Appendix: Sino-British Joint Declaration On the Question of Hong Kong*

CONTENTS

Joint Declaration Of the government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Question of Hong Kong Annex I Elaboration by the Government of the People's Re• public of China of Its Basic Policies Regarding Hong Kong Annex II Sino-British Joint Liaison Group Annex III Land Leases Memoranda (To Be Exchanged Between the Two Sides)

*Reproduced from the Beijing Review, 27, 40, 1984. 142 JOINT DECLARATION Of the Government of the People's Republic of China And The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland On the Question of Hong Kong

The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Govern• ment of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland have reviewed with satisfaction the friendly relations existing be• tween the two Governments and peoples in recent years and agreed that a proper negotiated settlement of the question of Hong Kong, which is left over from the past, is conducive to the maintenance of the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong and to the further strength• ening and development of the relations between the two countries on a new basis. To this end, they have, after talks between the delega• tions of the two Governments, agreed to declare as follows: 1. The Government of the People's Republic of China declares that to recover the Hong Kong area (including Hong Kong Island, Kow• loon and the New Territories, hereinafter referred to as Hong Kong) is the common aspiration of the entire Chinese people, and that it has decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from 1 July 1997. 2. The Government of the United Kingdom declares that it will restore Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China with effect from 1 July 1997. 3. The Government of the People's Republic of China declares that the basic policies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong are as follows: 143 144 Appendix

(1) Upholding national unity and territorial integrity and tak• ing account of the history of Hong Kong and its realities, the People's Republic of China has decided to establish, in accordance with the provisions of Article 31 of the Consti• tution of the People's Republic of China, a Hong Kong Special Administrative Region upon resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. (2) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be directly under the authority of the Central People's Govern• ment of the People's Republic of China. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government. (3) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be vested with executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. The laws cur• rently in force in Hong Kong will remain basically un• changed. (4) The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrat• ive Region will be composed of local inhabitants. The chief executive will be appointed by the Central People's Govern• ment on the basis of the results of elections or consulta• tions to be held locally. Principal officials will be nominated by the chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Adminis• trative Region for appointment by the Central People's Government. Chinese and foreign nationals previously working in the public and police services in the govern• ment departments of Hong Kong may remain in employ• ment. British and other foreign nationals may also be employed to serve as advisers or hold certain public posts in government departments of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (5) The current social and economic systems in Hong Kong will remain unchanged, and so will the life-style. Rights and freedoms, including those of the person, of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of travel, of move• ment, of correspondence, of strike, of choice of occupa• tion, of academic research and of religious belief will be ensured by law in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Private property, ownership of enterprises, legit• imate right of inheritance and foreign investment will be protected by law. Joint Declaration 145

(6) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will retain the status of a free port and a separate customs territory. (7) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will retain the status of an inter-national financial centre, and its markets for foreign exchange, gold, securities and futures will continue. There will be free flow of capital. The Hong Kong dollar will continue to circulate and remain freely convertible. (8) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will have independent finances. The Central People's Government will not levy taxes on the Hong Kong Special Administrat• ive Region. (9) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may es• tablish mutually beneficial economic relations with the United Kingdom and other countries, whose economic interests in Hong Kong will be given due regard. (10) Using the name of "Hong Kong, China", the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may on its own maintain and develop economic and cultural relations and conclude relevant agreements with states, regions and relevant in• ternational organisations. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Adminis• trative Region may on its own issue travel documents for entry into and exit from Hong Kong. (11) The maintenance of public order in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be the responsibility of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (12) The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong and the elaboration of them in Annex I to this Joint Declaration will be stipulated, in a Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Re• gion of the People's Republic of China, by the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, and they will remain unchanged for 50 years. 4. The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom declare that, during the tran• sitional period between the date of the entry into force of this Joint Declaration and 30 June 1997, the Government of the United King• dom will be responsible for the administration of Hong Kong with the 146 Appendix object of maintaining and preserving its economic prosperity and social stability; and that the Government of the People's Republic of China will give its cooperation in this connection. 5. The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom declare that, in order to ensure a smooth transfer of government in 1997, and with a view to the effective implementation of this Joint Declaration, a Sino-British Joint Liaison Group will be set up when this Joint Declaration enters into force; and that it will be established and will function in accord• ance with the provisions of Annex II to this Joint Declaration. 6. The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom declare that land leases in Hong Kong and other related matters will be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Annex III to this Joint Declaration. 7. The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom agree to implement the preced• ing declarations and the Annexes to this Joint Declaration. 8. This Joint Declaration is subject to ratification and shall enter into force on the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification, which shall take place in Beijing before 30 June 1985. This Joint Declaration and its Annexes shall be equally binding.

Done in duplicate at Beijing on 1984 in the Chinese and English languages, both texts being equally authentic.

(Signed) (Signed) For the For the Government of the Government of the United People's Republic of China Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ANNEX I Elaboration by the Government of The People's Republic of China of Its Basic Policies Regarding Hong Kong

The Government of the People's Republic of China elaborates the basic policies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong as set out in paragraph 3 of the Joint Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Question of Hong Kong as follows:

I

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates in Article 31 that "the state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by laws enacted by the National People's Congress in the light of the specific conditions." In accordance with this Article, the People's Republic of China shall, upon the resump• tion of the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong on 1 July 1997, establish the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peo• ple's Republic of China. The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China shall enact and promulgate a Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Basic Law) in accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, stipulating that after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region the socialist system and socialist policies shall not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and that Hong Kong's previous capitalist system and life-style shall remain unchanged for 50 years. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be directly under the authority of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China and shall enjoy a high degree of auton- 147 148 Appendix omy. Except for foreign and defence affairs which are the responsi• bilities of the Central People's Government, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be vested with executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. The Central People's Government shall authorise the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to conduct on its own those external affairs specified in Section XI of this Annex. The government and legislature of the Hong Kong Special Admin• istrative Region shall be composed of local inhabitants. The chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be selected by election or through consultations held locally and be appointed by the Central People's Government. Principal officials (equivalent to Secretaries) shall be nominated by the chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and appointed by the Central People's Government. The legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be constituted by elections. The executive authorities shall abide by the law and shall be accountable to the legislature. In addition to Chinese, English may also be used in organs of government and in the courts in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Apart from displaying the national flag and national emblem of the People's Republic of China, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may use a regional flag and emblem of its own.

II

After the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the laws previously in force in Hong Kong (i.e. the common law, rules of equity, ordinances, subordinate legislation and custom• ary law) shall be maintained, save for any that contravene the Basic Law and subject to any amendment by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region legislature. The legislative power of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be vested in the legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The legislature may on its own authority enact laws in accordance with the provisions of the Basic Law and legal procedures, and report them to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record. Laws enacted by the legislature which are in accordance with the Basic Law and legal procedures shall be regarded as valid. Annex I 149

The laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be the Basic Law, and the laws previously in force in Hong Kong and laws enacted by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region legislature as above.

III

After the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the judicial system previously practised in Hong Kong shall be maintained except for those changes consequent upon the vesting in the courts of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the power of final adjudication. Judicial power in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be vested in the courts of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The courts shall exercise judicial power independently and free from any interference. Members of the judiciary shall be im• mune from legal action in respect of their judicial functions. The courts shall decide cases in accordance with the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and may refer to precedents in other common law jurisdictions. Judges of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region courts shall be appointed by the chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region acting in accordance with the recommenda• tion of an independent commission composed of local judges, per• sons from the legal profession and other eminent persons. Judges shall be chosen by reference to their judicial qualities and may be recruited from other common law jurisdictions. A judge may only be removed for inability to discharge the functions of his office, or for misbehaviour, by the chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region acting in accordance with the recommenda• tion of a tribunal appointed by the chief judge of the court of final appeal, consisting of not fewer than three local judges. Additionally, the appointment or removal of principal judges (i.e. those of the highest rank) shall be made by the chief executive with the endorse• ment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region legislature and reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record. The system of appointment and removal of judicial officers other than judges shall be maintained. The power of final judgment of the Hong Kong Special Admin• istrative Region shall be vested in the court of final appeal in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, which may as required 150 Appendix invite judges from other common law jurisdictions to sit on the court of final appeal. A prosecuting authority of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall control criminal prosecutions free from any interfer• ence. On the basis of the system previously operating in Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government shall on its own make provision for local lawyers and lawyers from outside the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to work and practise in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The Central People's Government shall assist or authorise the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government to make appropriate arrangements for reciprocal juridical assistance with foreign states.

