DOCSLIB.ORG

Social Security Provision for Unorganized Sector in India Debolina Dey* and Laishram Ladu Singh** International Institute for Population Sciences

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Social Security Provision for Unorganized Sector in India Debolina Dey* and Laishram Ladu Singh** International Institute for Population Sciences Social Security Provision for Unorganized Sector in India Debolina Dey* and Laishram Ladu Singh** International Institute for Population Sciences Abstract As a result of medical improvement and increased life expectancy people are living longer than ever in most of the countries. India is no exception in this phenomenon. With the longer life ageing also takes place simultaneously and old age brings lot of insecurity mostly financial insecurity in general and particularly for those belonging to BPL category. Realizing the increasing need to provide financial security to the destitute elderly The Government of India launched various scheme under The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) of the Ministry of Rural Development on 15th of August 1995. The present paper focus on the expenditure and allocation of fund for the NSAP with special focus on IGNOAPS with the help of Indistat.com. The paper finally comes out with obvious positive trend of increasing expenditure, significantly after the year 2010-11 for all over India and extreme concentration of funds among the few states. Key words: NSAP, IGNOAPS, Social Security, Unorganized Sector. “The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education, and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want.” - Article 41 of the Indian Constitution *Debolina Dey, Doctoral Fellow, International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumabi- 400088, India, Email: [email protected] **Dr. Laishram Ladu Singh, Professor and Head, International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumabi- 400088, India, Email: [email protected] 1 | P a g e Introduction: In traditional Indian society, older people had a sense of honor and authority. The decision-making in the family were mostly assigned to them. They were valued for their experience and wisdom. On that tome mostly people of two or three or more generations would live together peacefully and happily under one roof. The family, commonly the joint family type, and social networks provided an appropriate environment in which the elderly spent their lives comfortably with all their respect. The traditional joint families as a social setup had risks distributed with households taking care of the social security needs of the elders. The presence of young and the old under the same roof enabled spreading of income risks and had for long negated the need for a centralized system of retirement planning. The emergence of modernization as well as industrialization, urbanization, occupational differentiation, education, and growth of individual philosophy has eroded the traditional values. These factors are responsible for breaking up of joint family system and respect for elders among members of younger generation. For a developing country like India, the rapid growth in the number of older population presents issues, barely perceived as yet, that must be addressed if social and economic development is to proceed effectively. Unlike in the western countries, where there is dominant negative effect of modernization and urbanization of family, the situation in the developing countries like India is in favour of continuing the family as a unit for performing various activities (Siva, 2000, 2002, 2004). Today India is home to one out of every ten senior citizens of the world. World has been experiencing demographic transition from high mortality and fertility to low mortality and fertility for a long period of time. It started as early as eighteenth century in Europe and Western World. Demographic transition represents population structure transition which reflects in age structure transition. Decline in mortality rise the longevity of the people in one side and in another side decline in fertility reduce the young population. So the process of population ageing is defined as the decline in the proportion of young population and rise in older population. The analysis of historical patterns of mortality and fertility decline in India indicates that the process of population aging intensified only in the 1990's. The older population of India, which was 56.7 million in 1991, is 72 million in 2001 and is expected to grow to 137 million by 2021. India’s rapid ageing is due to declining fertility, and longer life expectancy. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR), which was 2.76 during 2005-10, is projected to reach the replacement level by 2020. Indeed, variations in the TFR among different regions and groups in the country are high, with 2 | P a g e some states, such as Kerala and Tamil Nadu already experiencing TFR below the replacement level (Government of India, 2001). In India with majority of its population aged less than 30, the problems and issues of its grey population has not been given serious consideration and only a few studies on them have been attempted in our country. The main objectives of any social security (or social protection) system are consumption smoothing over an individual’s lifetime; insurance (particularly against longevity and inflation risks); income redistribution for society as a whole; and poverty relief. However, these have to be traded off against economic growth, labour market efficiency and labour market flexibility (Asher, 2009). At a global level, world is aging fast. The concern towards aging population has shaped up in building various social welfare measures for the older population pertaining to their insecurities especially the economic insecurity. However, in most of the developed western countries the social support towards elderly is associated with Medicare and network of homes, day care centers, nursing homes along with little monetary support in terms of pensions. For instance, social security programme of the United States includes old age