Paleobiology of Archaeohippus (Mammalia; Equidae), a Three-Toed Horse from the Oligocene-Miocene of North America

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Paleobiology of Archaeohippus (Mammalia; Equidae), a Three-Toed Horse from the Oligocene-Miocene of North America PALEOBIOLOGY OF ARCHAEOHIPPUS (MAMMALIA; EQUIDAE), A THREE-TOED HORSE FROM THE OLIGOCENE-MIOCENE OF NORTH AMERICA JAY ALFRED O’SULLIVAN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2002 Copyright 2002 by Jay Alfred O’Sullivan This study is dedicated to my wife, Kym. She provided all of the love, strength, patience, and encouragement I needed to get this started and to see it through to completion. She also provided me with the incentive to make this investment of time and energy in the pursuit of my dream to become a scientist and teacher. That incentive comes with a variety of names - Sylvan, Joanna, Quinn. This effort is dedicated to them also. Additionally, I would like to recognize the people who planted the first seeds of a dream that has come to fruition - my parents, Joseph and Joan. Support (emotional, and financial!) came to my rescue also from my other parents—Dot O’Sullivan, Jim Jaffe and Leslie Sewell, Bill and Lois Grigsby, and Jerry Sewell. To all of these people, this work is dedicated, with love. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Dr. Bruce J. MacFadden for suggesting that I take a look at an interesting little fossil horse, for always having fresh ideas when mine were dry, and for keeping me moving ever forward. I thank also Drs. S. David Webb and Riehard C. Hulbert Jr. for completing the Triple Threat of Florida Museum vertebrate paleontology. In each his own way, these three men are an inspiration for their professionalism and their scholarly devotion to Florida paleontology. They are seeond to none. Dr. Douglas S. Jones emphasized to me the importance of evolutionary questions that influence the evolutionary histories of all taxa. Dr. John F. Eisenberg, with his eye ever on the big pieture, was able to remind me that the study of the evolutionary histories of partieular taxa is informative and fun, and, as did Dr. Brian K. McNab, taught me that ecology is just as influential as phylogeny in shaping those histories, and sometimes more so. (No hardening of the categories in these pages.) Over the years, additional guidance, assistance, and friendship were provided by many people, including Brian Ahem, Dr. L. Barry Albright, Brian Beatty, Jerry Bond, Dr. J. Daniel Bryant, Dr. Thure Ceding, Walter Cressler, Dr. Jason Curtis, Ruth Ann Czerenda, Phil D’Amo, Dr. David Dilcher, Dr. Peter Dodson, Dr. Jim Ehleringer, Dr. Robert Emry, Dr. Robert Evander, Robert Feranec, Marc Frank, Dr. David Froelich, Jeff Gage, Dr. Gina Gould, Diana Hallman, Peter Hallman, Dr. F. Glynn Hayes, Dr. George Hecht, C. Andrew Hemmings, Dr. Pennylynn Higgins, Dr. David Hodell, Casey Holiday, Dr. Robert Hunt, Steve Hutchens, Sue Hutchens, Dr. Pat Hylton, Dr. Carlos ludiea, Kenetha Johnson, Dr. Walter Judd, Dr. Donald Kennedy, IV Dr. John Krigbaum, Greg Labbe, Dr. W. David Lambert, Russ McCarty, Julie Meachan, Matthew C. Mihlbachler, Tangelyn Mitchell, Cyndi Moncrief, Gary Morgan, Irv Quitmeyer, Karen Pallone, Dr. David Philips, Jennifer Piascik, Roger Portell, Arthur Poyer, Dr. Donald R. Prothero, Dr. Jon Rieskind, Dennis Ruez, Dr. Eric Sargis, Dr. Bruce J. Shockey, Erika Simons, Dr. Josh B. Smith, Matt Smith, Dr. John Storer, Dr. Frederick S. Szalay, Dr. Carl Terranova, Dr. Kent Vliet, Laurie Walz, Skye White, Dr. Ron Wolff. I’d like to thank the Biological Sciences Program and Department of Zoology for various forms of support. Essential access to, and loans from, collections were provided by Charles Schaff and Dr. Parish A. Jenkins of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; John Alexander, Dr. Richard Tedford, and Dr. Jin Meng of the American Museum of Natural History, New York; Robert Purdy and Dr. Robert Emry of the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Additional financial support was provided by a Lucy Dickinson Fellowship from