IV

After the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, public servants previously serving in Hong Kong in all government departments, including the police department, and mem• bers of the judiciary may all remain in employment and continue their service with pay, allowances, benefits and conditions of service no less favourable than before. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government shall pay to such persons who retire or complete their contracts, as well as to those who have retired before 1 July 1997, or to their dependants, all pensions, gratuities, allowances and benefits due to them on terms no less favourable than before, and irrespective of their nationality or place of residence. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government may employ British and other foreign nationals previously serving in the public service in Hong Kong, and may recruit British and other foreign nationals holding permanent identity cards of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to serve as public servants at all levels, except as heads of major government departments ( corre• sponding to branches or departments at Secretary level) including the police department, and as deputy heads of some of those depart• ments. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government may also employ British and other foreign nationals as advisers to government departments and, when there is a need, may recruit qualified candidates from outside the Hong Kong Special Adminis• trative Region to professional and technical posts in government Annex I 151 departments. The above shall be employed only in their individual capacities and, like other public servants, shall be responsible to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. The appointment and promotion of public servants shall be on the basis of qualifications, experience and ability. Hong Kong's previous system of recruitment, employment, assessment, discipline, training and management for the public service (including special bodies for appointment, pay and conditions of service) shall, save for any provisions providing privileged treatment for foreign nationals, be maintained. v

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall deal on its own with financial matters, including disposing of its financial re• sources and drawing up its budgets and its final accounts. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall report its budgets and final accounts to the Central People's Government for the record. The Central People's Government shall not levy taxes on the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The Hong Kong Special Ad• ministrative Region shall use its financial revenues exclusively for its own purposes and they shall not be handed over to the Central People's Government. The systems by which taxation and public expenditure must be approved by the legislature, and by which there is accountability to the legislature for all public expenditure, and the system for auditing public accounts shall be maintained.

VI

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall maintain the capitalist economic and trade systems previously practised in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government shall decide its economic and trade policies on its own. Rights concerning the ownership of property, including those relating to acquisition, use, disposal, inheritance and compensation for lawful deprivation (corresponding to the real value of the property con• cerned, freely convertible and paid without undue delay) shall con• tinue to be protected by law. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall retain the status of a free port and continue a free trade policy, including the free movement of goods and capital. The Hong Kong Special Ad- 152 Appendix ministrative Region may on its own maintain and develop economic and trade relations with all states and regions. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be a separate customs territory. It may participate in relevant international organ• isations and international trade agreements (including preferential trade arrangements), such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and arrangements regarding international trade in textiles. Export quotas, tariff preferences and other similar arrangements obtained by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be enjoyed exclusively by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Re• gion. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall have authority to issue its own certificates of origin for products manufac• tured locally, in accordance with prevailing rules of origin. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may, as necessary, establish official and semi-official economic and trade missions in foreign countries, reporting the establishment of such missions to the Central People's Goverment for the record.

VII

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall retain the status of an international financial centre. The monetary and financial systems previously practised in Hong Kong, including the systems of regulation and supervision of deposit taking institutions and financial markets, shall be maintained. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government may decide its monetary and financial policies on its own. It shall safe• guard the free operation of financial business and the free flow of capital within, into and out of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. No exchange control policy shall be applied in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Markets for foreign exchange, gold, securities and futures shall continue. The Hong Kong dollar, as the local legal tender, shall continue to circulate and remain freely convertible. The authority to issue Hong Kong currency shall be vested in the Hong Kong Special Adminis• trative Region Government. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government may authorise designated banks to issue or continue to issue Hong Kong currency under statutory authority, after satisfying itself that any issue of currency will be soundly based and that the arrangements for such issue are consistent with the object of maintaining the stability of the currency. Hong Kong Annex I 153 currency bearing references inappropriate to the status of Hong Kong as a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China shall be progressively replaced and withdrawn from circula• tion. The Exchange Fund shall be managed and controlled by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, primarily for regulating the exchange value of the Hong Kong dollar.

VIII

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall maintain Hong Kong's previous systems of shipping management and shipping regulation, including the system for regulating conditions of seamen. The specific functions and responsibilities of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government in the field of shipping shall be defined by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Govern• ment on its own. Private shipping businesses and shipping-related businesses and private container terminals in Hong Kong may con• tinue to operate freely. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be authorised by the Central People's Government to continue to maintain a shipping register and issue related certificates under its own legisla• tion in the name of "Hong Kong, China". With the exception of foreign warships, access for which requires the permission of the Central People's Government, ships shall enjoy access to the ports of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in accordance with the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

IX

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall maintain the status of Hong Kong as a centre of international and regional avia• tion. Airlines incorporated and having their principal place of busi• ness in Hong Kong and civil aviation related businesses may continue to operate. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall continue the previous system of civil aviation management in Hong Kong, and keep its own aircraft register in accordance with pro• visions laid down by the Central People's Government concerning nationality marks and registration marks of aircraft. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be responsible on its own for matters of routine business and technical management of civil avia- 154 Appendix tion, including the management of airports, the provision of air traffic ser\rices within the flight information region of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the discharge of other responsi• bilities allocated under the regional air navigation procedures of the International Civil Aviation Organisation. The Central People's Government shall, in consultation with the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, make ar• rangements providing for air services between the Hong Kong Spe• cial Administrative Region and other parts of the People's Repfiblic of China for airlines incorporated and having their principal place of business in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and other airlines of the People's Republic of China. All Air Service Agree• ments providing for air services between other parts of the People's Republic of China and other states and regions with stops at the Hong Kong Special Administrati:ve Region and air services between the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and other states and regions with stops at other parts of the People's Republic of China shall be concluded by the Central People's Government. For this purpose, the Central People's Government shall take account of the special conditions and economic interests of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and consult the Hong Kong Special Adminis• trative Region Government. Representatives of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government may participate as mem• bers of delegations of the Government of the People's Republic of China in air service consultations with foreign governments concern• ing arrangements for such services. Acting under specific authorisations from the Central People's Government, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gov• ernment may: - renew or amend Air Service Agreements and arrangements previously in force; in principle, all such Agreements and arrangements may be renewed or amended with the rights contained in such previous Agreements and arrangements being as far as possible maintained; - negotiate and conclude new Air Service Agreements providing routes for airlines incorporated and having their principal place of business in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and rights for overflights and technical stops; and - negotiate and conclude provisional arrangements where no Air Service Agreement with a foreign state or other region is in force. Annex I 155

All scheduled air services to, from or through the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region which do not operate to, from or through the mainland of China shall be regulated by Air Service Agreements or provisional arrangements referred to in this paragraph. The Central People's Government shall give the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government the authority to: - negotiate and conclude with other authorities all arrangements concerning the implementation of the above Air Service Agree• ments and provisional arrangements; - issue licences to airlines incorporated and having their principal place of business in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; - designate such airlines under the above Air Service Agree• ments and provisional arrangements; and - issue permits to foreign airlines for services other than those to, from or through the mainland of China.