assistance to the needy persons supplemented by medical insurance, social services, housing projects, institutional care, etc. The Canadian programme for the elderly constitute the Canadian Pension Plan in which Canadian labour force contributes in order to earn retirement pension at the age of sixty-five. In Britain, the Social Security Programmes provides financial help to the elderly, disabled, unemployed and widows. The pension in the country is based on needs for the aged with a contributory old age pension. On the other hand, developing nations increasingly face difficulties supporting their older population. In most developing countries, the elderly live at the bottom of the socio-economic strata. Older women, in particular, confront harsh conditions. Many people in the developing world hold informal jobs or work without wages in rural areas. These older persons enjoy no proper pension system have scarce retirement savings, if any. Most poor countries have no pension system, government only provide for the military and government officials. Given this background there exist several studies which explain about the needs and reforms of the Indian social security system. Asher (2003) is one who talk about the reforming of India’s social security system. He also talked about pension plans, provident fund schemes and retirement policies of India’s social security system in 2009. Asher and Bali (2010) also investigate India’s social security system, with primary focus on pensions or retirement income arrangements. Sanyal 3 | P a g e and Singh (2013) proposes a universal pension scheme that will bring relief to the working population in the unorganized sector and argues that it will increase the coverage of pension without disturbing the fiscal situation. Barrientos (2007) discusses new strategies to provide old- age security in low income countries. Several studies respect to this field shows that ageing is a very newly emerging research area which has been realized through demographic transition. The most of the population in India is now below 30 and most of the people are working in informal sector of the economy. Reform and increase coverage of social security system is the matter of concern in now days. Indian Scenario In India, the government’s concern for the old and the aging of the population as a priority began with India’s participation in the World Assembly Conference in Vienna in 1982, where India adopted the United Nations International Plan of Action on Aging. This plan focused on the government’s role in adopting programs aimed at providing care and protection to the old, while synchronizing these with the changing socio-economic conditions of the society. Following participation at the World Conference, the Government, by way of stressing its intentions for the welfare of the old, began to recognize the old as a social category that needs specialized attention (Shankardass, 2004). Following the global attention and in view of the increasing need for intervention in area of old age welfare, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India adopted ‘National Policy on Older Persons’ in January, 1999. The policy provides broad guidelines to State Governments for taking action for welfare of older persons in a proactive manner by devising their own policies and plans of action. In India, the policy defines, ‘senior citizen’ as a person who is 60 years old or above. It strives to ensure well-being of senior citizens and improve quality of their lives through providing specific facilities, concessions, relief, services 10 etc. and helping them cope with problems associated with old age. As a result, providing for the care of older persons has become increasingly a major concern of the state and voluntary organizations resulting in various social security and support mechanisms towards the old as a helping hand of formal support. They include constitutional provisions, pension schemes, insurance schemes and various other privileges and benefits at the national and state levels. The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, is responsible for undertaking a special care of their welfare, care and protection by initiating various programs and projects.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Enhancing Care for Urban Poor Living with Chronic Conditions: Role of Local Health Systems
    Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Public Health Enhancing care for urban poor living with chronic conditions: role of local health systems Upendra Bhojani Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Health Sciences Promoters: Prof. Stefaan De Henauw (promoter) Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Prof. Patrick Kolsteren (co-promoter) Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Dr. N Devadasan (co-promoter) Institute of Public Health, Bangalore, India ISBN: 9789078344445 Legal Deposit Number: D/2016/4531/2 Appeared in the series Monographs of the Department of Public Health, Ghent University Photos including on the cover are by Bhargav Shandilya ! " Chair Prof. Koen Van Herck Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Members Prof. Sara Willems Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Prof. Lucas Van Bortel Clinical Pharmacology Research Unit, Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Prof. Bruno Lapauw Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Prof. Jean Macq Faculty of Public Health, Dean, Institut de recherche santé et société, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Prof. C A K Yesudian Retired as Dean, School of Health System Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India $ PREFACE My decision to embark on a PhD journey has a lot to do with the Institute of Public Health (IPH), a not-for-profit organization based in Bangalore, engaged in public health research, training and advocacy. After working as a dentist at a teaching–hospital in western India, I decided to go for a Master in Public Health at the Deakin University (Australia) in 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • How Much Do Old Age and Widow's Pensions Help the Poor in India?
