100, 113, 127, 153, 163, 172, offices seized by rebels 209 Nangmagang 37, 389 267, 368–­69, 371, 373, 375 Party Committee 75–­76, 206, nangsen 152, 389 New-­forever Neighborhood 209, 368, 383–­84 Nangtseshag 56, 88, 118–­19, 130, 132, Committee 156 First Secretary of 206 369, 389 Protect-­the-­new Neighborhood People’s Committee 209, 383 national Committee 156, 404 Revolutionary Committee 220 day 127, 182, 261 renaming of 171 murals 50, 52, 75, 213, 371, 396 integration 403 role of 155–­57 wall paintings 51, 70, 76, 95, level 87, 108, 112 Shöl Neighborhood Committee 169, 330 symbol 326 70 Muru. See Meru: Meru monastery nationalism xxxi, 219–20­ Tengyeling Neighborhood music xxv, 93, 163, 197, 203, 253, 326 nationalists xxi, 278, 383 Committee 85–­86, 93, 95, composer 16, 109, 253, 402 local nationalists 278, 383 156, 171 popular music xxv nationalities 22, 59, 73, 76, 175, 224, Toward-­the-­sun Neighborhood Tibetan folk-­rock xxviii 242, 272, 293, 312, 332, 383 Committee 156 Tibetan pop xxviii Central Nationalities Institute Tromzikhang Neighborhood Muslims xii, 61, 77, 100, 105, 124, 136–­ 61, 70, 180, 381 Committee 56–­57, 66, 127, 39, 145, 328, 377, 388 Nationalities Pictorial 257, 384 131, 156, 204, 367–­73, 375, Chinese Muslims 28, 61, 73, nationality 152, 218, 236, 310, 372, 382, 384 404 76–­78, 136, 145, 206, 351, cadres 45 Nepal, Nepali xxii, 65, 136, 369–­70, 372, 377, 382 Nationality College 75 394, 401 mute 143 Nationality Institute 61–­62, 70, Nepalese consulate 136 180–­81, 200–­201, 208, 224, Nepalese princess. See Bhrikuti nagas 396, 402. See also spirits 226, 381, 386 nets in the sky 345, 384 Nagchu 217, 224, 389 policy. See policy: nationality never seek hegemony 268, 382 new nightmares 110, 378 support for 234–­35, 240, 243, clothes 157 nightmarish insanity 316 250, 256, 277 names 159, 161, 165, 171, 174, Nine-­eyed zi. See zi Nyangre 401 314, 338 Nine must-­haves 349, 384 Nyarongshag 132–­33, 163, 389, 400 Tibet 2, 151, 220, 271, 278, 300, niugui sheshen. See Nyemo xiii, xxx, 217, 219, 222, 400 309, 326, 402 ox-­demon-­snake-­spirits exhibition about suppression of world 24, 28, 52, 59, 159, 162–­63, no revolt 220 291 construction without destruction 272 rebels 220–­21 year 4, 113, 131, 162, 172, 176, debt without a debtor 312 revolt 218, 220, 277, 389, 396, 316, 330 killing, no imprisonment, no trial, 402 news 2, 131, 180–­81, 217, 224, 241, 276, no struggle 97 convicted for 220–­21 368, 382, 384–­86, 394, 399, 404 loopholes, no blind spots 338, Nyingtri 402 agency 46, 91, 209, 218 383 documentary 91 matter how tall the Himalayas Office headlines 20, 276, 302 326 for Exhibiting the Red Guards’ media, reports 91, 131, 215, 257 nomads 42, 53, 59, 206, 268, 289–­90, Achievement 51, 73, 384 organizations 91 for Supporting Local Cultural 309, 402–­3 Red Guard publications 91, 180–­ Revolution 240, 383 herdsmen 288, 290 81, 215, 217, 224, 241, 257, of neighborhood committees Norbu 389 384–­86 38, 52, 72, 113, 131, 137, 141, norbu gakyi 114, 389 See also Four News 151, 155, 376, 400 Norbu Sangpo 56–57,­ 369–70,­ newspapers xiv, xxvi, 41, 107, 162, 180–­ of subdistricts 52, 56, 112, 124, 389, 404 81, 197, 207, 209–­10, 241, 276, 349, 126, 152, 155, 172, 253, 351, Norbulingka 25, 123, 137, 166, 174–­75, 372, 376 369, 382, 384, 386, 404 332, 372, 389 Liberation Army Newspaper 276 Officials Jewel Conqueror 173 People’s Daily (Renmin ribao) after Cultural Revolution xii, xxvii–­xxx, Jewel Park 172 xxiii, 384 71, 231, 289, 345, 396 Summer Palace 84, 165, 173, Plateau Soldiers News 91, 241, during Cultural Revolution xviii, 327, 338 384 xxiii–­xxiv, 56, 71, 76, 97, 150, nordo 123, 389 Red Rebels News 180, 215, 385 154, 211–­12, 215, 230–­31, Nornor-la­ 56, 370, 389 Tibet Daily 3, 13, 20, 22, 24, 248, 373 Norodom Sihanouk 76 40–­42, 91, 112, 131, 161–­62, in former Tibetan government novel 394 165–­67, 173, 180, 206, 209–­ 2, 87, 110, 112, 114–­15, 128–­ Nü huofo 407 11, 240, 291, 302, 330, 372, 30, 134–­35, 149, 346, 394, 385, 405 nun xxv, 6, 38, 100–­101, 109, 151, 169, 398–­99, 402 Wenhuibao 209 218–­20, 249, 402, 404 purged xviii, xxiv Ngachen 245, 371, 389 Nyamdrel 93, 101, 105, 113, 191–­92, 196, old Ngachen power plant 371, 389 206, 226, 230–­31, 233, 248, 253–54,­ culture 2, 24, 131 nga-­dag 47, 374, 405. See also Three 373, 382 customs 2, 24, 131, 229 Great Masters affiliates 93, 105, 181, 196, 200, habits 2, 24, 131, 229 Ngamring 290, 389 224, 226, 233, 240–­41, 243, morality 24 Ngapö 72, 371 248, 250, 253, 256 thoughts 2, 24, 131 Ngapö Ngawang Jigme 115, 118, conflict with Gyenlog 43, 113, Tibet 2, 47, 114, 149, 161, 206, 123, 128, 138, 277, 389, 398 191–­92, 196, 199, 206, 210, 350 Ngari 401 212–14,­ 217, 223, 230–31,­ tradition 24 Ngawang 8, 35, 59 233–­34, 248, 250, 253 world 19–­20, 22, 28, 40–­42, 162, Ngawang Gyatso 92, 389 dominant position of 210, 223–­ 165–­66, 205, 378 Ngawang Lhamo 8, 389 24, 231, 240, 248, 277, 373 Old Tibet. See sweep away the old Ngawang Tsering 19, 60–61,­ 210, ideology of 205–­6, 250, 254 world 389, 397 Nyamdrel parade 199, 234–­35, one strike and three againsts 277, 384 Ngodrup 372–73,­ 375, 389 240–­42 open fire 131, 190–91,­ 210, 368 opera 196–98,­ 212, 214, 243, 334, 382, 70,000-­character petition 69, the Party is the army 252, 267, 385–­86, 401 385, 398, 407 384 Henan Opera Troupe 196, 212, panda-­style trash cans 174–­75 Tibetan Improvement Party 135 243, 382 Pangda. See Pomda Tibetan Revolutionary Party 135 Huangmei Opera Troupe 212, pangden 286, 306, 390 Pasang 161, 218–­19, 224, 277, 390 382 Pangdö 390 Pasang Dondrub 224, 390 Tibetan opera 196–­98, 212, 386 paoda silingbu. See bombarding the patriot 2, 96, 98, 108, 118, 123, 128–­29, Tibetan Opera Troupe 196–­98, headquarters 150, 386, 402 212, 386 parades 85–­86, 88, 91–­94, 107, 138, 182, upper-­strata patriots 2, 108, 118, oracle 85, 135, 144 188, 194–­95, 209, 215, 351 123, 128, 386 organizations 52, 60, 73, 150, 157, 196, by military 232, 234, 236–­37, patriotic xxii, 88, 