X

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall maintain the educational system previously practised in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government shall on its own decide policies in the fields of culture, education, science and tech• nology, including policies regarding the educational system and its administration, the language of instruction, the allocation of funds, the examination system, the system of academic awards and the recognition of educational and technological qualifications. Institu• tions of all kinds, including those run by religious and community organisations, may retain their autonomy. They may continue to recruit staff and use teaching materials from outside the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Students shall enjoy freedom of choice of education and freedom to pursue their education outside the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

XI

Subject to the principle that foreign affairs are the responsibility of the Central People's Government, representatives of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government may participate, as members of delegations of the Government of the People's Republic 156 Appendix of China, in negotiations at the diplomatic level directly affecting the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region conducted by the Central People's Government. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Re• gion may on its own, using the name "Hong Kong, China", maintain and develop relations and conclude and implement agreements with states, regions and relevant international organisations in the appro• priate fields, including the economic, trade, financial and monetary, shipping, communication, touristic, cultural and sporting fields. Rep• resentatives of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government may participate, as members of delegations of the Government of the People's Republic of China, in international organisations or conferences in appropriate fields limited to states and affecting the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, or may attend in such other capacity as may be permitted by the Central People's Government and the organisation or conference concerned, and may express their views in the name of "Hong Kong, China". The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may, using the name "Hong Kong, China", participate in international organisations and conferences not limited to states. The application to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of international agreements to which the People's Republic of China is or becomes a party shall be decided by the Central People's Government, in accordance with the circumstances and needs of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and after seeking the views of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Govern• ment. International agreements to which the People's Republic of China is not a party but which are implemented in Hong Kong may remain implemented in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Re• gion. The Central People's Government shall, as necessary, authorise or assist the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government to make appropriate arrangements for the application to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of other relevant international agreements. The Central People's Government shall take the necess• ary steps to ensure that the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall continue to retain it status in an appropriate capacity in those international organisations of which the People's Republic of China is a member and in which Hong Kong participates in one capacity or another. The Central People's Government shall, where necessary, facilitate the continued participation of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in an appropriate capactiy in those international organisations in which Hong Kong is a participant in Annex I 157 one capacity or another, but of which the People's Republic of China is not a member. Foreign consular and other official or semi-official missions may be established in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region with the approval of the Central People's Government. Consular and other official missions established in Hong Kong by states which have established formal diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of Ch~na may be maintained. According to the circumstances of each case, consular and other official missions of states having no formal diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China may either be maintained or changed to semi-official missions. States not recog• nised by the People's Republic of China can only establish non• governmental institutions. The United Kingdom may establish a Consulate-General in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

XII

The maintenance of public order in the Hong Kong Special Ad• ministrative Region shall be the responsibility of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. Military forces sent by the Central People's Government to be stationed in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the purpose of defence shall not interfere in the internal affairs of the Hong Kong Special Adminis• trative Region. Expenditure for these military forces shall be borne by the Central People's Government.

XIII

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government shall protect the rights and freedoms of inhabitants and other persons in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region according to law. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government shall main• tain the rights and freedoms as provided for by the laws previously in force in Hong Kong, including freedom of the person, of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, to form and join trade unions, of correspondence, of travel, of movement, of strike, of demonstra• tion, of choice of occupation, of academic research, of belief, inviol• ability of the home, the freedom to marry and the right to raise a family freely. Every person shall have the right to confidential legal advice, access to the courts, representation in the courts by lawyers of his 158 Appendix choice, and to obtain judicial remedies. Every person shall have the right to challenge the actions of the executive in the courts. Religious organisations and believers may maintain their relations with religious organisations and believers elsewhere, and schools, hospitals and welfare institutions run by religious organisations may be continued. The relationship between religious organisations in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and those in other parts of the People's Republic of China shall be based on the principles of non-subordination, non-interference and mutual respect. The provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as applied to Hong Kong shall remain in force.

XIV

The following categories of persons shall have the right of abode in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and, in accordance with the law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, be qualified to obtain permanent identity cards issued by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, which state their right of abode: - all Chinese nationals who were born or who have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong before or after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for a continuous period of 7 years or more, and persons of Chinese nationality born outside Hong Kong of such Chinese nationals; - all other persons who have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong before or after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for a continuous period of 7 years or more and who have taken Hong Kong as their place of perma• nent residence before or after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and persons under 21 years of age who were born of such persons in Hong Kong before or after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; - any other persons who had the right of abode only in Hong Kong before the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The Central People's Government shall authorise the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government to issue, in accordance with the law, passports of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Annex I 159

Region of the People's Republic of China to all Chinese nationals who hold permanent identity cards of the Hong Kong Special Admin• istrative Region, and travel documents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China to all other persons lawfully residing in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The above passports and documents shall be valid for all states and regions and shall record the holder's right to return to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. For the purpose of travelling to and from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, residents of the Hong Kong Special Admin• istrative Region may use travel documents issued by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, or by other competent authorities of the People's Republic of China, or of other states. Holders of permanent identity cards of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may have this fact stated in their travel documents as evidence that the holders have the right of abode in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Entry into the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of per• sons from other parts of China shall continue to be regulated in accordance with the present practice. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government may apply immigration controls on entry, stay in and departure from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region by persons from foreign states and regions. Unless restrained by law, holders of valid travel documents shall be free to leave the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region without special authorisation. The Central People's Government shall assist or authorise the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government to conclude visa abolition agreements with states or regions. ANNEX II Sino-British Joint Liaison Group

1. In furtherance of their common aim and in order to ensure a smooth transfer of government in 1997, the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom have agreed to continue their discussions in a friendly spirit and to develop the cooperative relationship which already exists between the two Governments over Hong Kong with a view to the effective implementation of the Joint Declaration. 2. In order to meet the requirements for liaison, consultation and the exchange of information, the two Governments have agreed to set up a Joint Liaison Group. 3. The functions of the Joint Liaison Group shall be: (a) to conduct consultations on the implementation of the Joint Declaration; (b) to discuss matters relating to the smooth transfer of govern• ment in 1997; (c) to exchange information and conduct consultations on such subjects as may be agreed by the two sides. Matters on which there is disagreement in the Joint Liaison Group shall be referred to the two Governments for solution through consultations. 4. Matters for consideration during the first half of the period between the establishment of the Joint Liaison Group and 1 July 1997 shall include: (a) action to be taken by the two Governments to enable the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to maintain its economic relations as a separate customs territory, and in particular to ensure the maintenance of Hong Kong's partici• pation in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the Multifibre Arrangement and other international arrange• ments; and (b) action to be taken by the two Governments to ensure the continued application of international rights and obligations affecting Hong Kong.

160 Annex II 161

5. The two Governments have agreed that in the second half of the period between the establishment of the Joint Liaison Group and 1 July 1997 there will be need for closer cooperation, which will therefore be intensified during that period. Matters for consideration during this second period shall include: (a) procedures to be adopted for the smooth transition in 1997; (J:>) action to assist the Hong Kong Special Administration Re• gion to maintain and develop economic and cultural relations and conclude agreements on these matters with states, re• gions and relevant international organisations. 6. The Joint Liaison Group shall be an organ for liaison and not an organ of power. It shall play no part in the administration of Hong Kong or the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Nor shall it have any supervisory role over that administration. The members and supporting staff of the Joint Liaison Group shall only conduct activities within the scope of the functions of the Joint Liaison Group. 7. Each side shall designate a senior representative, who shall be of Ambassadorial rank, and four other members of the group. Each side may send up to 20 supporting staff. 8. The Joint Liaison Group shall be established on the entry into force of the Joint Declaration. From 1 July 1988 the Joint Liaison Group shall have its principal base in Hong Kong. The Joint Liaison Group shall continue its work until 1 January 2000. 9. The Joint Liaison Group shall meet in Beijing, London and Hong Kong. It shall meet at least once in each of the three locations in each year. The venue for each meeting shall be agreed between the two sides. 10. Members of the Joint Liaison Group shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities as appropriate when in the three locations. Proceedings of the Joint Liaison Group shall remain confidential unless otherwise agreed between the two sides. 11. The Joint Liaison Group may by agreement between the two sides decide to set up specialist sub-groups to deal with particular subjects requiring expert assistance. 12. Meetings of the Joint Liaison Group and sub-groups may be attended by experts other than the members of the Joint Liaison Group. Each side shall determine the composition of its delegation to particular meetings of the Joint Liaison Group or sub-group in accordance with the subjects to be discussed and the venue chosen. 162 Appendix