the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, a Grinter Fellowship from the Department of Zoology and the Graduate School, UF, an R. Jerry Britt Award from the FLMNH, a Gary Morgan Award from the Florida Paleontological Society, a Mitchell Hope Award from the Southwest Florida Fossil Club, a Theodore Roosevelt Award from the American Museum of Natural History, and travel grants provided by the Department of Zoology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Graduate School, and Graduate Student Council of the University of Florida. V TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv ABSTRACT viii CHAPTERS 1 SMALL HORSE, BIG QUESTIONS I Background 1 Abbreviations and Conventions Used in This Study 8 2 A NEW SPECIES OF ARCHAEOHIPPUS (MAMMALIA; EQUIDAE) FROM THE ARIKAREEAN OF CENTRAL FLORIDA 9 Introduetion 9 Systematie Paleontology 11 Discussion 24 Conclusions 30 3 POPULATION DYNAMICS OF ARCHAEOHIPPUS BLACKBERGI (MAMMALIA; EQUIDAE) FROM THE MIOCENE THOMAS FARM FOSSIL SITE OF FLORIDA 31 Introduction 31 Materials and Methods 33 First Reproduction in Modem Females 37 First Reproduction in Modem Males 39 Results 40 Discussion 44 Estimates of First Reproduction in Fossils 44 Age Dependent Mortality 46 Neonate Mortality Estimates 49 Estimates of Average and Potential Longevity 50 Paleoenvironmental Reconstmction of the Thomas Farm Fossil Site Based on Interpretations of Social Structure 51 Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Thomas Farm Fossil Site Based on Interpretations of Dietary Preferences 52 Conclusions 53 VI 4 STABLE ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF EVOLUTIONARY HETEROCHRONY, BODY SIZE REDUCTION, AND DIETARY SPECIALIZATION IN ARCHAEOHIPPUS BLACKBERGIYROU THE MIOCENE THOMAS FARM FOSSIL SITE 55 Introduction 55 Heterochrony Affects Morphology, Life History, and Behavior 58 Stable Isotopes in Tooth Enamel Arehive Environmental and Behavioral Data... 61 Materials and Methods 63 Results 65 Diseussion 69 Patterns of variation in S'*0 69 Evaluating Dietary Differentiation in yl. blackbergi and P. leonensis 76 Body Size and Resouree Partitioning 76 Patterns of variation in 5*^C 78 Conclusions 82 5 CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF ANCHITHERE HORSES 86 Introduction 86 Notes on Two Important Taxa 93 Materials and Methods 96 Characters Used in this Analysis 98 Taxa Used in this Analysis 102 Results 103 Discussion 1 12 Conclusions 119 6 SUPPOSITIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 121 Dwarfing and the Gulf Coastal Plain 122 Conclusions 127 APPENDIX - COMPARISONS OF KEY TAXA 131 Observations on the Postcranial Skeleton 138 Observations on Some Very Early Florida Equids 140 Observations on Material at the AMNH 143 Comments on Materials at USNM 148 LIST OF REFERENCES 149 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 162 vii . Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy PALEOBIOLOGY OF ARCHAEOHIPPUS (MAMMALIA; EQUIDAE), A THREE-TOED HORSE FROM THE OLIGOCENE-MIOCENE OF NORTH AMERICA By Jay Alfred O’Sullivan May 2002 Chairman: Dr. Bruce J. MacFadden Major Department: Zoology The Oligocene-Miocene three-toed horse Archaeohippus (Mammalia; Equidae) is a brachydont browser that exhibits phyletic body size reduction and parahippine pedal adaptations. This study provides a summary of previous work regarding Archaeohippus, documents a new species of Archaeohippus, includes a life table analysis of Archaeohippus blackbergi from Thomas Farm, presents an analysis of stable isotopes from tooth enamel of three fossil horse taxa, and demonstrates phylogenetic relationships of Archaeohippus in a cladistic analysis. Previous students of middle Cenozoic equids have been polarized in the phylogenetic placement of Archaeohippus Some, emphasizing the importance of the primitive low-crowned teeth, have aligned this genus with the anchitheres sensu stricto such as Anchitherium. Those who focused on the shared derived condition of the manus and pes linked Archaeohippus with Parahippus. A new species from the middle Arikareean is the oldest and smallest known member of the genus. Its cheek teeth have viii relatively advanced