99, 112, 219, 386 205, 208–­10, 209. See also mass 354 Association of Patriotic Tibetan organizations by Nyamdrel 199, 234, 240–­42 Youth 112 Outstanding Achievement in Destroying for seventeenth anniversary of education 53, 88, 219, 349 the Four Olds, Exhibition 51, 73 founding of prc 182, 185, 261 Tibetan youth 112 ox-­demon-­snake-­spirits xii, 136, 138, humiliation parades 9, 81, 87, patrug 114, 141, 390 143, 146, 148–­54, 167, 171, 174, 92, 132, 134, 150, 174, 194–­95, pcart 4, 115, 398, 405 205–­6, 257, 267, 316, 322, 326, 346, 209, 327, 350, 352, 354, 374 Peaceful Liberation 115, 129, 219, 249, 350–­51, 354, 373, 384 parks 8, 84, 165–­66, 172–­75, 183, 226, 326, 384 lhadre donge 149, 389 327, 338, 384, 402 peasant xviii, xxiii, xxxii, 202, 218, 289, parking 28, 154, 329, 346 291, 300, 309 paidui. See drawing a line People’s Park 84, 165–66,­ 172–­ and nomads 59, 165, 240, 253, paint 92, 133 75, 338, 384 283, 301, 308, 401 painter 26, 51, 131, 150 Parmari 175, 182, 390 Peasants and Nomads painting 403 participants 47–­49, 52, 108, 151, 162, Headquarters 93, 105, 181, over murals 50–­52, 70, 76, 371 240, 274, 291, 299, 323 384 slogans on walls, posters 26, in the 1959 rebellion 46, Tibetan peasants xxxii 225, 238 128, 150, 384, 397 Pedrön 87, 390 paintings 326–­27, 330, 370–­71, 396 Party xxiii, xxxviii, 42, 101, 128, 152, 155, Pela’i tsomkhor 226, 390 cartoons 26 171, 202, 208, 249, 280–­83, 326, 393. Pelshi po-­la 116–17,­ 390 Pakistan 322 See also ccp Penchung 141, 390 Palbar 108, 112, 114, 116, 122, 151, 218–­ Center 63, 315 Penpa Tsering 97, 390 20, 223, 388, 390, 399 Committee, Lhasa Municipal People’s Palbar county 108, 218 75–­76, 206, 209, 368, 383–­84 Armed Forces Department 256–57,­ Palden Gyatso xix, 394 Committee, tar 13, 15, 62, 69, 262, 267, 278, 384 Palden Lhamo 64, 76–­77, 91, 181, 206, 224, 230, 237, 268, Armed Police 249–­50, 338, 384, 144, 352, 390 279, 385, 396, 405 396 Paldor-­la 373–­75, 390 Committee, Tibet Military 238, Broadcasting Station 91, 208–­9, Paljor 143, 390 240 385 Paljor Gawa 127, 390 Congress, tar 230 Cultural Palace 8, 189, 274, 336, Paljor Rabten 37, 390 History Information Collection 371, 373, 384, 386 Panchen 26, 109 397–­98, 402–­3 Liberation Army. See pla clique 87, 143, 386 power-­holders within the Party Road 3, 40, 171, 191–­92, 199, 237–­ Ninth Panchen Lama 152, 398 taking the capitalist road 150, 38, 354, 384–­85 Panbarwa 390, 398 205, 272 Stadium 13–­14, 183, 217, 220, Panchen Erdeni 4, 390, 396 School 181, 397, 407 222, 231, 358, 384 Panchen Lama xxi–­xxii, xxiv, Secretary 13, 15, 47, 54, 56, 58, People’s Consultative Conference. xxvii, xxxiii, 5, 22, 37, 70, 79, 66, 71, 113, 131, 147–­48, 153, See cppcc: Chinese People’s 108, 371, 373, 375, 377–­78, 156, 181, 206, 224, 230, 267, Consultative Conference 390, 395, 398 288, 368–­69, 384–­85, 395, People’s Liberation Army. See pla reincarnation xxvii 405 People’s Republic of China. See prc performance 16, 48–49,­ 163, 189, 194, Phunkhang 94–­95 tar Public Security Bureau 159 196–­98, 202–­3, 214, 284, 286, 314, Phunkhang Tsering Dondrub undercover police 171 334, 346, 401 94, 390 policy xviii, xxiv–­xxv, xxx, 7, 72, 76, 87, performance art 310, 323–­25 Phunrab 8, 390 97, 223, 230, 235, 254–­55, 280, 324, performance troupes 29, 233 Phurbu Tsering 97, 390 393, 396, 402–­3, 407–­8 troupes 29, 196–­98, 212, 214, pickaxes 49–­51, 56–­57, 65–­66, 370 gradualist xxii 232–­33, 241, 243, 314, 382–­ picnic xxviii Land Reform xxii, xxxiv 83, 386 picture 97 nationality policy 54 petitions xxii, 69, 87, 385, 398, 407 pigs 66–­67, 75, 376 new and changed 76, 280, 375 Seventy-­thousand-­character pigsty, pigpen 66, 72, 74–­75, 376 of opening up xxvi petition. See Panchen: pikes 212 of the United Front 2, 9, 81, 115 70,000-­character petition pingpan. See Lhasa revolt, uprising: post-­Mao 81, 280, 324, 356 Phagmodrugpa 404 Pacification of the rebellion reforms xxi–­xxiii, xxxiv Phagpalha 87, 123, 374, 390, 398 pitchfork 343 Three Supports. See Three Phala 8, 290, 390 piwang 163, 390 Supports, Two Militaries Phari 289, 390 pla xv, xix, xxi–­xxii, xxvi, xxxviii, 20, 29, Polingka 13, 136, 183, 222, 390 photographers xi, xviii, xxvi, xxxii, xxxiv, 70, 72, 74, 97–­98, 109, 115, 117–­18, political 2, 5–­7, 9, 13, 36, 42, 49, 53, 55, 13, 85, 107, 153, 236, 325, 394 122, 128, 133, 135–­36, 139, 162, 167, 71, 131, 137, 155, 157–­58, 188, 228, 254, Chinese photographers 394 170, 176, 199, 212, 214, 217–­19, 221, 263, 267, 276, 381, 393–­95, 399–­400 photographing xxxi, 91, 331 224, 227–­28, 231, 233, 237, 242, 244, commissar 230–­31, 248, 278, Tibetan photographers 84, 106 250, 252–­54, 257–­58, 263, 266, 274, 384, 405 photographs xii, xv, xvii, xix, xxv, xxx, 293, 309, 332, 368, 371–­72, 384, education 151 xxxv, xxxvii, 9, 54–55,­ 67, 107, 131, 388–­90, 393, 395, 398, 401–­5 Political Department, Tibet 220, 228, 242, 256–­57, 291, 323–­24, fish-­and-­water feelings 255, 382 Military Region 106, 232, 331 great wall of steel 277 240–­41, 250, 384 by author 78, 156, 158, 172, 174, junmin yijia qin 286, 383 rallies 28, 183, 358 216, 225, 316, 325, 327, 336, Liberation Army 71, 253–­54, 402 Political Consultative Conference. See 338–­42, 344–­46, 349–­50, Liberation Army Newspaper 276 cppcc 352–­53, 356, 358 People’s Liberation Army 115, politically correct 32, 173, 258 by Tsering Dorje 2, 4, 77, 82, 97, 227, 235, 247, 251–­52, 272, Pomda 136, 390, 398 106, 113, 207, 261, 282, 290–­ 293 Pomda Jigme 138, 390 91, 307, 309, 316, 322, 338, troop 409 224 Pomda Rabga 135, 390 343, 346, 350–­54, 394 placard 14, 24, 82, 87, 165, 185, 187, 199, Pomda Topgyal 83, 108, 128, close-­ups xxxiv 222, 238, 334, 336 135–­38, 145, 390 framing of xxxii–­xxxiv plainclothes. See police Pomda Yarphel 124, 135, 390 group portraits 44, 47–­48 Plateau is red, the 233 popular songs 14, 202, 292 interpretation of 81, 105–­6, 188, poems xxvii–­xxviii, 395, 401, 404 population 63, 71, 220, 242, 267 257, 282, 291, 307–­8, 325, by Mao 200, 