DOCSLIB.ORG

Zbwleibniz-Informationszentrum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Zbwleibniz-Informationszentrum A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Burgess, S. M. Article Social axioms: A new culture measure for South African business research South African Journal of Business Management Provided in Cooperation with: University of Stellenbosch Business School (USB), Bellville, South Africa Suggested Citation: Burgess, S. M. (2011) : Social axioms: A new culture measure for South African business research, South African Journal of Business Management, ISSN 2078-5976, African Online Scientific Information Systems (AOSIS), Cape Town, Vol. 42, Iss. 4, pp. 1-22, http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v42i4.501 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/218467 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ www.econstor.eu S.Afr.J.Bus.Manage.2011,42(4) 1 Social axioms: A new culture measure for South African business research S.M. Burgess Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7700, Republic of South Africa [email protected]* Received June 2009 This study is intended to introduce social axiom theory to South African business researchers and, in this process, to provide new empirical evidence pertinent to the South African context. We examine social axioms in the largest and most representative national metropolitan population ever studied, providing scores for social axiom dimensions at the individual-level and nation-level, as well as assessments of relations with sociodemographics, values, personality and life satisfaction. The results support the convergent validity, discriminant validity and composite reliability of the 25-item brief version of the Social Axioms Scale. We extend prior research on social axioms and personality by examining relations with optimum stimulation level (OSL), an important personality construct studied in marketing and human resource management. A hierarchical regression model illustrates the power of social axioms in predicting life satisfaction, over and above the effects of sociodemographics, values and optimum stimulation level. Several points of departure for fruitful business research are identified. * Now Director, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Business School, 14 Bird Street, Port Elizabeth, 6001 Introduction Research Methods among others (see Chen, Leung, & Chen, 2009: 218-219). In business practice, South African “I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides senior managers are calling for more cultural research too and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of (e.g., Horwitz, Ferguson, Rivett & Lee, 2004). It is in this all the lands to be blown about my house as freely as vein that Usunier and Lee (2009) claim that culture remains possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by the single most enduring factor to influence the success of any.” marketing strategies. Mohandas K. “Mahatma” Gandhi, 1869-1948 Attempts to interpret cultural differences in business South African companies face many new challenges in the research traditionally focus on values. There are several changing globalised business environment. Barriers to approaches to mapping values, the most comprehensive and international trade, investment, migration and travel fall at theory-driven being that of the psychologist Shalom every turn. Advances in information and Schwartz. According to Schwartz (1992), values are telecommunications technologies continually change the desirable, trans-situational goals that vary in importance accessibility, content, and use of information by and serve as guiding principles in life. In the form of individuals, social networks and organisations. Stakeholder conscious goals, values represent responses to three demands for social and environmental sustainability are universal requirements with which all individuals and accelerating. In this increasingly interconnected, societies must cope: needs of individuals as biological interdependent and rapidly-changing business environment, organisms, requisites of coordinated social interaction, and culture is an enduring and often invisible influence. requirements for the smooth functioning and survival of groups. Values underlie most aspects of daily life, reflect The rapid pace of change is matched by the rapidity with the importance of fundamental motivational goals in life which culture has moved front and centre in scholarly and provide a basis for reliable comparisons of individuals, research and business practice. In scholarly research, the groups and cultures (Schwartz, Melech, Lehmann, Burgess, proportion of cross-cultural research articles in top business Harris, & Owens, 2001). Values research has enriched our and psychology journals has grown three-fold in twenty understanding in domains such as accounting (Jansen, years—so much so that at least ten reviews of cross- Merchant & Van der Stede, 2009), human resource cultural organisational and business research have appeared management (Budhwar & Sparrow, 2002; Gerhart & Fang, since 2003 in leading journals, such as Journal of 2005; Smith, Peterson & Schwartz, 2002), marketing International Business Studies, Academy of Management (Burgess, 1992; Steenkamp, 2000) and strategy (Peng, Journal, Journal of Management and Organisational Wang & Jiang, 2008). 