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Effects of Water Injection on Generator Output Power Augmentation in a Microturbine Kojun Suzuki, Susumu Nakano, Keiichi Seki, Yoichi Takeda, Tadaharu Kishibe

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Effects of Water Injection on Generator Output Power Augmentation in a Microturbine Kojun Suzuki, Susumu Nakano, Keiichi Seki, Yoichi Takeda, Tadaharu Kishibe Effects of Water Injection on Generator Output Power Augmentation in a Microturbine Kojun Suzuki, Susumu Nakano, Keiichi Seki, Yoichi Takeda, Tadaharu Kishibe To cite this version: Kojun Suzuki, Susumu Nakano, Keiichi Seki, Yoichi Takeda, Tadaharu Kishibe. Effects of Water Injection on Generator Output Power Augmentation in a Microturbine. 17th International Symposium on Transport Phenomena and Dynamics of Rotating Machinery (ISROMAC2017), Dec 2017, Maui, United States. hal-02376845 HAL Id: hal-02376845 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02376845 Submitted on 22 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Effects of Water Injection on Generator Output Power Augmentation in a Microturbine Kojun Suzuki1*, Susumu Nakano1*, Keiichi Seki1*, Yoichi Takeda1*, Tadaharu Kishibe2* Abstract Both water atomizing inlet air cooling (WAC) and the evaporative gas turbine cycle are methods to improve gas turbine efficiency and output using water evaporation. Especially, small-amount water injection methods which are used in WAC and the recuperative water injected (RWI) cycle are relatively easy to implement in existing turbines, and they are effective ways to increase output power for microturbines. The purposes of this study are to develop a dynamic simulator which can handle WAC and RWI operations and to clarify the quantitative contribution to power augmentation by the effect of ISROMAC 2017 water injection. Heat penetration from the turbine to the compressor which affects the performance of International the turbine system is considered in the simulator. Simulation results are compared with measured Symposium on results which were previously obtained in the operation test of the 150 kW class prototype microturbine. Transport Good agreement is seen between the simulation and measured results for the main output data such as Phenomena and the compressor discharge pressure and the generator output power. In the total output power Dynamics of augmentation of the generator by WAC and RWI operations, about 1/3 is brought about by the Rotating Machinery reduction of the compressor driving power and about 2/3 is brought about by the increase of the turbine output power. Simulation results also show a big effect from the heat penetration to the compressor on Hawaii, Maui the generator output power. December 16-21, Keywords 2017 Microturbine — Dynamic simulation — Evaporative gas turbine cycle — Water Injection 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 2Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Hitachi, Japan *Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION response to power rise were shown. However, the quantitative contribution to generator output power Microturbines, which were launched into the power augmentation by injected water has not been made market at the end of the 1990’s, are still in a difficult entirely clear. How much of the augmentation of the situation with respect to their spread in the market generation power was derived from the increase of because of their low electric efficiencies. Though turbine power output or from the reduction of the microturbines have high efficiency in small-scale compressor driving power has remained unknown. combined heat and power (CHP) systems [1], this It is difficult to analyze the quantitative contribution to good feature is still limited to their heat-driven use. power augmentation by the effect of injected water To raise their electric efficiency, water atomizing using only the data of a prototype machine operation inlet air cooling (WAC), which has already been test because the measured generator output power applied in large-scale gas turbines, and a humid air includes both effects of the turbine power increase and turbine (HAT) cycle, which was demonstrated in a the compressor power reduction. A dynamic simulator is small-capacity gas turbine [2], have been tried for expected to be a useful tool to understand dynamic microturbines. Williamson et al. [3] demonstrated the characteristics of the turbine system because each validity of WAC by applying an evaporation cooling effect of individual system components can be system to a commercial microturbine. In the early separated in the calculation result. stage of microturbine development, Parente et al. [4] The purposes of this study are to develop a dynamic analyzed the effectiveness of the HAT application to simulator which can handle WAC and recuperative microturbines which applied a saturation tower to water injected (RWI) cycle operations and to clarify the increase humidity. The first actual application test of quantitative