characters such as crochets, additional enamel plications, and triangular hypostyles enclosing postfossettes, and its manus has reduced side digits and elongated medial phalanges; these characters link it with primitive parahippines. The life table analysis of the population of Archaeohippus blackbergi from the early Hemingfordian Thomas Farm fossil site displays an age-dependent mortality spike in the young adult cohort that may be due to male combat, and which differs from the mortality profile of sympatric Parahippus leonensis and a population of Miohippus obliquidens, a close outgroup from the Oligocene of Wyoming. Analysis of stable isotopes of carbon from tooth enamel failed to elucidate dietary differentiation of the Thomas Farm equids. Oxygen isotopes revealed reduced ontogeny in A. blackbergi relative to P. leonensis but not M. obliquidens. A cladistic analysis of anchithere grade equids supported the monophyly of the genus Archaeohippus and placed it within the primitive parahippines. This study provides insight into the paleobiology of Archaeohippus, the small browsing ecomorph of the first great equid adaptive radiation. This radiation produced a variety of equid forms in response to intensive global climate change that resulted in the fragmentation of forests and the appearance of extensive savanna ecosystems across North America. IX CHAPTER 1 SMALL HORSE, BIG QUESTIONS Background Although the fossil remains are relatively fragmentary, the late Oligocene and early Miocene of
Recommended publications
  • Three-Toed Browsing Horse Anchitherium (Equidae) from the Miocene of Panama
    J. Paleonl., 83(3), 2009, pp. 489-492 Copyright © 2009, The Paleontological Society 0022-3360/09/0083-489S03.00 THREE-TOED BROWSING HORSE ANCHITHERIUM (EQUIDAE) FROM THE MIOCENE OF PANAMA BRUCE J. MACFADDEN Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611, <[email protected]> INTRODUCTION (CRNHT/APL); L, left; M, upper molar; R upper premolar; R, DURING THE Cenozoic, the New World tropics supported a rich right; TRN, greatest transverse width. biodiversity of mammals. However, because of the dense SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY vegetative ground cover, today relatively little is known about extinct mammals from this region (MacFadden, 2006a). In an Class MAMMALIA Linnaeus, 1758 exception to this generalization, fossil vertebrates have been col- Order PERISSODACTYLA Owen, 1848 lected since the second half of the twentieth century from Neo- Family EQUIDAE Gray, 1821 gene exposures along the Panama Canal. Whitmore and Stewart Genus ANCHITHERIUM Meyer, 1844 (1965) briefly reported on the extinct land mammals collected ANCHITHERIUM CLARENCI Simpson, 1932 from the Miocene Cucaracha Formation that crops out in the Gail- Figures 1, 2, Table 1 lard Cut along the southern reaches of the Canal. MacFadden Referred specimen.—UF 236937, partial palate (maxilla) with (2006b) formally described this assemblage, referred to as the L P1-M3, R P1-P3, and small fragment of anterointernal part of Gaillard Cut Local Fauna (L.E, e.g., Tedford et al., 2004), which P4 (Fig. 1). Collected by Aldo Rincon of the Smithsonian Tropical consists of at least 10 species of carnivores, artiodactyls (also see Research Institute, Republic of Panama, on 15 May 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • The World at the Time of Messel: Conference Volume
    T. Lehmann & S.F.K. Schaal (eds) The World at the Time of Messel - Conference Volume Time at the The World The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 2011 Frankfurt am Main, 15th - 19th November 2011 ISBN 978-3-929907-86-5 Conference Volume SENCKENBERG Gesellschaft für Naturforschung THOMAS LEHMANN & STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL (eds) The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference Frankfurt am Main, 15th – 19th November 2011 Conference Volume Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung IMPRINT The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Conference Volume Publisher PROF. DR. DR. H.C. VOLKER MOSBRUGGER Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Editors DR. THOMAS LEHMANN & DR. STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany [email protected]; [email protected] Language editors JOSEPH E.B. HOGAN & DR. KRISTER T. SMITH Layout JULIANE EBERHARDT & ANIKA VOGEL Cover Illustration EVELINE JUNQUEIRA Print Rhein-Main-Geschäftsdrucke, Hofheim-Wallau, Germany Citation LEHMANN, T. & SCHAAL, S.F.K. (eds) (2011). The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates. 22nd International Senckenberg Conference. 