226, 296, 401 of Chinese in Tibet 309 327, 333–­34, 394 misty poets xxvi of Lhasa 156, 182 journals 257, 266 poetry xx, xxvii, 99 of Tibet, tar 70, 73, 280, 289, negatives vii, ix, xi, xiii, 174, 256, Shaoshan revisited 226, 385, 401 309 324–­25, 331–­33, 394 Tibetan poetry 99 portraits 13, 237, 282, 296, 300, 314, of cultural destruction xxxi, Poleaxes. See Serf Poleaxes 330, 349, 358 xxxiv police xxv–­xxvi, xxix, 73, 124, 170, 323, of Friedrich Engels 26 photo 51, 64, 99, 174, 332–­33, 338, 345, 350, 354, 394 of Lei Feng 328 368–­70, 378 plainclothes police 324, 326, of Lenin 282 photographic stock xviii 338, 350 of Mao 14, 24, 26, 28, 35, 42, 59, photography viii, xiii, 67, 106, Public Security Bureau 73, 82, 91, 94, 97, 161–­62, 165, 173, 328 78, 156, 159, 226, 290, 338, 175, 237, 274, 276, 282, 296, style 257, 266 384–­85 300, 306, 308–­9, 314, 332, phu-­chu 130, 390 sub-­police stations 52, 385 339, 346, 358 po sijiu. See destroy: Four Olds; premier. See Zhou Enlai protect 72, 74, 100, 135, 152, 161, 180, destroying: Four Olds Preparatory Committee for Autonomous 206, 231, 268, 308, 373, 386 posters 26, 35, 44, 109, 119, 221, 243, Region of Tibet. See pcart monasteries, culture 44, 71–72,­ 282, 306, 308, 328–­29, 336 prepare for war, prepare for famine 176, 74, 115, 118, 152, 275, 400, 402 big-­character posters 12, 46, 48, 268, 278, 326, 384 struggle targets 72, 100, 115, 54–­55, 62, 82, 121, 134–­35, prepare for natural disasters 268 118, 135, 206, 373, 400 141, 143, 161, 163, 171, 192, war preparedness 268 protect the east 161 207, 243, 368, 371, 373, 378, president 87, 336, 401 Protect-­the-­east Commune 381, 408 princess xx, 21, 37, 58, 64, 344, 384 204, 384, 400 billboards 192, 194, 327, 331–­32 Chinese 21, 64, 344 Protect-­the-­east Office 155, 400 boards 13, 68, 165, 175 Jincheng xx Protect-­the-­new Neighborhood hoarding 174 Nepalese 21, 58, 64 Committee 156, 404 signboard 38, 121, 126, 327 principal of school 35, 42, 59, 181 protests xxv, xxix, 183, 210, 290, 323–­ postmemory 394 principles 2, 25, 46–­47, 58, 154, 267, 24, 334, 339, 345, 354, 358 Potala, the 3, 8–9,­ 22, 71, 169, 172–­74, 277, 395 riots, 1987-­9 171, 280 275, 327, 331 Buddhist 2, 25, 46–47,­ 58, 135, self-­immolation xxv, xxix, 324, New Potala Square 189, 326, 267, 277, 385, 395 334, 339, 404 384 Maoist xix, 47, 58, 135, 154, 267, street protests xxv Potala Palace 3, 19, 60, 85, 130, 277, 385, 395 province xxi, xxiii, 43, 47, 60–62,­ 132, 169, 249, 268, 274–75,­ 324, 332, Principles of the People 135, 385 180, 200, 203, 209, 287, 356, 394, 401 334, 390, 397 printing blocks destroyed 73–­74, 167 provincial-­level 63, 255, 276 Potala Square 189, 326, 334, 384 prison xviii–­xix, xxii, xxxi, 28, 61, 88, Qinghai xxi, xxix, 60, 62–­63, 73, poverty 221, 248, 378 118–­19, 130, 150, 170, 181, 221, 230, 132–­33, 143, 230, 393, 395 impoverishment 246, 310 394, 402 Sichuan 51, 63, 106, 170, 211, poor 38, 45–­46, 69, 112, 121, laogai. See Prison: 229, 248, 256, 286, 402 131, 150–­51, 189, 200, 218, Reform-­through-­labor western Sichuan xxvi 287–­88 prisoners 119, 221–­22, 369 with Tibetan populations 63, 73, power 22, 26, 71, 81, 155, 157, 220, 228, Qincheng prison 61 136, 393 234, 248, 254, 280, 309, 312 reform-­through-­labor 67, 78, public criticism 58, 112 grows out of the barrel of a gun 252 100, 137, 150, 214, 385–­86 publications 41, 207, 211, 217, 232, 257, holders 150, 205–­6, 272, 368, released from 92, 99, 101, 150, 279–­80 372, 384 110, 150, 210, official publications 207, 217. lost 26, 230, 309 progressive 8, 46, 123, 129, 135, 371, 378 See also internal plants 222, 371, 389–­90 Proletarian 152, 205, 272, 396 Public Security Bureau. See Police seizures 110, 199, 206–­7, 209–­ Alliance 181, 199, 205, 396 purge 53, 206, 223–­24, 256, 395 10, 234, 238, 368, 373, 382 Headquarters 190–­91, 273, 368, struggles 207, 230–­31, 248, 267 375, 384 Qiao Shi 280, 384 Pravda 330 proletariat. See dictatorship of Qing xx–­xxi, xxiii–­xxiv, 37, 135, 170, 175, prayer the proletariat 396, 401 flags 37–­38, 67, 89, 162, 176, 182 propaganda xviii, xxvi, xxxi, 20, 26, 42, quotations 131, 296 texts 38, 48, 62, 67–­68, 99, 153, 44, 151, 158, 196, 212, 214, 218, 258, from Mao 18, 131, 161, 165, 181, 249 402 185, 187, 192, 194, 207, 214, wheels 37–­38, 48, 59, 132, 316, Department 44, 206 225, 232, 243, 251, 253, 296, 327 Red Arts Headquarters 384 300, 309, 330, 376 Prayer Festival. See Monlam chenmo team 29, 48, 163, 197, 245, 252–­ prc xvii, xix, xxiv, xxix, xxxviii, 4, 7, 175, 54, 309. See also Military, Rabsel 26, 123, 126–­27, 368, 372, 390, 261, 332, 349, 381, 396, 400, 407. Tibet: Propaganda teams 397, 400 See also China truck 195, 241 radio xxix, 19, 33, 107, 174, 321, 349 precious artifacts. See artifacts work 24–­25, 49, 299 announcer 33, 214 prefecture 63, 76, 181, 214, 218, 256–­57, prostrations 44, 48, 55, 59, 78, 89, 162, China National Radio 19, 33, 349 356, 396, 400, 402 169, 339, 344–­45, 350 radish 281, 379 Radreng. See Reting rebels xii, 43, 60, 62, 69, 74, 100, 108, and factions 180, 182, 195, 200–­ Ragti (Raidi) 224, 390, 395 150, 152, 173, 179–­80, 200, 205–­6, 201, 203, 210, 214, 216, 226, deputy party secretary 224 209–­10, 214–­15, 218–21,­ 241, 248, 234, 238, 247–­48, 255, 329 Ragyalingka 124, 390 254–­55, 327, 372, 383–85,­ 397, 401 and renaming 159, 162, 165–­66, raids 137–­38, 152, 213, 238 aristocrats classed as 69, 150, 168, 174, 176, 353 rallies xxxi, xxxiii, 2, 28, 57, 106–­7, 185, 152, 173, 372 and sacking the Jokhang 19–­20, 202, 258, 274, 336, 338, 371, 399 Commune 100, 180, 209, 383–­85 22, 24–­26, 28, 30–­33, 35–­36, August 19 rally 13–­15, 19, 229, General Headquarters. See 38, 40–­42, 44, 47–­52, 54–­55, 231, 381 Lhasa: Revolutionary Rebels 57, 59, 65–­66, 71, 73–­75, by factions 192, 199, 205, 209, General Headquarters 339–­44, 354 217, 234–­35 Gyenlog 43, 60, 62, 69, 74, 100, former Red Guards 19, 54, 190 Great March Fifth Rally 199, 180, 200, 209–­10, 214–­15, from Lhasa Middle School 