    ESCAP SOUTH AND SOUTH-WEST ASIA OFFICE HOW MUCH DO SMALL OLD AGE PENSIONS AND WIDOWS’ PENSIONS HELP THE POOR IN INDIA? An ex-post evaluation of the National Social Assistance Programme and implications for its planned reform Christopher Garroway September 2013 DEVELOPMENT PAPERS 1306 PAPERS DEVELOPMENT South and South-West Asia O!ce How much do small old age pensions and widow’s pensions help the poor in India? An ex-post evaluation of the National Social Assistance Programme and implications for its planned reform Christopher Garroway1 ABSTRACT The National Social Assistance Programme consists of five social assistance transfers, which form the core of India’s fledgling minimum social protection floor. These transfers have been scaled up over the last decade and further steps will soon be taken towards their universalization with exclusion criteria. This paper provides a rigorous evaluation of two of the NSAP schemes, the old age pension and the widow’s pension. Using the 2005 Indian Human Development Survey data’s detailed information on household income and consumption expenditure, the paper measures the impact of the two pensions on household’s incomes, consumption and poverty status, using the propensity score matching estimator. The pensions are found to vary in their effectiveness given the wide diversity of recipients across income quintiles, spatial location, and social group. The widow’s pension is shown to reduce poverty among recipients by about 2.7 percentage points. Government attempts to target the pensions to poor households have been ineffective, and steps towards universalization may in fact improve the pensions’ effectiveness. 1 The author is an economist with the United Nations ESCAP South and South-West Asia Office in New Delhi, India.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Thesis
    ADDRESSING INFORMATION ASYMMETRY IN THE SOCIAL CONTRACT: AN ARCHIVAL-DIPLOMATIC APPROACH TO OPEN GOVERNMENT DATA CURATION James Lowry A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Information Studies UCL London, UK 2019 1 Declaration of Originality I, James Lowry, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed: James Lowry PhD candidate 2 Dedicated to William and Elaine Lowry 3 ABSTRACT This thesis shows that the concepts and practices developed in the field of record-keeping can be applied to the curation of open government data to strengthen the trustworthiness of that data. It begins by situating open government data in the context of the social contract, which operates through the exchange of information. The thesis develops the notions of the ‘record-as-command’ and ‘data-as-command’ to explain the dialogical but asymmetrical information relationship between the individual and the state, which is modelled as a principal-agent problem. Using concepts from information economics, the study argues that open government data is the latest monitoring mechanism in a long history of government secrecy and openness. This establishes the significance of the curation of open government data beyond technical questions. The thesis then considers how trustworthiness has figured in thinking about record-keeping, identifying three core record-keeping controls; 1) metadata used to document 2) custodianship in 3) auditable systems. To show how these three broad controls have been put into practice, the study examines two examples of record-keeping guidance, one for paper records and one for hybrid records, which demonstrates the application of the three core controls across time and media.
    [Show full text]
  • Employee Pensions in India
    Employee pensions in India Current practices, challenges and prospects December 2015 KPMG.com/in © 2015 KPMG, an Indian Registered Partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. Table of contents Introduction An overview of employer pension plans in India Comparative analysis of EPF, NPS and SAF Factors impacting growth of employee pensions in India An international perspective on pension practices Survey results – KPMG in India’s Employer pension plans survey, 2015 Industry voices Conclusion © 2015 KPMG, an Indian Registered Partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. © 2015 KPMG, an Indian Registered Partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. Introduction The increasing life expectancy coupled with the gradual disappearance of the extended family system, makes it imperative for India to design a robust pension system to avoid impoverishment in old-age and accompanying social distress. The current scenario in India is marked by low and insufficient pension coverage. Timely and smart policy interventions, when a majority of the Indian population is still young, can help avert an impending pension crisis. It is important for all the key stakeholders such as the government, regulators, employees and employers to engage in a focused and constructive discussion to explore new ways to broaden and deepen pension coverage in India.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bhuj, India Earthquake of 26 January 2001