13. The working procedures of the Joint Liaison Group shall be discussed and decided upon by the two sides within the guidelines laid down in this Annex. ANNEX Ill Land Leases

The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom have agreed that, with effect from the entry into force of the Joint Declaration, land leases in Hong Kong and other related matters shall be dealt with in accord• ance with the following provisions: 1. All leases of land granted or decided upon before the entry into force of the Joint Declaration and those granted thereafter in accord• ance with paragraph 2 to 3 of this Annex, and which extend beyond 30 June 1997, and all rights in relation to such leases shall continue to be recognised and protected under the law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 2. All leases by land granted by the British Hong Kong Govern• ment not containing a right of renewal that expire before 30 June 1997, except short term tenancies and leases for special purposes, may be extended if the lessee so wishes for a period expiring not later than 30 June 2047 without payment of an additional premium. An annual rent shall be charged from the date of extension equivalent to 3 per cent of the rateable value of the property at that date, adjusted in step with any changes in the rateable value thereafter. In the case of old schedule lots, village lots, small houses and similar rural holdings, where the property was on 30 June 1984 held by, or, in the case of small houses granted after that date, the property is granted to, a person descended through the male line from a person who was in 1898 a resident of an established village in Hong Kong, the rent shall remain unchanged so long as the property is held by that person or by one of his lawful successors in the male line. Where leases of land not having a right of renewal expire after 30 June 1997, they shall be dealt with in accordance with the relevant land laws and policies of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 3. From the entry into force of the Joint Declaration until 30 June 1997, new leases of land may be granted by the British Hong Kong Government for terms expiring not later than 30 June 2047. Such leases shall be granted at a premium and nominal rental until30 June 1997, after which date they shall not require payment of an additional premium but an annual rent equivalent to 3 per cent of the rateable 163 164 Appendix value of the property at that date, adjusted in step with changes in the rateable value thereafter, shall be charged. 4. The total amount of new land to be granted under paragraph 3 of this Annex shall be limited to 50 hectares a year (excluding land to be granted to the Hong Kong Housing Authority for public rental housing) from the entry into force of the Joint Declaration until 30 June 1997. 5. Modifications of the conditions specified in leases granted by the British Hong Kong Government may continue to be granted before 1 July 1997 at a premium equivalent to the difference between the value of the land under the previous conditions and its value under the modified conditions. 6. From the entry into force of the Joint Declaration until 30 June 1997, premium income obtained by the British Hong Kong Govern• ment from land transactions shall, after deduction of the average cost of land production, be shared equally between the British Hong Kong Government and the future Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. All the income obtained by the British Hong Kong Government, including the amount of the above-mentioned deduction, shall be put into the Capital Works Reserve Fund for the financing of land development and public works in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government's share of the premium income shall be deposited in banks incorporated in Hong Kong and shall not be drawn on except for the financing of land development and public works in Hong Kong in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 7 (d) of this Annex. 7. A Land Commission shall be established in Hong Kong immedi• ately upon the entry into force of the Joint Declaration. The Land Commission shall be composed of an equal number of officials designated respectively by the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom together with necessary supporting staff. The officials of the two sides shall be responsible to their respective governments. The Land Commission shall be dissolved on 30 June 1997. The terms of reference of the Land Commission shall be: (a) to conduct consultations on the implementation of this Annex; (b) to monitor observance of the limit specified in paragraph 4 of this Annex, the amount of land granted to the Hong Kong Housing Authority for public rental housing, and the division Annex III 165

and use of premium income referred to in paragraph 6 of this Annex; (c) to consider and decide on proposals from the British Hong Kong Government for increasing the limit referred to in paragraph 4 of this Annex; (d) to examine proposals for drawing on the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government's share of premium in• come referred to in paragraph 6 of this Annex and to make recommendations to the Chinese side for decision. Matters on which there is disagreement in the Land Commission shall be referred to the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom for decision. 8. Specific details regarding the establishment of the Land Com• mission shall be finalised separately by the two sides through consul• tations. MEMORANDA

(To Be Exchanged Between the Two Sides)

Memorandum

In connection with the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong to be signed this day, the Government of the United Kingdom declares that, subject to the completion of the necessary amendments to the relevant United Kingdom legislation: (a) All persons who on 30 June 1997 are, by virtue of a connec• tion with Hong Kong, British Dependent Territories citizens (BDTCs) under the law in force in the United Kingdom will cease to be BDTCs with effect from 1 July 1997, but will be eligible to retain an appropriate status which, without confer• ring the right of abode in the United Kingdom, will entitle them to continue to use passports issued by the Government of the United Kingdom. This status will be acquired by such persons only if they hold or are included in such a British passport issued before 1 July 1997, except that eligible per• sons born on or after 1 January 1997 but before 1 July 1997 may obtain or be included in such a passport up to 31 December 1997. (b) No person will acquire BDTC status on or after 1 July 1997 by virtue of a connection with Hong Kong. No person born on or after 1 July 1997 will acquire the status referred to as being appropriate in sub-paragraph (a). (c) United Kingdom consular officials in the Hong Kong Special 166 Memoranda 167

Administrative Region and elsewhere may renew and replace passports of persons mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) and may also issue them to persons, born before 1 July 1997 of such persons, who had previously been included in the passport of their parent. (d) Those who have obtained or been included in passports issued by the Government of the United Kingdom under sub-paragraphs (a) and (c) will be entitled to receive, upon request, British consular services and protection when in third countries. Memorandum

The Government of the People's Republic of China has received the memorandum from the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland dated 1984. Under the Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China, all Hong Kong Chinese compatriots, whether they are holders of the "British Dependent Territories citizens' Passport" or not, are Chi• nese nationals. Taking account of the historical background of Hong Kong and its realities, the competent authorities of the Government of the Peo• ple's Republic of China will, with effect from 1 July 1997, permit Chinese nationals in Hong Kong who were previously called "British Dependent Territories citizens" to use travel documents issued by the Government of the United Kingdom for the purpose of travelling to other states and regions. The above Chinese nationals will not be entitled to British consular protection in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and other parts of the People's Republic of China on account of their holding the above-mentioned British travel documents. Notes and References

1 Setting the Scene

1. See, for example, F. C. Jao, 'Hong Kong as a Regional Financial Centre: Evolution and Prospects', p. 187, in C. K. Leung eta/. (1980). 2. An excellent summary of the situation is provided by N.J. Miners (1981) ch. 2. 3. This approach is argued for, and adhered to inS. Boyden; S. Millar; K. Newcombe; B. O'Niell (1981). Refer especially to pp. xiii-xvi. 4. In East and Prescott (1975) pp. 157-8, four reasons are given for the political geographer's concern with the economic structure of a state. These are (i) its relevance to the power of the state; (ii) the role of the government in economic affairs; (iii) the landscape changes which reflect government policies on regional, industrial and sectional structures; and (iv) the relationships, including economic, among states. 5. The relevant references, as listed below, are contained in Kasperson and Minghi (1969). 6. See Muir (1981) p. 83, and Whitney (1970) p. 8. 7. See Tuan (1974) p. 28; and Kliot (1978) pp. 350 and 355. 8. Functionalist and conflict theories are examined in a number of texts on sociology. An eminently readable outline is presented by Worsley (1977). 9. Contradictory arguments on the role of the unofficials as pawns of the Government or spokesmen for the selfish interests of business and industry are presented in Miners (1981) pp. 177-87. 10. See Scott (1980) pp. 95-114. 11. It should perhaps be noted that the author was, from 1976-9, the Political officer of the Australian Commission in Hong Kong. 12. A relatively detailed outline is provided by Hsu (1975) pp. 55-77. 13. A summary of debate concerning Marxist-Leninist-Mao Zedong thought is presented by Saich (1981) ch. 4. The following is based on that reading. 14. A clear and concise outline of Chinese Communist Party and Govern• ment structure is provided in Endicott and Heaton, (1978). 15. This section is based largely on Muir (1981) Part 4. 16. H. E. Koch, R. C. North and D. A. Zinner, 'Some Theoretical Notes on Geography and International Conflict', Journal of Conflict Resolution (4, 1957) pp. 4-14. 17. Refer to K. E. Boulding (1959) 'National Images and International Systems', in Kasperson and Minghi (1969) pp. 341-9.

