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Special Edition: Chikungunya and Zika Virus October 2014

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Special Edition: Chikungunya and Zika Virus October 2014 Europe’s journal on infectious disease epidemiology, prevention and control Special edition: Chikungunya and Zika virus October 2014 Featuring • Spread of chikungunya from the Caribbean to mainland Central and South America: a greater risk of spillover in Europe? • Aspects of Zika virus transmission • Cases of chikungunya virus infection in travellers returning to Spain from Haiti or Dominican Republic, April-June 2014 www.eurosurveillance.org Editorial team Editorial advisors Based at the European Centre for Albania: Alban Ylli, Tirana Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Austria: Reinhild Strauss, Vienna 171 83 Stockholm, Sweden Belgium: Koen De Schrijver, Antwerp Telephone number Belgium: Sophie Quoilin, Brussels +46 (0)8 58 60 11 38 Bosnia and Herzogovina: Nina Rodić Vukmir, Banja Luka E-mail Bulgaria: Mira Kojouharova, Sofia [email protected] Croatia: Sanja Musić Milanović, Zagreb Cyprus: to be nominated Editor-in-chief Czech Republic: Bohumir Križ, Prague Ines Steffens Denmark: Peter Henrik Andersen, Copenhagen Senior editor Estonia: Kuulo Kutsar, Tallinn Kathrin Hagmaier Finland: Outi Lyytikäinen, Helsinki France: Judith Benrekassa, Paris Scientific editors Germany: Jamela Seedat, Berlin Karen Wilson Greece: Rengina Vorou, Athens Williamina Wilson Hungary: Ágnes Csohán, Budapest Assistant editors Iceland: Haraldur Briem, Reykjavik Alina Buzdugan Ireland: Lelia Thornton, Dublin Ingela Söderlund Italy: Paola De Castro, Rome Associate editors Kosovo under UN Security Council Resolution 1244: Lul Raka, Pristina Andrea Ammon, Stockholm, Sweden Latvia: Jurijs Perevoščikovs, Riga Tommi Asikainen, Frankfurt, Germany Lithuania: Milda Zygutiene, Vilnius Mike Catchpole, London, United Kingdom Luxembourg: Thérèse Staub, Luxembourg Denis Coulombier, Stockholm, Sweden The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: Elisaveta Stikova, Skopje Natasha Crowcroft, Toronto, Canada Malta: Tanya Melillo Fenech, Valletta Christian Drosten, Bonn, Germany Montenegro: Dragan Laušević, Podgorica Karl Ekdahl, Stockholm, Sweden Netherlands: Paul Bijkerk, Bilthoven Johan Giesecke, Stockholm, Sweden Norway: Hilde Klovstad, Oslo Herman Goossens, Antwerp, Belgium Poland: Malgorzata Sadkowska-Todys, Warsaw David Heymann, London, United Kingdom Portugal: Isabel Marinho Falcão, Lisbon Heath Kelly, Melbourne, Australia Romania: Daniela Pitigoi, Bucharest Irena Klavs, Ljubljana, Slovenia Serbia: Tatjana Pekmezovic, Belgrade Karl Kristinsson, Reykjavik, Iceland Slovakia: Lukáš Murajda, Martin Daniel Lévy-Bruhl, Paris, France Slovenia: Alenka Kraigher, Ljubljana Richard Pebody, London, United Kingdom Spain: Elena Rodríguez Valín, Madrid Panayotis T. Tassios, Athens, Greece Sweden: Christer Janson, Stockholm Hélène Therre, Paris, France Turkey: Fehmaniz Temel, Ankara Henriette de Valk, Paris, France United Kingdom: Norman MacDonald, Glasgow Sylvie van der Werf, Paris, France European Commission: Paolo Guglielmetti, Luxembourg World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe: Nedret Design / Layout Emiroglu, Copenhagen Fabrice Donguy / Arne Haeger Online submission system http://www.editorialmanager.com/eurosurveillance/ www.eurosurveillance.org © Eurosurveillance, 2014 Contents Chikungunya and Zika Zika Editorial Rapid communications Integrated surveillance for prevention and control Two cases of Zika fever imported from French of emerging vector-borne diseases in Europe 2 Polynesia to Japan, December 2013 to January 2014 50 JC Semenza et al. S Kutsuna et al. First case of laboratory-confirmed Zika virus Chikungunya infection imported into Europe, November 2013 54 D Tappe et al. Editorials Zika virus infection complicated by Guillain-Barré Spread of chikungunya from the Caribbean to syndrome – case report, French Polynesia, mainland Central and South America: a greater risk December 2013 58 of spillover in Europe? 6 E Oehler et al. H Noël et al. Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 Rapid communications and February 2014 61 M Besnard et al. Dengue virus serotype 4 and chikungunya virus coinfection in a traveller returning from Luanda, Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood Angola, January 2014 9 transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in R Parreira et al. French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014 65 Emergence of chikungunya fever on the French side D Musso et al. of Saint Martin island, October to December 2013 13 S Cassadou et al. Importance of case definition to monitor ongoing outbreak of chikungunya virus on a background of actively circulating dengue virus, St Martin, December 2013 to January 2014 17 R Omarjee et al. Cases of chikungunya virus infection in travellers