14, 234–­35, 382 254 22, 25, 40–­43, 46–­50, 54–­55 January 23, 1967 rally 383 Rebels News 180, 215, 385 from mainland China 60, 62–­63, public sentencing 220–­21 Regiment 180, 200, 385 182 to mark founding of prc, tar uprisings by armed 108, 150, in rallies 15, 17–­18, 22, 24–­26, 218–­21, 255 9, 182 40, 46, 165–­66, 168, 176, 182, rebuild 38, 153, 317, 353, 370, 377, 399 188, 195, 200–­201, 229, 234 Ramoche 21, 57–­58, 68, 92–93,­ 181, 212, reconsecrated 65 in struggle sessions 83, 85–­88, 390 reconstruction 78, 248, 330, 351 94, 107–­8, 112–­13, 119–­20, Raoxi. See Yabshi renovations 78, 95, 219 124, 127, 131, 136–­37, 145, rations 57, 157, 288–­89, 374 repair 217, 268, 404 147–­48, 190, 350 Ratnasambhava 292 repair of the Jokhang 65–­66, joining Red Guards, recruiting reactionary 5, 8, 25, 87, 93, 99, 109, 129, 70, 76–­78, 280, 343, 377 18, 25, 32, 44–­45, 47–­49, 173, 205, 220, 229, 248, 279 restoration 28, 77–­78, 93, 141, 59–­63, 151 academic authorities 206, 261 169 leaders of 15, 19, 43, 46, 49–­50, capitalist-­roaders 199, 234 red 52, 56, 60–­63, 87, 112–13,­ 145, elements 85, 134 armbands 15, 18–­19, 26, 30, 44–­45, 147–­48, 165, 173, 180, 188, serf-­masters 85, 272 47–­48, 59, 112, 120, 137–­38, 165, 206, 190, 203, 206, 210, 226, 229, rebel 211, 229, 372 367, 394 bandits 143 horror 9, 20, 25, 59, 269, 280, limited schooling 42, 322 faction 47, 56, 61, 180, 397 310 Rebel Headquarters of Red Headquarters 180, 238, 241, 385 Red Arts Headquarters 196, 384 Guards from Colleges 238, to rebel against 205 Red Rebels Invincible 180 385 to rebel is right 41–­42, 58, 180, Red Rebels News 180, 215, 385 Red Guards Headquarters No. 3 386 Red Rebels Regiment 180, 200, 49, 238, 385 rebellion 135, 143, 195, 217, 220, 223, 385 Tibetan rebels 15, 60, 147, 229, 280, 290, 322, 381, 401 roots 258, 385 333 rebellion, 1959. See Lhasa scarf 11, 18, 26, 45, 306 See also factions; Gyenlog; revolt, uprising tassel. See spears Nyamdrel; Serf Poleaxes; rebellions 108, 224, 254–­55, 277–­78, torch 45 Red Rebels; Tao Changsong 401, 403 red flag 28, 55, 89, 161–­62, 166, 168, Red Hill. See Marpori conspiracies to rebel 217 175–­76, 187, 237, 253, 272, 300, 314, Red Howling Wind 394 panluan 322, 381, 384 332, 340, 345, 371, 382 Redi. See Ragti pingpan 384, 397 Red Flag Commune 291 Reformism, Soviet. See Khrushchev quanpan, full-­scale rebellion red flags roused the serfs 200, regret 52, 65, 78, 99, 153, 155, 253, 317, renewed outbreak 217 226 322, 330 renewed rebellions 214, 217–20,­ Red Flag Sub-team­ to Tibet reconciliation xxxv 223, 248, 385 180, 384 repentance 78, 154–­55, 375, 379 semi-­rebellions 217, 385 Red Guards 216, 248, 255–57,­ 278, 309, rehabilitated 95, 108, 129, 135, 210–­11, zaipan 217, 385–­86 329, 333, 346, 353, 362, 372, 386, 397 217, 223, 230, 250 relics. See artifacts revolt. See Lhasa revolt, uprising cymbals 92 religion xxiii–­xxv, xxvii–­xxviii, 7, 70, 78, revolution 25, 29, 36, 78, 124, 153–­54, instruments 92–­93 101, 150, 152–54,­ 280, 317, 378 172, 195, 287, 291, 302, 316–­17, 370, offerings 170 angry spirits 21 379–­80 trumpets 89 Buddhist Association 108, 381 revolutionary xviii, xxii, xxiv, xxxiv Robin, Françoise 394 communism as 56, 309 actions 20, 26, 28, 30, 41, 46, ruins 52, 309, 330 criticism of oracles 144 48, 64–­65, 69, 107, 136, 224, of former monasteries 21, 69, restrictions on xxiii–­xxiv, xxviii 278, 381 212–­23, 255, 316, 330, 360 religious dictatorship 2 of lay buildings 329, 331, 363, activities 136, 248, 280, 289 enthusiasm xviii, 19, 24, 166, 192 404 artifacts. See sacred artifacts masses 26, 37, 63, 89, 94, 109, rural xxv, xxxii, 219, 254, 287 buildings 55, 289 114, 116, 124, 136, 150, 161–­62, areas viii, xxi–­xxii, xxvi, xxix, ceremonies 2, 103, 109 166, 237, 240, 253, 272, 276 xxxviii, 28, 252, 254, 258–­59, devotees xxviii, 59, 64, 78–­79, Revolutionary Headquarters 261, 278, 286–­87, 299, 307–­9 89, 109–­10, 127, 169, 171 209, 385, 396 damage, disillusion 287, 289 devout 21, 32, 41, 68, 73, 78, 127, Revolutionary Proletarian estates 81 155, 169, 172, 176, 330 Alliance General happiness, hope 291, 301, 306–­7 faith 378 Headquarters. See killings of soldiers 219, 254 figures 81, 101, 150, 398, 400 Nyamdrel people 301, 306–­7, 401 Religious Affairs Bureau 77, Revolutionary Rebel villages 349 377, 385 Headquarters 180, 238, 385 religious leaders xxii Revolutionary Rebels Commune sacking. See Jokhang: sacking of rituals 9, 110, 131 180, 209, 383, 385 sacred 58, 79, 370 texts 37, 39, 67, 153, 267 Revolutionary Rebels General artifacts 21, 30, 32, 37, 41, 54, reliquary. See Stupa Headquarters. See Lhasa: 65, 73, 77, 103, 124, 148, 342, remains Revolutionary Rebels 375–­76, 397 of bodies 172–­73, 217, 250 General Headquarters places 4, 41, 64, 73, 79, 88, 332 of buildings, shrines 37, 68, 95, 162, storm 20, 291 sadness 97, 109, 146, 317, 329, 367, 380 213, 278, 329, 352, 362 Revolutionary Committees xxiii–­xxiv, Sakya bamo 135–­36, 138, 390 renlei xv, 148 43, 180–­81, 215, 217, 220, 224, 230, salary 156, 324, 373, 377 Renmin 171, 281, 322, 381–­86, 407 248, 255–­56, 272–­80, 287, 290, 385, salt 302, 403, 407 Renmin gongshe 281, 322, 385 403 Samding Dorje Phagmo 96–­101, 103, Renmin lu 171, 384–­85 abolished 280, 284 105–­7, 112, 116, 136, 138, 150, 388, Renmin ribao 384 leading group 276 390, 399–­400 Renmin University. See Universities Lhasa Municipal Revolutionary Samding Monastery 103, 399 Ren Rong 230–­31, 240, 248–49,­ 273, Committee 220, 278 Sampo 83, 127, 131, 402 276, 289, 315, 385, 395, 402–­3 weiyuanhui 43, 381–­86, 389 Sampo Tenzin Dondrub 125, 390 deputy political commissar revolutionary terror. See red: horror Sampo Tsewang Rigdzin 122–­ 231, 248 revolutions 291, 310 28, 134, 221, 332–­33, 390 Ren Zhanzai 386 Ribur Rinpoche 92–­94, 390, 394, 399 Samye Monastery 370 repair. See rebuild Rigdzin Gyalpo 98, 390 san da lingzhu. See Three Great Masters reporters 46, 91 Rigdzin Lhundrub. See tsojé: sandbanks 220, 222 resistance xxii, 217, 267, 397–­98 