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main. Conference Volume. Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main. pp. 203.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit-V Evolution of Horse
    UNIT-V EVOLUTION OF HORSE Horses (Equus) are odd-toed hooped mammals belong- ing to the order Perissodactyla. Horse evolution is a straight line evolution and is a suitable example for orthogenesis. It started from Eocene period. The entire evolutionary sequence of horse history is recorded in North America. " Place of Origin The place of origin of horse is North America. From here, horses migrated to Europe and Asia. By the end of Pleis- tocene period, horses became extinct in the motherland (N. America). The horses now living in N. America are the de- scendants of migrants from other continents. Time of Origin The horse evolution started some 58 million years ago, m the beginning of Eocene period of Coenozoic era. The modem horse Equus originated in Pleistocene period about 2 million years ago. Evolutionary Trends The fossils of horses that lived in different periods, show that the body parts exhibited progressive changes towards a particular direction. These directional changes are called evo- lutionary trends. The evolutionary trends of horse evolution are summarized below: 1. Increase in size. 2. Increase in the length of limbs. 3. Increase in the length of the neck. 4. Increase in the length of preorbital region (face). 5. Increase in the length and size of III digit. 6. Increase in the size and complexity of brain. 7. Molarization of premolars. Olfactory bulb Hyracotherium Mesohippus Equus Fig.: Evolution of brain in horse. 8. Development of high crowns in premolars and molars. 9. Change of plantigrade gait to unguligrade gait. 10. Formation of diastema. 11. Disappearance of lateral digits.
    [Show full text]
  • Skeleton of the Oligocene (30 Million-Year-Old) Horse, Mesohippus, Is a Featured Exhibit at the New North Dakota Cowboy Hall of Fame in Medora
    Skeleton of the Oligocene (30 million-year-old) horse, Mesohippus, is a featured exhibit at the new North Dakota Cowboy Hall of Fame in Medora By John W. Hoganson Developers of the recently opened North Dakota Cowboy Hall of Fame contacted me about having a fossil exhibit in the new Hall in Medora. Of course, what would be more appropriate than an exhibit interpreting the evolution of the horse? Most people are under the false impression that horses did not inhabit North America until they were introduced by the Spaniards during the early days of conquest. But horses are indigenous to North America. Fossil remains of the earliest horse, referred to as Hyracotherium (or sometimes Eohippus), have been recovered from early Eocene (about 50 million years old) rocks in North America. In fact, they were some of the most abundant mammals that lived during that time. The fossil record of horses in North Dakota extends back to the Oligocene, about 30 million years ago, when the diminutive horse, Mesohippus roamed western North Dakota. Mesohippus was tiny, about the size of a sheep. The adults were only about 20 inches tall at the shoulder. They also had three toes on each foot compared to the modern horse Equus that has one. Mesohippus was also probably more of a browsing herbivore compared to the modern grazing horse. We have found many Mesohippus fossils in North Dakota but no complete skeletons. Consequently, the Mesohippus skeleton on exhibit at the Cowboy Hall of Fame is an exact cast replica. We have also found the remains of 50,000-year-old horses in North Dakota indicating that horses lived here during the last Ice Age.