2 Evolutionary Developments

1. The legalities of the agreements reached between China and Britain are examined in depth in Wesley-Smith (1980). 2. Refer to Wong (1982) p. 16.

168 Notes and References 169

3. See Kristof (1969). 4. This, and some of the following points are listed in Prescott (1978) p. 112. Refer also to Whittlesey, in Kasperson and Minghi (1969) p. 453. 5. It seems unlikely that the border garrisons in Hong Kong would be expected to frustrate a full-scale military assault by the People's Libera• tion Army, but local incidents have occurred in the past. Refer to Miners (1981) p. 5. 6. The Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, and its ramifications for the future of Hong Kong will be examined further, in later sections of the book. 7. With reference to the Walled City of Kowloon:

'The city contained the yamen (administrative seat) of a sub• magistrate under the authority of the xian (country) magistrate of Xinan xian. The Chinese negotiators showed the greatest reluctance to concede jurisdiction within the ancient walled cities ... The reason for their attitude was the special symbolic importance attached to an official yamen under the imperial regime. a point apparently not mentioned in the British official correspondence quoted by Wesley• Smith' (Dicks, 1983, 449). 3 Landscape Evolution

1. See Tregear and Berry (1959) p. 5, originally published as a series in Far Eastern Economic Review, July- August, 1958. 2. An outline of the sequential urbanisation of Hong Kong is provided in Leeming (1977) pp. 1-6. See also Davis (1949) ch. 6. 3. See, for example, James Hayes (1975) p. 2, and Wiltshire (1977) p. 40. 4. Controversial views on Hong Kong are presented in Easey (1972). 5. This summary is paraphrased from E. N. and M. L. Anderson (1973) pp. 49-50. 6. The concept is labelled by Elvin, as outlined by Saich (1981) p. 3. 7. An explanation for this is presented in Murphey (1977) and the following is largely based upon his arguments therein. 8. A journalistic description of these events is provided by Hughes (1976). Refer also to another journalistic publication, Elegant (1977) p. 71. 9. Cross-border population movements as an element in political relation• ships are considered in Solomon (1969) pp. 41-2. 10. Dwyer (1976) pp. 137-8 describes the earliest resettlement blocks as having the following features: seven storeys in height; H-shaped, with the crosspiece containing latrines, water supply, laundry area and com• munal bathing rooms (one to every thirty-five domestic rooms); stair• cases on each corner with access by balconies; rooms of about 13sq.m. in area and an average of five adult occupants, with electric lighting; a flat roof to provide for recreational needs; shops and school on the ground floor. 11. An exercise in applying such measures in Hong Kong is described in Poon (1973) pp. 31-8. 12. These points were made in the Background Paper on Key Economic Issues (New Territories Development Commission, 1979). 170 Notes and References

13. Refer to Endicott and Heaton (1978) pp. 16-25, for an outline of the stages in Chinese development since 1949, on which the following is largely based.

4 Existing Trends

1. This and following points are made in Wong (1982) pp. 3, 4, 105. 2. See, for example, the arrangements concerning the construction of a highway to connect Zhuhai and Shenzhen Special Economic Zones with Guangzhou, outlined in Hollingsworth (1982). The construction com• pany will collect a toll until the construction costs are met (anticipated ten years), then there will be a profit-sharing period of thirty years, after which ownership will be totally Chinese. 3. For example, see Chiu (1982). 4. According to a report in the Far Eastern Economic Review (1-7 October 1982) p. 62, 'Higher incomes of S. E. Z. workers have attracted a sizeable influx of migrants from outside the zones and Shenzhen auth• orities are building an 84km wire fence with six check-points to separate the zone from the rest of the city'. There is also a report by Bucknall ( 1982) which states that Hong Kong taxis now cross into China and that Hong Kong currency circulates (against the wishes of the authorities) in Shenz• hen. 5. See Wen (1982) p. 14. The equipment includes, in addition to radios and tape recorders, radar and ground satellite stations. 6. Reported in Time (16 November 1981) p. 79. The arrangement involves the provision by the hosts of transport, food and quarters, with 30 per cent of wages directed to the Chinese government. The remaining workers' wages are still high by Chinese standards. See also 'Chinese Workers Win Acclaim Abroad'. BeijinK Review ( 13 May 1985) p. 28.

5 The Negotiations

1. See, for example. Miners (1981) pp. 4-17. 2. The Far Eastern Economic Review (1-7 October 1982) pp. 47-8. pro• vides the figure of US $390m Chinese imports from Taiwan and US $76m exports to Taiwan. in 1981. 3. See the report on an analysis of the future of Hong Kong by the Catholic Institute for International Relations, published in the Hongkong Stan• dard (3 October 1982) - 'HK people left out over their future'. 4. On this and following points see Dougherty and Pfaltzgraff ( 1971) pp. 45. 312-13, 331, 341-2.

6 The Problem of Integration

1. Galbraith (1975, pp. 178-9. 289-90). He defines the technostructure as consisting of corporation executives. lawyers. scientists, engineers, econ• omists, controllers, advertising and marketing men. 2. Provocative readings relating to this question include Knight, N. 'From the 2nd Plenum to the 6th NPC: The Retreat Gathers Speed', Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 12 July 1984, pp. 178-94; Conroy, R. Notes and References 171

'Laissez-faire Socialism? Prosperous Peasants and China's Current Rural Development Strategy', Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 12 July 1984, pp. 1-34; Xiatong, Fei, 'New Pathway for Modernisation', China Reconstructs, January 1985, pp. 13-15; Dacheng, Wang, 'Service Trades on the Rise', Beijing Review, 4, 28 January 1985, pp. 4-5; Garside, Roger, China After Mao: Coming Alive (London: Deutsch, 1981) pp. 345 ff. 3. Similarities between Hong Kong's New Towns development and pro• grammes pursued in China may be perceived in Fung, K., 'Satellite Town Development in the Shanghai City Region', Town Planning Re• view (52, 1 January 1981, pp. 26-46). 4. Muir and Paddison (1981, pp. 157-8) attribute this list to Jacob, P. E. and Jaune, H., 'The Integrative Process: Guidelines for the Analysis of the Bases for Political Community', in Jacob, P. E. and Toscano, J. V. ( eds) The Integration of Political Communities, (Philadelphia: Lippin• cott, 1964). 5. See, for example, Parris Chang, 'Shanghai and Chinese Politics: Before and After the Cultural Revolution', in Howe (1981) pp. 66-90. 6. The significance of class barriers is discussed in Karl W. Deutsch, 'Nationalism and Social Communication', in Jackson and Samuels 1971, p. 461. 7. See Seymour (1976, p. 185). 'Subcontinental political integration can exist where local units have considerable power if at the same time there is a high degree of interaction with other units of the subcontinent. These non-centralized integrative models may be termed horizontal'. 8. Refer to Dougherty and Pfaltzgraff (1971) p. 311. Reference is made therein (p. 284) to Johan Galtung, 'A Structural Theory of Integration', Journal of Peace Research (5, 4, 1968) as the source of the suggested subdivision. A further reference is Ernest B. Haas, Beyond the Nation State (Standard University Press, 1964) p. 48. Bibliography

