Identification of Stem Rust Resistance in Three Synthetic Wheat Populations
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Genome Sequence of the Progenitor of the Wheat D Genome Aegilops Tauschii Ming-Cheng Luo1*, Yong Q
OPEN LETTER doi:10.1038/nature24486 Genome sequence of the progenitor of the wheat D genome Aegilops tauschii Ming-Cheng Luo1*, Yong Q. Gu2*, Daniela Puiu3*, Hao Wang4,5,6*, Sven O. Twardziok7*, Karin R. Deal1, Naxin Huo1,2, Tingting Zhu1, Le Wang1, Yi Wang1,2, Patrick E. McGuire1, Shuyang Liu1, Hai Long1, Ramesh K. Ramasamy1, Juan C. Rodriguez1, Sonny L. Van1, Luxia Yuan1, Zhenzhong Wang1,8, Zhiqiang Xia1, Lichan Xiao1, Olin D. Anderson2, Shuhong Ouyang2,8, Yong Liang2,8, Aleksey V. Zimin3, Geo Pertea3, Peng Qi4,5, Jeffrey L. Bennetzen6, Xiongtao Dai9, Matthew W. Dawson9, Hans-Georg Müller9, Karl Kugler7, Lorena Rivarola-Duarte7, Manuel Spannagl7, Klaus F. X. Mayer7,10, Fu-Hao Lu11, Michael W. Bevan11, Philippe Leroy12, Pingchuan Li13, Frank M. You13, Qixin Sun8, Zhiyong Liu8, Eric Lyons14, Thomas Wicker15, Steven L. Salzberg3,16, Katrien M. Devos4,5 & Jan Dvořák1 Aegilops tauschii is the diploid progenitor of the D genome of We conclude therefore that the size of the Ae. tauschii genome is about hexaploid wheat1 (Triticum aestivum, genomes AABBDD) and 4.3 Gb. an important genetic resource for wheat2–4. The large size and To assess the accuracy of our assembly, sequences of 195 inde- highly repetitive nature of the Ae. tauschii genome has until now pendently sequenced and assembled AL8/78 BAC clones8, which precluded the development of a reference-quality genome sequence5. contained 25,540,177 bp in 2,405 unordered contigs, were aligned to Here we use an array of advanced technologies, including ordered- Aet v3.0. Five contigs failed to align and six extended partly into gaps, clone genome sequencing, whole-genome shotgun sequencing, accounting for 0.25% of the total length of the contigs. -
Stem Rust on Wheat and Barley
Identification and Management of Stem Rust on Wheat and Barley Stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe rust comprise a production. The first of these races, known as ‘Ug99’, complex of diseases that reduces wheat and barley was originally detected in Uganda, Kenya, and grain production. These rust diseases occur in nearly Ethiopia. Since this initial detection, additional races all areas of the United States and Canada. The of the fungus have been reported and are further importance of any member of the complex at a given complicating efforts to contain the problem. location is determined by specific interactions with If these new races spread to North America, current wheat varieties, they may threaten wheat crop growth stage, and and barley production. weather conditions. Why does the genetic In preparation for the Stem rust has been resistance appear to fail? possible introduction of present in North America Currently genetic resistance is an effective these new races of stem for hundreds of years. means of managing the rust diseases of rust, a number of critical A series of particularly wheat and barley. Because the populations questions arise regarding severe outbreaks occurred the most effective ways during the early 1930s and of the fungi that cause rust diseases can to identify, monitor, and 1950s. These outbreaks change and adapt to the resistance genes of manage the disease. This caused serious yield loss in current varieties, the durability of this genetic publication answers these many parts of the United resistance has been problematic. These critical questions with the States and Canada with changes occur when naturally occurring best available information the greatest losses in the genetic changes allow members of the about the emerging threat. -
EC1802 Reduce Black Stem Rust of Wheat, Oats, Barley, Rye J
