Marine Turtle Newsletter Issue Number 146 July 2015

Live immature hawksbill turtle feeding on Zoanthus sociatus at the Abrolhos Archipelago, Brazil (see pages 9-10). Photo credit: M.C. Proietti.

Articles Photographic Identification of Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) at Redang Island, Malaysia...... VY-C Chew et al. Observation of a leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece...... G Bearzi et al. Natural Death of a Hawksbill Turtle Due to Feeding Behavior...... MC Proietti et al. Mitochondrial Repeat Haplotypes Suggest Local Origins for CM-A13 Green Turtles Foraging in Florida...... BM Shamblin et al. An Unusual Physical Interaction between Two Adult Hawksbill Turtles in the Seychelles...... IR Olivier Sea Turtles: A Guide About the Biology, Conservation and Environmental Education for Educators...... Guilhon e Sá et al.

Report Announcement Recent Publications

Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 1 ISSN 0839-7708 Editors: Managing Editor: Kelly R. Stewart Matthew H. Godfrey Michael S. Coyne The Ocean Foundation NC Sea Turtle Project SEATURTLE.ORG c/o Marine Mammal and Turtle Division NC Wildlife Resources Commission 1 Southampton Place Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA-NMFS 1507 Ann St. Durham, NC 27705, USA 8901 La Jolla Shores Dr. Beaufort, NC 28516 USA E-mail: [email protected] La Jolla, California 92037 USA E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +1 919 684-8741 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +1 858-546-7003

On-line Assistant: ALan F. Rees University of Exeter in Cornwall, UK

Editorial Board:

Brendan J. Godley & Annette C. Broderick (Editors Emeriti) Nicolas J. Pilcher University of Exeter in Cornwall, UK Marine Research Foundation, Malaysia

George H. Balazs Manjula Tiwari National Marine Fisheries Service, Hawaii, USA National Marine Fisheries Service, La Jolla, USA

Alan B. Bolten ALan F. Rees University of Florida, USA University of Exeter in Cornwall, UK

Robert P. van Dam Kartik Shanker Chelonia, Inc. Puerto Rico, USA Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

Angela Formia Oğuz Türkozan University of Florence, Italy Adnan Menderes University, Turkey

Colin Limpus Jeanette Wyneken Queensland Turtle Research Project, Australia Florida Atlantic University, USA

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Marine© Turtle Marine Newsletter Turtle No. Newsletter 146, 2015 - Page 1 Photographic Identification of Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) at Redang Island, Malaysia

Vicki Yii-Ching Chew, Hock-Chark Liew & Juanita Joseph Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia (E-mail:[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected])

Details of life history traits of animals are often obtained through sanctuary in 2005 and public access is now restricted. During the mark-recapture projects that identify individuals. For sea turtles, the 2010 (May-June), 2013 (March-July), and 2014 (March-May) most common approach is to attach metal tags to the trailing edge nesting seasons, we photographed the left and right facial profiles of the flippers. Through recaptures of marked individuals, valuable of nesting females after they had finished oviposition on the beach. information such as the reproductive biology, movement patterns, Sand was first cleared from the head so that the scute patterns could habitat use and population size estimates may be obtained (Godley be seen clearly. With a flashlight shining from above or sideways, et al. 2008; Mansfield 2006; van de Merweet al. 2009). However, both sides of the facial profile (left and right) were photographed this identification method is not foolproof. Apart from tag loss, using a digital camera (SONY DSC-T2 - 8.1 Megapixels or Olympus which causes bias in sea turtle studies such as overestimation of the XZ-1 - 10 Megapixels). The profile pictures were taken at a distance number of nesting females in a nesting season; underestimation of of approximately 20 cm at a 90° angle to reduce distortions caused the number of clutches deposited by individual turtles and incorrect by inclination. Flash photography was not used as literature has inter-nesting data (Bjorndal et al. 1996; Liew & Chan 2001), flipper shown that green turtles shorten the duration of nest covering and tagging is an invasive method that may cause disturbance and camouflaging stages when exposed to camera flashes (Campbell discomfort to sea turtles (Shanker et al. 2003). Passive Integrated 1994). Instead a small flashlight shone from above was used as Transponder (PIT) tags that are injected into muscle have a higher the light source. For each nesting female we photographed, we retention rate than metal flipper tags (Fontaine et al. 1987; van also measured curved carapace length (CCL) and width (CCW) Dam & Diez 1999), but require a scanner to record the unique ID. using a flexible measuring tape; we also attached tags (Inconel 625 An alternative method for recognizing individual turtles is Style 681c) on both front flippers. If the turtle was already tagged photographic identification (photo-ID). Compared to conventional (either from the previous season(s) or previous nesting event) the tagging, this method of visual identification has advantages such tag numbers were read and recorded. After that, the sea turtle facial as animals are not physically captured or hurt and the chances of profile was photographed. We are uncertain if the use of flashlights stressing the animal are reduced (Schofieldet al. 2008). Moreover, would deter landing females from nesting or if the duration used to with the advent of digital technology, studies of various taxa cover and camouflage the nests would be affected. This warrants are turning to photo-identification as an alternative method of further investigation. identification. This method has been used in green-eyed tree frogs To determine the stability of facial scute patterns, we collected 12 (Kenyon et al. 2009), painted crayfish (Frisch & Hobbs 2007), newly emerged green turtle hatchlings in June 2013 and maintained dolphins (Currey & Rowe 2008; Weir et al. 2008), whalesharks them in a fiberglass reinforced plastic tank (diameter = 1.35 m; (Brooks et al. 2010), cheetahs (Kelly 2001), small-scaled skinks height = 1.0 m) for one year (June 2013-June 2014). The tank was (Gebauer 2009), elephants (Ardovini et al. 2008) and polar bears cleaned and seawater changed every four days. Hatchlings were fed (Anderson et al. 2007). For sea turtles, this unique, natural feature a combination of turtle pellets, fish and squid. The left and right is found on the head. In 1986, McDonald & Dutton (1996) reported that the pineal “pink” spots of nesting leatherbacks were recognizable over time. The method was reinvestigated by Buonantony (2008) and De Zeeuw et al. (2010). Subsequently, photo-ID utilizing the facial scute patterns has been explored in other species of sea turtles: hawksbill, green and loggerhead turtles (Chassagneux et al. 2013; Feliz et al. 2013; Jean et al. 2010; Lloyd et al. 2012; Reisser et al. 2008; Schofield et al. 2008). There are two main assumptions underlying the application of photo-ID: i) the distinct characteristic of each individual is different and ii) the distinct characteristics are stable over time. We used photo-ID to recognize individual green turtles at Chagar Hutang, Malaysia (Fig. 1). This nesting beach was declared a turtle Figure 1. Map showing the location of Chagar Hutang, Redang Island.

Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 1 facial profiles of the hatchlings were photographed every 7-14 days. turtles, with six turtles recaptured in subsequent years. From January 2014 onwards, photographs were taken once a month. The visual comparison of the left and right profiles showed that Good quality images were selected and subjected to analysis nearly all turtles could be distinguished from each other through the using two different methods. The first method was based on Reisser shape and arrangement of facial scute patterns. The exception was et al. (2008) where the facial scute patterns were drawn and extracted the discovery of similar left and right profiles for two turtles: one using Adobe Photoshop CS4. In order to determine if the left and that nested in 2010 and one that nested in 2013 (Fig. 2). In 2013, right profiles are symmetrical, the left facial profiles of all images a newly tagged nester was observed to have similar left and right catalogued were flipped horizontally using Microsoft Power Point facial scute profiles to a 2010 nester. Unfortunately, we were unable 2007 and subsequently compared to the corresponding right facial to confirm if they were the same nester who lost both her tags or profile. Images of the facial scute patterns were then compared indeed two different nesters exhibiting similar facial scute profiles. manually and results were validated by checking the tag numbers. Although it is suspected that these two nesters are in fact the same Whenever an individual turtle was photographed, the images were individual, we do not have concrete evidence to prove such a claim. placed in their own folder. The folder was then labeled based on The only way we could validate the photo-ID method would be to the date it was taken, e.g., 20.05.2014. If two or more individuals attach an additional tag to the sea turtle such as a passive integrated were photographed the same night, the folder was labeled as: transponder (PIT) as done by McDonald & Dutton (1996). 20.05.2014(1); 20.05.2014(2) and so on. The tag numbers of each For all individual images catalogued, no symmetry between individual sea turtle were noted in their respective folders. the left and right profiles was detected. No changes in the shape When images were compared, only the folder name was written and arrangement of facial patterns were detected in remigrants on the image. Thus, when two or more images were similar, the that were re-sighted. Out of the 43 nesters catalogued in 2010, six folders concerned were checked and tag numbers validated. Only returned to nest in 2013 and one in 2014. The images obtained two individual authors compared the images independently as the were successfully matched with the first year images in 2010 of the process was very time consuming. In the second method by Jean et respective individuals indicating the scute patterns had not changed al. (2010), each individual was assigned a unique identification code and were stable over a period of at least four years. number. We assigned 3-digit codes for up to three rows of scutes. All By implementing the method adapted from Jean et al. (2010), results were verified by checking the corresponding tag numbers. each image was assigned an individual photo-identification code, The left and right facial scute patterns of 155 adult female green akin to a human’s identification number. In this study, 3-digit codes turtles were photographed throughout the study. However, the were assigned up to the third row of scutes. For some turtles, codes images of only 140 green turtles could be analyzed and catalogued could only be assigned until the second row as the nester did not due to picture quality. As the inter-nesting interval for nesting fully extend her neck (Fig. 3). In addition, some individual turtles females is approximately 10 days, some individual nesters were displayed similar codes up to the second row of scutes. Positive encountered for the second, third and even fourth time. The total results were obtained, as each individual could be distinguished number of different individuals analyzed in this study was 133 green from the others using the coding system, with the exception of the A1 A2

Figure 2. The left and right profile of a nester from 2010 (A1 and A2; tag number: 2311.2312) and a nester from 2013 (B1 and B2; tag number: 5466.5469). Both turtles display similar facial scute shapes and B1 B2 arrangement. Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 2 Figure 3. Right profile code of two different green turtles showing similar 3-digit series: 4-115-125-135-145-214-226- 236-246. The coding system is described in Jean et al. (2010). The first single digit of the code represents the number of post-ocular scutes. The first number of the 3-digit code corresponds to the row number; the second corresponds to the scute position in the row while the third corresponds to the number of sides on the scute. The code for the third row of Turtle 6210.6211 was not assigned as her neck was not fully extended. They were identified as different individuals after comparison with the codes of the left profile. two nesters exhibiting similar left and right facial patterns. The Results from this study demonstrate that the nesting turtles maximum number of scutes observed in a row was six and the at Chagar Hutang displayed sufficient variability in facial scute maximum number of sides to a scute recorded was 10. patterns to identify individuals, a finding similar to other studies The 12 hatchlings raised in captivity for one year showed a mean (Reisser et al. 2008; Schofield et al. 2008). Manual comparisons weight gain of 292.8 ± 63.3SD g while the mean increase in straight of the images were relatively easy as most individuals exhibited carapace length and straight carapace width was 8.8 ± 1.1SD cm and distinct pattern differences. An interesting finding was that some 7.9 ± 1.1SD cm respectively. Although the sample size was small, individuals displayed incomplete sides to a scute (Fig. 5). In many the experiment produced promising results in terms of utilizing cases where natural markings are used for recognition purposes, the photo-ID for tagging sea turtle hatchlings. Each individual hatchling chances of patterns repeating are there, albeit very low. Such is the was identified by comparing the images photographed on the first case for human fingerprinting identification where the chances of a day with the most recently photographed images. It was apparent person’s fingerprint matching another individual in the population is that the scutes increased in size during their growth but no changes one in a million (Cherry & Imwinkelried 2006). The incomplete side were observed in the shape and arrangement of the scutes (Fig. 4). found in the scutes of sea turtles might therefore serve as nature’s