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Aberdeen 43 'boat people' 76 Aberdeen Lord, 30, 31 Boggs, S. W. 34 acculturation 26 border 88, 91, 103, 112, 138; see advertising 123 also boundaries Agricultural Production boundaries 7, 8, 22, 33--40, 53, 67. Responsibility System 121. 87, 88, 91, 97, 112, 138 136 Boundary Street 32, 45, 50 agriculture 29, 48, 53, 68, 71, 89, Bowring, Governor 31 104, 119, 122 Boyden, S. et al. 42, 44, 82 'agro-industrial-commerce Briggs, T. and Crisswell, C. 49, complex' 85, 102 66 Alexander, L. M. 7, 36 British Nationality Act 100 alienation 126, 127. 132 bureaucracy 3, 14, 16, 52, 103, Almond, R. 10 128, 132 anarchism 117 Burghardt, A. 96 Andors, S. 127 anti-European attitudes 28. 134 cadres 20, 128, 135 Anti-Japanese War 18, 71 Cairo Declaration 55 apathy see political apathy Canton (Guangzhou) 28. 29, 31, area committees 13, 14 32, 46, 57, 87, 102 Argentina 108 capital 57, 60, 104; see also Arrow incident 31 investment Asia-Pacific Region 99. 105 capitalism 4, 18, 21. 52-3. 59. 66, Asia Week 1 85, 81, 101. 104, 117, 118, 119. Attorney-General (Hong Kong) 12 138; state capitalism 87-8 Australian, The 101 Castle Peak Road 50 autonomy; enterprise 89, 103, 123; Causeway Bay 45 Hong Kong 107, 111.114, 138; Censorate 16 local and regional 89, 101, 116 Central 44 Central Committee 19 Baker, H.D.E. 38, 49, 67, 135 centrifugal forces 6, 134-6 banking 46, 57, 105 centripetal forces 6, 134, 136 Bank of China 92 Chang, Sen-Dou 85 bannermen 15 Chau, L. L. C. 128 barriers 6; see also borders, Chen, E. K. Y. 57 boundaries Cheng, J. Y. S. 57, 60 Beihai 87 Chiang Kai-shek 18, 55 Beijing (Peking) 1 Chief Secretary (Hong Kong) 12, Beijing Review 114, 115, 140 83 Bergere, M. 132 China; Imperial 15-17 Bergman, E. F. 5, 11 China Daily 99 Berlin Wall 36 China Merchants Steam Navigation Berry, B. J. L. 71, 117 Corporation Ltd 88 boat dwellers 78 Choi, C. Y. 51, 62, 66, 68 183 184 Index

Chusan 29, 31 Party 19; National Circulation 6, 23, 39 People's 20 City District Committees 13 constitution (Hong Kong) 12 City District Officer Scheme 13 consumerism 118, 123. 126 city-state 8 container shipping 80, 82 civil war 18, 56 contamination 91, 93, 107, 125 clan 29, 49, 50, 70, 71 contract system 121 Clancy, M. 12, 14 Convention of Chuenpi 30 class 26, 43, 46, 90, 125, 134, 135; Convention of Peking (1860) 31 struggle 11, 19, 84, 117, 125, Convention of Peking ( 1898) 32-3 127, 135, 140 convergence 119. 127-8, 139 Clyde, P. H. and Beers, B. F. 31 Cooper. E. 59. 138 cognitive behaviourism 21 co-operation 28 Cohen, S. B. 36; and 'co-operative interdependence' 21 Rosenthal 5, 7, 35 cottage production 89 collectivism 9, 10, 60, 66, 71, Cotterell, A. and Morgan. D. 15, 12communism 4, 18, 36, 66, 103, 117, Dawson, R. 118 132; see also Maoism, Marxism, Dear, M. and Scott. A. J. 60 Marxist-Leninist-Mao Zedong De Blij, H. J. 35. 37 Thought decentralisation 78, 138 Communist Party 19 decision-making 106-7 compatibility 116-29; Deep Bay 32. 38 economic 117; political and defence 116 ideological 117-26; delta areas 29 social 126-9 democratic centralism 19 compensation 32, 33, 82 democratic pluralism 117-19 competition 4, 5, 14, 123 Deng Xiaoping 84. 116, 140 comprador 46 Des Voeux Road 44 concession areas 132 dialectical method 19 conflict; analysis 11, 26, 119; Dicks. A. 23. 27, 30, 107, 108 interdependence 21; dictatorship 18 theory 11, 137 distance factor 22, 34, 38 Confucianism 16, 28. 51-2. 107 District Advisory Boards 14 Congress; Chinese Communist District Boards 13 Index 185

District Officer 14 Fairbank, J. K. and Reischauer, Djao, A. W. 58 J. 15, 18 Domes, J. 70 Falklands War 108 domino theory 36 Fanling 82 Donnithorne, A. 92, 96, 129 Far Eastern Economic Review 1, Drakakis-Smith, D. W. 64 85, 101 Dwyer, D. J. 69, 82 Fei, Z. 85 Feng-shui 48, 66, 82 Eastern District 45 Finance Committee 13 East India Company 29 Financial Secretary (Hong Eberhard, W. 28, 37 Kong) 12 ecological approach 4 First World War 47 economic associations 122 Fisher, C. A. 28, 100 economic development 36, 46, fishing 29, 48, 49 55-9,70,84-92, 132; Fang, L. M. 90 zones 87 foreign exchange 92, 93, 101,102. EdeL M. 120 education 43, 127-8, 134, 135, 139 138 foreign ownership 122-3 egalitarianism 121. 126. 133 foreign policy 116 Elegant. R. I 0 I France 32, 33 elitism 129 Freedman, M. 50 Elliot. Captain 29 free port status 101-2 employer-employee free trade 27, 28, 57, 102, 105; see relationship 122 also trade Endacott. G. B. and Hinton, A. frontier 34, 36-7 30. 3 L 32. 40 Fujian Province 86 Endicott, J. E. and Heaton, W. R. functional approach 6, 134 20,27, 72,106,118,131 'enforcement capability' 130 functionalism I 0 Fung, Y. 52. 53 entrepot function 35, 46. 50, 57, 93, 102, 103 Gang of Four 72, 84 environment 9, 10. 14. 21. 26,·34, Galbraith, J. K. 11, 119, 120 48, 90 gambling 110 environmental determinism 21; Gaulton, R. 132 possibilism 21; gentrification 65 probabilism 21 Germany 33 espionage 103 Gibraltar 97 European influence 28 Glassner, M.l. and De Blij, Evacuation of the Coast 29 H. J. 23,34 examinations 123 Goa 97 Executive Council (Hong Gottmann, J. 6 Kong) 12 government; British 8, 12, 29, 32; expatriates 129 Chinese 15-20, 29; Hong export-processing zones 85-6, 104 Kong 12-15; expenditure exports 35, 84-92, 102, 103, 104, (Hong Kong) 13 105 Governors-General (Viceroys) 16 extraterritoriality 28, 47, 55, 132 governorship; China 16; Hong factories, flatted 63, 65; Kong 1, 3, 8, 12, 14, 31, 101, small 58; see also workshops 106 186 Index