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Historical Materials from University of Nebraska- Extension Lincoln Extension 5-1943 EC1802 Reduce Black Stem Rust of Wheat, Oats, Barley, Rye J. E. Livingston Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist Livingston, J. E., "EC1802 Reduce Black Stem Rust of Wheat, Oats, Barley, Rye" (1943). Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. 2732. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist/2732 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Extension at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Reduce Black Stem Rust .;:t; of Wheat, Oats, Barley, Rye 180~ J E. Livingston ~ ) J Extension Plant Pathologist The University of Nebraska Agricultural College Extension Service and United States Department of Agriculture Cooperating W. H. Brokaw, Director, Lincoln, Nebraska Distributed in furtherance of Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914 (5-43-20M) Acknowledgement is made to the Conference for the Pre vention of Grain Rust, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for assistance in preparation of illustrative material, and to the Division of Plant Disease Control, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quar antine, Washington, D . C., for assistance in preparation of this circular. Two Important Sources of Stem Rust From Barberry rust organism is spread from the old straw, stubble 2. Blown in From Other Areas 1. and grasses of the past year to the green, growing In the spring, tiny stem rust spores become detached grain of the next year. -
Phytosiderophore Release in Aegilops Tauschii and Triticum Species Under Zinc and Iron Deficiencies
Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 52, No. 358, pp. 1093±1099, May 2001 Phytosiderophore release in Aegilops tauschii and Triticum species under zinc and iron deficiencies I. Tolay1, B. Erenoglu1,2,V.RoÈ mheld2, H.J. Braun3 and I. Cakmak4,5 1 Cukurova University, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 01330 Adana, Turkey 2 UniversitaÈ t Hohenheim, Institut fuÈ r PflanzenernaÈ hrung %330), 70593 Stuttgart, Germany 3 CIMMYT, POB 39, Emek 06511, Ankara, Turkey 4 Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 81474 Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey Received 2 August 2000; Accepted 27 November 2000 Abstract of PS release was around 14 mmol *30 plants)À1 *3 h)À1. Diploid wheats and Ae. tauschii accessions Using three diploid *Triticum monococcum, AA), behaved similarly in their capacity to release PS three tetraploid *Triticum turgidum, BBAA), two hexa- and intermediate between tetraploid and hexa- ploid *Triticum aestivum and Triticum compactum, ploid wheats regarding the PS release capacity. All BBAADD) wheats and two Aegilops tauschii *DD) Triticum and Aegilops species released more PS genotypes, experiments were carried out under under Fe than Zn deficiency, particularly when the controlled environmental conditions in nutrient solu- rate of PS release was expressed per unit dry weight tion *i) to study the relationships between the rates of roots. On average, the rates of PS release under Fe of phytosiderophore *PS) release from the roots and deficiency were 3.0, 5.7, 8.4, and 16 mmol *30 plants)À1 the tolerance of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid *3 h)À1 for Ae. tauschii, diploid, tetraploid and wheats and Ae. -
Ug99 Factsheet Updated: May 2010 • Ug99 Is a Single Race of the Fungal Disease Wheat Stem Rust (Puccinia Graminis F
UG99 FACTSHEET Updated: May 2010 • Ug99 is a single race of the fungal disease wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici). • First identified from samples collected in Uganda in 1999, hence the popu- lar name Ug99. Scientifically, using North American nomenclature, the race is termed TTKSK. • Wheat stem rust is historically the most feared and devasting disease af- fecting wheat. Under suitable conditions, yield losses of 70% or more are possible. • Stem rust is highly mobile, spreading over large distances by wind or via accidental human transmission (infected clothing or plant material). • For over 30 years, wheat stem rust has largely been under control prima- rily due to the widespread use of wheat cultivars carrying resistance to the disease. • Ug99 is a special cause for concern because it has overcome the resistance in most wheat cultivars. An estimated 80-90% of all global wheat cultivars growing in farmer’s fields are now susceptible to Ug99 or variants. • Ug99 is the only known race of wheat stem rust that has virulence for an extremely important resistance gene - Sr31. In addition, Ug99 has virulence against most of the resistance genes of wheat origin and other resistance genes from related species. • Six additional races have now been identified in the Ug99 lineage. These all have an identical DNA fingerprint to Ug99, but they show different viru- lence patterns. • Additional key resistance genes have been defeated by these variants, nota- bly; Sr24 (races TTKST and PTKST) and Sr36 (race TTTSK). • Ug99 (race TTKSK) has spread throughout East Africa. In 2006 it was con- firmed in Sudan and Yemen, and in 2007 Ug99 was confirmed in Iran. -
