Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Chukchi Borderland Province, 2008

Chapter C of The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Professional Paper 1824

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey COVER Northwestward view across the southern foothills of the Brooks Range along Akmagolik Creek, approximately 150 miles southwest of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Exposed rocks are part of the Mississippian–Pennsylvanian Lisburne Group and include a thrust-fault ramp at left. Photo includes two helicopters for scale, a blue-and-white one near the center and a red one at center-right at creek level. U.S. Geological Survey photograph by David Houseknecht. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Chukchi Borderland Province, 2008

By Kenneth J. Bird and David W. Houseknecht

Chapter C of The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal Edited by T.E. Moore and D.L. Gautier

Professional Paper 1824

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey William H. Werkheiser, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2017

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Suggested citation: Bird, K.J., and Houseknecht, D.W., 2017, Geology and assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Chukchi Borderland Province, 2008, chap. C of Moore, T.E., and Gautier, D.L., eds., The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1824, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824C.

ISSN 2330-7102 (online) iii

The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Chapters

A. Introduction to the 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal (CARA) Professional Paper By Donald L. Gautier and Thomas E. Moore

B. Methodology for Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources for the 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal By Ronald R. Charpentier

North America

C. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Chukchi Borderland Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird and David W. Houseknecht

D. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Hope Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman

E. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province, 2008 By David W. Houseknecht, Kenneth J. Bird, and Christopher P. Garrity

F. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yukon Flats Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird and Richard G. Stanley

G. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Northwest Canada Interior Basins Province, Arctic Canada, 2008 By Marilyn E. Tennyson and Janet K. Pitman

H. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Franklinian Shelf Province, Arctic Canada and North Greenland, 2008 By Marilyn E. Tennyson and Janet K. Pitman

I. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Sverdrup Basin Province, Arctic Canada, 2008 By Marilyn E. Tennyson and Janet K. Pitman

Greenland

J. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the West Greenland- East Canada Province, 2008 By Christopher J. Schenk iv

K. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008 By Donald L. Gautier

North Atlantic Ocean

L. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Jan Mayen Microcontinent Province, 2008 By Thomas E. Moore and Janet K. Pitman

Eurasia

M. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Mezen’ Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

N. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Timan-Pechora Basin Province, Russia, 2008 By Christopher J. Schenk

O. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Barents Basins Province and the Novaya Zemlya Basins and Admiralty Arch Province By Timothy R. Klett

P. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the North Kara Basins and Platforms Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

Q. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Northern West Siberian Mesozoic Composite Total Petroleum System of the West Siberian Basin Province, Russia, 2008 By Christopher J. Schenk

R. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

S. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Northwest Laptev Sea Shelf Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

T. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Lena-Anabar Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman v

U. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Tunguska Basin Province, 2008 By Christopher J. Wandrey and Timothy R. Klett

V. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Lena-Vilyui Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

W. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Laptev Sea Shelf Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

X. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Zyryanka Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

Y. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Siberian Sea Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman

Z. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Vilkitskii Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman

AA. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Long Strait Province, Russian High Arctic, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman

Arctic Ocean

BB. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Amerasia Basin Petroleum Province, 2008 By David W. Houseknecht, Kenneth J. Bird, and Christopher P. Garrity

CC. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Lomonosov- Makarov Province, Central Arctic Ocean, 2008 By Thomas E. Moore, Kenneth J. Bird, and Janet K. Pitman

DD. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Eurasia Basin Province, Eastern Arctic Ocean, 2008 By Thomas E. Moore and Janet K. Pitman vi

Contents

Abstract...... 1 Introduction...... 1 Geologic Setting and Stratigraphy...... 4 Petroleum Systems...... 6 Chukchi Borderland Assessment Unit ...... 6 Acknowledgments...... 8 References Cited...... 8 Appendix...... 9

Appendix

[Available for download at https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824C] 1. Input data for the Chukchi Borderland Assessment Unit.