Rigdzin Lhundrub Paljor Sangye Gyatso 176, 390, 401 responsibility 72, 91, 156, 323, 367, 393, Rigdzin Wanggyal 390 Sanmin zhuyi. See Sun Yat-­sen; Three 400 rightists 210, 229, 381, 397 Principles of the People blame 69, 71, 322 rigné sarjé. See Cultural Revolution Sanskrit 21, 397–­98 restaurants 86, 329, 351 Rigzen Wanggyal 288 Sarchung 83, 131, 390 restoration. See rebuild Rinchen 8 Sarchung Wangdu Rinchen Reting 110, 255, 390, 402 ritual 9, 21–­22, 64, 85, 87, 110, 131, 162, 129–­30, 390 revisionists xxiii, 229, 268, 272, 276, 170, 326 scar 310, 321, 328, 330, 361, 393 385, 401, 405 brocades 85 scarecrow, Mao portrait as 308 scarf 45, 100, 145, 397 Shajie xv, xxx, xxxvii. See Forbidden Siebenschuh. William 394 khatag 56, 161, 173, 185, 253, 314, Memory Sihanouk, Norodom 76 370, 389, 397 Sarjé xv, 36, 148, 316, 390 sijiu. See destroy: Four Olds; destroying: scarves. See red: scarf Shakabpa 109, 390, 395, 399, 408 Four Olds school xxv, 46, 50, 59, 62, 132, 158–­59, Shakabpa Wangchug Deden silver 51, 56, 105, 124, 141, 292, 324, 370 174, 195, 200, 302, 354, 379, 385 110, 390 coins 45–­46, 143, 373 Buddhist school 27, 103, 212, Shakya, Tsering xxx, 290, 323, 332, silverware 94–­95 249, 405 394–­95, 403–­4 singers xxviii, 16, 107, 137, 166, 202–­3, cadre, Party school 115, 181, 246, Shakyamuni 21, 44, 51, 58, 65–­66, 93, 233, 253, 284, 286, 326, 367, 394 251, 386, 407 388, 390 Chinese singer 16 children 26, 54 Shalu monastery 153, 390 Singing from my heart to the pla 181, elementary school 18, 24, 26, Shandong 356 253–­54, 385 35, 42, 46 Shanghai 209 Sky Burial xii high school 62, 158, 397 Plaza 356 slogans xxxii–­xxxiii, 6–­7, 18, 24, 26, 35–­ Lhasa Middle School 14–­15, 19, Shangpa Kagyu 103, 390 36, 46, 49, 55, 57, 87, 97, 116, 131–­32, 22, 28–­29, 33, 40–­52, 54, 57, Shanxi 287 137, 143, 156, 161, 165, 174–­75, 180–­ opera 196, 214, 243, 385, 401 65, 141, 165, 173, 180, 214, 81, 185, 188, 192, 199, 205, 238, 276, sharba 123 221, 370, 383, 396 300, 306, 330, 332, 370–­71, 373. See Sharchog 124, 390 schoolmates 60, 62 also Long live shargo 123, 390 schools 25, 41, 45–­46, 58, 62, 71, call-­and-­response 188 sharpa l 110 151, 159, 174, 247, 291, 396, 405 Chairman Mao 16, 20, 29, 202, Shatra 66, 141, 390 teachers 36 206, 261, 279, 386 Shatraba Dechö 120, 141, 143, textbooks xviii China dream 327–­28, 336, 381 390, 400 searches. See house searches Great Chinese Communist Party Shedab Power Plant 222, 390 searches for looted relics 93, 399 82, 121, 126, 292 Shengli Office 126, 161, 385–­86, 397, Secretary. See Party Secretary great disorder under heaven xxiii 404, 407 Secretary Liu. See Liu Shaoqi long live Chairman Mao 14, 82, Shenyang 279 seize power 74, 110, 199, 206–7,­ 209–­10, 162, 203, 206, 314, 331, 383 Shenzhen 61, 321 238, 368, 373, 382, 405 preserved on wall 225 Shigatse 8, 62, 87, 128, 152–­53, 217, 224, semicapitalist xxiv sayings 25, 77, 123, 155, 205, 268, 290, 390 sentenced to death 220–­22, 280 214, 233, 235–­36, 267, 290, sho 334 sentencing rallies. See rallies: public 307, 312, 377 shoes 127, 148, 195, 376, 404 sentencing tsampa-­eaters drive out rice-­ shoemaker 105, 112, 127 Sera monastery 44, 47, 87–88,­ 92, 110, shopping center. See Mall eaters 290 137, 220, 222, 238, 375, 378, 390, 399 shops 24, 38, 47, 86, 95, 123, 143, 169, 269, wangse 391 serfs 25, 33, 114, 202, 401 296, 327, 329, 342, 350–­51, 373, 377 wansui 175, 383, 386, 407 A Million Serfs Emancipated 287 shot 137, 214, 221, 223 whatever the enemy rejects 194 emancipated 11, 16, 19, 29, 36, shot dead 125, 223 whom to trust—­the faction 45, 69, 94, 116, 127, 141, 146, Shotön 334, 390 decides 179, 205, 233, 386 185, 188, 191, 198, 202, 206, Shugtri lingka 8 smash 44, 48–­49, 56, 58, 67, 105, 132, 218–­19, 244, 253–­55, 263, shuji. See Party Secretary 166, 199, 234, 369–­70 267, 278, 290, 296, 301, 382 Shöl 181, 400 smashed 32, 37, 44, 50–­51, 56, feudal serfdom 2, 162, 173, 272 Shöl Neighborhood Committee 70 58, 67, 72, 76–­77, 97, 99, 133, red flags roused the serfs 200, Shölpa 130, 390 137, 152, 229, 272, 281, 312, 226 Sichuan 317, 370, 373, 376 serf owners 5, 85, 162, 272 province xxvi, 51, 62–­63, 73, 106, 136, smashing the old world 19, 28, Serf Poleaxes 181, 200–­201, 170, 211, 229, 248, 256, 286, 329, 162, 378 203, 224, 226, 385 393, 402 the Four Olds 156 Wrath of the Serfs, the 279, 386 Sichuanese 170, 329 the old Tibet 1, 28, 162, 378, 396 Serta county 402 Sichuan-­Tibet highway 63, 210 up monasteries 52, 153 social xxiv, xxx–­xxxii, xxxiv–­xxxv, 11, 49, Yearning for the sacred eagle class struggle 53–­54, 111, 131, 155, 287, 290 xxviii 152, 249, 272, 302, 395 order 210, 228, 309, 401 Song Yongyi vii parade 81, 91, 94, 138 stability xxiv, 345, 385, 401 south 49, 67, 81, 136, 141, 172, 290, 292, punched 99 socialist xxi, xxxi–­xxxv, 2, 29, 53, 63, 334, 346, 349 punishment 57, 99, 119, 125, 157 197, 306, 395 City District 155, 253, 397 rally 82, 382, 385 Golden Path of Socialism 29, of Lhasa 116, 288, 291 struggle, criticize, correct 276, 283, 306 of Tibet 28, 221 385 Socialist Education Movement Southwest Bureau of the ccp 69, 385 struggle against 77, 81, 87, 91, 53, 69, 385, 400 Soviet reformists 191, 248, 376, 405 103, 112, 116–­17, 123–­24, 136, socialist weeds 283, 382 revisionists 191, 248, 272, 376, 143–­44, 148, 171, 230, 248, society xix, xxxii, 49, 85, 108, 141, 149–­ 401, 405 257, 261, 267, 276–­77, 332, 50, 158, 248, 250, 254, 269, 274, 294, spears 28, 30, 42, 44–­45, 47–­48, 123, 346, 372, 401 309, 400 137, 174, 206, 219, 346, 385 target 22, 41, 71–­72, 111, 124, bottom of society 152, 333 red tassel 28, 30, 44–­45, 47–­48, 128–­29, 229, 238, 248, 252, new society 16, 333 174, 346 374, 400 targets 2, 9, 54, 83, 143, 149, 254, old society 2, 42, 67, 131, 176 Sperling, Elliot 393 350, 352 Tibetan society xix, 2, 149, 152, spirits 21, 151, 396, 402 Struggle for Modern Tibet, The 170, 206, 250, 269, 278, 294, ghosts 149, 175 394 309, 400 splittist 71, 110, 149, 277, 385, 403 struggle sessions