2 S.Afr.J.Bus.Manage.2011,42(4) Convergence in cultural value mappings and extensive The primary contributions of the study are empirical. First, enquiry devoted to the construct are prompting calls to we examine social axioms in representative South African “broaden the net” to include new culture constructs in metropolitan populations that are studied often in business cross-cultural business research (Leung, Bhagat, Buchan, research, providing scores for social axiom dimensions at Erez & Gibson, 2005; Smith, 2004; Steenkamp, 2005). the individual-level and nation-level, as well as assessments New constructs should help explain cultural variations that of relations with sociodemographics, values, personality are not detected by the value perspective or provide needed and life satisfaction. This is important because South Africa triangulation for well-known results based on values social axiom scores are not available and it is not clear that (Leung, Bond, De Carrasquel, Munoz, Hernandez, previously observed nomological relations with other Murakami et al., 2002). In response to these calls, Leung psychological constructs will apply in a large, and Bond are orchestrating the most recent large-scale representative emerging market sample. We examine programmatic attempt to broaden the dimensional map of relations with optimum stimulation level (OSL), an culture (Bond, Leung, Au, Tong, De Carrasquel, Murakami important personality construct studied in marketing and et al., 2004; Leung et al., 2002). human resource management. OSL has positive relations with satisfaction with life, a focus of substantial inquiry in Drawing on Rotter’s (1966) characterisation of locus of domains such as marketing, human resource management, control, Leung and Bond conceptualise social axioms as economics and environmental and social sustainability. We generalised expectancies about the world and how it works, illustrate the power of social axioms in predicting life typically taking the form A B and may be causal or satisfaction over and above that provided by correlational. Beginning with qualitative research in Hong sociodemographics, values and optimum stimulation level, Kong and Venezuela and using some items culled from the using hierarchical regression. Second, we rigorously assess literature, their collaborative team developed a the measurement properties of the 25-item brief version of measurement scale, collected data in over 40 cultures and the Social Axioms Scale (SAS) using the confirmatory identified social axiom dimensions at the levels of factor analysis approach. This is an important contribution individuals and nations, which include South Africa in its own right. The sample includes respondents with low (university students, Bond & Leung, 2009; Bond, Leung, formal education, presenting a difficult test for the SAS in a Au, Tong, De Carrasquel et al., 2004) and (police recruits, typical emerging markets business research application. Barnard, Rothmann & Meiring, 2008). The article is organised in the following way. Social axiom Although in its infancy, social axioms research has theory is reviewed briefly in the next section.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2010 Cancun, Mexico
    Welcome to the NINETIETH ANNUAL CONVENTION of the WESTERN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APRIL 22-25, 2010 at the Fiesta Americana Condesa Cancun The 90th meeting of the Western Psychological Association has: , The WPA Film Festival , Outstanding Invited Speakers , Special Programs for Students and Teachers , A Forum for Your Research Visit WPA at: www.westernpsych.org HOSTED BY 1 Dear Conference Attendees: On behalf of the University of Southern California, it is my great pleasure to welcome you to the 90th Annual Western Psychological Association Convention. USC, the Col- lege of Letters, Arts and Sciences, and the Department of Psychology are pleased to serve as sponsors of the annual meeting. I would especially like to thank WP A Presi- dent Stanley Sue, Executive Officer Chris Cozby, and Program Chair Steven Lopez for this opportunity. Located in Los Angeles, USC is one of the world’s leading private research universities. In the fall of 2009, USC enrolled 17,000 undergraduates, and 18,000 graduate and professional students. As a global university, the convention’s theme of diversity and its setting in Mexico are consistent with our multiple initiatives to address diversity issues within the United States. The Princeton Review has selected USC as one of 81 “Colleges with a Conscience” based on its outstanding record of involvement in the surrounding community with its large proportion of Latino Americans, African Americans and Asian Americans. In addition, USC enrolls more international students than any other U.S. university. Several mem- bers of the College’s Psychology Department are devoted to cross-national research in Korea, China, Rwanda, Finland, Sweden and Mexico, as well as multicultural research within the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Effect of Learning Knowledge About Canadian Values and Social Axioms for Newcomers’ Adapting to Canada