Figures

1. Perspective view from the North Pole southward across the Amerasia Basin toward the Canadian and northern Alaska margin...... 1 2. Index map showing location of Chukchi Borderland Province in relation to adjacent provinces defined in the Circum-Arctic Resource Assessment...... 2 3. Index map showing location, bathymetry, and main physiographic features of the Chukchi Borderland Province...... 3 4. Regional composite seismic section across part of the Chukchi Borderland Province...... 4 5. Schematic diagram of the geologic evolution of Chukchi Borderland from the Late Triassic to the present, assuming counterclockwise rotational origin from the Canadian margin...... 5 6. Burial history model of a pseudowell located in the deepest graben identified on seismic line crossing the Northwind Basin...... 7 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal Edited by T.E. Moore and D.L. Gautier U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1824

Chapter C Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Chukchi Borderland Province, 2008

By Kenneth J. Bird and David W. Houseknecht

Abstract Introduction

The Chukchi Borderland is both a stand-alone petroleum The Chukchi Borderland Province and AU is a prominent province and assessment unit (AU) that lies north of the Chuk- thumb-shaped bathymetric feature about 400 km east-west chi Sea. It is a bathymetrically high-standing block of conti- and 600 km north-south that protrudes into the deep Canada nental crust that was probably rifted from the Canadian conti- Basin north of the Chukchi Sea continental shelf (figs. 1–3). nental margin. The sum of our knowledge of this province is Regionally, the Chukchi Borderland is flanked on the north based upon geophysical data (seismic, gravity, and magnetic) by the Alpha-Mendeleev Igneous Province, on the east by and a limited number of seafloor core and dredge samples. the extended continental and oceanic crust of Amerasia As expected from the limited data set, the basin’s petro- Basin Province (Canada Basin AU), and on the southeast and leum potential is poorly known. A single assessment unit, southwest by thick Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediment prisms of the the Chukchi Borderland AU, was defined and assigned an Alaska Passive Margin AU and the North Chukchi-Wrangel overall probability of about a 5 percent chance of at least one Foreland Basin Province, respectively (fig. 2). The Chukchi petroleum accumulation >50 million barrels of oil equivalent Borderland lies in water depths ranging from 200 to 3,500 (MMBOE). No quantitative assessment of sizes and numbers m and covers an area of approximately 246,000 km2 (fig. 3). of petroleum accumulations was conducted for this AU. Physiographically, the Chukchi Borderland is characterized

Brooks Range Mackenzie North Slope of Alaska Delta

Chukchi Chukchi Sea Canadian Arctic Borderland

Beaufort Sea

Figure 1. Perspective view from the North Pole southward Mendeleev Ridge across the Amerasia Basin Alpha Ridge toward the Canadian and northern Alaska margin. View shows the relatively high- 120 W standing character of the

150 W Chukchi Borderland and its 90 W 180 Lomonosov Ridge Lomonosov Ridge dramatic projection in the deep 60 W 150 E Canada Basin. Figure created

30 W 120 E 30 E 30 60 E 90 E by C.P. Garrity (U.S. Geological 0 Survey).

Figure 1 2 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

10 E 0 W 80 W

10 E

100 W 170 E

110 W 180 120 W 170 W 10 W 130 W 10 W 140 W

P r o v i n c e e o u s g n

Sverdrup e n d e l e e v I M Basin Province A l p h a -

7 Chukchi Borderland Franklinian Province Shelf Province AU Amerasia Basin North Chukchi- Province Wrangel Foreland

Basin Canada Basin Province

Alaska Passive Margin

70 AU

Hope Basin Province Northwest Canada A Arctic Alaska . C Interior Basin SI Province A A U S Province

NAD . .S. S

RU . U ARCTIC CIRCLE A

. A ARCTIC CIRCLE

Figure by C.P. Garrity, U.S. Geological Survey. 0 100 200 300 400 00 KLMETERS Base from Esri, 2007, used herein under license. 0 100 300 400 00MLES

Figure 2. Index map showing location of Chukchi Borderland Province in relation to adjacent provinces defined in the Circum-Arctic Resource Assessment. AU, assessment unit.

Figure 2 Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Chukchi Borderland Province, 2008 3

180 17 W 170 W 1 W 10 W 1 W 10 W 14W

-1500 78 -3500

-1000

Chukchi Plateau -2000 -500

-1000

-2000

-1000 Canada Basin

-3800 -1000 Chukchi Spur

-2000Northwind Basin 74

- Northwind Ridge 500

North Chukchi -1500 ARCTIC OCEAN Basin

-200

72 Chukchi Sea -3500

OCS 1275 (POPCORN)

Figure by C.P. Garrity, U.S. Geological Survey. 0 0 100 MLES PAATIO Base from Esri, 2007, used herein under license. Area of Chukchi Borderland 0 0 100 KLMETERS Assessment Unit Exploration well Median sea ice extent for the month of September (1976–2006) 3800 Bathymetry in meters