xi–­xii, xxii–­xxiii, xxxi, traditional society 2, 141, 152 anti-­splittism 158, 277, 381, 403 xxxiii, 9, 28, 53, 81, 85, 87–­88, 92, upper classes 13, 151–­52, 309 Dalai clique 71, 149 97–­98, 100, 103, 106–­12, 116, 119, 121, sogchil 123, 390 separatism 28, 403 124, 126–­33, 136–­38, 143–­46, 148, soldiers xxiii, 26, 213, 236, 244, 334, splittism 158, 277, 403 150–­51, 163, 190, 250, 252, 267, 327, 358, 368, 382, 401, 404 Stalin, Joseph 282, 401 346, 349, 372, 374, 385, 394, 398, everyone is a soldier 257, 267, standpoint 45, 157, 191, 384 400–­401 269, 382 not having a firm standpoint 157, condemnation 210, 214, 222, female soldiers 233, 244–46,­ 191, 384 230, 312 300 state 10, 50–­51, 81, 110, 224, 234, 323, confessing 85, 127, 374 jingdrölmagmi 368, 388, 402, 326, 349, 398, 400, 403 face painted in 92, 94, 132–­33 404 apparatus 228, 325, 330 objects displayed in 109, 124, jinzhuma 253–­54, 402 State Council 272, 385, 393 148, 350 jinzhumami 383, 388 state-­promoted 334 struggle targets 82, 87–88,­ killed 67, 217–­19, 252, 254, 256 statues 48, 64, 73–­74, 93, 103, 327, 370, 91–­92, 129, 132, 134, 136, 146, Pusa bing 244, 384 377 349, 352, 397 Tibetan soldiers 26, 373 golden yaks 249 targeted 15, 49, 54, 69–­70, 73, veteran soldiers 249–­50, 277, of Buddha 37, 48, 50, 62, 68, 72, 99, 103, 126, 206, 212, 250, 395 77, 375, 377–­78 255, 326, 369, 374 songs vii, xxviii, 19, 107, 109, 111, 163, repaired, restored 79, 89, 316, students 24, 29, 40, 45, 47–­48, 55, 63, 165, 180–81,­ 233, 253–­54, 284, 286, 375, 377 151, 205, 291 402, 404 wrecked 30, 37, 44, 50–­51, Chinese students 61, 247 East of the sun 292, 382 57–­58, 62, 64, 67–­68, 71, 74, from all over China 180, 397 Golden mountain in Beijing 29 76–­77, 155, 291, 342, 371, from Lhasa Middle School 19, red singer 202, 326 376, 378 28, 32–­33, 44, 46, 51–­52, 54, revolutionary songs 14, 16, 29, stealing. See looting 57, 291, 370 46, 202 struggle 20, 120, 127, 230, 248, 254, from Tibet Nationality Institute Song and Dance Troupe 196–­98, 261, 267, 310, 312, 350, 385, 395 181, 200–­201 214, 383, 385 and humiliation 2, 87, 139, 157 Rebel Headquarters of Red Whoever sides with the armed and unarmed 196, 207, Guards from Colleges 238, revolutionary people 181, 386 210–­12, 373 385 students (cont.) tar viii, xiii, xx, xxiv–­xxvi, xxix, xxxviii, teaching courtyard 7, 27–­28, 48, Red Guards 15, 22, 36, 38, 42, 49, 106, 385, 397, 405 81–­82, 316, 346, 377 58, 131, 137, 214, 247, 329, 354 Communications Office 181, 241, teachings 35, 64 Tibetan students received by 243, 385 tea house. See sweet-­tea house Zhou 247 Communist Party School 181 tears xi, 401 stupa 25, 152–53,­ 172, 175–­77, 370, 379, Culture Bureau 233 television 33, 107, 131, 176, 349 389, 404 Discipline Inspection Committee temple xx, xxvii, xxxv, 73, 93, 383 suicide xxiii, 46, 112, 221–­22, 230, 250, 224 of Confucius 93 254, 280, 401 Guest House No. 2 60–­61, 180, See also destroyed by hanging 250 329 Tengchen 223, 391 Summer Palace. See Norbulingka Guest House No. 3 181 Tengyeling 212, 225, 397, 400 sungbum 371, 390, 405 Party Committee 15, 62, 69, 181, Tengyeling Monastery 84, 132, Sungchöra 7, 27–­30, 37, 39, 48–50,­ 55, 206, 224, 230, 237, 268, 385, 180, 212, 391 67, 81–­82, 88, 107–­8, 121, 126, 134, 405 Tengyeling Neighborhood 139, 146, 148, 154, 190, 192, 316, 346, Party Committee compound 181 Committee 85–­88, 93, 95, 349, 374, 377, 390 Party History Information 156, 171 sunglasses 15, 132, 229, 231 Tenpa 375, 391 Collection, the 398, 403 Sun Yat-sen­ 8, 43, 135, 385 Tenth Panchen Lama. See Panchen People’s Committee 128, 385 superstition 24, 44, 70, 114, 153, 159, Lama People’s Congress 224, 226, 161, 166–­67, 220, 309 Tenzin 87, 93–­94, 214, 391 334 support the leftists 219, 234–­35, 254, Tenzin Choedrak xix, 394 People’s Government 385 299, 385, 403 Tenzin Gyatso 85, 398, 401 People’s Political Consultative Surkhang 390 terminology 2, 41, 53, 55, 81, 112, 131, Conference 9, 81, 95, 135, Saikang shopping center 139, 149, 157–­58, 200, 207, 242–­43, 309, 151, 224 385, 390, 399 322, 324, 367, 393, 396–­97 Reform-­through-­labour camp Surkhang mansion 91, 214, 352 Tibetan terms 77, 123, 136, 148, 214 Surkhang Wangchen Geleg 161, 170, 281, 316, 377, 399–­ Revolutionary Committee 180–­ 390, 399 400, 404–­5 81, 215, 217, 230, 255–­56, surveillance 78, 253, 327, 345 terror. See red: horror 272–­73, 276–­77, 279, 385 cameras 78, 327 texts, prayer 25, 37–­39, 48, 57, 62, 67, Song and Dance Troupe 196–­98, hidden cameras 325 74, 153, 167, 267, 291, 317, 371, 379–­ 385 undercover informants 351 80, 405 Tibetan Opera Troupe 196 sutras 54, 57, 73–­74, 397 sacred texts 148, 176 sweep away the old world 20, 22, 25, Tibet Autonomous Region 5, thamzing 92–­93, 391. See struggle 40–­42, 205 9–­10, 276 sessions sweet-­tea house 93, 268–69,­ 326 Tara 398 thangkas 54, 73–­74, 148, 396 Tara chapel 50 thanks 16, 64, 219, 222–­23, 253–­54, 321, tailor 132, 141, 171–­72 targets. See struggle 356, 391 Taiwan ix, xiii, xxix–­xxx, xxxvii, 65, 276, Tashi 85, 390 See also gratitude 321, 323 Tashi Drolma 377, 391 theater. See drama Taizhou 356 Tashi Tsering xix, 127, 391 thief 143, 255, 277, 374–­75 Taktse 390, 400 Tashilhunpo 62, 108, 254, 391, 398 See also artifacts; looting: Taktse county 278, 287 tassel. See spears plundering Tang dynasty 37, 386 Tawu xxvi, 256 Thonmi Sambhota 391, 400 Tantric college 57, 212 teachers 19, 22, 26, 40, 43–­47, 49, 113, Thonpa Dechö 391, 400 Tanzen Lhundrup xxx, 396, 402 158, 165, 173, 180, 226, 317, 370–­75, Three Tao Changsong 15, 42, 48, 60–­61, 165, 379 Three Againsts 277–78,­ 384 180, 205, 210–­11, 217–18,­ 223, 277, Teacher Training College. See Three-­dimensional Social 385, 402 Universities Stability 345, 385 tap. See Tibet Autonomous teaching (Buddhism) 92, 325, 327–­28, Three Educations work teams Prefectures 399, 407 52–­54, 66, 147, 163, 385, 401 Three Great Educations campaign 53–­ Tibet School of Agriculture 181, Logistics Department 232, 241, 54, 389 