    The Bhuj, India Earthquake of 26th January 2001 A FIELD REPORT BY EEFIT Editors: S P G Madabhushi University of Cambridge S K Haigh University of Cambridge Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team Institution of Structural Engineers 11 Upper Belgrave Street London SW1X 8BH Tel: +44 (0)207-235 4535 Fax: +44 (0)207-235 4294 www.eefit.org.uk © EEFIT 2005 January 2005 ISBN 0 901297 37 2 EEFIT gratefully acknowledges the support of its corporate members: Arup Group British Geological Survey BNFL CREA Consultants EQE International Ltd Giffords Halcrow Contents 1. Overview of the Bhuj Earthquake of 26th January 2001 S P G Madabhushi 2. Geological and Seismological Data of the Bhuj Earthquake S P G Madabhushi & D Patel 3. Geotechnical Aspects of the Bhuj Earthquake S P G Madabhushi, D Patel & S K Haigh 4. Performance of Bridges, Ports and Industrial Facilities J M Barr & A Stewart 5. Building Structures A Thompson, A Kirby & P Greening 6. Performance of Low Rise Buildings R J Spence, D del Re & D Patel 7. Summary S P G Madabhushi Overview of the Bhuj Earthquake 1 Overview of the Bhuj Earthquake Dr S P G Madabhushi, Team Leader University of Cambridge 1.1 Background A powerful earthquake rocked the western state of Gujarat in India at 08:46 hours (Indian Standard Time) on the 26th January 2001. The earthquake was estimated by USGS to have a Moment Magnitude of 7.9. The epicentre was reported to be near a major town called Bhuj in the Kachchh region of Gujarat. Fig.1 shows the location of the epicentre.
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge Products of Microfinance – a Synthesis of Consolidated Replies
    Knowledge ProductsKnowledge of Microfinance Knowledge Products of Facilitating Agencies Many thanks to all who contributed to this synthesis! for Microfi nance Community of Practice If you have further information on any of the topics in the synthesis, please Microfinance send it to Solution Exchange for the Microfi nance Community in India at [email protected] A Synthesis of Consolidated Replies Disclaimer: In posting messages or incorporating these messages into synthesised responses, the UN accepts no responsibility for their veracity or authenticity. Members intending to use or transmit the information contained in these messages should be aware that they are relying on their own judgment. Copyrighted under Creative Commons License “Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 2.5”. Re-users of this material must cite as their source Solution Exchange as well as the item’s recommender, if relevant, and must share any derivative work with the Solution Exchange Community. Solution Exchange is a UN initiative for development practitioners in India. For more information please visit www.solutionexchange-un.net.in A Synthesis of Consolidated Replies An Initiative of United Nations Country Team in India The offi ce of the UN Resident Coordinator 55, Lodhi Estate, New Delhi - 110 003, India Tel.: (91 11) 2462 8877; Fax: (91 11) 2462 7612 E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.un.org.in This synthesis of the Consolidated Replies is sponsored by: United Nations Development Programme 55, Lodhi Estate New Delhi - 110003 Solution Exchange An Initiative of the United Nations in India Poverty The United Nations in India, has since 2005, supported a knowledge-sharing initiative to help improve Microfi nance Community development effectiveness in support of India’s Five Year Plans and the Millennium Development Goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Liberalization, Identity Politics and Investment Policies in India
    Economic Liberalization, Identity Politics and Investment Policies in India ∗ Kanta Murali ∗ Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Toronto 100 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3G3, Canada; Email: [email protected] 1. Introduction From the point of view of an extensive literature on redistribution, a focus on growth- oriented policies in poor democracies, including measures targeted to attract private capital, is very unlikely. Starting with the seminal models of Romer (1975) and Meltzer and Richard (1981), scholars have posited that individuals with lower incomes are likely to favor greater redistribution. At a more macro level, a related set of studies link democracies to redistributive outcomes (e.g., Acemoglu and Robinson 2005; Boix 2003). Some scholars also suggest that democracies are better for the welfare of the poor as they provide more social spending and public goods than non-democracies (e.g., Brown and Hunter 1999; Lake and Baum 2001).1 If the poor prefer greater redistribution and democracies have a proclivity to redistribute, we should expect to see poor democracies focusing predominantly on redistributive policies. Given resource constraints in developing countries, policymakers are unlikely to focus on strategies targeted specifically at growth, much less policies directed towards a privileged section such as business, under such circumstances. Yet, India’s growth transformation since 1991 poses a clear challenge to this hypothesis. Catalyzed by a shift in its policy framework, notably a move from a state-dominated system to one where private capital began to play a primary role, India has been one of the fastest growing economies in the world over the last two and a half decades.