SpaceSpace radiationradiation resultsresults obtainedobtained withwith R3DR3D--B2B2 instrumentinstrument onon FotonFoton M2M2 satellitesatellite inin JuneJune 20052005

Tsvetan DACHEV1, Borislav TOMOV1, Plamen DIMITROV1, Yury MATVIICHUK1 1Solar-Terrestrial Influences Laboratory, Sofia, Bulgaria, [email protected], www.stilrad.stil.bas.bg

Donat-Peter HÄDER2 2Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen, Germany [email protected], www.biologie.uni-erlangen.de/botanik1/index.html OutlookOutlook

 IntroductionIntroduction  DescriptionDescription ofof thethe spectrometerspectrometer  OutlookOutlook ofof thethe resultsresults  ComparisonComparison withwith LiulinLiulin--E094E094 datadata onon ISSISS  FutureFuture spacespace experimentsexperiments  ConclusionsConclusions

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 2 7 September 2005 Introduction

On 31 May 2005, the M2 capsule, housing a payload complement of 39 experiments in physical sciences, , fluid physics, exobiology, materials science and technology, was be launched aboard a -U rocket from in , spending 15.6 days in Earth at altitude 260-304 km.

Together with colleagues from Germany in STIL-BAS was developed the R3D-B2 instrument, which was situated inside of the ESA Biopan 5 platform together with other experiments devoted to radiation biology and exobiology. R3D-B2 instrument measured the UV radiation dose and the variation of the space radiation dose and flux at Foton M2 capsule. This is the first scientific presentation of the obtained results.

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 3 7 September 2005 Soyuz-U launcher and Foton M spacecraft

Foton М1

Foton М components

Soyuz-U

Biopan 5

Re-entry Module of Foton М2, Launch of Foton М2, 16 June 2005 31 May 2005 10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 4 7 September 2005 Biopan 5 platform on Foton M2

Biopan 5 during tests, December 2004

R3D-B(1) in Biopan 4

Biopan 4 after the crash

Biopan 3 before the flight R3D-B2

Biopan 3 after 10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 5 the flight 7 September 2005 R3D-B2 instrument for ESA Biopan-5 facility outside of Foton M2 . On June 16 2005 it was successfully returned after 2 weeks in space. The mission will be repeated in September 2006. The spectrometer is mutually developed with the University in Erlangen, Germany

Detector of 256 Channels LET spectrometer

UV-C channel

UV-B channel

UV-A channel

PAR channel

Size: 82x57x25 mm Weight: 129 g Consumption: 84 mW 10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 6 7 September 2005 Liulin-Photo was another experiment developed for Foton capsule as a part of Italian experiment Photo II

Electronics Detector and Preamplifier

Lithium-Ion batteries

Size: 100х100х50 mm Weight: 330 g (together with batteries)

Liulin-Photo 10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 7 7 September 2005 Block Diagram of R3D-B2

Silicon Detector +12 V DC Biopan 5 2 cm2 ; 0.3 mm 6 - 11 mA Platform

Slave Charge sensitive 2 Discriminator Micro- I C Interface preamplifier A225 controller Master 12 bit Analog to SRAM Micro- digital controller converter 512 b 1 MB Flash Memory Amplifier shaper 12 bit ADC Amplifier shaper Amplifier shaper Amplifier shaper

Amplifier PAR UV-A UV-B UV-C Photo Photo Photo Photo Diode and Diode and Diode and Diode and Temperature Filter Filter Filter Filter sensor

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 8 7 September 2005 Main conditions of the R3D-B2 experiment

The solid state detector of R3D-B2 instrument were behind 1.0 mm aluminium + 0.1 mm cooper + 0.2 mm plastic material, + RADO experiment thermo-luminescence detectors, which were placed behind a layer of special glass, to measure the protective properties of electrically-charged glass coatings against space radiation.

Totally this gives about 0.6-0.9 g/cm2 shielding, which is about 10-30 times less shielding than the shielding of Liulin-E094 experiment on ISS in 2001. From other hand the altitude of R3D- B2 experiment was 260-304 km, about 100 km less than Liulin- E094 experiment.

