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En Katastrof… en katastrof…. Bok nr 1 Bertil Thörn * INDIANKLUBBEN Militärens version Bok nr 1 * Militärens version Bok nr 1 BBIGIG HHOOLEE BBAATTTLTELFEIEFLIEDL D HELIG MEN HEMSÖKT MARK FÖR HELIG MEN HEMSÖKT PLATS FÖR NEZ PERCEEFOLKET NEZ PERCEINDIANERNA HÄR DOG ETT HUNDRATAL INDIANER 1877 MÅNGA VAR KVINNOR OCH BARN KVARLEVORNA AV DE FLESTA FINNS ÄNNU KVAR HÄR 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMEVav1Mixw för att se en 20 minuter film om Nez Percefolkets flykt klicka ovan Indianklubben, Helsingborg 2015 [email protected] 3 bok nr 1, militärens version ...en katastrof... Bertil Thörn En E-bok från INDIANKLUBBEN Helsingborg 2015 4 Överste / Brevet Major General John Oliver Gibbon (apr 20 1827 - febr 6 1896) Överste 7:th Infantry Regiment (tillhör Library of Congress) Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekht Thunder Traveling to Loftier Heights (Young Chief Joseph) (1840 - 1904) Wellamotkin Band of the Nez Perce Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekht (tillhör ”First People”) Thunder Traveling to Loftier Heights (Young Chief Joseph) (1840 - 1904) Wellamotkin Band of the Nez Perce (tillhör ”First People”) (www,firstpeople.us) En E-bok från INDIANKLUBBEN Helsingborg 2010 5 FÖRORD De sahaptian-talande nez perceindianerna, i västra Idaho, hade alltsedan de första gången såg vita människor, i form av upp- täckarna Lewis och Clark, varit vänligt inställda till de vita. Så länge landet var sparsamt befolkat av vita nybyggare gick allting bra. Det var huvudsakligen religiösa missionärer och tidiga päls- handlare som fann området intressant. Men så upptäcktes guld… Genast strömmade allehanda lycksökare till och politiker insåg snart att här kunde en samhällsbyggnad komma till stånd. Lik- som på alla andra platser, där indianernas kultur och livsfilosofi ställdes mot de vitas marknads– och produktionsinriktade livs- form, uppstod konflikter. Konflikter som de vita, med sin över- lägsna organisationsförmåga och sina tekniska kunskaper, snart drev till sin spets och skoningslöst tvingade sina egna lösningar på de splittrade indianerna. Indianerna tvingades efter hand att ge upp sitt land, sin religion och sin livsstil. De vita drev sina krav allt längre och längre. Och det skedde många gånger med rent ohederliga medel. Med lögn- er, med svek och till slut även med våld. Den i grunden mycket fredliga nez percestammen splittrades i olika fraktioner, när de vita spelade ut olika bandledare mot var- andra och det hela utmynnade till slut i att ett halvdussin band, som levde i de sydligare delarna av deras traditionella land, kom att drivas till militärt motstånd. Följden blev den mycket omtala- de, heroiska kamp som dessa indianer, under ledare som Looking Glass, White Bird, Chief Joseph med flera, tvingades till och som mynnade ut i den episka men samtidigt tragiska flykten 1877, undan en mängd olika militära enheter. En flykt bort från sitt eget land och mot en osäker framtid någon annanstans. En flykt som så småningom tog de omkring 700 flyktingarna på en 275 mil lång reträtt först mot öster och sedan mot norr. En reträtt under vilken nästan hälften av dem dukade under och som sluta- de först knappa 6 mil från den räddande kanadensiska gränsen, i norra Montana. En reträtt under vilken de omkring 250 krigarna utkämpade ett flertal strider med förföljande militära styrkor. En av de våldsammaste och för indianerna mest kostsamma, kom att utspelas i en bergsdal i sydvästra Montana. En dal som kal- lats Big Hole, efter den lilla flod som flyter fram där. Det är den striden den här boken handlar om. Så här beskrevs striden av de vita. Tanken är att i ytterligare en bok ge indianernas egen syn. 6 FÖRTYDLIGANDE Den text ni nu kommer att läsa är skriven i novellform. Ändå är den att betrakta som en historisk dokumentär. Alla händelser, alla perso- ner, alla platser som beskrivs här är autentiska och verkliga. Perso- nerna har funnits, händelserna har inträffat och de är historiskt rik- tiga så långt det går att bevisa. En stor mängd dokument har analy- serats och slutsatser har dragits utifrån sannolikhet och rimlighet. I många fall är det uppgifter som kommer från personer som var där och som själva upplevde händelserna. Och det är dokument som har nedtecknats av dessa människor själva. Därmed inte sagt att de be- höver vara helt korrekta. Vi vet mycket väl att olika människor upp- fattar saker och händelser olika. Bristande förståelse för vad som händer, förutfattade meningar om personer, saker som man de facto inte själv har upplevt, men som man ändå beskriver utifrån vad andra har sagt för att ens egen historia ska bli komplett. Berättelser i syfte att framhäva sig själv, eller att förminska eller förlöjliga andras göranden och låtanden. Allt är sådant som dyker upp i det som kallas "självupplevda händelser". Därför har en viss restriktion tillämpats med användandet av sådant material. Jämförelser har gjorts med andra källor för att bedöma rimligheten i dessa utsagor. Ändå går det inte att hundraprocentigt säga