    Understanding the Understanding Through Intervention: Assessing The Effect of Learning Knowledge About Canadian Values and Social Axioms for Newcomers’ Adapting to Canada by Stryker Shay Calvez A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Stryker Shay Calvez, July, 2014 ABSTRACT UNDERSTANDING THE UNDERSTANDING THROUGH INTERVENTION: ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF LEARNING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CANADIAN VALUES AND SOCIAL AXIOMS FOR NEWCOMERS’ ADAPTING TO CANADA Stryker Shay Calvez Advisor University of Guelph, 2014 Dr. Saba Safdar Through three studies, the effect that knowledge of Canadian values and social axioms has on immigrants’ and sojourners’ adaptation to Canadian society was examined. Values and social axioms have been found to be important descriptors of sociocultural behaviour. The learning approach to acculturation, how people manage and learn through the acculturation process, is an important theoretical perspective in cross-cultural research and the cross-cultural training literature. Study 1 established representative value and social axiom scores for a community sample of 448 participants living in the Southern Ontario region. Study 2 examined the role that values and social axioms of 143 immigrants and sojourners had on their adaptation to Ontario society. Both constructs were found to uniquely explain the variance in psychological and behavioural adaptation, but values were a stronger predictor than social axioms. The specific values that explained participants’ psychological adaptation to Ontario society were the same values that Ontario people rated as the most important (i.e., Tradition, Power, Conformity, and Stimulation). Value and social axiom fit variables were not found to explain any variance.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychological Aspects of Social Axioms International and Cultural Psychology Series Series Editor: Anthony Marsella, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
    Psychological Aspects of Social Axioms International and Cultural Psychology Series Series Editor: Anthony Marsella, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii ASIAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH Assessment Theories and Methods Edited by Karen S. Kurasaki, Sumie Okazaki, and Stanley Sue COUNSELING INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS Clients from Around the World Written by Nancy Arthur CROSS-CULTURAL ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA AND PTSD Edited by John P. Wilson and Catherine So-Kum Tang ETHNOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON DISASTER AND TRAUMA Foundations, Issues, and Applications Edited by Anthony J. Marsella, Jeannette L. Johnson, Patricia Watson, and Jan Gryczynski THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY ACROSS CULTURES Edited by Robert R. McCrae and Jüri Allik FORCED MIGRATION AND MENTAL HEALTH Rethinking the Care of Refugees and Displaced Persons Edited by David Ingleby LEARNING IN CULTURAL CONTEXT Family, Peers, and School Edited by Stuart C. Carr and Tod S. Sloan PSYCHOLOGY AND BUDDHISM From Individual to Global Community Edited by Kathleen H. Dockett, G. Rita Dudley-Grant, and C. Peter Bankart TRAUMA INTERVENTIONS IN WAR AND PEACE Prevention, Practice, and Policy Edited by Bonnie L. Green, Matthew J. Friedman, Joop T.V.M. de Jong, Susan D. Solomon, Terence M. Keane, John A. Fairbank, Brigid Donelan, and Ellen Frey-Wouters VOICES OF TRAUMA: TREATING SURVIVORS ACROSS CULTURES Edited by Boris Drožđek and John P. Wilson A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Social Axioms in Predicting Life Satisfaction: a Longitudinal Study in Hong Kong*
    Journal of Happiness Studies (2007) 8:517–535 Ó Springer 2006 DOI 10.1007/s10902-006-9029-y JOHANNA HIU-WAI LAI, MICHAEL HARRIS BOND and NATALIE HEUNG-HUNG HUI THE ROLE OF SOCIAL AXIOMS IN PREDICTING LIFE SATISFACTION: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY IN HONG KONG* ABSTRACT. Data from a 1-year, longitudinal study were utilized to explore the role of five pan-cultural beliefs about the world (social axioms) in predicting life satisfaction. It was hypothesized that higher levels of social cynicism would predict lower satisfaction with life because cynical persons set in motion a self-fulfilling prophecy of unrewarding social outcomes. The negative social feedback thus engendered results in lower levels of self-esteem, which mediates the effect of socially cynical beliefs on life satisfaction. These findings were confirmed in a longitudinal study of Chinese undergraduates in Hong Kong. Their implications were explored by considering the role of beliefs about the world upon additional mediators of life satisfaction in different cultural settings and for engaging in therapeutic interventions with distressed clients. KEY WORDS: Hong Kong Chinese, life satisfaction, social axioms, self- esteem. Cognitive therapy (Todd and Arthur, 1994) calls our attention to the role of cognitions in promoting one’s well-being. Our interest in well-being follows its recognized importance as ‘‘the ultimate motivator’’, ‘‘the universal goal’’ for human beings (Diener, 1984; Diener and Larsen, 1993; Kwan et al., 1997). Given that the cognitive approach emphasizes modification of distorted thinking and unrealistic goals in psychological disorders, can we also identify those cognitions that are related to well-being? Life satisfaction, the global evaluation of satisfaction with life, has been identified as the cognitive component in assessing * The authors extend their grateful thanks to all members of the Goals Research Team for their hard work during this year-long project.