386 244–­45, 252, 383 Three Great Masters 2, 47, 53, Tibet Teacher Training College tar Military Region 231 87, 149, 151, 157, 173–­74, 206, 14–15,­ 24, 42, 48, 167, 229, 386 Tibet Military District xi, xxvi, 91, 218, 278, 309, 385, 405 Tibet University 42 267, 278, 356, 386, 393 Three-­in-­one Alliance 276–­77, Tibetan Tibet Military Headquarters 118, 299, 385, 403 areas 43, 69, 71, 73, 256, 339, 345, 393, 397 188, 228, 236, 251, 356, 386 Three Jewels 64, 132, 150, 331 autonomous prefectures xxxviii, Tibet Military Region Committee Three Loyalties 26, 385, 396 256, 396 272 Three Principles of the People Buddhism 7, 27, 73, 84, 103, 309, Togden Dawa 176–­77, 391 135, 385 399, 405, 408 toilets, latrines 67–68,­ 75–­77, 99, 377 Three Supports, Two Militaries culture xv, xxiii–­xxiv, xxvii, Tölung Dechen 287, 391 242, 252–­55, 273–­74, 278, xxxiii–­xxxiv tongzhanbu. See United Front 299, 385 emperors xx To-­Rebel-­Is-­Righteous Revolutionary types of implementation 267 former army 114, 116, 122, 125, Lhasa Red Guards, the 22, 386 Thrinley Chödron 218–­20, 222, 391 150, 213, 215, 234, 247, 398 torture 68, 85, 110, 119, 124, 135, 222, Thrinley Chökyi 214, 391 former government 2, 21, 38, 230, 254, 394 Thubten Jigdral 151, 388 47, 81, 94, 110, 112, 114, 118, Toward-­the-­sun Neighborhood Thubten Jigme 221, 391 122, 128, 130, 134, 150, 170, Committee 156, 386 Thubten shargo 123 176, 217, 346, 393, 396, 399, townships 76, 153, 223, 261, 267, 276, thukje. See thanks 402, 405 282, 288–­90, 383 Thukje chenpo 64, 391, 405 history 21, 41, 110, 113, 115, 152, Traitorous Dalai-­Panchen Anti-­National Thukje Lhakhang 376, 391 173, 228, 256, 399–­400 Clique 87, 108, 272, 386 Thukmön Lhakhang 68, 391 plateau xxi, xxix, 288, 314, 323–­ traitors 108, 125, 221–­22, 230, 250, 385, Tiananmen square 58, 175, 326, 332 24, 393, 396 401 Tianjin 244–­45, 407 soldiers, cadres 53, 70 tralpa 152, 391 Tibet Tibet and China xix–­xx, 37 Tramo 213–14,­ 224, 391 A brilliant new Tibet 2, 151 agreement and negotiations in Trandruk temple 21, 391 Central Tibet 6, 129, 285, 398 1951 xxi, 125, 128, 398 treason 95, 280 hell on earth xix Chinese arrival in Tibet xxxiv treaty pillar 37, 344–­45, 386 independence of xvii, xx–­xxii, Chinese sovereignty claim xxii trial 97, 125, 183, 220–­22, 358 xxiv–­xxv colony xx Trijang Rinpoche 42, 389, 391, 397 modern Tibet 16, 110, 118, 135, gift of autonomy xxxii Tritsug Detsen 37 189, 281, 328, 360 priest-­patron relationship 395 old Tibet 1–­2, 157, 197, 242, 279, regional autonomy xxi Tromzikhang 126, 391, 397, 400 300, 309, 396 Seventeen-­point Agreement xxi, Tromzikhang Neighborhood second city 87 125, 398 Committee 56–­57, 66, 127, status of xvii, xx sovereignty xvii, xx–­xxii, xxx 131, 156, 204, 367–­73, 375, strategic significance 228, 248, suzerainty xx, 37 404 268, 272–­73, 277 Tibetan independence claim 93, troops xxii, 72, 175, 183, 215, 232, 236, subsidiary nation xx 110, 123, 393, 395, 403 241, 248, 272, 274, 278 taken over by China xv, xvii, xxi Tibetan surrender xxi and propaganda drives 232, Tibet Buddhist Association 108 Tibetan Revolutionary Party. See Party: 241–­42, 244, 247, 255, 274, Tibet Hotel 61, 362 Tibetan Improvement Party 299, 396, 401 Tibet literature 393 Tibet Autonomous Region. See tar in factional conflict 210, 212–­15, Tibet Military Control Tibet Military Region viii, xi, 13, 73–­75, 234–­35, 238, 250, 252 Commission 123, 238, 240–­ 91, 106–­7, 115, 118, 122, 128, 139, 199, in Jokhang 66, 72, 75, 214–­15 41, 248, 250–­52, 386 207, 210, 215, 217, 221, 228, 230, 232–­ in 1959 69, 139, 176 Tibet Nationalities Institute 224 33, 235–­36, 238, 240–­41, 244–­48, putting down uprisings 217–­19 Tibet Red Guards Revolutionary 250–­52, 255–­56, 272, 278, 299–­300, trulku 21, 61, 92, 96, 99, 106–­7, 135, 391, Headquarters 386 356, 386, 393, 399, 402, 405 394, 399 trulku Samding Dorje Phagmo. See Tsering Shakya 290, 323, 332, 394–­95, Teacher Training College 14–15,­ Samding Dorje Phagmo 403–­4 24–­25, 42–­43, 48, 167, 229, Trunglha 127, 391 Tsesumshag 38, 391 374, 385–­86 Tsadi Mipön Tseten 124, 326, 391, 407 Tibet Academy of Social Tsadi Tseten Dorje 118–­21, 391 Tseten Dolkar xxxviii Sciences 43, 61, 71, 386, 408 Tsalgungthang 222, 391 Tseten Drolma 202–­3, 326, 391 Tibet Nationalities Institute Tsamchö 120, 391 Tseten Phuntsog 407 61–­62, 75, 180–­81, 200–­201, Tsamkhung Nunnery 38 Tshering Dondrub 394 208, 224, 226, 386 tsampa xxvii, 66, 119, 157, 288, 316, 369, Tshogo 83, 391 Tibet School of Agriculture 181, 373, 376, 391 Tshogo Dondrub Tsering 122, 386 tsampa-­eaters 290 128–­29, 134, 136, 138, 391 Tibet University 42 Tsarong family 94, 113, 250 tsojé 132, 391 unrest 28, 210, 217 Tsarong Dazang Dramdul 66, Rigdzin Lhundrub Paljor 132, uprisings 219, 221, 255, 401 See also 391, 399 390 rebellions tsatsa 91, 144, 352, 391 Tsona 401 urban 38, 155, 159, 261, 267, 404 tsatsakhang 91, 391 Tsongkhapa 27, 66, 317, 371, 379, 388, urban reconstruction 328–29,­ 351 Tsechogling Monastery 225, 391 391, 400, 405 urdo 211, 391 Tsedor 46, 391 Je Tsongkhapa 317, 379, 388 Urumqi 276 Tse Drolma 105, 136, 391 Tsuglakhang 21, 169, 391, 398 USSR 401 tsegu tor garcham dance ceremony Tubten Khétsun xix, 394 Uyghur 73, 276 19, 391 tu huangdi 157, 386. See also emperor: uyonlhankhang 155, 391, 400 Tse Lhamo 97, 391 local Tselpa 169, 391 tunnels 53, 268–69,­ 382 Vajrasattva 292 Tsemonling 92, 212, 391, 400 turmoil xxiv, 137, 217, 382 Vajrayana 397 Tsepag Lhakhang 57, 391 turquoise 40, 56, 171, 370, 407 vice chair 8–­9, 43, 70, 87, 95, 107–­8, Tsephel 132, 391, 400 Turrell Wylie transcription system 387 112, 128, 135, 150, 224, 226, 273, 398, Tsering 7, 107, 123, 143 Two Golden Yaks 249 400–­402 Po Tsering 123, 390 Two Militaries. See Three Supports, Two vice commander 402 Tsering Dondrub 94, 390 Militaries vice governor 224, 288 Tseringma 85, 148, 391 vice president 87 Tsering Phuntsog 110, 391 ultraleftist 157, 248, 312, 386 villages 25, 42, 159, 285, 349, 397, 401, 404 Tsering Wangmo 