Figure 4. Left facial image of a green turtle hatchling captured on 10 June 2013 (A) and 26 June 2014 (B). Although the scute patterns remained stable for a year, there is the possibility that the pattern might change in the future. Thus photo-ID may be suitable for identifying hatchlings in the short term. More work has to be done for verification. Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 3 potential method for “tagging” green turtle hatchlings. The results obtained revealed that the facial scute shape and arrangement patterns of green turtle hatchlings are stable from hatch date to a time span of at least a year. Despite the small sample size and short study period, the findings signify the potential of using photo-ID as a method in tracking sea turtle hatchlings. Studies have shown that “living tags” created through autografting are retained from the hatchling phase until maturity (Bell & Parsons 2002; Rodríguez 2013). While photo-ID presents similar potential to autografting, this method should be subjected to continuous work and monitoring efforts before verification can be done. Despite the many advantages photo-ID offers, there are limitations to this method. The main concern lies with the image quality of photographs taken. Poor quality images would decrease the matching success (Frish & Hobbs 2007; Speed et al. 2007). With large numbers of hatchling photos produced, the post-processing of images will be time consuming. Moreover, photo-ID is unsuitable Figure 5. A green turtle exhibiting an incomplete side to at nesting sites with light ordinances and in areas where water a scute. This incomplete side refers to the line projecting visibility is limited. midway through a scute from a point of intersection. In Our results signify the importance of photographing two sides contrast to the other sides of a scute; this line has only one of a sea turtle profile to increase the success of identifying an intersection point. individual. Moreover, as long as both sides of the facial profile have way to diversify the facial scute patterns that may be found on sea been documented, we would still be able to identify an individual turtles. This variation in scute pattern would lower the probability of even if only one side of the profile was photographed. Unlike sea different sea turtle individuals having similar facial scute patterns. turtles underwater, nesting turtles on occasion do not fully extend Our study also showed that the facial scute patterns in green their necks and are sensitive to movement, causing them to contract turtles are stable for at least four years. The stability of characteristics their neck when disturbed. Thus, as the coding system is reliant on used as identifiers is fundamental for long-term monitoring purposes the degree of neck extension exhibited by the turtle, the ability to (Rocha & Rebelo 2014; Vincent et al. 2001; Waye et al. 2013). assign a complete set of codes to a certain individual will sometimes Evolution in the markings (patterns or pigmentations) have serious be hampered. implications in population studies as misidentification of individuals At present, we do not have an automated matching program may either underestimate or overestimate population size. In two developed for comparing and matching the images of the nesting separate studies, Kenyon et al. (2009) discovered that the dorsal sea turtle population at Redang Island. Although the images were spot patterns found on green-eyed tree frogs had a risk of changing compared manually in this study, it would be time consuming and significantly over the course of just two months while in Waye et laborious to process larger amounts of photographs. Having said al. (2013), spot patterns on tiger salamanders changed dramatically this, in spite of the fact that the method adapted from Jean et al. in less than a year. As far as sea turtles are concerned, however, (2010) resulted in certain nesters displaying similar codes, the photo-ID has thus far been successful for individual recognition process of counting the number of sides to scutes was no doubt more of juvenile and adult turtles (Chassagneux et al. 2013; Feliz et al. convenient. Given that the probability of two individuals having 2013; Jean et al. 2010; Lloyd et al. 2012; Rees et al. 2013; Reisser similar codes will decrease when the length of the code increases, et al. 2008; Schofieldet al. 2008). In these studies, the longest time it would therefore be interesting to determine this probability value. span between re-sightings of sea turtles using photo-ID was six We did find, however, that photographic identification proved to years, recorded by Feliz et al. (2013) in their work on hawksbill be a feasible potential tagging method for nesting green turtles and turtles. Whether the facial scute patterns of sea turtles will remain green turtle hatchlings at Chagar Hutang, Redang Island. as a unique identifier in the long run remains unknown. Continuous Acknowledgements. The authors thank the research assistants, effort should be done to verify the feasibility of using photo-ID as field staff and volunteers for assisting in data collection and data an alternative method for tagging sea turtles. recording. 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Observation of a leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea, in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece

Giovanni Bearzi1,2,3, Paolo Casale4, Dimitris Margaritoulis5, Silvia Bonizzoni1,2,3 & Nina Luisa Santostasi1 1Dolphin Biology and Conservation, via Cupa 40, 06066 Piegaro (PG), Italy (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]); 2OceanCare, Oberdorfstrasse 16, P.O. Box 372, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; 3Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA; 4Dept. Biology and Biotechnologies “C. Darwin”, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Viale dell’Università 32, 00185 Rome, Italy (E-mail: [email protected]); 5ARCHELON, the Sea Turtle Protection Society of Greece, Solomou 57, 10432 Athens, Greece (E-mail: margaritoulis@archelon.gr)