    [Show full text]
  • Relations Between Social Axioms and Values: Findings from Germany and India Edgar W
    Grand Valley State University ScholarWorks@GVSU Papers from the International Association for Cross- IACCP Cultural Psychology Conferences 2004 Relations Between Social Axioms and Values: Findings from Germany and India Edgar W. Klinger University of Osnabruck Nandita Chaudhary Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi Sujata Sriran Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/iaccp_papers Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Klinger, E. W., Chaudhary, N., & Sriran, S. (2004). Relations between social axioms and values: Findings from Germany and India. In B. N. Setiadi, A. Supratiknya, W. J. Lonner, & Y. H. Poortinga (Eds.), Ongoing themes in psychology and culture: Proceedings from the 16th International Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/iaccp_papers/247 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the IACCP at ScholarWorks@GVSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@GVSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 439 REIATIONS BETWEEN SOCIAL AXIOMS AND VALUES: FINDINGS FROM GERMANY AND INDIA Edgar W Klinger University of Osnabriick Osnabriick, Germany Nandita Chaudhary and Sujata Sriram Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi India Over the last 30 years of social psychological research, a large num­ ber of empirical studies set out to predict social behavior more precisely by including cultural aspects. Such research has predominantly relied upon value-based dimensions of culture originally identified by the classic work of Hofstede (1980). Of these dimensions, individualism/collectivism has been applied most widely in search of cross-cultural patterns in social behavior (Smith & Bond, 1998; Triandis, 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Measurement Invariance of Social Axioms in 23 Countries
    Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology http://jcc.sagepub.com/ Measurement Invariance of Social Axioms in 23 Countries Philippe Bou Malham and Gerard Saucier Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2014 45: 1046 originally published online 12 May 2014 DOI: 10.1177/0022022114534771 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/45/7/1046 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Additional services and information for Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jcc.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jcc.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/45/7/1046.refs.html >> Version of Record - Jul 3, 2014 OnlineFirst Version of Record - May 12, 2014 What is This? Downloaded from jcc.sagepub.com at UNIV OF OREGON on November 18, 2014 JCCXXX10.1177/0022022114534771Journal of Cross-Cultural PsychologyBou Malham and Saucier 534771research-article2014 Article Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2014, Vol. 45(7) 1046 –1060 Measurement Invariance of Social © The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: Axioms in 23 Countries sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0022022114534771 jccp.sagepub.com Philippe Bou Malham1 and Gerard Saucier1 Abstract In a demanding test of measurement invariance, we examine the relative cross-cultural generalizability of the five-factor model of social axioms in samples from 23 nations (total N = 7,275). With some modifications, results showed modest evidence of both configural and factorial invariance of the measure.
    [Show full text]
  • Refining the Social Axioms Survey Refining the Social Axioms Survey
    43This document was created by Unregistered Version of Word to PDF Converter Refining the Social Axioms Survey Refining the Social Axioms Survey: Development and Evaluation in Eleven Countries and its Relationship with the Five-Factor Model of Personality Kwok Leung City University of Hong Kong, China Ben C. P. Lam Michael Harris Bond Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China Lucian Gideon Conway III Laura Janelle Gornick University of Montana, U.S.A. Benjamin Amponsah University of Ghana, Ghana Klaus Boehnke Jacobs University Bremen, Germany Steven Michael Burgess Maha Golestaneh University of Cape Town, South Africa Holger Busch Jan Hofer University of Osnabrück, Germany Alejandra del Carmen Dominguez Espinosa Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico Makon Fardis 43This document was created by Unregistered Version of Word to PDF Converter Refining the Social Axioms Survey University of District of Columbia, U.S.A. Rosnah Ismail Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Jenny Kurman University of Haifa, Israel Nadezhda Lebedeva Alexander N. Tatarko State University - Higher School of Economics, Russia David Lackland Sam University of Bergen, Norway Maria Luisa Mendes Teixeira Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Brazil Susumu Yamaguchi Ai Fukuzawa University of Tokyo, Japan Jianxin Zhang Institute of Psychology, CAS, China Fan Zhou Zhejiang University, China This project is supported by a research grant provided by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (CityU 1466/05H). 43This document was created by Unregistered Version of Word to PDF Converter Refining the Social Axioms Survey 43This document was created by Unregistered Version of Word to PDF Converter Refining the Social Axioms Survey Abstract Based on a deductive, culturally decentered approach, new items were generated to improve the reliability of the original Social Axioms Survey.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 17, June 2007 Editor: Jan Bogg
