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An Overview of Scientific and Scholarly Journal Publishing The stm report An overview of scientific and scholarly journal publishing Mark Ware (Mark Ware Consulting) Michael Mabe (STM) September 2009 The stm report September 2009 © 2009 STM: International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers Published by International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers Prama House 267 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7HT United Kingdom About STM STM is a broad and welcoming organisation which includes large and small companies, not for profit organisations and learned societies, traditional primary and secondary publishers and new players. Members have the opportunity to participate in a body central to the well being of our industry. The mission of STM is to create a platform for exchanging ideas and information and to represent the interest of the STM publishing community in the fields of copyright, technology developments, and end user/library relations. STM Aims and Objectives to assist publishers and their authors in their activities in disseminating the results of research in the fields of science, technology and medicine; to assist national and international organisations and communications industries in the electronic environment, who are concerned with improving the dissemination, storage and retrieval of scientific, technical and medical information; to carry out the foregoing work of the Association in conjunction with the International Publishers Association (IPA) and with the national publishers associations and such other governmental and professional bodies, international and national, who may be concerned with these tasks. STM participates in the development of information identification protocols and electronic copyright management systems. STM members are kept fully up to date (via newsletters, the STM website, and e-mail) about the issues which will ultimately affect their business. STM organises seminars, training courses, and conferences. Its General Assembly is held annually, one day preceding the Frankfurt Book Fair. Mark Ware Consulting provides publishing consultancy services to the STM and B2B sectors. For more information see www.markwareconsulting.com. Mark Ware Consulting - www.markwareconsulting.com 2 The stm report September 2009 Contents Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................5 1. Scholarly communication .................................................................................................................8 1.1 The research cycle........................................................................................................................8 1.2 Types of scholarly communication..........................................................................................8 1.3 Changes in scholarly communication system .....................................................................10 1.4 The RIN Principles for scholarly communication ..............................................................11 2. The journal.........................................................................................................................................12 2.1 What is a journal? ......................................................................................................................12 2.2 The journals publishing cycle .................................................................................................12 Versions of articles..........................................................................................................................14 2.3 Sales channels .............................................................................................................................14 2.4 Journal economics and market size .......................................................................................16 Books & e-books..............................................................................................................................16 Possible impact of economic crisis ..............................................................................................17 2.5 Journal and articles numbers and trends..............................................................................18 Online journals ................................................................................................................................19 Open Access journal and article numbers.................................................................................20 2.6 Global costs of the scholarly communication system ........................................................21 2.7 Global trends in scientific output...........................................................................................21 2.8 Authors and readers..................................................................................................................23 2.9 Publishers ....................................................................................................................................24 2.10 Peer review................................................................................................................................25 Types of peer review ......................................................................................................................25 Time spent on peer review............................................................................................................26 Publisher’s role in peer review ....................................................................................................26 2.11 Reading patterns......................................................................................................................27 Access and navigation to articles.................................................................................................27 2.12 Disciplinary differences..........................................................................................................29 2.13 Citations and the Impact Factor ...........................................................................................31 Alternative metrics .........................................................................................................................32 Usage Factor.....................................................................................................................................33 2.14 Costs of journal publishing....................................................................................................33 Electronic-only publishing cost savings.....................................................................................34 Open access and possible cost savings.......................................................................................34 2.15 Journal pricing..........................................................................................................................34 Effect of consortia licensing on prices ........................................................................................36 2.16 Authors’ behaviour, perceptions and attitudes ................................................................36 2.17 Publishing ethics......................................................................................................................38 Committee on Publication Ethics ................................................................................................38 CrossCheck.......................................................................................................................................38 2.18 Copyright ..................................................................................................................................39 Mark Ware Consulting - www.markwareconsulting.com 3 The stm report September 2009 2.19 Long term preservation..........................................................................................................40 2.20 TRANSFER code......................................................................................................................41 3. Researchers’ access to journals ......................................................................................................42 3.1 Access gaps .................................................................................................................................43 3.2 Access in developing countries ..............................................................................................43 4. Open access........................................................................................................................................45 4.1 Full open access..........................................................................................................................45 4.2 Full OA business models .........................................................................................................46 SCOAP3 ............................................................................................................................................47 Hybrid journals ...............................................................................................................................48 4.3 Delayed open access..................................................................................................................48 4.4 Other open access variants ......................................................................................................48
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