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 9 7 September 2005 All available datadata inin thethe memory for UV and temperature

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 10 7 September 2005 All available data in the memory for dosesdoses andand fluxesfluxes

R3D-B2 60 sec exposition

Aircraft flights

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 11 7 September 2005 Aircraft flight Amsterdam-Samara by R3D-B2 data

R3D-B2 60 sec exposition

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 12 7 September 2005 Aircraft flight Amsterdam-Samara by Liulin-Photo data

Liulin-Photo 60 sec exposition

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 13 7 September 2005 Comparison of aircraft flight results for 3 hours and 9 minutes

R3D-B2 Liulin-Photo

Mean dose [mGy/hour] 1.283 1.263 Total dose [mGy] 4.041 3.977 Sigma dose 0.0135 0.0125

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 14 7 September 2005 Comparison of the R3D-B2 and Liulin-E094 mean daily data with (Johnson et al, 1993)

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 15 7 September 2005 Data close to launch

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 16 7 September 2005 Sequence of descending and ascending

Descending Ascending pSAA pSAA pSAA pSAA pSAA pSAA eSP pSAA

eNP

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 17 7 September 2005 E-T grams from Liulin MDU#1 and MDU#2 on ISS in 2001

19 May 2001

19 May 2001

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 18 7 September 2005 Sequence of descending Foton M2 orbits

pS1 Descending orbits

pS2 pS3 eS1 eS2

eNP eNP eNP eNP eNP

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 19 7 September 2005 Descending crossing of SAA

Inner maximum Inner electrons and bremsshtrahlung

Outer electrons

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 20 7 September 2005 R3D-B2 and Liulin-E094 spectra comparison Comparison of R3D-B2 with Liulin-E094 data (1 minute resolution)

0.5 MeV R3D-B2 (Liulin-E094)*2 1000 1000 L=1.37 s s

t 100 t 100 n n u u o o

C 10 C 10 0.3 MeV 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.7 MeV 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dep. Ener. (MeV) Dep. Ener. (MeV) 1000 1000 1000 L=1.24 L=1.75 s s s

t 100 t 100 t 100 n n n u u u o o o

C 10 C 10 C 10

1 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dep. Ener. (MeV) Dep. Ener. (MeV) Dep. Ener. (MeV) ) ) p ) 1000 / 1 - 2 h / ^ ^ y s 100 m 2 G - c u ^ y ( 10

G m e c s n ( 1 (

o x F

D R3D-B2 data / u

l 0 D F 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 Number of measurements 10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 21 7 September 2005 Typical descending nodenode crossingcrossing of SAA as seen by Liulin-E094 MDUs data

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 22 7 September 2005 Distribution of Liulin-E094 phenomena inside of SAA ISS, +XVV attitude Liulin-E094, MDU-2

11-27 May 2001 ) . t

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 r a

50 p 2.2 /

2.1 2

30 2.0 ^

1.9 m

1.8 c 10 .

1.7 y 1.6 -10 G 1.4 n

1.3 (

-30 1.0 F 0.5 / -50 0.1 D ) 300 50 s 200 t

170 n

30 140 u

100 o

80 c

10 60 (

45 ,

30 ? -10 . 21 16 s

-30 11 m

9 e

7 r

-50 3 B ) ) 50 25.00 1 g

15.00 - 10.00 e 30 ^ 7.50 s d (

5.00 2

10 3.00 - e 1.50 ^

d 0.75 m

u -10 0.64 c t 0.56 ( i

t 0.50 -30 x a 0.45 u

0.37 l L

-50 0.30 F

50 300 ) r 200 u 150 30 o 100 h

80 / 10 60 y

45 G

29 u

-10 (

13

5 e

-30 3 s

2 o

-50 0 D

50 300 )

200 s t 150

30 n 100 u 80 10 60 o c

45 (

29

-10 ? 13 s 5 n -30 3 o

2 t

0 o

-50 r

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 P Longitude (deg) 10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 23 7 September 2005 Summary plot of the phenomena

Summary plot of ) s t n

SAA phenomena u o c (

300

60 ? . t

200 o r P

150 40 ) . p / ) 2 ^ g 2.06

20 m e c . d y ( 1.97

G e n (

0

d 1.73 F / u t D

i

t

) a -20 s

300 t L n u

200 o c

-40 (

?