    TESTING INTERNATIONAL Vol. 17, June 2007 Editor: Jan Bogg PRESIDENT Prof. Jacques Grégoire Université catholique de Louvain Faculté de Psychologie Place du Cardinal Mercier, 10 CONTENTS 1348-Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium ITC PRESIDENT BIOGRAPHY 2 PRESIDENT-ELECT Prof.. M. Born Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute of Psychology ITC GUIDELINES IN COMPUTER/INTERNET TESTING—HAVE YOUR SAY 2 Woudestein, T13-15 P.O. Box 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam COMPUTERISED ADAPTIVE TESTING 2 SECRETARY Prof. R.K. Hambleton University of Massachussetts U.S.A PIONEER OF ITC JEAN CARDINET RECALLS EARLY DAYS 3 TREASURER Prof. Em. Barbara M. Byrne School of Psychology University of Ottawa CAN YOU HELP - RESEARCH ON COST OF E-ASSESSMENTS 3 145 Jean-Jacques Lussier Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1N 6N5 NEWS 3 PAST-PRESIDENT Prof. Jose Muniz University of Oviedo, Spain ITC MEMBER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 4 COUNCIL MEMBERS Elected Members Prof. Fanny Cheung Chinese University of Hong ARTICLES Kong, Hong Kong Prof. Cheryl Foxcroft PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS AND TESTING IN SWEDEN 5 University of Port Elizabeth, S.A Prof. Frederick Leong CURRENT ADVANCES IN TEST ADAPTATION IN ROMANIA 7 Michigan State University, USA Co-Opted Members Dr Iain Coyne University of Nottingham, UK Dr David Foster Kryterion, USA Prof. Tom Oakland University of Florida, USA REPRESENTATIVES Dr. M. Bullock, IUPsyS American Psychological Association, U.S.A. Prof. D. Bartram, IAAP SHL Group plc U.K EDITORS International Journal of Testing Prof. John Hattie University of Auckland School of Education Fisher Building 18 Waterloo
    [Show full text]
  • SOCIAL AXIOMS the Search for Universal Dimensions of General Beliefs About How the World Functions
    JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY Leung et al. / SOCIAL AXIOMS To broaden our conceptual framework for understanding cultural differences, the present article reports two studies that examined whether pancultural dimensions based on general beliefs, or social axioms, can be identified in persons from five cultures. A Social Axioms Survey was constructed, based on both previous psychological research primarily in Europe and North America on beliefs and qualitative research con- ducted in Hong Kong and Venezuela. Factor analyses of these beliefs from student as well as adult samples revealed a pancultural, five-factor structure, with dimensions labeled as: cynicism, social complexity, reward for application, spirituality, and fate control. In the second study, this five-factor structure, with the possible exception of fate control, was replicated with college students from Japan, the United States, and Germany. The potential implications of a universal, five-factor structure of individual social beliefs were discussed, along with the relation of this structure to indigenous belief systems and to culture-level analyses. SOCIAL AXIOMS The Search for Universal Dimensions of General Beliefs About How the World Functions KWOK LEUNG City University of Hong Kong MICHAEL HARRIS BOND Chinese University of Hong Kong SHARON REIMEL DE CARRASQUEL CARLOS MUÑOZ MARISELA HERNÁNDEZ Universidad Simón Bolívar FUMIO MURAKAMI SUSUMU YAMAGUCHI University of Tokyo GÜNTER BIERBRAUER Universitat Osnabrück THEODORE M. SINGELIS California State University, Chico Culture has long been a fuzzy concept, and numerous attempts have been made to define and measure it (e.g., Kroeber & Kluckhohn, 1952; Rohner, 1984). The now-classic work of Hofstede (1980) on work-related values represented a major step forward in classifying cul- tures.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Axioms of Young and Old People in India: a Survey Study
