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Device Technologies for RF Front-End Circuits in Next-Generation Wireless Communications

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Device Technologies for RF Front-End Circuits in Next-Generation Wireless Communications Device Technologies for RF Front-End Circuits in Next-Generation Wireless Communications MILTON FENG, FELLOW, IEEE, SHYH-CHIANG SHEN, MEMBER, IEEE, DAVID C. CARUTH, MEMBER, IEEE, AND JIAN-JANG HUANG, MEMBER, IEEE Invited Paper Next-generation high data rate wireless communication systems I. INTRODUCTION offer completely new ways to access information and services. To provide higher data speed and data bandwidth, RF transceivers The evolution of wireless networks involves enormous in next-generation communications are expected to offer higher complexity and rapid changes between different generations RF performance in both transmitting and receiving circuitry to as well as different applications. Take mobile commu- meet quality of service. Chosen semiconductor device technologies nications as an example. It is one of the fastest growing will depend greatly on the tradeoffs between manufacturing cost areas over the past decade. The first-generation mobile and circuit performance requirements as well as the variations in system architecture. Hardly did we find a single semiconductor communication systems are analog systems designed to device technology that offers a total solution to RF transceiver carry the voice traffic. The rapid growth in the number of building blocks in terms of system-on-a-chip integration. The subscribers and the proliferation of incompatible first-gener- choices of device technologies for each constituent component ation systems drove the evolution toward second-generation are then important and complicated issues. In this paper, we will (2G) cellular systems. Multiple access techniques such review the general performance requirement of key components for RF transceivers for next-generation wireless communications. as time division multiple access (TDMA), code division The state-of-the-art high-speed transistor technologies will be multiple access (CDMA), and global system for mobile presented to assess the capabilities and limitations of each tech- communications (GSM) are used in the 2G systems. Again, nology in the arena of high data rate wireless communications. the spectrum shortage of current 2G communication systems The pros and cons of each technology will be presented and the results in a revolutionary instead of evolutionary approach feasible semiconductor device technologies for next-generation RF transceivers can be chosen upon the discretion of system to increase system capacity and support innovative broad- integrators. band multimedia services. Third–generation (3G) mobile communication systems, which GSM and CDMA converge Keywords—Bipolar junction transistor (BJT), device tech- nology, field-effect transistor (FET), heterojunction bipolar into a single, official, globally roamable system, provide not transistor (HBT), metal semiconductor field-effect transistor only voice service but also data delivery. (MESFET), pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor The system for 3G wireless communications is also (p-HEMT), radio frequency (RF) front-end circuits, RF micro- referred as International Mobile Telecommunications electromechanical systems (RF MEMS), third generation (3G), 2000 (IMT-2000). Several terms are also used to de- wireless communications. scribe networks that use the 3G specification: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) in Europe, Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA) in Japan, or UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). Multiple radio technology options have been included in the IMT-2000 standard to allow seamless service evolu- Manuscript received October 26, 2002; revised October 17, 2003. tion from the various 2G mobile standards that have been M. Feng is with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, extensively deployed around the world. In Europe and IL 61820 USA (e-mail: [email protected]). S.-C. Shen and D. C. Caruth are with Xindium Technologies, Inc., Japan, for example, the wide-band CDMA (W-CDMA) Champaign, IL 61820 USA (e-mail: [email protected]; was adopted. W-CDMA offers much higher data speed [email protected]). and data bandwidth. W-CDMA can support mobile voice, J.