returning to Spain from Haiti or Dominican Republic, April-June 2014 20 A Requena-Méndez et al. Large number of imported chikungunya cases in mainland France, 2014: a challenge for surveillance and response 25 MC Paty et al. Euroroundups Chikungunya outbreak in the Caribbean region, December 2013 to March 2014, and the significance for Europe 30 W Van Bortel et al. Research article Local and regional spread of chikungunya fever in the Americas 41 S Cauchemez et al. © Eurosurveillance Illustration of mosquito, map of outbreak www.eurosurveillance.org 1 Editorials Integrated surveillance for prevention and control of emerging vector-borne diseases in Europe J C Semenza ([email protected])1, H Zeller1 1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden Citation style for this article: Semenza JC, Zeller H. Integrated surveillance for prevention and control of emerging vector-borne diseases in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(13):pii=20757. Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20757 Article submitted on 28 March 2014 / published on 3 April 2014 World Health Day, celebrated on 7 April, marks the spots’ of emerging infectious diseases [12]. A case- anniversary of the founding of the World Health in-point is the importation, establishment and expan- Organization (WHO) in 1948. This year, vector-borne sion of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), diseases which are transmitted mainly by bites of first recorded in Albania in the 1970s and subsequently vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks and sandflies are in Italy in the 1990s. The mosquito was imported in highlighted as a global public health priority. This used car tires from the United States into Genova and issue of Eurosurveillance focuses on vector-borne dis- Venice, both in Italy, from where the mosquito spread eases and their impact on public health in Europe and [13]. Dedicated vector surveillance activities (Figure 1) other parts of the world such as the recent outbreaks have documented that the vector has expanded due to of Chikungunya fever in the Caribbean and Zika virus permissive climatic and environmental conditions and fever in the Pacific [1-6]. is now established in numerous regions in Europe. Mosquito-borne diseases Dengue and malaria are important mosquito-borne Astute surveillance activities were able to detect the viral diseases, often also referred to as ‘tropical’ dis- autochthonous transmission of Chikungunya and den- eases. Globally, dengue is the most common mosquito- gue viruses by Ae. albopictus in Europe triggered by borne viral disease, with an estimated 390 million infected travellers returning from endemic areas [13, infections per year and 40% of the world’s population 14]. Through vector surveillance, Ae. aegypti mosqui- at risk [7]. While interventions to control mosquitoes toes, the main vectors of dengue, were first detected have resulted in a decrease of malaria cases, WHO in Madeira, Portugal in 2005 where they dispersed nonetheless estimates that 219 million individuals across the southern coastal areas of the island. From were infected in 2010, of which 660,000 died, predomi- September 2012 to January 2013, the island experi- nantly in Africa [8]. enced a large dengue outbreak, affecting more than 2,100 individuals, including 78 cases exported to con- Yet, vector-borne diseases are also a threat to public tinental Europe; the responsible dengue virus serotype health in Europe. Mounting an effective public health DEN-1 was traced back to a probable Central or South response can counteract challenges posed by them American origin [15]. and protect humans from infections; dedicated activi- ties such as disease and vector surveillance as well as In December 2013, public health surveillance confirmed monitoring infectious disease drivers (e.g. environmen- the first local transmission of Chikungunya virus in the tal or climatic conditions) can help to anticipate and to Caribbean. Within three months the virus spread from respond to emerging vector-borne diseases [9, 10]. Saint Martin island to six other neighbouring islands and autochthonous transmission was even reported Globalisation and environmental change; social and in French Guiana, South America. Cassadou et al. and demographic change; and health system capacity are Omarjee et al. in this issue describe the importance of three interacting drivers that can set the stage for proactive public health practice during such a vector- novel vector-borne disease scenarios [11]. The chang- borne disease emergence [1]. Chikungunya infections ing dynamic of these drivers can potentially create new were identified in a cluster of patients suffering from constellations of threats that challenge control meas- a febrile dengue-like illness with severe joint pain and ures. Pathogens and vectors are bound to disseminate
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