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chronic Poverty Report 2004–05
    Discript Postscript CRC Stage: Final page Date: 14/04/04 File: {CPR}3B2FILES/THIRD/3P10E-01.3D.3D Folio: 1 Black plate (1,1) The Chronic Poverty Report 2004–05 Chronic Poverty Research Centre Discript Postscript CRC Stage: Final page Date: 14/04/04 File: {CPR}3B2FILES/THIRD/3P10E-01.3D.3D Folio: 2 Black plate (2,1) Acknowledgements The Chronic Poverty Report 2004–05 is the outcome of research, analysis, Picture credits engagement, listening and thinking by the Chronic Poverty Research Cen- Front cover photos tre (CPRC) partners listed below. Top left: Uganda. Grandfather and orphaned child. CPRC would like to thank the many people living in chronic poverty who Giacomo Pirozzi/Panos have shared their experience and knowledge with us. This has informed Top right: Nepal. Woman carrying firewood, fodder and child. Steve McCurry/Magnum our understanding of chronic poverty and what should be done about it. Bottom left: Bangladesh. Living on the railway The report was written by Ursula Grant, David Hulme, Karen Moore and tracks. Stuart Franklin/Magnum Andrew Shepherd with advice and contributions from all CPRC partners: Bottom right: Ethiopia. Desperate farmer with Phil Amis, Armando Barrientos, Bob Baulch, Kate Bird, Sarah Bracking, handful of immature wheat. David Dahmen/Panos Chapter One Jonathan Goodhand, Tony German, Mark Gorman, Amanda Heslop, Sam Ethiopia, farmer with wheat: David Dahmen/Panos Hickey, Aasha Kapur Mehta, Uma Kothari, David Lawson, Charles Lwanga Bangladesh – Dacca railway tracks: Stuart Franklin/ Ntale, Rachel Marcus, Dorothy McCormick, Andy McKay, Diana Mitlin, Magnum Photos John Okidi, Judith Randel, Binayak Sen, Amita Shah, Cobus de Swardt, Nepal – carrying firewood and a child: Steve Andries du Toit and Rebecca Yeo.
    [Show full text]
  • State of Housing in India- a Statistical Compendium 2013 Size
    lR;eso t;rs STATESTATE OFOF HOUSINGHOUSING ININ INDIAINDIA STATE OF HOUSING IN INDIA STATE AA STATISTICALSTATISTICAL COMPENDIUMCOMPENDIUM 20132013 A STATISTICAL COMPENDIUM 2013 A STATISTICAL lR;eso t;rs Director (NBO) & OSD (JNNURM & RAY) Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation Room No. – 210, G-Wing, NBO Building, lR;eso t;rs Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi – 110108 Government of India Tel:- +91-11-23061692, Fax : +-91-11-23061542 Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation E-mail:- [email protected] National Buildings Organisation Hkkjr esa vkoklksa dh fLFkfr STATE OF HOUSING IN INDIA A STATISTICAL COMPENDIUM 2013 Government of India Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation National Buildings Organisation 1 LIST OF TABLES 1 Total Number of Census Houses: Rural & Urban-2011. 2 Total Number of Households: Rural & Urban -2011. 3 Distribution of Occupied Census Houses -2011. 4 Distribution of Census Houses by Predominant Material of Roof -2011. 5 Distribution of Census Houses by Predominant Material of Wall -2011. 6 Distribution of Census Houses by Predominant Material of Floor-2011. Distribution of Occupied Houses used as Residence and Residence- cum -Other Uses by their 7 Habitable Condition -2011. 8 Distribution of Households Living in Census Houses by Predominant Material of Roof -2011. 9 Distribution of Households Living in Census Houses by Predominant Material of Wall -2011. 10 Distribution of Households Living in Census Houses by Predominant Material of Floor -2011. 11 Distribution of Households by Their Habitable Condition of Census Houses Occupied -2011. 12 Distribution of Households Having Number of Dwelling Rooms -2011. 13 Distribution of Households by Ownership Status of the Census Houses Occupied by them -2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty Target Programs for the Elderly in India