Published records of the leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys The Gulf of Corinth (surface area of approximately 2,400 coriacea (Vandelli 1761) in the Mediterranean are few, particularly km2) is a deep semi-enclosed basin separating the Peloponnese in comparison to those of the loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta from mainland Greece (Fig. 1). The 1.9-km-wide Rion-Antirion (Casale & Margaritoulis 2010). However, these records indicate strait, crossed by a four-pylon bridge, separates the Gulf from that leatherbacks occur throughout the basin, from the Gibraltar open Mediterranean waters. The waters of the Gulf of Corinth are Strait to the easternmost part, and enter the basin at a relatively large oligotrophic and transparent, with no significant river runoff. While size (large juveniles/adults), with no evidence of breeding in the the western part of the Gulf is relatively shallow (the maximum Mediterranean (Casale et al. 2003). The species is classified globally depth under the Rion-Antirion bridge is about 70 m), its central as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature portion has waters 500 – 900 m deep, offering a suitable albeit (Wallace et al. 2013). Mediterranean leatherbacks are considered restricted habitat to marine fauna that is normally pelagic (e.g., part of the north-Atlantic regional management unit of this species, striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba; Bearzi et al. 2011). categorized as Low risk–Low threat (Wallace et al. 2011). On 7 August 2012, while conducting a boat survey in the Gulf Leatherbacks have been reported from the Ionian and the Aegean of Corinth in the context of a study of dolphin abundance that was Seas, including coastal areas. In Greece, all published records have initiated in 2009 (Bearzi et al. 2011), we spotted a leatherback concerned dead animals, usually stranded on beaches (Margaritoulis breathing at the surface on a completely flat sea (38°11'174N, 1986). Information on the diving behavior of leatherbacks at 22°44'851E; sea floor about 700-800 m deep). Starting 7 min after non-breeding grounds is limited, derived from satellite tracking or the beginning of the observation, we timed a total of 29 consecutive animal-borne cameras, and most of the information is from post- surfacings, until the animal was lost from view due to deteriorating nesting females (Fossette et al. 2010; Heaslip et al. 2012; Shillinger weather conditions. While the animal was close to the boat, we et al. 2011). Here, we report an encounter with a leatherback in took 1 min of underwater footage with a Canon Powershot S100 the semi-enclosed Gulf of Corinth, Greece, contributing one of the digital camera (12 Megapixel) in a waterproof casing, deployed few detailed observations of a live individual of this species in the manually while we stayed on board our 5.80-m inflatable boat. In entire Mediterranean region. addition, a number of photos were taken with a Canon 7D digital Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 6 Figure 1. Map of the Gulf of Corinth showing bathymetry as well as the position of the leatherback sea turtle observed on 7 August 2012 (triangle), together with the approximate location of animals found stranded in the past (dots). camera (18 Megapixel) equipped with a Canon EF 70–200 mm f et al. 2010, 2011; Wallace et al. 2005) and also shorter than those 2.8 IS USM zoom. recorded during migration or at foraging grounds (Fossette et al. Estimated body size was approximately 1.5-2 m (total length), 2010; Heaslip et al. 2012; Shillinger et al. 2011). based on the relative size of boat and leatherback when the animal About 21 min after the beginning of the observation, the animal swam close by. Dive durations recorded continuously during a surfaced close to our boat (the low-noise four-stroke engine of 100 36 min sampling interval ranged between 8 and 601 s (mean = 75 HP was operated either on idle or at minimum speed). There was s, SD = 145.5, n = 29). The diving pattern of the leatherback is no clear avoidance behavior. The underwater video shows that the shown in Fig. 2. Observed dive durations were much shorter than turtle suddenly changed direction when the distance from the boat those observed at nesting grounds (Reina et al. 2005; Shillinger was about 5 m (surfacing no. 21 in Figure 2). The animal did not

Figure 2. Dive durations recorded between 16:37 and 17:13. Interval no. 21 is when the animal came close to the boat and passed under the keel.

Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 7 Figure 3. Underwater image from video, showing several of Figure 4. The “pink spot” on top of the leatherback’s head, the accompanying pilot fish as well as a Mediterranean jelly the contour of which may be used for individual identification on the upper left (photo by G. Bearzi). (photo by S. Bonizzoni). attempt to avoid the boat but swam directly toward it, passing under CASALE P. & D. MARGARITOULIS. 2010. Sea Turtles in the the keel and to the opposite side, at about 1 m depth. Subsequent Mediterranean: Distribution, Threats and Conservation Priorities. surfacing intervals were likely affected by this close approach, IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, although the animal soon resumed its original dive pattern (Fig. 2). Switzerland. 294 pp. Available at http://is.gd/iZkTBG (accessed The underwater video shows a total of 12 pilot fish Naucrates 5 October 2013). ductor swimming in close proximity to the leatherback (Fig. CASALE P., P. NICOLOSI, D. FREGGI, M. TURCHETTO & R. 3). Additionally, a bloom of Mediterranean jelly Cotylorhiza ARGANO. 2003. Leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) tuberculata was ongoing at the time of the observation, and several in Italy and in the Mediterranean basin. Journal of Herpetology of these invertebrates (diameter ~ 20 cm) may be seen in the video 13: 135-139. near the swimming leatherback; the turtle ignored these. While FOSSETTE S., V.J. HOBSON, C. GIRARD, B. CALMETTES, P. no feeding behavior was observed, the animal defecated (a large GASPAR, J.Y. GEORGES & G.C. HAYS. 2010. Spatio-temporal yellowish cloud) while swimming about 10 m from the boat and foraging patterns of a giant zooplanktivore, the leatherback turtle. parallel to it. The "pink spot" on the top of the head - a characteristic Journal of Marine Systems 81: 225-234. of adult leatherbacks - was photographed during surfacings (Fig. 4) and its contour may be used for individual identification in case HEASLIP S.G., S.J. IVERSON, W.D. BOWEN & M.C. JAMES. this individual is re-sighted. 2012. Jellyfish support high energy intake of leatherback sea The only other published record of a leatherback sea turtle in the turtles (Dermochelys coriacea): video evidence from animal- Gulf of Corinth refers to an animal caught in fishing gear and then borne cameras. PLoS ONE 7: e33259. doi:10.1371/journal. killed by a fisherman near Psatha in November 1982 (Margaritoulis pone.0033259 . 1986; Fig. 1). More recent unpublished data from the ARCHELON MARGARITOULIS D. 1986. Captures and strandings of the Sea Turtle Rescue Network include two incidents in the Gulf of leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea, in Greece (1982- Corinth, both concerning dead-stranded leatherbacks with severe 1984). Journal of Herpetology 20: 471-474. injuries on the neck and front flippers, attributed to incidental REINA R.D., K.J. ABERNATHY, G.J. MARSHALL & J.R. capture in fishing nets: one near Vrahati (28 September 1997; in SPOTILA. 2005. Respiratory frequency, dive behaviour and advanced decay) and one near Derveni (26 June 2004; in decay). social interactions of leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea Both stranding locations are on the Gulf's southern shores (Fig. during the inter-nesting interval. Journal of Experimental Marine 1). Our observation contributes to documenting the occurrence Biology and Ecology 316: 1-16. of charismatic and vulnerable fauna in the Gulf of Corinth, where SHILLINGER G.L., A.M. SWITHENBANK, H. BAILEY, S.J. efforts to preserve marine biodiversity have been modest. BOGRAD, M.R. CASTELTON, B.P. WALLACE, J.R. SPOTILA, Acknowledgements. We express our gratitude to OceanCare for F.V. PALADINO, R. PIEDRA & B.A. BLOCK. 2011. Vertical having funded this study. Research was conducted under permit and horizontal habitat preferences of post-nesting leatherback #201986/3101 issued by the Hellenic Ministry of Environment, turtles in the South Pacific Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Energy and Climate Change. Series 422: 275-289. BEARZI G., S. BONIZZONI, S. AGAZZI, J. GONZALVO & R.J.C. SHILLINGER G.L., A.M. SWITHENBANK, S.J. BOGRAD, CURREY. 2011. Striped dolphins and short-beaked common H. BAILEY, M.R. CASTELTON, B.P. WALLACE, J.R. dolphins in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece: abundance estimates from SPOTILA, F.V. PALADINO, R. PIEDRA & B.A. BLOCK. 2010. dorsal fin photographs. Marine Mammal Science 27: E165-E184. Identification of high-use internesting habitats for eastern Pacific Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 8 leatherback turtles: role of the environment and implications for NEL, N.J. PILCHER, S. TROENG, B. WITHERINGTON & R.B. conservation. Endangered Species Research 10: 215-232. MAST. 2011. Global conservation priorities for marine turtles. VANDELLI, D. 1761. Epistola de Holothurio, et Testudine coriacea PLoS ONE 6: e24510. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024510. ad celeberrimum Carolum Linnaeum Equitem Naturae Curiosum WALLACE, B.P., M. TIWARI & M. GIRONDOT. 2013. Dioscoridem II. Conzatti, Patavii (Padova, Italy), 12pp. Dermochelys coriacea. In IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of WALLACE B.P., A.D. DIMATTEO, A.B. BOLTEN, M.Y. Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Available at http://www. CHALOUPKA, B.J. HUTCHINSON, F.A. ABREU-GROBOIS, iucnredlist.org/details/6494/0 (accessed 23 January 2015). J.A. MORTIMER, J.A. SEMINOFF, D. AMOROCHO, K.A. WALLACE B.P., C.L. WILLIAMS, F.V. PALADINO, S.J. BJORNDAL, J. BOURJEA, B.W. BOWEN, R.B. DUENAS, MORREALE, R.T. LINDSTROM & J.R. SPOTILA. 2005. P. CASALE, B.C. CHOUDHURY, A. COSTA, P.H. DUTTON, Bioenergetics and diving activity of internesting leatherback A. FALLABRINO, E.M. FINKBEINER, A. GIRARD, M. turtles Dermochelys coriacea at Parque Nacional Marino Las GIRONDOT, M. HAMANN, B.J. HURLEY, M. LOPEZ- Baulas, Costa Rica. Journal of Experimental Biology 208: 3873- MENDILAHARSU, M.A. MARCOVALDI, J.A. MUSICK, R. 3884.

Natural Death of a Hawksbill Turtle Due to Feeding Behavior

M.C. Proietti1, V.C. Marques2, M.L. Marques2, F.P.M. Repinaldo2, A.L.F. Lacerda1 & J. Barreto3,4 1Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil (E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]); 2Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade - Parque Nacional Marinho dos Abrolhos, Brazil (E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]); 3Fundação Centro Brasileiro de Proteção e Pesquisa das Tartarugas Marinhas, Fundação Pró-TAMAR, Brazil; 4Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil (E-mail: [email protected])

The Abrolhos Archipelago (17.93°S, 38.94°W), located within the 2002; Proietti et al. 2012; Stampar et al. 2007). At the archipelago, Abrolhos National Marine Park, is an important feeding area for hawksbill turtles are commonly seen at shallow reef areas, where immature hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata (Proietti et al. they feed in a distinctive manner on the green sea mat Zoanthus 2012). This species is generally carnivorous and has been reported sociatus (Fig. 1). to feed on a wide range of prey, with preference for ingesting sessile On 18 March 2015, at 3:50 PM local time, while snorkeling at a benthic organisms such as sponges and zoanthids (León & Bjorndal protected bay (Mato Verde) of Santa Barbara Island, we observed an

Figure 1. Live immature hawksbill turtles feeding on Zoanthus sociatus at the Abrolhos Archipelago. Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 9 Figure 2. Hawksbill turtle found deceased with head lodged in crevice (left); example of Zoanthus sociatus at Mato Verde Bay, Abrolhos Archipelago (right). immature hawksbill turtle with its head wedged in a small crevice Acknowledgements. We are grateful to Projeto Tamar-ICMBio and on the seabed, at approximately 2.5 m depth (Fig. 2a). After noting the Abrolhos National Marine Park for logistic and field support, that the animal was unresponsive, we removed it from the seabed and the Rufford Small Grants Foundation for funding. This is a and determined that it was deceased. The turtle had initially been contribution of the Research Group ‘Ecologia e Conservação da captured and tagged (left front flipper tag BR96926, right front Megafauna Marinha - EcoMega.’ flipper tag BR96927) on 3 March 2015, and was subsequently LEÓN, Y.M. & K.A. BJORNDAL. 2002. Selective feeding in the recaptured on 15 March at the same location. It measured 35.5 hawksbill turtle, an important predator in coral reef ecosystems. and 27.7 cm curved carapace length and curved carapace width, Marine Ecology Progress Series 245: 249-258. respectively, and weighed 6 kg. It had no apparent debilitation and MORTIMER, J.A. & M. DONNELLY. 2008. Hawksbill Turtle its body showed no signs of degradation, which indicated that it had (Eretmochelys imbricata) Marine Turtle Specialist Group 2008 died just previously to us finding it. IUCN Red List status assessment. IUCN Red List of Threatened A visual inspection of the crevice revealed that the interior was Species. www.iucnredlist.org lined with green sea mat (Fig. 2b). This is a common feature of this bay, and likely the reason why it is frequently visited by hawksbills PROIETTI, M.C., J. REISSER & E.R. SECCHI. 2012. Immature during high tide. We believe that while eating this food item, the hawksbill turtles feeding at Brazilian Islands. Marine Turtle hawksbill got its head irremovably lodged in the crevice, and Newsletter 135: 4-6. subsequently drowned. While anthropogenic threats are commonly STAMPAR, S.N., P.F. DA SILVA & O.J. LUIZ. 2007. Predation on reported for the Critically Endangered hawksbill turtle (Mortimer the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum (Anthozoa, Cnidaria) by a & Donnelly 2008), this is, to our knowledge, the first description hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) in southeastern Brazil. of such an odd and natural cause of death. Marine Turtle Newsletter 117: 3-5.

Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 10 Mitochondrial Repeat Haplotypes Suggest Local Origins for CM-A13 Green Turtles Foraging in Florida

Brian M. Shamblin1, Dean A. Bagley2, Llewellyn M. Ehrhart2 & Campbell J. Nairn1 1Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]); 2Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA (E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected])

Maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA haplotypes are useful the origins of the Greater Caribbean juveniles required application in quantifying connectivity in two important ways. The first is of additional markers. assessing the degree of demographic connectivity among rookeries The dinucleotide microsatellite repeat array (mtSTR) that occurs with respect to female recruitment. The second is assessing at the 3’ end of the mitochondrial control region has proven useful migratory connectivity through mixed stock analyses that estimate in uncovering additional mitochondrial variation (Tikochinski et al. rookery contributions to admixed foraging aggregations. Robust 2012). In Atlantic green turtles, this array was partitioned into four inferences from these mixed stock analyses depend on a few critical separate loci by point mutations and non-repetitive sequences that assumptions, one of which is that representative baseline data are interrupt strings of ‘AT’ repeats (Fig. 1). Therefore assessing the available from all potentially contributing rookeries (Lahanas et al. number of ‘AT’ repeat units present in each of the four loci permits 1998). The accuracy and precision of mixed stock analyses are also subdivision of point mutation-defined haplotypes into multiple affected by the degree of structure among potential source rookeries. variants. Despite nearly complete fixation of haplotype CM-A13 Most often, regional rookeries are distinguished by frequency in the Mediterranean (Bagda et al. 2012), analysis of individuals differentiation rather than the presence of diagnostic haplotypes, representing the Israeli rookery and strandings along the Israeli coast which can lead to considerable uncertainty in rookery contribution detected 33 mtSTR haplotypes (Tikochinski et al. 2012). Several estimates for foraging aggregations (Bolker et al. 2007). variants recorded among the strandings were absent in the Israeli The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) haplotype CM-A13 has nesting population, suggesting that some degree of structure likely been recorded in the Greater Caribbean region as well as in occurs among rookeries comprising the Mediterranean nesting the Mediterranean Sea (Bagley 2003; Encalada et al. 1996). aggregation. Phylogeographic analyses placed CM-A13 within the northern We sequenced the mtSTR array in 15 CM-A13 turtles from Caribbean haplogroup and prompted the hypothesis that the Florida: 12 nesting females and three foraging juveniles (Fig. 2). Mediterranean nesting aggregation was founded through Nesting samples were those previously analyzed in Shamblin et al. colonization from the Caribbean (Bowen et al. 1992; Encalada et (2015) as well as new females sampled at Melbourne Beach in 2011 al. 1996). CM-A13 accounted for nearly all females sampled in (n = 2) and 2012 (n = 1). Foraging juveniles were those previously the nesting populations of Turkey and Cyprus (Bagda et al. 2012; identified as CM-A13 in an analysis of foraging aggregations in Encalada et al. 1996) but was not known from rookeries outside the developmental habitats in east central Florida (Bagley 2003). We eastern Mediterranean. Therefore the presence of CM-A13 among generated 817-base pair control region haplotypes using primers juveniles foraging at northern Greater Caribbean sites (Florida, LCM15382 and H950 as previously described (Shamblin et al. the Bahamas and Texas) invoked the possibility of dispersal from 2012). We conducted polymerase chain reactions and sequencing of the Mediterranean into the western Atlantic (Anderson et al. the mitochondrial repeat as described by Tikochinski et al. (2012), 2013; Bagley 2003; Bjorndal & Bolten 2008). However the recent except that primer CMD1 was used for sequencing the forward detection of CM-A13 at low frequency in the Florida nesting strand. aggregation suggested that local origins for foraging juveniles All 15 individuals nesting and foraging in Florida carried the was a more parsimonious alternative (Shamblin et al. 2015). All same mitochondrial repeat haplotype: 5-7-7-4. This was not one of CM-A13 turtles analyzed using expanded (~800 base pair) control the 33 repeat haplotypes detected in the Israeli rookery or among region sequences on both sides of the Atlantic were identical (CM- individuals stranded along the Israeli coast (Tikochsinki et al. 2012). A13.1) (Bagda et al. 2012; Shamblin et al. 2015), so determining These results suggest that the CM-A13 juveniles foraging in Florida