Figure 3. Index map showing location, bathymetry, and main physiographic features of the Chukchi Borderland Province. Exploratory well OCS 1275 (Popcorn), located on the Chukchi Sea continental shelf, is the nearest well control. Figure 3 4 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal by a central north-trending trough (Northwind Basin) that dis- lithologic and (or) paleontologic affinities to strata in Sverdrup plays basin and range-like topography. The floor of the trough Basin and northern Alaska. On seismic records, these rocks are lies more than 1000 m below the bordering Chukchi Spur– generally designated as acoustic basement, but in some areas Chukchi Plateau on the west and Northwind Ridge on the east. discontinuous reflections are observed and show a moderate angular relationship to the unconformity. The geologic evolution of Chukchi Borderland is a mat- ter of debate with many different hypotheses (for example, Geologic Setting and Stratigraphy Lawver and Scotese, 1990), but rifting is common to all. Most interpretations of the origin of the Chukchi Borderland were The Chukchi Borderland is interpreted as a fragment made early on, without benefit of the results of coring and of continental crust based on its high-standing character and dredging on Northwind Ridge by Grantz and others (1998). distinct gravity and magnetic signatures. Core data show that Lithologic and paleontologic details from the Northwind it is composed of Paleozoic to recent sedimentary strata with Ridge cores tend to support the so-called rotational hypothesis. similarities to rocks in Sverdrup Basin and northern Alaska. The most recent version of the rotational hypothesis (Grantz Extensional deformation is a characteristic feature on seis- and others, 2011) was followed here and is summarized in a mic records. Widely scattered seismic lines with confirming set of schematic cross sections (fig. 5). In this interpretation, seafloor cores and dredge samples show that the Chukchi Bor- the Chukchi Borderland was originally a part of the Arctic derland AU is mantled by Cretaceous and Cenozoic pelagic Alaska-Chukotka Microplate located adjacent to the Canadian sediments and air-fall volcanic ash deposits above a prominent continental margin (Sverdrup Rim) that rifted and rotated unconformity (Grantz and others, 1998). The unconformity counterclockwise about a pivot in the Mackenzie Delta in may represent the regional Lower Cretaceous break-up uncon- Jurassic and early Cretaceous time forming the Canada Basin. formity of northern Alaska. On seismic records, these man- At about the same time, the Borderland itself, as a separate tling deposits display thicknesses of less than 1,000 m over block, rifted and rotated in a relatively clockwise direction the ridges and plateaus and as much as 3,500 m in grabens and away from the Arctic Alaska-Chukotka microplate leaving the half-grabens of Northwind Basin (fig. 4). Cores on the east North Chukchi Basin in its wake. As there seems to be little flank of Northwind Ridge from a position beneath the uncon- evidence of compression along the boundary between the formity reveal the presence of carbonate and clastic sedimen- Chukchi Borderland and the Canada Basin, the Chukchi Bor- tary strata of Cambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous, Perm- derland may have been fixed relative to Canada Basin while ian, Triassic, and Jurassic ages. Some of these strata display

WEST EAST 0 Chukchi Spur Northwind Basin Northwind Ridge Canada Basin 2 Figure 6

8 ertical exaggeration A 8x at seafloor 180 miles (300 km) 0

Two-way travel time, in seconds 4

8 ertical exaggeration B 8x at seafloor 170

Figure 4. Regional composite seismic section across part of the Chukchi Borderland Province. A, Uninterpreted section. B, Interpreted section. Red lines mark a regional unconformity interpreted as the break-up unconformity equivalent to the Lower Cretaceous unconformity of northern Alaska.

Seismic line segments compiled from Grantz, and others (2004). Red box outlines graben in which 75 burial history modeling was conducted (see figure 6). Yellow line in inset map denotes location of cross section. LOCATION

Figure 4 Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Chukchi Borderland Province, 2008 5

Ellesmere Island Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the geologic evolution Lomonosov of Chukchi Borderland from the Late Triassic to the Ridge present, assuming counterclockwise rotational origin

axis from the Canadian margin (shown in location map at top

Chukchi A by dashed gray arrow). Red squares show approximate

p p

Borderland r o end points of the “Present” schematic cross section Basin

a below.

o c

Hanna a t

i Sverdrup Trough o

P t

i o m s ti a o t n Arctic Alaska e

r Banks a i ft ft Island e 52 m r a (restored ro r t g a i (prior to ti n on extension)

Wrangel Island

ALASKA Pole of rotation nd Triassic prerift 0 20 00 MLES (North Chukchi Basin) (Canada Basin) 0 20 00 KLMETERS Paleo-Pacific Sverdrup Basin oceanic crust Future sites of rifting Continental Crust

urassicarly Cretaceous extension North Canada Basin Collision Chukchi Basin Chukchi Borderland

arly Cretaceous seafloor spreading North Canada Basin Brooks Range- Chukchi Basin Herald Arch- Chukotka Chukchi Borderland orogenic belt