The Emergence of Ug99 Races of the Stem Rust Fungus Is a Threat to World Wheat Production
PY49CH22-Singh ARI 4 July 2011 16:27 The Emergence of Ug99 Races of the Stem Rust Fungus is a Threat to World Wheat Production Ravi P. Singh,1 David P. Hodson,2 Julio Huerta-Espino,3 Yue Jin,4 Sridhar Bhavani,5 Peter Njau,6 Sybil Herrera-Foessel,1 Pawan K. Singh,1 Sukhwinder Singh,1 and Velu Govindan1 1International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 06600, Mexico, DF, Mexico; email: [email protected] 2FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Rome, Italy 3INIFAP-CEVAMEX, 56230, Chapingo, Mexico 4USDA-ARS, Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 5CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya 6Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Njoro Plant Breeding Research Center (KARI-NPBRC), P.O. Njoro, Kenya Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2011. 49:465–81 Keywords The Annual Review of Phytopathology is online at Triticum aestivum, Puccinia graminis, resistance, epidemiology phyto.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: Abstract 10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095423 Race Ug99 of the fungus Puccinia graminis tritici that causes stem or Copyright c 2011 by Annual Reviews. black rust disease on wheat was first detected in Uganda in 1998. Seven All rights reserved races belonging to the Ug99 lineage are now known and have spread 0066-4286/11/0908/0465$20.00 to various wheat-growing countries in the eastern African highlands, as well as Zimbabwe, South Africa, Sudan, Yemen, and Iran. Because of the susceptibility of 90% of the wheat varieties grown worldwide, the Ug99 Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2011.49:465-481. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org group of races was recognized as a major threat to wheat production by University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Wilson Library on 08/15/11. -
Evaluation of Resistance to Wheat Stem Rust and Identification of Resistance Genes in Wheat Lines from Heilongjiang Province
Evaluation of resistance to wheat stem rust and identification of resistance genes in wheat lines from Heilongjiang province Qiujun Lin*, Yue Gao*, Xianxin Wu, Xinyu Ni, Rongzhen Chen, Yuanhu Xuan and Tianya Li College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China * These authors contributed equally to this work. ABSTRACT Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici,(Pgt) is a devastating disease in wheat production. The disease has been effectively controlled since the 1970s due to the widespread use of the Sr31 resistance gene. However, Sr31 has lost its effectiveness following the emergence and spread of the Ug99 race variants. Therefore, there is an urgent global effort to identify new germplasm resources effective against those races. In this study, the resistance to Pgt of 95 wheat advance lines from Heilongjiang Province was evaluated using three predominant races of Pgt, 21C3CTTTM, 34C0MKGSM, and 34C3MTGQM, in China at the seedling and adult plant stage. The presence of 6 Sr genes (Sr2, Sr24, Sr25, Sr26, Sr31, and Sr38) was evaluated using linked molecular markers. The results showed that 86 (90.5%) wheat lines had plant stage resistance to all three races. Molecular marker analysis showed that 24 wheat lines likely carried Sr38, 15 wheat lines likely carried Sr2, 11 wheat lines likely carried Sr31, while none of the wheat lines carried Sr24, Sr25, or Sr26. Furthermore, six out of the 95 wheat lines tested carried both Sr2 and Sr38, three contained both Sr31 and Sr38, and two wheat lines contained both Sr2 and Sr31. Wheat lines with known Sr genes may be used as donor parents for further breeding programs to provide resistance to stem rust. -
Stem Rust on Wheat and Barley