att allt som berättas här till punkt och pricka är historiskt korrekta fakta. Men försök har gjorts att var så saklig som möjligt och där minsta lilla tveksamhet har förelegat har jag hellre valt att inte föra fram sådana texter, på- ståenden eller uttalanden. Vad en novellist däremot måste tillåta sig, för att få en historia så fängslande och trovärdig som möjligt och för att ge den liv, är att också berätta händelser genom att lägga ord i munnen på de delta- gande personerna. Äkta historiker brukar rynka på näsan åt sådana texter och självklart ska vi uppfatta alla sådana beskrivningar av ut- förda samtal enbart som ett sätt att få historien mera levande. De utgör inga historiska fakta! Jag har dock trots allt försökt att använda allt tänkbart material, där det finns någon form av dokumentation av vad som har sagts eller skrivits av de enskilda personerna. Det kan vara nedteckningar gjor- da av personer som funnits på plats och själva hört. Eller det kan vara skrivna meddelanden eller andra dokument. Till exempel militä- ra rapporter. Allt för att få det så autentiskt som det någonsin är möjligt att få det. 7 CITAT Förord……………………………………. Regimental Orders No. 27 Headquarters 5 Seventh Infantry, Battlefield of the Big Hole, Montana Citat……………………………………….Territory August 11, 1877 6 Innehållsförteckning…………………….The regimental commander congratulates the regiment upon the result of the conflict here with hostile Nez Perces on the 9th and 10th inst. 7 While mourning for the dead, Capt. William Logan and First Lieut. James IllustrationerH. Bradley and the twenty ……………………………...-one enlisted men, who fell gallantly doing 8so l- dier’s duty, we can not but congratulate ourselves that after a stern chaseDel of over A 250 miles, during which we twice crossed the rugged divide of the Rocky Mountains, we inflicted upon a more numerous enemy a Kapitelheavier loss 1………………………………….. than our own, and held our ground until it gave up the field.9 In respect to the memory of the gallant dead, the officers of the regiment will wear the usualTruppsammandragning badge of mourning for thirty days. 20 juli - 3 augusti John Gibbon Kapitel 2…………………………………...Colonel, Seventh Infantry, Commanding 30 Jakten 4 augusti - 8 augusti Kapitel 3…………………………………... 50 Striden 9 augusti - 11 augusti From an interview published in North American Review… I know that my race must change. We cannot hold our own with the whiteDel man B as we are. We only ask an even chance to live as other men Faktalive. We askoch to bereferenser……………………… recognized as men. We ask that the same law shall 75 work alike on all men… Let me be a free man – free to travel, free to stop, free to work, free to trade, where I choose, free to choose my own teachers, free to follow the religionDel of C my fathers, free to think and talk and act for myself – and I will obey every law, or submit to the penalty. Bibliografi…………………………………. 150 Index……………………………………….Chief Joseph, January 1879 154 8 innehållsförteckning Förord……………………………………. 6 Citat………………………………………. 8 Innehållsförteckning……………………. 9 Illustrationer ……………………………... 10 Del A Kapitel 1………………………………….. 11 Truppsammandragning 20 juli - 3 augusti Kapitel 2…………………………………... 39 Jakten 4 augusti - 8 augusti Kapitel 3…………………………………... 74 Striden 9 augusti Kapitel 4…………………………………... 99 Belägringen 9 augusti - 10 augusti Kapitel 5…………………………………... 121 Upplösningen och räddningen 10 augusti - 13 augusti Del B Bibliografi…………………………………. 137 Del C Fakta och referenser……………………… 146 9 illustrationer Överste John O. Gibbon 5 Chief Joseph 5 Karta över nez perceernas hela flyktväg 16 Sex olika arméchefer 22 Montanas guvernör Benjamin Potts 30 Hans stabschef James Mills 30 Kapten Rawns män bygger barikader vid Lolo Trail 32 Chief Charlo (Flathead) 37 Indianagent Peter Ronan 37 Sex kaptener i striden vid Big Hole 41 Tio löjtnanter i striden vid Big Hole 42 Flatheadläger vid St. Mary´s Mission 45 Father Antonio Ravalli 45 St. Mary´s Mission vid Stevensville 45 Father Pierre-Jean DeSmet 45 Resterna av gamla Fort Owen 46 Kapten John L. Humble 47 Spökstaden Bannack som den ser ut idag 48 Kapten John B. Catlin 51 Sergeant Milden Wilson 59 Grässlänten där indianernas hästhjord betade 75 Korpral Charles Loynes 77 Millard Sherrill 80 Löjtnant James H. Bradley 83 Sergeant Frederick Stortz 88 Kapten Logan blir skjuten (målning) 90 Skärmytslinje 95 1873 års "Rice Trowel Bayonet" 99 Motiv från avfyringen av kanonen (målning) 103 Myron Lockwood 106 Motiv från belägringen (teckning) 107 Tom Sherrill demonstrerar var han låg under belägringen 110 Hugh Kirkendalls åsnedragna vagntåg 126 Orlando "Chief Rube" Robbins 130 Chief Joseph och John Gibbon 1889 183 10 Kapitel 1: Truppsammandragning 20 juli - 3 augusti Fredag 20 juli till fredag 27 juli verste John Gibbon1 kände sig tämligen väl tillfreds med sin dag, Ö där han i sällskap med en liten grupp officerare och soldater från Fort Shaw2 nu var på väg hem från ett par dagars fisketur längs Missouriflodens tillflöden, ett par tre mil från militärposten.
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