170 . s m

-60 e r -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 B Longitude (deg)

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 24 7 September 2005 Comparison with Spenvis model

Summary plot of SAA phenomena ) s t n

and Spenvis predictions u o c (

300

60 ? . t

200 o 50 r P

150 40 ) . p 30 / ) 2 ^ g 2.06

20 m e c . d y ( 10 1.97

G e n (

0

d 1.73 F / u t -10 D

i

t

) a -20 s

300 t L -30 n u

200 o c

-40 (

?

170 .

-50 s m

-60 e r -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 B Longitude (deg)

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 25 7 September 2005 Comparison with Spenvis model 2

Summary plot of ) s t n

SAA phenomena u o c (

300

60 ? . t

200 o r P

150 40 ) . p / ) 2 ^ g 2.06

20 m e c . d y ( 1.97

G e n (

0

d 1.73 F / u t D

i

t

) a -20 s

300 t L n u

200 o c

-40 (

?

170 . s m

-60 e r -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 B Longitude (deg)

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 26 7 September 2005 Future space experiments

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 27 7 September 2005 Liulin-ISS Instrument is a part of Russian segment service dosimetric system and will work on ISS for 15 years after September 2005

Liulin-ISS: Weight: 229 g incl. 80 g battery Size: 110x80x25 mm Consumption: 84 mW

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 28 7 September 2005 The R3D spectrometer is mutually developed with the University in Erlangen, Germany and is expected to be launched first to Russian segment of ISS in 2006 and next to ESA Columbus module in 2008

EXPOSE

256 Channels Columbus LET spectrometer

PAR channel

UV-A channel

UV-B channel Flight unit mounted in the EXPOSE facility (May 2003) UV-C channel

R3D DIMENSIONS:

Weight: 189 g Vibration tests in ESA Size: 76x76x36 mm May, 2003 Consumption: 120 mW 10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 29 7 September 2005 4 more experiments are under development

Liulin-F instrument for SSD instrument with 4 Russian Phobos- MDUs for NASA DSTB Ground satellite (Deep Space Test Bed) 2009/2011 mission 2005/2006 Satellite at 100 km over the Phobos Balloon over Antarctida surface for 2 years up to 40 km altitude for Weight: 400 g 2/4 weeks RADOM instrument for Weight: 400 g Indian Chandrayaan-1 Size: 100x100x50 mm Consumption: 520 mW Weight of MDU: 90 g satellite Size: 88x40x20 mm 2007/2008 Consumption: 120 mW Satellite at 100 km over the Moon surface for 2 years Weight: 110 g Size: 88x40x20 mm Liulin-R instrument for Consumption: 120 mW ESA-Norwegian rocket Launch in February 2007

Rocket launch up to 280 km from Andoya, Norway (69.3° N) Weight: 110 g Size: 88x40x20 mm Consumption: 120 mW

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 30 7 September 2005 WEB based Liulin spectrometer (at ALOMAR observatory,observatory, Norway at http://128.39.135.6/)

Master controller Slave controller Internet module

Weight: 140 g Size: 84x40x40 mm Cons.: 200 mA from 5 V DC 10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 31 7 September 2005 Conclusions

 2 different modifications of Liulin type spectrometers was developed, build and flown on Foton M2 satellite. The differences between both instrument data during the aircraft flights do not exceed few percent;

 R3D-B2 spectra data show presence of 4 different formations in the region of SAA: First is the maximum of protons with high energies in the north-west side; 2) The protons lower their energy in the south-east direction; 3) In the south-east side of anomaly, where maximum of electrons with energies larger then 0.1 MeV is predicted by AE model is observed a pure electron or bremsshtrahlung spectra; 4) Pure electron or bremsshtrahlung spectra are observed in the region of outer radiation belt also;

 The comparisons of R3D-B2 with Liulin-E094 data allows us to confirm results obtained with Liulin-E094;

 Future experiments in space are under development and will be performed up to 2019;

10th WRMISS, Chiba, Japan, Space radiation... 32 7 September 2005