contribution to power augmentation by the the spray saturation tower to a commercial effect of water injection. This simulator is an in-house microturbine was conducted by De Paepe et al. [5], code written in FORTRAN. Simulation results are and operation characteristics including those for partial compared with measured data which were obtained in load were shown. Nakano et al. [6] made the first the operation test of the 150 kW class prototype application of an evaporative gas turbine cycle to a microturbine [6]. As the compressor impeller and the microturbine with a 150 kW class prototype machine. turbine wheel are located very close to each other in the Nakano et al. also applied WAC, and found that even microturbine, heat penetration from the turbine to the when quite a small amount of water was supplied by compressor influences the effect on the performance of spray nozzles, the effectiveness of power the turbine system because the compressor driving augmentation of the microturbine and the quick Effects of Water Injection on Generator Output Power Augmentation in a Microturbine — 2 power increases due to the heat penetration. A simple a Dry air heat transfer model is considered in the simulator to atm Atmosphere check the effect of the heat penetration. cmb Combustor cir Circumferential direction NOMENCLATURE cr Corrected value csng Casing A Cross-sectional area of duct [m2] d Water droplet C Convectional heat transfer [W/m2] dsgn Designed value Cp Specific heat with constant pressure [J/(kg ev Evaporation K)] f Fuel D Diameter [m] 2 g Combustion gas Df Diffusivity [m /s] in Inlet G Flow rate [kg/s] jb Journal bearing H Enthalpy [J] liner Combustor liner Hu Low heat value of fuel [J/kg] mean Mean diameter I Inertia moment [kg m2] out Outlet L Latent heat of water droplet [J/kg] rec Recuperator Le Specific Euler work [J/kg] ref Referential value N Rotational speed [rpm] rs Rated rotation Nd Number of water droplets tb Thrust bearing Nu Nusselt number wa Wet air P Pressure [Pa] 0 Total Pr Prandtl number 1 From combustion gas to liner Q Heat transfer with water droplet evaporation 2 From liner to cooling air [W] 3 From cooling air to casing R Radiation heat transfer [W/m2] Re Reynolds number S Surface area [m2] 1. OVERVIEW OF THE MICROTURBINE APPLYING WAC AND RWI Sc Schmidt number Sh Sherwood number The thermodynamic cycle applied to microturbines is T Temperature [K] generally the regenerative Brayton cycle. Figure 1 V Inlet or outlet velocity of compressor [m/s] shows the system diagram of the one referred to in this W Power or output [W] study. The prototype machine was not a commercial Wloss Windage loss, bearing loss [W] one but one developed as an application machine of the Y Mass fraction of vapor evaporative gas turbine cycle [6]. The main components Exponential function, polynomial function and are a single-stage centrifugal compressor, a single- cubic function stage radial turbine, a can type combustor, a f h Specific enthalpy [J/kg] recuperator, a permanent magnet generator, and an m Mass of a water droplet or mass of air electrical conversion system. The main feature of this surrounding a water droplet [kg] microturbine system is utilization of water for improved t Time [s] electrical output and lubrication of bearings [7]. u Circumferential velocity [m/s] Wetness of wet air Application of water lubricated bearings reduces bearing loss. Water is also used for the cooling system of the xev,RWI Wetness added by RWI generator and the electrical conversion system. There 푥Q Heat transfer into or from compressor [W/kg] are two water supply lines that include the WAC and Ratio of the meridional direction component RWI lines and a water circulation line for the electrical of absolute velocity to circumferential velocity equipment cooling. Water for WAC and RWI is purified 훽 at average radius of compressor inlet with a reverse osmosis membrane. Efficiency The arrangement of the main components of the Specific heat ratio prototype microturbine is shown in Fig. 2. Atmospheric 휂 Combustion efficiency air is taken in and compressed by the centrifugal 휅 compressor. Compressor discharged air is sent to the Polytrophic efficiency 휂퐵 recuperator and warmed up by heat exchange of the Recuperator effectiveness 푃푇푂 turbine exhaust gas. Compressed and heated-up air is 휂 Thermal conductivity [W/(m K)] 휂푟푒푐 sent to the combustor through the outer flow path of the Friction coefficient turbine casing and the flow path between the combustor 휆 Density [kg/m3] liner (hereafter, simply designated as liner) and the 휉퐶 Angular velocity [rad/s] combustor casing. The combustion gas drives the 휌 Subscripts turbine rotor and is exhausted through the recuperator 휔C Compressor to the atmosphere. Water spray for WAC is provided in G Generator the inlet duct of the compressor and that for RWI is T Turbine provided in the straight duct set between the Effects of Water Injection on Generator Output Power Augmentation in a Microturbine — 3 compressor and the recuperator.
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