    Background Paper for the Chronic Poverty Report 2008-09 Poverty Target Programs for The Elderly In India With Special Reference to National Old Age Pension Scheme, 1995 Anand Kumar Navneet Anand February 2006 Poverty target Programs For The Elderly in India Table of Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4 2. Background .............................................................................................................. 6 3. India: A Changing Society....................................................................................... 8 3.1. The Demographic Shift. Disadvantage: Elderly............................................... 10 4. Poverty In India ...................................................................................................... 13 4.1. Challenge of Chronic Poverty Among Elderly ................................................. 16 5. Care For Elderly: Post Independence Prescriptions .......................................... 18 6. Welfare State, Poverty and The Elderly ............................................................... 20 6.1. Conceptualisation of the Welfare State ........................................................... 20 6.2. Social Security in the Initial Years ................................................................... 22 6.3. The Era of Liberalisation ................................................................................. 28 7. National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)
    [Show full text]
  • Delhi Government Performance: 2015-2019
    Delhi Government Performance: 2015-2019 January 2020 Dialogue & Development Commission of Delhi 1 Education Healthcare Water Electricity Transport Environment Governance Social Security Women’s Safety Budget and Revenues Dialogue & Development Commission of Delhi 2 EDUCATION|SUMMARY An Incredible turn-around story 2015 2019 • Decades of neglect had left Delhi • Modernizing Infrastructure: Fixing acute government school infrastructure in deep shortage of classrooms, building schools of disrepair – with students and teachers having excellence with world class facilities to spend their day in inhumane conditions • Teacher Training: Capacity building of teaching staff and principals • Severe shortage of rooms and teachers • Accountability & Transparency: Making school • Morale & motivation of teachers and administration accountable and admissions principals at an all time low transparent • Improving Learning outcomes through • Poor learning and literacy levels amongst interventions such as Chunauti, Mission students, with 3 out of 4 students in Class 6 Buniyaad, the acclaimed Happiness Curriculum, unable to even read their textbooks and Entrepreneurship Mindset Curriculum. Dialogue & Development Commission of Delhi 3 EDUCATION|KEY FACTORS The Key Factors WORLD-CLASS INFRASTRUCTURE TEACHERS & PARENTS CLASSROOM PRACTICES Increasing the budget investment Investing heavily in teacher Focused Remediation programs to in Education to 26% (the highest training at global centres of improve numeracy & literacy and a among all Indian States) and eminence (Finland, Cambridge, 40% improvement in Spoken English almost doubling the classrooms Singapore). proficiency at the lowest level. (24k to 45k) to ensure that students in Delhi Government Strengthening the School Innovative Curricula (Happiness and Management Committees to Entrepreneurship Mindset) that schools have access to world st class infrastructure. improve parental involvement.
    [Show full text]
  • A Socio-Demographic Analysis of the Size and Structure of the Family In
    A Socio-Demographic Analysis of the Size and Structure of the Family in India INTRODUCTION The family is a complex and dynamic institution in India. For many decades, several studies were carried out to understand this complexity. Some of the studies in the past have put forth the proposition of the existence of a joint family in the traditional Indian society (Mandelbaum, 1959; Gore, 1965, 1968). Most of the micro level studies have stated that the joint family in India is one of the common features among the higher castes (Gough, 1956; Kapadia, 1956; Cohn, 1961; Madan, 1965; Kolenda, 1968; Caldwell et.al., 1988; Shah, 1968, 1996; Srivastava and Nauriyal, 1993). Nimkoff (1959) has found that in India the joint family system is traditionally most common among the elite, the higher castes and those with more property. A preference for a joint family is demonstrated clearly in a variety of studies by urban and rural people, across caste and class (Ames, 1969; Conklin, 1976a & b, 1988; Khatri, 1975). A district wise analaysis of selected states in India by Kolenda and Haddon (1987) revealed that high joint family districts had more hindus and substantially fewer christians than the low joint family districts. In a study conducted in Karnataka, Caldwell et.al. (1984) showed that, the joint families are more common among those households which owned agricultural land. However, some researchers have negated these views and stated that the joint family was never a dominant form and that all types of families (joint, nuclear, single and other relationships) existed in India (Goode, 1968; Rao, Kulkarni and Rayappa, 1986).
    [Show full text]