Identification and Management of Stem Rust on Wheat and Barley Stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe rust comprise a production. The first of these races, known as ‘Ug99’, complex of diseases that reduces wheat and barley was originally detected in Uganda, Kenya, and grain production. These rust diseases occur in nearly Ethiopia. Since this initial detection, additional races all areas of the United States and Canada. The of the fungus have been reported and are further importance of any member of the complex at a given complicating efforts to contain the problem. location is determined by specific interactions with If these new races spread to North America, current wheat varieties, they may threaten wheat crop growth stage, and and barley production. weather conditions. Why does the genetic In preparation for the Stem rust has been resistance appear to fail? possible introduction of present in North America Currently genetic resistance is an effective these new races of stem for hundreds of years. means of managing the rust diseases of rust, a number of critical A series of particularly wheat and barley. Because the populations questions arise regarding severe outbreaks occurred the most effective ways during the early 1930s and of the fungi that cause rust diseases can to identify, monitor, and 1950s. These outbreaks change and adapt to the resistance genes of manage the disease. This caused serious yield loss in current varieties, the durability of this genetic publication answers these many parts of the United resistance has been problematic. These critical questions with the States and Canada with changes occur when naturally occurring best available information the greatest losses in the genetic changes allow members of the about the emerging threat. -
Aegilops Tauschii Draft Genome Sequence Reveals a Gene Repertoire for Wheat Adaptation
LETTER OPEN doi:10.1038/nature12028 Aegilops tauschii draft genome sequence reveals a gene repertoire for wheat adaptation Jizeng Jia1*, Shancen Zhao2,3*, Xiuying Kong1*, Yingrui Li2*, Guangyao Zhao1*, Weiming He2*, Rudi Appels4*, Matthias Pfeifer5, Yong Tao2, Xueyong Zhang1, Ruilian Jing1, Chi Zhang2, Youzhi Ma1, Lifeng Gao1, Chuan Gao2, Manuel Spannagl5, Klaus F. X. Mayer5, Dong Li2, Shengkai Pan2, Fengya Zheng2,3,QunHu6, Xianchun Xia1, Jianwen Li2, Qinsi Liang2, Jie Chen2, Thomas Wicker7, Caiyun Gou2, Hanhui Kuang6, Genyun He2, Yadan Luo2, Beat Keller7, Qiuju Xia2, Peng Lu2, Junyi Wang2, Hongfeng Zou2, Rongzhi Zhang1, Junyang Xu2, Jinlong Gao2, Christopher Middleton7, Zhiwu Quan2, Guangming Liu8, Jian Wang2, International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium{, Huanming Yang2, Xu Liu1, Zhonghu He1,9, Long Mao1 & Jun Wang2,10,11 About 8,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, a spontaneous hybridi- (Supplementary Information). Using both evidence-based and de novo zation of the wild diploid grass Aegilops tauschii (2n 5 14; DD) with gene predictions, we identified 34,498 high-confidence protein-coding the cultivated tetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum (2n 5 4x 5 28; loci. FGENESH4 and GeneID models were supported by a 60% AABB) resulted in hexaploid wheat (T. aestivum;2n 5 6x 5 42; overlap with either our ESTs and RNA-Seq reads, or with homologous AABBDD)1,2. Wheat has since become a primary staple crop world- proteins. More than 76% of the gene models had a significant match wide as a result of its enhanced adaptability to a wide range of (E value # 1025; alignment length $ 60%) in the GenBank non- climates and improved grain quality for the production of baker’s redundant database. -
Recovery Plan for Stem Rust of Wheat
Recovery Plan for Stem Rust of Wheat caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Ug99 (race TTKSK) and its derivatives Completed 31 March 2010 Contents page ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Executive Summary 2 Contributors and Reviewer 4 I. Introduction 4 II. Signs and Symptoms 6 III. Biology and Spread 6 IV. Diagnosis and Differentiation 12 V. Survey and Detection 13 VI. Response 13 VII. USDA Pathogen Permits 14 VIII. Economic Impact and Compensation 14 IX. Mitigation and Disease Control 16 X. Experts and Infrastructure Listing 21 XI. Research, Extension, and Education Priorities and Needs 22 References 25 Web Resources 27 This recovery plan is one of several disease-specific documents produced as part of the National Plant Disease Recovery System (NPDRS) called for in Homeland Security Presidential Directive Number 9 (HSPD-9). The purpose of the NPDRS is to insure that the