Grand Council 16 Howe, C. 99, 101, 132, 133, 136, Great Leap Forward 61, 71 139 Greece 136 hsien (xian) 16 Groves, R. G. 49 Hsu, I. C. Y. 17 Guangdong Province 8, 36, 38, Hu, S. 28 49, 86, 92, 107 Huang Tsun-hsin 38 Guangming Overseas Chinese Hughes, R. 65 Animal Farm 90 humanism 124 Guangxi Province 49 Hunghom 44 Guangzhou see Canton Guomindang (Kuomintang) 18, iconography 6, 8-9, 10, 23, 54, 50, 67' 70, 71 70, 111 ideology 3-4, 9-10, 17-19, 20, 26, Hakka 48 35-6, 51-2, 54, 58, 70, 84, 87, Han, S. 102 93, 98, 107, 111, 117-29, 135 Harris, P. 8, 15, 60, 119 illegal immigrants 61, 76 Hartshorne, R. 6, 134 imperial system, collapse 17 Harvey, D. 104 imperialism 18, 21, 27, 37, 107, hawkers 58 109 Hayes, J. 29, 69, 129 imports 103, 105 Hegel 19 income distribution 121, 136 Hennesy Road 44 independence 30, 129 Heung Yee Kuk 13, 136 Independent Commission Against Hinsley, F. H. 37 Corruption 128 historical geography (Hong Kong) India 27, 53, 131 29 individualism 9, 10, 117, 120, 126, Ho, H. C. Y. 78 139 Hodge, P. 129 Indonesia 103 Hoklo 48 industrial estates 65, 88 Hong Kong; Administration 8; industrialisation 27, 46--7, 48, 50, Chinese 6; Governorship 1, 72, 82, 85, 103, 122, 133, 139 3; harbour 29, 32, 40, 44, 82, infrastructure 56, 60, 68, 70, 71. 99; Industrial Estates 85, 86, 121 Corporation 65; inheritance system 48, 52, 135 investment 1; Island 13, 29, Inner Mongolia 131 30, 37, 43, 44, 76, 79, 83; insurance 46, 57, 92, 124 location 2-3; maintenance of integration 102, 107, 112, 114-42; prosperity 99; Outline association 137, factors 131; Plan 65 organisational 137; Hong Kong Research Project 29 territorial 137 Hong Kong Tourist integrative approach 4, 5, 23 Association 58 intellectuals 135-6 Hopkins, K. 134 interest groups 12, 15, 21, 109, households 78-9 117, 125 housing; China 89, 104, 135; international law 23, 27, 96, 107-8 Hong Kong 57, 59, 62-5, 78 international relations 23, 30 Housing Authority 63-5 interventionism 28, 31, 53, 54, hovercraft 88 100, 132 Index 187 investment 1; foreign 85-92, Lee, R. P. L. 128 124, 125, 133 Leeming, F. 47, 69 irredentism 23, 97, 111 legal system !24 Legislative Council 12-13 Jakie, J. A. eta/. 10 Lenin 18, 87 Jao, F. C. 92, 103 Letters Patent 12 Japanese 18, 45-7, 55, 56, 93 Leung, C. K. et at. 56, 129 Ji, c. 87 Lianyungang 87 Jin, F. 99, 108 Lin, T. and Ho, Y. 61, 65 Johnson, C. 119 linkages (Hong Kong and Joint Liaison Group (Sino- China) 102, 135, 138 British) 116 Little Council 16 joint ventures 89, 93, 104, 122-3 Liu, X. 89 Jones, S. B. 6, 37, 39 living standards see standards of Junk Bay 82 living Justices of the Peace 13 local government; China 89, 121; Hong Kong 13-14 Kaitak Airport 46, 56 location 29, 34, 48, 60, 68, 86, 87, Kasperson, R. E. and Minghi, 131 J. v. 7,21 locational perspective 35, 36, 37, Kelly, I. 99 42-73, 111 Kennedy Town 44 Lockhart, J. H. S. 38, 49 Keshan 30 Luohu 53 Kliot, N. 8, 9, 10, 51, 118 Korean War 57, 103 Macao 3, 29, 87, 101, 102, 135 Kowloon 13, 31-2, 37, 43, 44, 50, McGee, T. R. 58 63, 76, 79, 80 Maclehose, Sir Murray 1 Kowloon Bay 45 magistrates 16, 49 Kowloon-Canton Railway 50, 53 Malaysia 103 Kowloon City 40 Manchu 15, 17, 28 Kristof, L. K. 36 Manchuria 18 Kuomintang see Guomindang Mandate of Heaven 16, 110 Kwai Chung 80, 83 Maoism 11, 19, 71, 115, 132 Kwun Tong 80 Mao Zedong 19, 72, 84, 117, 118, 124, 127 land 62, 103, 122; creation 9, market community 49 14, 44, 82, 88; ownership 29, market forces 123 32, 40, 43, 48, 52, 53, 59, 70, marketing system 9, 60, 68, 72, 121; policy 32, 49, 59, 65, 82, 120, 121 89; reclamation 14, 44-5, 48, Marxism 9, 11, 18-19, 87, 107, ?!;reform 71;value 42,44, 118, 124 50, 68; sales 42; use 44, 50, Marxist-Leninist-Mao Zedong 57' 60, 66, 67 Thought 18-19, 124 landscape 5, 7, 8-10, 20, 23, 35, mass line 19, 20, 127 36,42-73,82, 111; cultural, 48 Mass Transit Railway 81 Lantau Island 83 merchants 27, 28, 29, 31, 43 Lau, A. 64, 81, 102 Meyer, C. and Allen, I. 32 Law of A voidance 17 Middle East 93 188 Index migration 132, 139; immigration overseas Chinese 85, 86 29,32,36,42,45,46,47,50, Owen, D. E. 27 57,61, 76, 78,90, 103; out-migration 35, 36, 46, 56,61,90, 133,136 Paddison. R. 136, 137, 138. 139 Mill, John Stuart 59 Pannell, C. W. and Ma. L. J. Milton, D. eta/. 84, 117 c. 9. 135 Miners, N. 8, 13, 32, 65, 101 Pannikar, K. M. 30 Ming Dynasty 15, 29 particularism 122. 128 Mirs Bay 32, 38 Patent Law 124 modernisation 18, 36, 53, 54, 56, Pearl River 29, 31. 87 70, 83-92, 115, 128, 133, 136, pedestrian traffic 82 139 Peet. R. 117. 126 Mongkok 45 People's Liberation Army 20 Moodie, A. E. 33 People's Republic 18-20 Morse, H. B. 29 perception 21. 22. 30, 36 Mountjoy, A. B. 62, 64 permanent revolution 19 Muir, R. 11. 21. 22, 34. 35, 39. Philippines 103 102; and Paddison 107. 119, Phillips. D. R. 78. 80 130 planning 8. 9. 44. 60. 65. 81. 82, Murphey, R. 29. 44. 46 90, 121 mutual aid committees 13. 14 pluralism 118; see also democratic pluralism Nantong 87 policy-making see decision-making Nantou 49. 53 Politburo 19 Napoleonic Wars 27 political; apathy 132; area 6-8. national interest 119, 138 23. 34, 35, 37. 55; authority National People's Congress 87 ?;decision 10-11,20-3; nationalism 6, 17. 30, 33, 97, 107 geography 4. 5. 10. 11. 21. Nationalist Government 18 23,33,42.93. 130. 137; negotiations 1. 3. 96-100, 106 idea 6, 7. 115; process 8, 9. neocolonialism 120 22; science 5. 10; system 8. New Kowloon 13. 45. 68, 69, 76 9, 10-20. 35, 107; tensions 26 New Territories 2, 13-14. 30. population 27. 29. 35. 45. 46. 49. 38-40.45.47-51.59.62. 56. 57. 59. 61-5. 76-83, 103; 66-70,76, 77.80,81.87,90. distribution 76 136; Administration 13-14; Potter. J. M. 48, 68 Lease 1. 2, 32, 81, 100. 108 Pottinger. Sir Henry 30, 31 New Towns 81. 82. 83; power 11. 15. 23. 33. 38. 39. 40. management committees 14 52, 53. 107. 109. 111. 115. 118, Ningbo 87 125, 129 prefect 49 occupational status 135 Prescott. J. R. V. 36. 38.42 oil industry 88, 92, 102, 105 prescription 23, 97 'one country, two systems' policy Presidency (Chinese) 17 114-16. 124. 141 pricing policy 120. 123-4 opium 27. 29, 46 proletariat 18, 19 Opium Wars 29-30, 132 propaganda 35 Ottawa Agreement 47 prostitution 110 Index 189