-J. Huang is with WJ Communications, Milpitas, CA 95035 USA (e-mail: [email protected]). images, data and video communications at up to 2 Mb/s Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JPROC.2003.821903 for local-area access and 384 kb/s for wide-area access, 0018-9219/04$20.00 © 2004 IEEE 354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 92, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2004 respectively. The input signals are digitalized and trans- circuits were considered the most challenging area and the mitted in a coded, spread-spectrum mode over a range of successful development in these RF front-end components is frequencies with 5-MHz channel bandwidth. In the United the most critical path in the deployment of next-generation States, CDMA-2000 is employed for backward compatible wireless communications. For example, EDGE signals, with CDMA (IS-95). The CDMA-2000 standard will be unlike conventional GSM which uses constant-envelope deployed in all cellular spectra with high-voice capacity and GMSK modulation, employ -shifted 8-PSK modula- high-speed packet data capabilities. It was devised to have tion. In order to provide sufficient quality of service (QoS) to high spectral efficiency and better power control scheme meet the required error vector magnitude (EVM) tolerance, through an open loop power control mechanism. one will need highly linear and low-phase-noise power Due to high cost in upgrading currently available infra- amplifiers (PAs) and modulators to maintain signal quality structure and physical limitation in device technology, some in radio transmission. This issue is complicated by some interim technologies, or 2.5G mobile communications, were other factors in reality such as power consumption, chip introduced in the roadmap to 3G communications. For ex- cost, and technology availability. Common approaches such ample, general packet radio service (GPRS) was introduced as nonlinear modulation technique or output power backoff to provide nonvoice value-added service that allows infor- PA operation lead to high-cost design cycle and inefficient mation to be sent and received across a mobile telephone power utilization. Thermal buildup in wireless communica- network at a theoretical maximum data rate of 171.2 kb/s. tion RF front-ends degrades the system performance as the It supplements today’s circuit switched data (9.6 kb/s) and power efficiency degrades at higher operating temperature. short message service (160 characters). Current GSM stan- Similar requirement is desired in short-distance WLAN dard are expecting to be replaced with an Enhanced Data such as OFDM with 64-QAM modulation schemes. WLAN rate through GSM Evolution (EDGE) modulation format. transceivers, for example, face challenges in stringent EVM The EDGE signal offers greater date rates while occupying requirement in order to provide a high-quality in-phase the same bandwidth as the older GSM format. This means and quadrature (I/O) modulation constellation. More power that operators can create base station transmission sites that backoff in PA operation and low phase noise components offer both GSM and EDGE radio interfaces and use the same are then required. switch and site controllers for both applications. The deploy- New modulation formats for next-generation wireless ment of EDGE triples the capacity of GPRS as well as en- communications keep placing higher RF performance ables smooth evolution to 3G mobile services. EDGE is ex- requirements on transceiver circuits. Looking further ahead, pected to be a complementary technology to W-CDMA that fourth–generation (4G) wireless communications are the allows an operator to deploy a single 3G network and to de- term of concepts beyond 3G wireless systems. It will in- liver optimum performance, coverage, and long-term flexi- clude technologies with innovations in system architectures bility at lowest cost. and spectrum allocation as well as utilization in radio Similarly, in the short-distance wireless data commu- communication, networking, services and applications. It nications, the wireless local access network (WLAN) per will improve and revolutionize wireless/wireline data and IEEE 802.11 specifications has become the mainstream voice networks. Gigabit wireless communications will be technology. The WLAN operates at the 2.4- and 5.8-GHz among one of them. The communication between mobile frequency bands with maximum network range of 150 ft stations will not only contain voice but also involve with and maximum theoretical data transmission rate of 54 Mb/s. real-time multimedia and data exchanges. The higher carrier Several standard versions coexists in IEEE 802.11 standard frequency of possibly 2–8 GHz, wider bandwidth, and representing different generations of technological evolu- better channel utilization will be required for large data tion. IEEE 802.11b specifies radios transmitting at 2.4 GHz transmissions. The RF transceiver will remain one of the and at speeds up to 11 Mb/s using direct sequence spread research hot spots in the development of high-speed wireless spectrum (DSSS) technology. Different carrier modulation communications, and the successful development of inno- methods ranging from BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, to 64QAM vative wireless components will be based on the success in were implemented in IEEE 802.11a using an orthogonal innovative semiconductor device technology development. frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique.
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