How to Conserve Japanese Cultural Landscapes: the Registration System for Cultural Landscapes

Ecological Research Monographs Series Editor: Yoh Iwasa For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8852 Sun-Kee Hong ● Jianguo Wu ● Jae-Eun Kim Nobukazu Nakagoshi Editors Landscape Ecology in Asian Cultures Editors Sun-Kee Hong Jae-Eun Kim Institution for Marine and Island Cultures Institution for Marine and Island Cultures Mokpo National University Mokpo National University 61 Dorim-ri, Cheonggye-myeon 61 Dorim-ri, Cheonggye-myeon Muan-gun, Jeonnam 534-729 Muan-gun, Jeonnam 534-729 Republic of Korea Republic of Korea [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Nobukazu Nakagoshi Jianguo Wu Graduate School for International School of Life Sciences, Development and Cooperation School of Sustainability, Hiroshima University and Global Institute of Sustainability 1-5-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501 Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan Tempe, AZ 85287-4501 [email protected] USA [email protected] ISSN 2191-0707 e-ISSN 2191-0715 ISBN 978-4-431-87798-1 e-ISBN 978-4-431-87799-8 DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-87799-8 Springer Tokyo Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010940984 © Springer 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover Front Cover: Landscape of Beopseongpo in Yeonggwang-gun, Jeonnam Province, Korea (photo by S.-K. Hong; see Chapter 2) Back cover: Left: Fishing village on Chuja-do Island, Jeju Province, Korea (photo by S.-K. Hong) Center: Gonam-myeon, a rural village in Taean-gun, Chungnam Province, Korea (photo by S.-K. Hong) Right: “Ullimsanbang (Atelier),” in a traditional Korean garden in Jindo-gun, Jeonnam Province, Korea (photo by S.-K. Hong) Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface During the last century, ecological research in Asian countries has made many strides in terms of both quantity and quality. In recent decades, landscape ecology as a new interdisciplinary field has been developing rapidly in many Asian countries, mainly following the concepts, principles, and methods outlined by a limited number of textbooks from North America and Europe. However, patterns of landscapes (and seascapes) in Asia are not only spatially heterogeneous, but also have unique characteristics that are driven by different socioeconomic and cultural processes. The spatial patterns of Asian landscapes are strongly related to human activities and their impacts. Anthropogenic patterns and processes have created numerous traditional cultural landscapes throughout the region, and understanding them requires traditional and indigenous knowledge of the landscapes and various patches in them. Cultural landscapes (seascapes) are a product of the interactions between humans (human history and land use) and natural settings of the land system. Socioeconomic forces are the main drivers of landscape dynamics; their pattern and processes influence the creation and development of cultural landscapes. Thus, cultural landscapes are not static but constantly changing. Also, landscape dynamics are driven by environmental changes including climate change and a suite of natural disturbances. To understand and manage such complex landscapes, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches, which emphasize the integration between natural and social sciences as well as between multiple landscape functions, are necessary. These approaches are often characterized and advanced by regional foci and contexts. Landscape ecological studies in Asian countries, therefore, provide useful information for ecologists elsewhere to better understand the human- environmental relationship and landscape sustainability. This book contains chapters that cover a range of topics, including indigenous knowledge of landscapes, ecological impacts of human actions on landscapes, man- agement of landscapes, and land-use policies. An emphasis on human– ecological networks (e.g., traditional knowledge of wind–water geographic theory) seems appar- ent in Asian landscape ecological studies. Thus, we believe that the term “cultural landscape ecology” captures some of the essential features of the studies focusing on diverse ecological applications in human-dominated landscapes in Asia. v vi Preface The book consists of three parts. In Part I, “Understanding Asian Cultural Landscapes,” authors discuss a number of issues and topics in cultural landscape ecology from multidisciplinary perspectives. Conserving traditional cultural landscapes in a developing Asia is not an easy task. Adequate laws are indispensible to effectively conserve such landscapes. All Asian countries should establish the necessary ordinances and regulations to protect their cultural landscapes. Part II, “Measuring and Managing Patterns and Processes of Cultural Landscapes,” focuses on the quantification of the structural pattern of cultural landscapes. It is more complicated to quantify cultural landscapes than natural ones as cultural systems are not only dependent on, but also interact with, the natural system. In Part II, various effects of natural and human disturbances on the characteristics of cultural landscapes are also reported from different countries in Asia. Cultural landscapes result from nature-human interactions, and the loss of certain key features of cultural landscapes may have important, and often undesirable, ecological and socio- cultural consequences. Part III, “Concluding Remarks,” includes only one chapter, which discusses the unique characteristics and future directions of Asian landscape ecology. Here, the role of an Asian perspective in the science and practice of landscape ecology is explored. Landscapes around the world have been shaped increasingly by human activities. In order to sustain ecosystems, landscapes, and human society, we must develop a better understanding of how culture and nature interact with one another. To this end, human-dominated landscapes with long traditions, such as those described in this book, may provide valuable lessons. We hope that the reader will find this to be the case. Sun-Kee Hong Institution for Marine and Island Cultures Mokpo National University, Korea Jianguo (Jingle) Wu School of Life Sciences, School of Sustainability, and Global Institute of Sustainability Arizona State University, USA Jae-Eun Kim Institution for Marine and Island Cultures Mokpo National University, Korea Nobukazu Nakagoshi Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation Hiroshima University, Japan Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge that this work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF- 2009-361-A00007) awarded to S.-K. Hong. Some of the chapters were contribu- tions from Hiroshima University projects, including the Global Environmental Leader Education Programme. vii Contents Part I Understanding Asian Cultural Landscapes 1 Historical Perspectives on the Relationships between Humanity and Nature in Japan ................................................................................. 3 Takakazu Yumoto 2 Eco-Cultural Diversity in Island and Coastal Landscapes: Conservation and Development ............................................................... 11 Sun-Kee Hong 3 Ethnic Culture and Nature: Interactions in the Hani Terrace Landscape ................................................................ 29 Yuanmei Jiao and Xiuzhen Li 4 The Characteristics of the Cultural Landscape in Malaysia: Concept and Perspective .......................................................................... 41 Saiful Arif Abdullah 5 Introducing Geo-Cultural Landscapes in Iran ...................................... 55 Forood Azari-Dehkordi 6 Cultural Landscapes of the Tengger Highland, East Java .................... 69 Luchman Hakim 7 Traditional Forests in Villages Linking Humans and Natural Landscapes ........................................................................... 83 Sun-Kee Hong and Jae-Eun Kim 8 “Cho-bun”, An Anthropogeneous Landscape in Haui Island, Southwestern Korea ....................................................... 99 Jong-O Park ix x Contents 9 Human Impact on Coastal Sand Dune Ecosystems in Korea .................................................................................................... 111 Jae-Eun Kim and Sun-Kee Hong 10 Have Ecological Human Rights Been Globally Lost? A Conflict of Ecological Spatial Requirements and Cultural Landscape Opportunities in Modern Homo sapiens ............................................... 129 Anastassia M. Makarieva, Victor G. Gorshkov, and Bai-Lian Li Part II Measuring and Managing Patterns and Processes of Cultural Landscapes 11 A Methodological Framework to Quantify Anthropogenic Effects on Landscape Patterns ............................................................... 141 Jan Bogaert, Yao Sabas S. Barima, Jian Ji, Hong Jiang, Issouf Bamba, Léon Iyongo Waya Mongo, Adi Mama, Edgar Nyssen, Farid Dahdouh-Guebas, and Nico Koedam 12 Analysis

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