Puchala, D. J. and Stuart, I. Second World War 55, 56, 59, 102 F. 106, 107 Secretary for Home Affairs (Hong Punti (Cantonese) 48 Kong) 12 Pye, L. W. 102, 109, 110, 112 service industry 123 servitude 23, 111 Qing (Ch'ing) dynasty 15-17, 28, settlement pattern 48, 68, 81 29,33 Seymour, J. D. 119 Qingdao 87 Shanghai 47, 57, 87, 101, 102, Qinhuangdao S7 131-3 Qiu, J. 93 Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau 93 Shantou Special Economic Zone Rambler Channel 83 S6· real estate 89, 92, 99 Sha Tau Kok Hoi 39, 49 Rear, J. 112, 134 Sha Tin 80, 82 refugees 13, 36, 57, 61, 67, 72, Shekou 87 134, 136, 140 Shek Wu Hui 49 regional development 8 Shenzhen 38, 53, 67 relationships (Sino-British) 27 Shenzhen Special Economic Republican China 17-18, 54 Zone 8, 37, 86, 87-92, 103, Resettlement Department 57 104, 105, 107, 135, 138 residence 28; British (Hong Sheung Shui 82 Kong) 109 Sheungwan 44 residential pattern 44, 135 Shum Chun see Shenzhen see Responsibility System Shum Chun Plain 39 Agricultural Production Shum Chun River 39, 48 Responsibility System Shumshuipo 45 revolution 54 Sichuan Province 121 revolutionary committees 20 Singapore 8, 104, 136 Reynolds. D. R. and McNulty, Sino-British Agreement 114 M. L. 34 Sinocentrism 35-6; see also Ridley, T. M. SO culturocentrism rivers (as boundaries) 39 Sit, V. F. S. 64, 68, 69, 82, 83 Rosen, S. J. and Jones, W. Six Boards 16 107, 108, 109, 130 s. slums 44, 64 Royal Instructions 12 smuggling 34, 91, 102, 125 rural committees (Hong Kong) 13 Sneider, R. L. 22, 105 Russia 32, 33; see also Soviet social mobility 58 Union social units 49 social welfare 127 Saich, T. 17, 18, 20 socialism 3, 17, 21, 71, 87, 107, Sai Wan 43 115, 117, 119, 12fki, 138 Sanitary Board 13 Solomon, R. 37, 130 San On administrative district 38, Son of Heaven 15, 30 49, 53 South Korea 58, 105 satisficing 109 sovereignty 3, 8, 23, 30, 33, 35, Sayingpoon 44 37, 40, 42, 53, 89, 96, 101, 102, Schurmann, F. and Schell, 0. 52 107, 108, 111, 116, 136, 137, 'second line' 19 138 190 Index

Soviet Union 84, 87, 103, 124, Time 105, 114, 117 131, 132, 133; see also Russia time element 109-10, 112, 115, spatial interaction 34 137 Speak, C. M. 65, 78, 80 tourism 57, 85, 90, 93 Special Administrative Region trade 27-8, 29, 30, 31, 34, 46, 50, (Hong Kong) 114 54, 56, 92, 102, 103, 105 special administrative zone 3 trade unions 123, 130 special economic zones 3, 8, 85- tradition, Chinese 4, 51-3, 54, 66, 92, 100, 104, 105, 125, 138 118, 136; Western, 4 specialised households 122 transactionalist theory 137 'spiritual pollution' 125; see also transferability 34 contamination transition period 116, 119, 141 squatters 62-3, 108 transnational corporations 120, standard of living 10, 57, 70, 84, 140 90, 100, 108, 122, 127' 136, transportation 29, 34, 43, 50, 79, 139, 140 81, 88, 90, 139 standardisation 139 Treaty of Bogue 50 Standing Committee 19, 20 treaties see 'unequal treaties' Stanley 43 Treaty of Nanking 30-l, 42, 50, Starr, J. B. 11, 36, 48, 51, 72, 126 132 State Council 20, 87 Tregear, T. R. and Berry, L. 48, state idea (raison d'etre) 66, 76, 56 54, 137 Tsim, T. L. 107, 108, 110, 134 Stokes, G. and Stokes, J. 30 Tsim Sha Taui 31, 45 Stonecutters Island 31 Tsing Yi Island 65, 83 Sun Yat-sen 17 Tsuen Wan 50, 68, 80, 82, 83 Sung Dynasty 29 Tuen Mun 82 symbolic interaction 10, 23 Tunnels; Aberdeen 80; Beacon Szczepanik, E. 14, 15, 47 Hill 80; Cross Harbour 80; Szymanski, A. 118 Lion Rock 80

Taikoktsui 45 'unequal treaties' 2, 30, 33, 82, Taiping Rebellion 31, 46 101,107,108,109,111.130, Tai Po 49, 50, 82 132 Taiwan 58, 67, 91, 100, 101, 103, unified field theory 6, 7, 8, 23 105, 108, 115, 124, 127' 140 United Nations Organisation 106 Tang Dynasty 28 UN Resolution on Definition of Tanka 48 Aggression 108 tax rates 89 UN Special Commission 61 technology 51-3, 71, 83, 85, 102, United States of America 109 119 unofficial members 12 technostructure 120 urban area 42-7, 48, 78 territorial claims 96-100, 108 Urban Council 13 territorial integrity 23, 97, 107, urban development 42-6, 59-65, 108, 116 139 Thatcher, Margaret 1, 96, 100 value systems 43, 51, 90, 118, 119, Theory of Contradictions 19, 137 120-6, 127 Third World development 3, 120 Vegetable Marketing Organisation Three People's Principles 17, 18 68 Tibet 131 veto power 118 Index 191

Victoria 4~ Wong, C. J. 48 Victoria Harbour see Hong Kong, Wong, C. T. 68 harbour Wong, J. K. H. 53, 84, 90 Victoria Peak 43, 44 Wong, K. Y. 103, 138 Vidich, A. J. 14, 26 work-points 122 Vienna Convention 107 workshops 63, 65, 68, 132; see Vietnam 76 also factories, small voluntarism 127 world opinion 38 Woronoff, J. 15 wage rates 89, 123, 128 Wu, Y. 105 Walder, A. G. 135 Walker, T. 92 Xiamen Special Econoic Zone wall posters 20 86 Wanchai 44, 45 xian see hsien warlords 17, 30 Xinjiang 131 water control 9, 121 Yangtse (Changji'!ng) River 29, Water Supplies Department 81 132 Watson, J. L. 136 Yantai 87 Wen, T. 93 Yaumatei 44, 64 Wenzhou 87 yin-yang 19, 53 Wesley-Smith, P. 33 Yuanlang 88 Western District 45, 64 Yuan Shikai 17 Westernisation 53, 127 Yugoslavia 125 Wheelwright, T. 104 Yuen Long 49, 82 Whitney, J. B. R. 37, 54, 137 Whittlesey, D. 6, 7 Zagoria, D. 84 Wholey, J. W. 70 Zhanjiang 87 Wilson, D. 84, 118 Zhou Enlai 72, 84, 118 Wiltshire, T. 36 Zhuhai Special Economic Zone 86