Present Northwind North Chukchi Northwind Ridge Canada passive margin Basin Chukchi Basin Plateau Canada Basin

Chukchi Borderland

Figure 5 6 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal the Arctic Alaska-Chukotka microplate continued to rotate. Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic ages. A A later episode of extension of postulated Paleogene age, and north-trending trough that displays basin and range topogra- perhaps related to the Hanna Wrench-Fault Zone on the Chuk- phy bisects the Chukchi Borderland AU opening northward chi shelf (Lothamer, 1994), extended the Chukchi Borderland into the deep Canada basin and grading southward into the crust producing the basin-and-range-like Northwind Basin Chukchi continental shelf. Seismic reflection records shows as (fig. 4). much as 3,500 m of inferred Cretaceous and Cenozoic strata in some grabens. Geological Analysis of Assessment Unit Probability.— The likelihood that the Chukchi Borderland AU contains at Petroleum Systems least one undiscovered accumulation >50 million barrels of oil equivalent (MMBOE) is considered to be about 5 percent on There is no direct evidence of an active petroleum system the basis of its postulated tectonic history and limited petro- in the Chukchi Borderland. Source rocks may occur above or leum geologic information. This probability falls below the below the regional Lower Cretaceous unconformity. Triassic 10-percent minimum necessary for a full quantitative assess- and Jurassic mudstones are present in cores taken on North- ment of the AU, and so no assessment of sizes and numbers wind Ridge from a position beneath the regional unconformity of petroleum accumulations was conducted. Petroleum system and similar age strata are known source rocks in the Sverdrup characteristics that led to the low probability estimate are sum- Basin and northern Alaska. But their general character and marized below. areal extent in the Borderland are unknown. Maturity mea- Charge.— Although there is no direct evidence of an surements in pre-Cretaceous rocks from Northwind Ridge active petroleum system in the Chukchi Borderland AU, show a range of values from immature to post-mature with source rocks of Cretaceous and Paleogene age are postulated highest values in Triassic rocks and lower values in Paleozoic to occur throughout the province above the observed regional rocks (Grantz and others, 1998). As these rocks are currently unconformity. Potential source rocks of Jurassic and Trias- outcropping on the seafloor, the observed maturity pattern sic age are known to occur below the unconformity, but their suggests different pre-Cretaceous burial histories for different distribution is unknown. Burial history modeling shows that parts of Northwind Ridge. these source rocks may be buried to depths adequate for early Source rocks above the regional unconformity may maturity (vitrinite reflectance values of 0.5–0.7 percent Ro) include Early Cretaceous (pebble shale unit, Hue Shale only in grabens with >2,300 m of sediment fill. Uncertainty gamma-ray zone, and lower Torok Formation equivalents), about the presence, character, and distribution of potential mid-Cretaceous (Seabee Formation equivalents), and Eocene source rocks resulted in a probability value of 0.3 assigned to (Azolla) intervals (see Houseknecht and Bird, 2006). Burial charge in the AU. history modeling in the deepest graben identified on the Rocks.— Reservoir rocks in the Chukchi Borderland seismic section (fig. 6) shows that these rocks may be buried AU may consist of Paleozoic carbonate rocks and Mesozoic to depths adequate for early maturity (vitrinite reflectance sandstones beneath the regional unconformity but the char- values of 0.5–0.7 percent Ro). Based on this modeling, post- acter, distribution and thickness of these rocks, as well as unconformity sediment thicknesses are deemed insufficient possible seals, are unknown. Above the regional unconformity, to mature any source rocks except within Northwind Basin Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks are likely to be mostly pelagic beneath local grabens and half-grabens. Preservation of oil deposits with the possibility of a transgressive marine sand- generated from Triassic and Jurassic source rocks in pre-Cre- stone directly above the unconformity and perhaps talus and taceous time is considered unlikely given the inferred history rubble associated with graben-bounding faults. The adjacent of Mesozoic rifting, uplift and erosion, and later Cenozoic North Chukchi Basin and Alaska passive margin are inferred extension and burial. to have acted as traps for northward prograding sediments shed from the highlands of the Brooks Range-Herald Arch orogenic belt, thus reducing the potential for Cretaceous and Chukchi Borderland Assessment Unit Cenozoic sandstone reservoirs in the Borderland. Reservoir presence is considered the greatest risk in this AU and was AU Description.—The Chukchi Borderland AU includes assigned a probability value of 0.2. the entire province covering an area of approximately 246,000 Timing and Preservation.— Preservation of oil generated km2 located in water depths ranging from 200 to 3,500 m. from pre-Cretaceous source rocks prior to rifting is considered The AU is flanked east and west by relatively high-standing unlikely. Oil generation by Cretaceous or Paleogene source ridges or plateaus mantled by less than 1000 m of seismically rocks could occur only in the deeper grabens of Northwind reflective strata above acoustic basement. Cores indicate the Basin at the time of maximum burial (Neogene). For this latter mantling strata are Cretaceous and Cenozoic pelagic and air- scenario, timing and preservation were judged to be relatively fall tuff deposits while the acoustic basement includes carbon- favorable resulting in assignment of a probability value of 0.9. ate and clastic sedimentary strata of Cambrian, Ordovician, Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Chukchi Borderland Province, 2008 7