    [Show full text]
  • Scale-Dependence of Cope's Rule in Body Size Evolution of Paleozoic
    Scale-dependence of Cope’s rule in body size evolution of Paleozoic brachiopods Philip M. Novack-Gottshall* and Michael A. Lanier Department of Geosciences, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA 30118-3100 Edited by Steven M. Stanley, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, and approved January 22, 2008 (received for review October 10, 2007) The average body size of brachiopods from a single habitat type volume) for 369 adult genera [see supporting information (SI) increased gradually by more than two orders of magnitude during Appendix, Tables 1 and 2] from deep-subtidal, soft-substrate their initial Cambrian–Devonian radiation. This increase occurred habitats demonstrates that brachiopod body size increased sub- nearly in parallel across all major brachiopod clades (classes and stantially and gradually during the Early and Mid-Paleozoic (Fig. orders) and is consistent with Cope’s rule: the tendency for size to 1), from a Cambrian mean of 0.04 ml (Ϫ1.40 log10 ml Ϯ 0.27 SE, increase over geological time. The increase is not observed within n ϭ 18 genera) to a Devonian mean of 1.55 ml (0.19 log10 ml Ϯ small, constituent clades (represented here by families), which 0.06, n ϭ 150). The magnitude of size increase between periods underwent random, unbiased size changes. This scale-dependence is statistically significant. We evaluated within-phylum dynamics is caused by the preferential origination of new families possessing by using maximum-likelihood comparisons among three evolu- initially larger body sizes. However, this increased family body size tionary models: directional (driven, biased, general random does not confer advantages in terms of greater geological duration walk) change (DRW), unbiased (passive) random walk (URW), or genus richness over families possessing smaller body sizes.
    [Show full text]
  • Agate Fossil Beds
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers National Park Service 1980 Agate Fossil Beds Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark "Agate Fossil Beds" (1980). U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers. 160. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark/160 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the National Park Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Agate Fossil Beds cap. tfs*Af Clemson Universit A *?* jfcti *JpRPP* - - - . Agate Fossil Beds Agate Fossil Beds National Monument Nebraska Produced by the Division of Publications National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. 1980 — — The National Park Handbook Series National Park Handbooks, compact introductions to the great natural and historic places adminis- tered by the National Park Service, are designed to promote understanding and enjoyment of the parks. Each is intended to be informative reading and a useful guide before, during, and after a park visit. More than 100 titles are in print. This is Handbook 107. You may purchase the handbooks through the mail by writing to Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC 20402. About This Book What was life like in North America 21 million years ago? Agate Fossil Beds provides a glimpse of that time, long before the arrival of man, when now-extinct creatures roamed the land which we know today as Nebraska.
    [Show full text]
  • Anchitherium Aurelianense) in the Miocene of Eastern Siberia, Russia
    Russian J. Theriol. 14(2): 133–143 © RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY, 2015 New record of anchithere (Anchitherium aurelianense) in the Miocene of Eastern Siberia, Russia Alexey M. Klementiev*, Alexander V. Sizov ABSTRACT. New material on anchithere is described from Miocene of Eastern Siberia (Tagay locality, Olkhon Island, Lake Baikal). Based on the structure of teeth and postcranial bones, the Baikalian record is referred to the widespread Eurasian species Anchitherium aurelianense. This form shows low crowned lophodont type teeth without cement. Metaloph is mostly connected with ectoloph, protoloph does not connect with ectoloph; secondary structures of the anterior wall of metaloph (crochet) are not developed or incipient. The Early Miocene age of the Siberian anchithere is inferred from the archaic skeletal morphol- ogy and comparison with European and Asian records. KEY WORDS: Anchitherium, Miocene, Lake Baikal, Olkhon Island, Eastern Siberia. Alexey M. Klementiev [[email protected]], Alexander V. Sizov [[email protected]] Institute of the Earth Crust of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Lermontova str., 128, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia Новая находка анхитерия (Anchitherium aurelianense) в миоцене Восточной Сибири, Россия А.М. Клементьев, А.В. Сизов РЕЗЮМЕ. В работе приводится описание находки анхитерия из Сибири (Тагайское местонахожде- ние, оз. Байкал, о. Ольхон). На основании подробной характеристики зубов и костей конечностей сибирский анхитерий отнесен к широко распространенной евроазиатской форме Anchitherium aurelianense. Для этой формы характерны брахиодонтные зубы лофодонтного типа, без цемента, металоф примыкает к эктолофу (иногда отделен), протолоф отделен от эктолофа, вторичные струк- туры (кроше) на передней стороне металофа не развиты или в начальной стадии формирования. На основании архаичных признаков морфологии скелета и сравнения с европейскими и азиатскими формами делается вывод о раннемиоценовом возрасте найденных остатков.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Fossil Horse Newsletter
