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IAR C/C++ Compiler User Guide for Microchip Technology’s AVR Microcontroller Family CAVR-10b COPYRIGHT NOTICE © 1996–2017 IAR Systems AB. No part of this document may be reproduced without the prior written consent of IAR Systems AB. The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of such a license. DISCLAIMER The information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on any part of IAR Systems. While the information contained herein is assumed to be accurate, IAR Systems assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. In no event shall IAR Systems, its employees, its contractors, or the authors of this document be liable for special, direct, indirect, or consequential damage, losses, costs, charges, claims, demands, claim for lost profits, fees, or expenses of any nature or kind. TRADEMARKS IAR Systems, IAR Embedded Workbench, IAR Connect, C-SPY, C-RUN, C-STAT, IAR Visual State, visualSTATE, IAR KickStart Kit, I-jet, I-jet Trace, I-scope, IAR Academy, IAR, and the logotype of IAR Systems are trademarks or registered trademarks owned by IAR Systems AB. Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Atmel and AVR are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology. Adobe and Acrobat Reader are registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. All other product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. EDITION NOTICE Tenth edition: April 2017 Part number: CAVR-10b This guide applies to version 7.1x of IAR Embedded Workbench® for Microchip Technology’s AVR microcontroller family. Internal reference: M23, Mym8.0, IMAE. IAR C/C++ Compiler User Guide 2 for AVR AFE1_AFE2-1:1 Brief contents Tables ..................................................................................................................... 21 Preface .................................................................................................................... 23 Part 1. Using the compiler ....................................................... 31 Introduction to the IAR build tools ........................................................ 33 Developing embedded applications ........................................................ 39 Data storage ...................................................................................................... 53 Functions ............................................................................................................... 63 Linking overview ............................................................................................. 71 Linking your application ................................................................................ 87 The DLIB runtime environment ............................................................. 99 The CLIB runtime environment ............................................................ 141 Assembler language interface ................................................................. 149 Using C ................................................................................................................ 167 Using C++ .......................................................................................................... 175 Application-related considerations ....................................................... 193 Efficient coding for embedded applications ...................................... 205 Part 2. Reference information ........................................... 225 External interface details ............................................................................ 227 Compiler options ........................................................................................... 233 Data representation ...................................................................................... 281 Extended keywords ...................................................................................... 295 3 AFE1_AFE2-1:1 Pragma directives ........................................................................................... 319 Intrinsic functions ........................................................................................... 341 The preprocessor .......................................................................................... 351 C/C++ standard library functions .......................................................... 361 Segment reference ......................................................................................... 375 The stack usage control file ...................................................................... 391 Implementation-defined behavior for Standard C ........................ 399 Implementation-defined behavior for C89 ....................................... 415 Index ..................................................................................................................... 429 IAR C/C++ Compiler User Guide 4 for AVR AFE1_AFE2-1:1 Contents Tables ..................................................................................................................... 21 Preface .................................................................................................................... 23 Who should read this guide ............................................................... 23 How to use this guide .......................................................................... 23 What this guide contains ................................................................... 24 Other documentation ........................................................................... 25 Document conventions ........................................................................ 28 Part 1. Using the compiler ....................................................... 31 Introduction to the IAR build tools ........................................................ 33 The IAR build tools—an overview ................................................... 33 IAR language overview ......................................................................... 34 Device support ......................................................................................... 35 Special support for embedded systems ........................................ 36 Developing embedded applications ........................................................ 39 Developing embedded software using IAR build tools .......... 39 The build process—an overview ...................................................... 41 Application execution—an overview ............................................. 44 Building applications—an overview ................................................ 48 Basic project configuration ................................................................. 48 Processor configuration ...................................................................... 49 Data storage ...................................................................................................... 53 Introduction ............................................................................................. 53 Memory types ......................................................................................... 54 Introduction to memory types ............................................................ 54 Using data memory attributes ............................................................ 54 Pointers and memory types ................................................................ 56 Structures and memory types ............................................................ 57 5 AFE1_AFE2-1:1 More examples ................................................................................... 57 C++ and memory types ..................................................................... 58 Memory models ...................................................................................... 59 Specifying a memory model .............................................................. 59 Storage of auto variables and parameters .................................. 60 Dynamic memory on the heap ........................................................ 61 Functions ............................................................................................................... 63 Function-related extensions .............................................................. 63 Function storage .................................................................................... 63 Using function memory attributes ...................................................... 63 Primitives for interrupts, concurrency, and OS-related programming ............................................................................................ 64 Inlining functions ..................................................................................... 67 Linking overview ............................................................................................. 71 Linking—an overview ............................................................................ 71 Segments and memory ........................................................................ 72 The linking process in detail .............................................................. 73 Placing code and data—the linker configuration file .............. 74 Initialization at system startup ......................................................... 75 Stack usage analysis ..............................................................................
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