107, 112–­13, unarmed struggle 196, 207, 212, 218, destruction in 127, 144, 255, 278 391 386 factions in 144, 180–­81, 206 Tsering Woeser. See Woeser United Front viii, xxii, 2, 81, 112, 115, 128, Tsering Yangdzom 161, 391, 400 149, 224, 316, 374, 386, 405, 408 militias in 258, 264 Tseten Wangchuk xiii, xxxviii United Front Department viii, poverty in 289 Tsering Dorje xi, xiii, xxvi, xxxii–­xxxiv, xxii, 69 propaganda in 53, 204, 206, xxxviii, 394 United Nations 394 282, 284, 286–87,­ 291, 300, as deputy commander xi, xxvi United States xxi–­xxii, xxix, 76, 92, 399 308 as deputy regimental officer universities 42, 58, 60, 210, 238, 385, villagers 154, 219, 259, 269 250 394–­96, 398–­400, 402–­4, 408 violence xvii–­xx, xxii–­xxiii, xxxiii, 20, camera 284, 286, 324–­25, 349 Beijing 12, 397 48–­49, 70, 208, 212, 214, 217–­18, grave 216 China Normal 43 223, 228, 238, 254, 269, 277, 327, 331 photographs by 2, 9, 107, 131, China Renmin University of vows 212, 317, 379, 405 146, 228, 323, 325, 327, 332–­ China 407 33, 340–­42, 349, 356 East China Normal University Wangchug Dorje. See Demo Wangchug pla uniform 251 43 Dorje wife xxxviii Qinghua 19, 61, 210, 384, 387, Wangdu Dorje 127, 391 wishes 307 397 Wang Lixiong vii, xii–­xiv, xxix, xxxviii, work 257, 331 tar Academy of Social 152, 170, 216, 309, 321, 323, 395, See also father of author Sciences 180, 400 400, 403 Wang Qimei 230, 238, 272, 371, 386, Tibet Remembers xxx, xxxvii Tibet Branch of Chinese 402, 405 writer 5, 15, 113, 143, 148, 163, Writers’ Association xxvi deputy political commissar 192, 207, 321–­23, 325, 393 writings 230, 405 Xizang biji xiii, xxviii, 321, 395 by Mao. See Mao Zedong Wang Tingyan 250, 386 Xizang jiyi xxx, xxxvii, 321, 404 -­ Writings Wang Wo 323 Xizang zaishang xxvii Tibetan 143 Wapaling 26, 100, 105, 130, 145, 391, Wolo 113, 391 wuduo. See struggle 400 women xiii, xxv, xxxii, 8, 28, 30, 32, 59, Wapaling Neighborhood 76, 85, 87, 107, 141, 143, 148, 187, 201, Xianyang 61, 180, 200–­201 Committee 97, 100, 112–­15, 219, 223, 244, 266–­67, 289, 296, 353, Xie Fangyi 46–­47, 49, 386 124, 129, 136–­38, 156, 171, 214 368, 374, 378, 384 Xi Jinping 336, 349, 386 washerwoman. See Laundry Song aprons 286, 306 Xilu xiaofu. See Khrushchev weapons 45, 211, 213–­14, 238, 262, China Women’s Federation 224 Xinhua Bookstore 296 268–­69 tar Women’s Association 33 Xinhua News Agency 46, 91, See also guns; machine guns; Tibetan women xvii, xxxiv, 72, 209, 218, 386, 393, 403 pikes; pitchfork; rifles 108, 226, 233, 243, 245–­46, Xinhua Road 171, 386 Weiner, Benno 394, 396 251, 286 Xinjiang xvii, 230, 276 Weise. See Woeser Women’s Association 33, 156 Xinong (West Farmers) Group 161 Wei Zhiping 180, 386 Women’s Federation 224 Xiyi ge. See Laundry Song Wencheng xx, 21, 37, 64, 344, 384, 386 Women’s Militia 261, 383 Xizang ribao. See newspapers: Tibet wenduo. See unarmed struggle See also female daily wengong wuwei 211, 383, 386 words 169, 188, 242, 316, 322, 326, 329 Xizang wenxue xxvi Wenhua geming. See Cultural abusive words 26, 65, 85, 92, 99, Xizang zaishang. See Woeser Revolution 119, 128, 134, 206 Xuanzhanshu. See Declaration of War whateverism xxiv attack with words 211. See also Letter wheat 288–­89 wengong wuwei White new terms 63, 158, 161, 171 Yabshi xxxviii Lhamo 77 of Mao 153, 300 Yab gzhi xxxviii Paper 243, 393 Tibetan words 110, 161 Yabshi Langdun 132 stupa 56, 369 workers xxv, xxxi, 25, 51, 166–­67, 172, Yabshi Phunkhang 94 White-­haired Girl, The 197, 386 174, 180–­81, 205, 214, 253, 338, 403 Yabshi Taktser 3, 60–­61, 128, willow 37–38,­ 171, 344–­45, 388, 400 cultural workers 196, 233 136, 138, 180, 328–­29, 331, witch. See Sakya bamo female workers 244–­45 362–­63, 391, 400, 404 Woeser vii–­ix, xi, xv, xix, xxiv, xxxi, working class 119, 162, 173, 181, 378, Yadong xxviii, 401 xxxiii–­xxxv, xxxviii, 51–53,­ 74, 216, 386 Yamdrok lake 107, 391 225, 276, 394–­96, 404 masses 174 Yan’an 196 archaeologist 331 Working Class General Yang Dongsheng 277, 386 darkness 322 Headquarters 181, 386 Yang Lian xxvi dismissed xiii, xxviii Working People’s Cultural Yangzhou 43 editor xxvi Palace. See Cultural Palace Yan Zhenzhong 61–­62, 75–­76, 386 essays xxviii–­xxx Working People’s Hospital 168 Yaowangshan. See Chagpori father. See Tsering Dorje wounds 65, 87, 123, 137, 214–­15, 280, Yarlung Tsangpo 21, 249, 326, 391 husband xiii, xxix 330–­31, 334, 391, 393 Ye Jianying 312, 386 mother 118, 323–­25, 332 injured 113, 123, 147 Yeshe 68, 94, 391 Notes on Tibet xiii, xxviii Wrath of the Serfs, The 279, 386 Crooked-­neck Yeshe 93 poems by xxvi–­xxviii, 325, 395 writers viii, xvii, xix, xxv, 112, 115, 188, Yeshe Tenzin 224, 391 political errors xiii 233, 302, 324, 332, 394, 408 Yeshe Tsultrim 8, 87, 389, 398 reporter xxvi Chinese writers 393 Ye Xingsheng 26, 51, 73, 386 sadness 329 Chinese Writers’ Association Yidam xxvi schooling in Chinese 322 xxvi Yonten Nyima xxxviii Shunian xueshi hou 404 Tibetan writers 113, 157, 302 Young Pioneers. See Red Scarf youth. See Help-­develop-­the-­border-­ attacked by Gyenlog 233, 238, Zhuang Tao 402 areas Youth 247, 250–­52 Zhu De 189, 386 youths 28, 47, 151, 173, 203 transferred 211, 231, 248 Zhu Rikun xxix, 189, 386, 395 educated youths 278, 286, 291 Zhang Jingwu 4, 386, 398 zi 56, 370, 391, 397 sent-­down youths 286, 385 Zheng Yuping 321 zungzhug 64, 391 Yudrön 159 Zhide 162, 167, 176, 389 Zurshi. See Barkor Yue Fei 46, 386 Zhide Dratshang 180, 212–13,­ zuzhi 55, 382–­83, 386 Yue Zhongqi 175, 386 328, 331, 360–­61, 391 Yulus 105, 138, 386 Zhide ruins 328 Yunnan 63, 73, 136, 393 Zhideling. See Zhide Dratshang Yutog 171, 391 zhiqing. See intellectuals: intellectual Yutog Road 40, 138, 192, 199, youths 354, 391 Zhitro Lhakhang 57, 391 Yu Xin 252, 386 Zhongguo 281 Zhongxue 383 Zeren Duojie. See Tsering dorje Zhou Enlai 44, 70–­71, 76, 87, 212, 247, Zhang Guohua 13, 15, 58, 129, 182, 386, 398, 401, 408 205–­6, 211, 229–­31, 233, 238, 240, Zhou Renshan 15, 71, 230, 373, 386, 247–­48, 250–­52, 386, 398 402, 405