    Florida Fossil horse Newsletter Volume 10, Number 1, 1st Half 2001 What's Inside? Fossil Horses On the Road: Archaeohippus and Parahippus Check Out the Bluegrass State Meet Our Artists Volunteers Help the Museum While Enhancing Their Own Education Thunderbeasts, Sexual Selection and Extinction Skeleton "Under Construction" Homeschooling Groups Request More Family Days at Thomas Farm Book Review - The Fossil Vertebrates of Florida Introducing A New Logo For Pony Express's 10th Anniversary Fossil Horses On the Road: Archaeohippus and Parahippus Check Out the Bluegrass State Lexington, Kentucky welcomed Miocene horses at a special event at the Lexington Children's Museum, March 3, 2001. Loaned by the Florida Museum of Natural History, many fossils of the two small prehistoric horses from Thomas Farm are being displayed at the Children's Museum through March and April. Touchable casts of the skulls and feet are also charming the kids, who think the "little horses" are just awesome. At the all-day fossil event, a large display was set up with a case for some of the more fragile horse Seth Woodring, 3, of Winchester, made himself a plaster "fossil" with some help from his mother, fossils. Three Beth, and 5-year-old sister, Rayne. David Stephenson photo (reprinted with permission from tables held fossil Herald Leader) bones and casts, with modern horse bones for comparison. Experts Dr. Teri Lear and Dr. Lenn Harrison, with the Department of Veterinary Science at the University of Kentucky, presented Archaeohippus and Parahippus to the public. Teri has participated in several digs at Thomas Farm, and talked with visitors about the Miocene digs and fossils.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle Miocene Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Central Great Plains from Stable Carbon Isotopes in Large Mammals Willow H
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Sciences 7-2017 Middle Miocene Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Central Great Plains from Stable Carbon Isotopes in Large Mammals Willow H. Nguy University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss Part of the Geology Commons, Paleobiology Commons, and the Paleontology Commons Nguy, Willow H., "Middle Miocene Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Central Great Plains from Stable Carbon Isotopes in Large Mammals" (2017). Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 91. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss/91 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. MIDDLE MIOCENE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS FROM STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES IN LARGE MAMMALS by Willow H. Nguy A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Under the Supervision of Professor Ross Secord Lincoln, Nebraska July, 2017 MIDDLE MIOCENE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS FROM STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES IN LARGE MAMMALS Willow H. Nguy, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2017 Advisor: Ross Secord Middle Miocene (18-12 Mya) mammalian faunas of the North American Great Plains contained a much higher diversity of apparent browsers than any modern biome.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dinosaurs of North America
    FEOM THE SIXTEENTH ANNUAL KEPOKT OF THE U. S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY THE DINOSAURS OF NORTH AMERICA OTHNIEL CHARLES MARSH TALE UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON 1896 ^33/^, I/BRAKt 4 ,\ . THE DINOSAURS OF NORTH AMERICA. BY OTHNIEL CHARLES MARSH. 133 CONTENTS. Pajje. Introduction 143 Part I. —Triassic dinosaurs 146 Theropoda 146 Anchisaurida? 147 Anchisaurus 147 The skull 148 The fore limbs 149 The hind limbs 149 Anchisaurus solus 149 Amniosaurus rTT 150 Eestoration of Anchisaurus 150 Dinosaurian footprints 151 Distribution of Triassic dinosaurs 152 Part II. —Jurassic dinosaurs 152 Theropoda : 153 Hallopus 153 Fore and hind limbs 154 Coelurus _ 155 The vertebra:- 155 The hind limbs 156 Ceratosaurus 156 The skull 157 The brain 159 The lower iaws 159 The vertebra: 159 The scapular arch 160 The pelvic arch 160 The metatarsals 162 Eestoration of Ceratosaurus 163 Allosaurus 163 European Theropoda 163 Sauropoda 164 Atlantosaurus beds 164 Families of Sauropoda 165 Atlantosauridie 166 Atlantosaurus 166 Apatosaurus 166 The sacral cavity 166 The vertebra- 167 Brontosaurus 168 The scapular arch 168 The cervical vertebra.- 169 The dorsal vertebree 169 The sacrum 170 The caudal vertebra- 171 The pelric arch 172 The fore limbs 173 The hind limbs 173 135 136 CONTENTS. Part II. —Jurassic dinosaurs—Continued. Page. Sauropoda—Continued. Atlantosaurida? —Continued. Restoration of Brontosaurus 173 Barnsaurus 174 Diplodoeida? 175 Diplodocus 175 The skull 175 The brain 178 The lower jaws 178 The teeth 179 The vertebra; 180 The sternal bones 180 The pelvic girdle 180 Size and habits 180 Morosaurida? 181 Morosaurus 181 The skull 181 The vertebra? 181 The fore limbs 182 The pelvis 182 The hind limbs 183 Pleuroccelida? : 183 Pleurocoelus 183 The skull 183 The vertebras 183 Distribution of the Sauropoda 185 Comparison with European forms 185 Predentata ».
