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Stekelige Hanenpoot (Echinochloa Muricata): Competitiviteit En Reactie Ten Aanzien Van Herbiciden

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Stekelige Hanenpoot (Echinochloa Muricata): Competitiviteit En Reactie Ten Aanzien Van Herbiciden Faculteit Bio-ingenieurswetenschappen Academiejaar 2010 – 2011 Stekelige hanenpoot (Echinochloa muricata): competitiviteit en reactie ten aanzien van herbiciden Riek Rombaut Promotor: dr. ir. B. De Cauwer Masterproef voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Master in de bio-ingenieurswetenschappen: landbouwkunde Faculteit Bio-ingenieurswetenschappen Academiejaar 2010 – 2011 Stekelige hanenpoot (Echinochloa muricata): competitiviteit en reactie ten aanzien van herbiciden Riek Rombaut Promotor: dr. ir. B. De Cauwer Masterproef voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Master in de bio-ingenieurswetenschappen: landbouwkunde De auteur en de promotor geven de toelating deze scriptie voor consultatie beschikbaar te stellen en delen ervan te kopiëren voor persoonlijk gebruik. Elk ander gebruik valt onder de beperkingen van het auteursrecht, in het bijzonder met betrekking tot de verplichting de bron te vermelden bij het aanhalen van resultaten uit deze scriptie. The author and the promotor give the permission to use this thesis for consultation and to copy parts of it for personal use. Any other use is subject to the copyright laws, more specifically the source must be extensively quoted when citing results from this thesis. Datum: dr. ir. DE CAUWER Benny ROMBAUT Riek WOORD VOORAF Het vinden van de gepaste woorden om deze eerste pagina als laatste gevuld te krijgen, blijkt een verdomd lastige opdracht. De onbewuste neiging waarmee voorheen onbekende of zelden gebruikte woorden als „onkruidgiersten‟, „Echinochloa‟, „HPPD-remmer‟, „competitiviteit‟ of „dosis- respons‟ zich met de regelmaat van de klok in mijn gedachten en zinnen trachten binnen te wurmen is onverwacht groot. Toch worstel ik bijzonder graag met tijd en woordenschat om een aantal mensen van harte te bedanken. Zonder hun hulp en/of steun was deze beperkte bijdrage aan de wetenschap immers nooit op papier geraakt. In de eerste plaats dien ik mijn promotor, dr. ir. Benny De Cauwer, uitgebreid te bedanken voor de mogelijk deze scriptie uit te voeren. Verder ook, en niet in het minst, voor het geschonken vertrouwen, de helpende hand, de wijze raad, het oog voor detail en het geduld. Dank ook aan Chris Bekaert, medewerker op de Proefhoeve te Melle, voor het uitvoeren van de bespuitingen, de hulp en de soms noodzakelijke aanwijzingen bij het zaaien, verspenen en oogsten van de verschillende proeven. Ook dank aan Jean-Pierre en Franky, medewerkers op de Proefhoeve, want ook zij ondervonden de grillen van de vervangingsreeksen. Ook dank aan Franka, stagaire op de Proefhoeve, zij hielp me meermaals met het tellen van de zaden en nam een deel van de vele bladoppervlaktemetingen voor haar rekening. Verder dien ik ook Ivan Hoste van de Nationale Plantentuin van België te bedanken voor de verhelderende excursie in enkele Oost-Vlaamse maïsakkers, het uitklaren van taxonomische onduidelijkheden en het mogen gebruiken van zijn veelzeggende fotomateriaal. Een speciaal woord van dank ook aan mijn ouders voor de mogelijkheid verder te studeren. Ook dank ik hen en mijn broers Ward en Toon voor hun steun, geduld en vertrouwen. Tot slot ook dank aan Nina Uyttersprot, mijn lieve vriendin en tevens rustpunt in woelige thesistijden, en heel wat andere mensen, helaas teveel om op te noemen, voor de schouderklopjes en bemoedigende woorden. Riek, Gent, 26 augustus 2011 Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum videtur. INHOUDSOPGAVE INHOUDSOPGAVE .................................................................................................................................. I LIJST VAN AFKORTINGEN .................................................................................................................. III SAMENVATTING ................................................................................................................................... IV 1. INLEIDING ....................................................................................................................................... 1 2. LITERATUURSTUDIE .................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. C4-grassen in Vlaamse maïsakkers ...................................................................................... 3 2.1.1. Systematiek van de onkruidgiersten ................................................................................ 3 2.1.2. Soortenverbreiding .......................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2.1. Theoretische achtergrond ........................................................................................ 7 2.1.2.2. Soortenverbreiding in Vlaanderen ........................................................................... 8 2.1.2.3. Achterliggende drivers van verspreiding ................................................................. 9 2.1.3. Belang voor onkruidbestrijding ...................................................................................... 10 2.1.3.1. Herbiciden .............................................................................................................. 12 2.1.3.2. Herbicidenresistentie ............................................................................................. 13 2.2. Case study: Echinochloa crus-galli – Echinochloa muricata ............................................... 14 2.2.1. Echinochloa spp.: een taxonomisch problematisch geslacht ........................................ 14 2.2.1.1. Verwarring tussen E. crus-galli en E. muricata ..................................................... 15 2.2.1.2. Cytologisch en moleculair onderscheid ................................................................. 15 2.2.1.3. Morfologisch onderscheid tussen E. crus-galli en E. muricata .............................. 16 2.2.1.3.1. In jong vegetatief stadium................................................................................... 16 2.2.1.3.2. Op basis van de aartjes ...................................................................................... 17 2.2.1.3.3. Andere morfologische kenmerken ...................................................................... 18 2.2.1.4. Morfologisch onderscheid binnen E. muricata ...................................................... 19 2.2.2. Levenscylcus en biologie ............................................................................................... 20 2.2.2.1. Zaadbiologie .......................................................................................................... 20 2.2.2.2. Zaadbank ............................................................................................................... 20 2.2.2.3. Kieming .................................................................................................................. 21 2.2.2.4. Groei ...................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.2.5. Reproductie ........................................................................................................... 22 2.2.3. Ecologie en verspreiding ............................................................................................... 23 2.2.3.1. E. crus-galli ............................................................................................................ 24 2.2.3.2. E. muricata ............................................................................................................. 25 2.2.4. Concurrentiekracht ........................................................................................................ 26 2.2.5. Belang voor onkruidbestrijding (bis) .............................................................................. 26 3. MATERIAAL EN METHODEN ...................................................................................................... 28 3.1. Materiaal ............................................................................................................................... 28 3.1.1. Gebruikt substraat ......................................................................................................... 28 3.1.2. Gebruikte populaties ...................................................................................................... 28 I 3.2. Experimenten ....................................................................................................................... 28 3.2.1. Concurrentievermogen E. muricata: experiment 1 ........................................................ 28 3.2.1.1. Doelstellingen ........................................................................................................ 28 3.2.1.2. Proefopzet ............................................................................................................. 29 3.2.1.3 Statistische verwerking .......................................................................................... 31 3.2.2. Groeicurve E. muricata: experiment 2 ........................................................................... 33 3.2.2.1. Doelstelling ............................................................................................................ 33 3.2.2.2. Proefopzet ............................................................................................................. 33 3.2.2.3. Statistische verwerking .......................................................................................... 34 3.2.3. Herbicidengevoeligheid E. muricata: experimenten 3 - 7 .............................................
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