    The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2348-5396 (e) | ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 3, Issue 3, No. 8, DIP: 18.01.149/20160303 ISBN: 978-1-365-12176-0 http://www.ijip.in | April - June, 2016 Social Axioms of Young and Old People in India: A Survey Study Ankita Singh1*, Shabana Bano2 ABSTRACT Social axioms play a crucial role in the individual’s belief and value systems. The major functions of axioms are to enhance the survival and functioning of people in their social environment. Leung and Bond (2004) proposed five dimensions of social axioms as social cynicism, social complexity, reward for application, fate control and religiosity. The present study was designed to examine the social axioms of younger and older people. The study was conducted with 86 participants (N=51 young and N=35 old) age ranged 20-30 and 50-60 years. They were sampled from various areas of Varanasi City. The social axioms survey (Leung, Bond, Carrasquel, Munoz, Hernandez, Murikami, Yamagushi, Biebrauer&Singelis, 2002) was administered to examine the participants. Result showed that older participants significantly higher on social cynicism, reward for application and religiosity than younger participants. With respect to social complexity and fate control, no significant difference was found. The findings suggest that social axioms are important to understand an individual’s behaviour in a given society. Keywords: Social Cynicism, Social Complexity, Reward For Application, Fate Control And Religiosity We, human being, face a myriad of situations every day. Our behaviour is the reflection of these situations. Our behaviours are affected by our thought, rationale, emotion, values and beliefs particularly existing beliefs in the society.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Beliefs As Determinants of Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Among Ethnically Diverse University Students
    224 Canadian Journal of Counselling / Revue canadienne de counseling/2006, Vol. 40:4 Social Beliefs as Determinants of Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help among Ethnically Diverse University Students Ben C. H. Kuo Catherine T. Kwantes Shelagh Towson Kathleen M. Nanson University of Windsor abstract The present study examined the role of pancultural social beliefs, as measured by the Social Axioms Survey (SAS), in predicting attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help in an ethnically diverse sample of Canadian university students (N = 400). The result of a hierarchical regression showed that the collective contribution of the six SAS factors was signifi cant in explaining help-seeking attitudes. Gender, age, ethnicity, perceived stress, and two SAS factors (Social Cynicism and Interpersonal Harmony) emerged as the signifi cant predictors of help-seeking attitudes. There were also gender and ethnic differences in help-seeking attitudes, perceived stress, and across the six SAS factors. résumé Cette étude a examiné l’impact des croyances sociales pan-culturelles, telles que mesu- rées par le Social Axioms Survey (SAS), sur la prévision des attitudes envers la recherche de l’aide psychologique professionnelle auprès d’un échantillon d’étudiants canadiens universitaires de diverses origines ethniques (N = 400). Les résultats d’une régression hiérarchique ont démontré que les six facteurs du SAS, pris ensemble, contribuent de façon signifi cative à expliquer les attitudes envers la recherche d’aide. De plus, le sexe des participants, leur age, leur ethnicité, leur expérience subjective du stress, et deux facteurs du SAS (cynisme social et harmonie interpersonnelle) prédisent de façon signifi cative les attitudes envers la recherche d’aide.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Axioms on High School Students in the North African Context: Validation and Fit of the SAS-II
    PLOS ONE RESEARCH ARTICLE Social axioms on high school students in the North African context: Validation and fit of the SAS-II 1 2 3 Manuel GarcõÂa-AlonsoID *, Miguel AÂ ngel Gallardo-VigilID , Patricia Melgar Alcantud , AdriaÂn Segura-Robles4 1 Doctoral Program in Science Education, University of Granada, Melilla, Melilla, Spain, 2 Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of Granada, Melilla, Melilla, Spain, 3 Department of Pedagogy, University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain, 4 Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of Granada, Ceuta, Ceuta, Spain * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 a1111111111 Social axioms or general social beliefs represent people's cognitive map of their social world acquired through social experiences. Empirical research has related the central constructs in the study of psychology and social axioms, establishing a broad nomological network in various cultural settings. This paper studies the validity of the Social Axioms Survey II (SAS- OPEN ACCESS II) short form, Spanish version, on the individual level in Melilla as North AfricaÂs borderland. Citation: GarcõÂa-Alonso M, Gallardo-Vigil MAÂ, Participants were 410 high school students from 14 to 18 years of age. The reliability analy- Melgar Alcantud P, Segura-Robles A (2020) Social sis, the discriminant validity analysis, and the confirmatory factor analysis through the struc- axioms on high school students in the North tural model equation, showed similar results to previous studies in other contexts and African context: Validation and fit of the SAS-II. allowing the use of the survey in Melilla. In addition it is presented a fitted model that PLoS ONE 15(11): e0241510.
    [Show full text]