    [Show full text]
  • SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Tables, Figures and References
    Samuels, Regnault & Hutchinson, PeerJ Evolution of the patellar sesamoid bone in mammals SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Tables, Figures and References Supplementary Table S1: Mammaliaform patellar status$ Inclusive clades Genus and Stratigraphic age of Patellar Comments# (partial) species (and taxon, and location(s) state reference(s) used for 0/1/2 patellar status) (absent/ ‘patelloid’/ present) Sinoconodonta Sinoconodon Jurassic, China 0 Patellar groove absent, suggests no rigneyi (Kielan- patella Jaworowska et al., 2004) Sinoconodon is included on our phylogeny within tritylodontids. Morganucodonta Megazostrodon Late Triassic, southern 0 rudnerae (Jenkins Africa & Parrington, 1976) Morganucodonta Eozostrodon sp. Late Triassic, Wales 0 Asymmetric patellar groove, (Jenkins et al., specimens disarticulated so it is hard 1976) to assess the patella but appears absent Docodonta Castorocauda 164 Mya, mid-Jurassic, 0 Semi-aquatic adaptations lutrasimilis (Ji et China al., 2006) Docodonta Agilodocodon 164 Mya, mid-Jurassic, 0 scansorius (Meng China et al., 2015) Docodonta Docofossor 160 Mya, China 0 brachydactylus (Luo et al., 2015b) Docodonta Haldanodon 150-155 Mya, Late 0 Shallow patellar groove exspectatus Jurassic, Portugal (Martin, 2005b) Australosphenida Asfaltomylos Mid-Jurassic, South ? Postcranial material absent patagonicus America (Martin, 2005a) Australosphenida Ornithorhynchus Extant 2 Platypus, genome sequenced Monotremata anatinus (Warren, Hillier, Marshall Graves et (Herzmark, 1938; al., 2008) Rowe, 1988) Australosphenida Tachyglossus
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Exposures
    Searching for the Pliocene: Southern Exposures Robert E. Reynolds, editor California State University Desert Studies Center The 2012 Desert Research Symposium April 2012 Table of contents Searching for the Pliocene: Field trip guide to the southern exposures Field trip day 1 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 Robert E. Reynolds, editor Field trip day 2 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 George T. Jefferson, David Lynch, L. K. Murray, and R. E. Reynolds Basin thickness variations at the junction of the Eastern California Shear Zone and the San Bernardino Mountains, California: how thick could the Pliocene section be? ��������������������������������������������������������������� 31 Victoria Langenheim, Tammy L. Surko, Phillip A. Armstrong, Jonathan C. Matti The morphology and anatomy of a Miocene long-runout landslide, Old Dad Mountain, California: implications for rock avalanche mechanics �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38 Kim M. Bishop The discovery of the California Blue Mine ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44 Rick Kennedy Geomorphic evolution of the Morongo Valley, California ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45 Frank Jordan, Jr. New records
    [Show full text]