Pseudowell Polar Star Line 0- 170 W

A B LCAT 2. seconds two-way travel time 3,00 meters sediment thickness

C orthwind Basin pseudowell Formation Jurassic Cretaceous Paleocene 0 Quaternary Pliocene

2,000 Miocene

4,000 Oligocene

6,000 Eocene Depth, in feet

8,000 A Early mature (0.5–0.7%) Paleocene VR windows 10,000 Lower Cretaceous basement Source Reservoir Seal Overburden Trap formation Generation, migration, accumulation 150 100 50 0 Age, in millions of years ago

Figure 6. Burial history model of a pseudowell located in the deepest graben identified on seismic line crossing the Northwind Basin (fig. 4). A, Location of pseudowell (black line) shown in an expanded view of seismic profile (see fig. 4). B, Location of pseudowell and composite seismic profile (segmented yellow line; fig. 4) shown on shaded-relief bathymetric map. C, Model shows the onset of petroleum generation at burial depths below 2,300 meters at 30–25 million years ago. A constant Figureheat flow of 55 milliwatts per square meter was used, similar to that calculated for the OCS 1275 (Popcorn) well on the Chukchi Shelf located 500 kilometers to the south (fig. 3). N, Neogene; VR, vitrinite reflectance, in percent (%). 8 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Acknowledgments

This report has been improved by the technical reviews and comments of Naresh Kumar and Larry Phillips.

References Cited

Grantz, A., Clark, D.L., Phillips, R.L., and Srivastava, S.P., 1998, Phanerozoic stratigraphy of Northwind Ridge, magnetic anomalies in the Canada basin, and the geometry and timing of rifting in the Amerasia basin, Arctic Ocean: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, no. 6, p. 801–820. Grantz, A., Hart, P.E., and May, S.D., 2004, Seismic reflection and refraction data acquired in Canada Basin, North- wind Ridge and Northwind Basin, Arctic Ocean in 1988, 1992, and 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004–1243. [Also available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ of/2004/1243/.] Grantz, A., Hart, P.E., and Childers, V.A., 2011, Geology and tectonic development of the Amerasia and Canada basins, Arctic Ocean, in Spencer, A.M., Embry, A.F., Gautier, D.L., Stoupakova, A.V., and Sorensen, K., eds., Arctic petroleum geology: Geological Society of London Memoir 35, p. 771- 799. Houseknecht, D.W., and Bird, K.J., 2006, Oil and gas resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1732-A, 11 p., [Also available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1732a/.] Lawver, L.A., and Scotese, C.R., 1990, A review of tectonic models for the evolution of the Canada basin, in Grantz, A., Johnson, G.L., and Sweeney, J.F., eds., The Arctic Ocean region: Geological Society of America, DNAG, The Geol- ogy of North America, v. L, p. 593–618. Lothamer, R.T., 1994, Early Tertiary wrench faulting in the North Chukchi Basin, Chukchi Sea, Alaska, in Thurston, D.K., and Fujita, K., eds., Proceedings of the first interna- tional conference on Arctic margins (1992): U.S. Miner- als Management Service OCS Study, MMS 94-0040, p. 251–256. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Chukchi Borderland Province, 2008 9

Appendix

Appendixes are available online only, and may be accessed at https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824C

Appendix 1. Input data for the Chukchi Borderland Assessment Unit.

Menlo Park Publishing Service Center, California Manuscript approved for publication April 28, 2017 Edited by Larry J. Slack and Claire Landowski Layout and design by Vivian Nguyen Bird and Houseknecht—Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Chukchi Borderland Province, 2008—Professional Paper 1824 Chapter C ISSN 2330-7102 (online) https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824C