tools, infrastructure, communication networks, and capacity required to mitigate the impact of high consequence plant disease outbreaks are such that a reasonable level of crop production is maintained. Each disease-specific plan is intended to provide a brief primer on the disease, assess the status of critical recovery components, and identify disease management research, education and extension needs. These documents are not intended to be stand-alone documents that address all of the many and varied aspects of plant disease outbreaks, all of the decisions that must be made, and the actions to be taken to achieve effective response and recovery. They are, however, documents that will help the USDA guide further efforts directed toward plant disease recovery. 1 Executive Summary Stem rust of wheat caused by Puccinia graminis f. -
1916 Devastating Stem Rust Epidemic on Wheat in the Midwest of the U.S
Sodus Field Laboratory at Cornell University, 1910. 1916 Devastating stem rust epidemic on wheat in the 1918 The War Emergency Board of American Plant Pathologists Midwest of the U.S. Three additional epidemics is formed with the goal of ensuring that the food supply followed in 1935, 1953, and 1954. However, these in the nation would remain secure. This was accomplished later epidemics were caused predominantly by spores by identifying important diseases and focusing efforts on blown north into the Midwest from Mexico and the these diseases through a collaboration of state and federal southern U.S. states rather than by inoculum from personnel. President 1916 E. F. Smith barberries. 1917 Discovery of physiological races in rusts (Puccinia graminis). Morphologically identical fungi from the same species can have different host ranges. This work led to additional research on the variability of plant pathogens and eventually to breeding for resistance to specific pathogen races. President 1917 1917 Effort to eradicate Ribes as an alternate host for M. T. Cook Cronartium ribicola (causal agent of white pine blister rust). An eradication program was established on April 21, 1917, authorizing the destruction of Ribes, with an emphasis on European black currant. New York declared European black currant a public nuisance in 1917, with Massachusetts following in 1927 and Connecticut in 1929. The cultivated European black 1918 War Emergency Board. currant was eradicated in a relatively short time. Massive appropriations were made in the depression years (1930s) and efforts continued to eradicate wild Ribes species until the effort was terminated in 1967. 1918 Division of Nematology formed within USDA, led by 1917 Plant Disease Reporter is initiated by USDA, U.S. -
Identifying Rust Diseases of Wheat and Barley
Identifying Rust Diseases of Wheat and Barley Rust diseases are among the most widespread depends on host susceptibility and weather conditions, and economically important diseases of cereal crops but the loss also is influenced by the timing and severity worldwide. Three distinct diseases, leaf rust, stripe of disease outbreaks relative to crop growth stage. The rust and stem rust, occur on wheat and barley in greatest yield losses occur when one or more of these North America. The fungi that cause these diseases diseases occur before the heading stage of development. are notorious for their ability to increase rapidly and Early detection and proper identification are critical overcome the resistance of wheat or barley varieties. to in-season disease management and future variety The potential yield loss caused by these diseases selection. Emerging Races of Stem Rust Historically, stem rust has been an extremely important disease of wheat and barley. A series of severe outbreaks occurred in North America between 1900 and the 1950s, affecting grain production in the Great Plains, many Midwestern states, and Canada. More localized outbreaks of the disease occurred in the southern Great Plains as recently as 1985-1986. In all of these cases, the increased frequency and intensity of the stem rust epidemics was associated with the emergence of new races of the fungus that were able to overcome the genetic resistance of many popular varieties. Once again, after several decades of control with disease-resistant varieties, new races of the stem rust fungus are threatening grain produc- tion in some parts of the world.