Figure 1. Sequence chromatogram illustrating the four ‘AT’ repeat unit loci in the Atlantic green turtle mitochondrial genome. Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 11 First, incomplete baseline data from rookeries may yield misleading results with respect to mixed stock analysis. In addition to ensuring that all potentially contributing rookeries have been represented, rookery sampling should be designed to capture any geographical structure that might be present and be sufficiently deep to detect rare haplotypes. Second, traditionally used control region sequences may provide limited resolution for assessing stock structure and migratory connectivity at regional and even ocean basin scales. Use of nuclear and additional mitochondrial markers have improved stock resolution in some cases (Dutton et al. 2013; Shamblin et al. 2012; Tikochinski et al. 2012). Finally, the strongest inferences of connectivity often arise from combining multiple methodologies (Godley et al. 2010; Stewart et al. 2013). In our case, the genetic results were congruent with previous biophysical modeling, suggesting that the connection between CM-A13 green turtles in the Greater Caribbean and Mediterranean Sea reflects an historical colonization signature rather than contemporary migratory connectivity. Acknowledgments. We thank R. Erik Martin, Niki Desjardin, and Chris Johnson for providing nest samples from Hutchinson Island, Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge, and Tequesta for an earlier study. We also thank the many students who have participated in the University of Central Florida’s Marine Turtle Research Group that assisted with sample collection. This research was funded by a Figure 2. Sampling locations for CM-A13 green turtles grant awarded from the Sea Turtle Grants Program. The Sea Turtle in central eastern Florida, USA. Stars indicate rookeries. Grants Program is funded from proceeds from the sale of the Florida Triangles represent juvenile foraging sites. This figure was Sea Turtle License Plate (www.helpingseaturtles.org). created using the SEATURTLE.ORG Maptool (2002). ANDERSON, J.D., D.J. SHAVER & W.J. KAREL. 2013. Genetic diversity and natal origins of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in most likely originated within the Greater Caribbean region, although the western Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Herpetology 47: 251-257. more thorough sampling on both sides of the Atlantic are required to determine if 5-7-7-4 represents the sole repeat haplotype present in BAGDA, E., F. BARDAKCI & O. TÜRKOZAN. 2012. Lower the western Atlantic and is diagnostic of Greater Caribbean origin. genetic structuring in mitochondrial DNA than nuclear DNA Local sourcing of CM-A13 in the western Atlantic is consistent with among the nesting colonies of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in ocean circulation modeling in which virtual hatchlings released from the Mediterranean. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 43: green turtle rookeries in Turkey, Cyprus, and Israel were retained in 192-199. the eastern Mediterranean (Putman & Naro-Maciel 2013). BAGLEY, D.A. 2003. Characterizing juvenile green turtles, The large disparity in repeat haplotype diversity observed (Chelonia mydas), from three east central Florida developmental between Caribbean and Mediterranean turtles provides further habitats. MSc Thesis. University of Central Florida, Orlando, support for the hypothesis that the current Florida CM-A13 nesters Florida. 123pp. represent the remnant of a much larger lineage that recently passed BJORNDAL, K.A. & A.B. BOLTEN. 2008. Annual variation in through a severe bottleneck. Shamblin et al. (2015) suggested source contributions to a mixed stock: implications for quantifying that CM-A13 might have been the primary lineage of the once connectivity. Molecular Ecology 17: 2185-2193. immense Bermuda rookery that was extirpated in the 18th century BOLKER, B.A., T. OKUYAMA, K.A. BJORNDAL & A.B. (Parsons 1962). Bermuda’s position proximal to the Gulf Stream BOLTEN. 2007. Incorporating multiple mixed stocks in mixed and downstream of the other Greater Caribbean rookeries may have stock analysis: ‘many-to-many’ analyses. Molecular Ecology facilitated transport of large numbers of oceanic juveniles into the 16: 685-695. Mediterranean Sea (Shamblin et al. 2015). Analysis of expanded loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) control region sequences and BOWEN, B.W., A.B. MEYLAN, J.P. ROSS, C.J. LIMPUS, G.H. more extensive sampling in the Mediterranean suggested multiple BALAZS & J.C. AVISE. 1992. Global population structure and colonization events and earlier colonization than previously natural history of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in terms of hypothesized (Clusa et al. 2013). If colonization by green turtles matriarchal phylogeny. Evolution 46: 865-881. occurred in a similar manner, the high repeat haplotype diversity DUTTON, P.H., S.E. RODEN, K.R. STEWART, E. LACASELLA, for CM-A13 in the Mediterranean may have arisen through multiple M. TIWARI, A. FORMIA, J.C. THOMÉ, S.R. LIVINGSTONE, colonization events as well as in situ diversification within the S. ECKERT, D. CHACON-CHAVERRI, P. RIVALAN & P. Mediterranean during the thousands of years following colonization. ALLMAN. 2013. Population stock structure of leatherback turtles The CM-A13 story highlights important lessons that should (Dermochelys coriacea) in the Atlantic revealed using mtDNA be considered in interpreting marine turtle connectivity analyses. and microsatellite markers. Conservation Genetics 14: 625-636.

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An Unusual Physical Interaction between Two Adult Hawksbill Turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Seychelles

Iain Ralph Olivier Cousine Island Conservation Manager, Seychelles (E-mail: [email protected])

The hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) (Linnaeus 1766), is & Peters 1972; Rostal et al. 1998; Schofieldet al. 2006). Due to the listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN (Meylan & Donnelly paucity of published information regarding sea turtle courtship and 1999; Mortimer & Donnelly 2008). Despite a substantial amount of mating in general, this note describes an unusual physical interaction research conducted on the biology of sea turtles, very little published between two adult hawksbill turtles, observed offshore of Cousine information exists regarding their social and mating behaviors. This Island in the Seychelles. paucity of information is particularly relevant to the hawksbill turtle. Cousine Island is a small (26 ha) granitic island rising to just over Both sea turtles (Booth & Peters 1972; Frick et al. 2000; Rostal et al. 70 m above sea level and is situated at 4º 20’ 41” S and 55º 38’ 44” 1998; Schofieldet al. 2006) and terrestrial tortoises (Frazier & Peters E (Samways et al. 2010). On 24 November 2013, I observed an 1981) are well known for aggressive mating and courtship behavior, unusual hawksbill turtle interaction during a reef-monitoring dive as they are observed mating regularly. However, when observing and recorded it with a high definition underwater video camera. the behavior of terrestrial tortoises, gravity dictates that a male will Behavioral observations were made in shallow water (7-10 m always mount the carapace of the female from the top, plastron to depth), approximately 100 m off the island and visibility and water carapace (Frazier & Peters 1981). Inversely, due to their aquatic temperature on that day was 15 m and 29ºC respectively. environment, sea turtles have more flexibility and may exhibit a Courtship and pre-copulatory behavior was observed from the wide range of mating behaviors and different physical interactions as initiation chase by the male entering the visual range of the female they can move in a three-dimensional plane (Schofieldet al. 2006). and biting at her carapace (Fig. 1a). The mounting behaviors during Nevertheless, most reports describe the standard mating position this interaction differed from the norm described in the literature where a male will mount a female from behind and hook his fore in that the male initiated an attempt at courtship and copulation by flipper claws over the anterior rim of the female’s carapace (Booth mounting the female plastron-to-plastron (Fig. 1b). Thus orientated, Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 13 the male gripped the female’s carapace on the dorsal surface of her A carapace with the fore-claws in his front flippers and began biting around and behind the female’s head and neck (Fig. 1b). After further interaction, when orientating themselves vertically in the water (Fig. 1c), the male folded his tail onto the carapace of the apparently receptive female, and attempted to copulate, and appeared to be successful for a short period of time (Fig. 1d). The entire interaction took place over a period of 20 minutes from approximately 12:30 through to 12:50. During this time both the male and female remained completely submerged. After this period of intense interaction both individuals surfaced for air, after which the male again attempted to copulate in the same position, but was unable to successfully mount the female. At no time during the interaction were there any other male turtles present. Although the photographic evidence suggests that mating occurred, it is B unlikely as marine turtles, unlike other marine species, may take up to a minimum of 40 minutes to mate successfully (Schofield et al. 2006), as fertilization is internal and females store viable sperm in their oviducts for long periods of time (Gist & Jones 1989). During a genetic study conducted on Cousine Island by Phillips et al. (2011), it was shown that most male hawksbill turtles mated with only a single female. This behavior could lead to increased aggression in males, and thus precipitate a higher occurrence of males attacking any turtle perceived to be a threat (Mortimer pers. comm. 2014). When taking the above into consideration, the behavior that I observed might best be described as aggressive and pre-copulatory and not the standard for successful copulation C between adult hawksbill turtles. However, detailed, focal observational studies need to be undertaken on the behavior of hawksbill turtles in the Seychelles in order to investigate their behavioral activity more comprehensively. It is becoming increasingly important to understand sea turtle biology in light of global climate change and behavioral studies would benefit from data on the males behavior during the reproduction process and their reproductive success. This type of information would aid in understanding the progression of mating systems in the hawksbill turtle. Acknowledgements. I thank Dr. J. Mortimer for her expertise and guidance. I also thank Mar. M.F. Keeley, for the opportunity to work and study on Cousine Island. D Booth, J. & J.A. Peters. 1972. Behavioural studies on the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in the sea. Animal Behaviour 20: 808-812. Frazier, J. & G. Peters. 1981. The call of the Aldabra tortoise (Geochelone gigantea) (Reptilia, Testudinidae). Amphibia Reptilia 2: 165-180. Frick, M.G., C.K. Slay, C.A. Quinn, A. Windham-Reid, P.A. Duley, C.M. Ryder & L.J. Morse. 2000. Aerial observations of courtship behaviour in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from South Eastern Georgia and Northeastern Florida. Journal of Herpetology 34: 153-158. Gist, D.H. & J.M. Jones. 1989. Sperm storage within the oviduct Figure 1. Hawksbill turtle pair observed offshore of Cousine of turtles. Journal of Morphology 199: 379-384. island beach, 2013-11-24. (a) Male initiating interaction and chase Meylan, A.B. & M. Donnelly. 1999. Status justification for of the female turtle; (b) Male and female interacting, male here listing the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) as Critically biting the neck of the female turtle; (c) Male and female orientated Endangered on the 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. vertically in the water; (d) Male attempting to copulate with the Chelonian Conservation & Biology 3: 200-224. female. Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 14 Mortimer, J.A & Donnelly, M. (IUCN SSC Marine Turtle cycle of the Kemp’s Ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempi). Specialist Group) 2008. Eretmochelys imbricata. The IUCN Red General and Comparative Endocrinology 109: 232-243. List of Threatened Species. www.redlist.org Samways, M., P. Hitchins, O. Bourquin & J. Henwood. Phillips, K.P., T.H. Jorgensen, K.G. Jolliffe, S.M. 2010. Tropical Island Recovery: Cousine Island Seychelles. John Jolliffe, J. Henwood & D.S. Richardson. 2013. Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, West Sussex, UK. 245pp. Reconstructing paternal genotypes to infer patterns of sperm Schofield, G., K.A. Katselidis, P. Dimopolous, storage and sexual selection in the hawksbill turtle. Molecular J. Pantis & G.C. Hays. 2006. Behaviour analysis of the Ecology 22: 2301-2312. loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta from direct in-water Rostal, D.C., D.W. Owens, J.S. Grumbles, D.S. observations. Endangered Species Research 2: 71-79. MacKenzie & M.S. Amoss, Jr. 1998. Seasonal reproductive

­­Sea Turtles: A Guide About the Biology, Conservation and Environmental Education for Educators

Maila Paisano Guilhon e Sá1, Ana Cristina Vigliar Bondioli2, & Carlos Augusto Kobata Chinen3 1Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, SP 09913-030 Brazil (E-mail: [email protected]); 2Instituto de Pesca, APTA-SAA/SP, Cananéia, SP 11990-000, Brazil (E-mail: [email protected]); 3OSCIP Passatempo Educativo, São Paulo, SP 04305-000 Brasil (E-mail: [email protected])

­Worldwide, there are seven species of sea turtles, of which five are contact with environmental education will provide these children and found in Brazil: Caretta caretta, Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys young people with values, attitudes and skills to convert knowledge imbricata, Lepidochelys olivacea and Dermochelys coriacea into action once they become adults (Goldman et al. 2006). (Pritchard 1996). All sea turtle species in Brazil are classified by Educators have an important role in the transmission of knowledge, the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) as including environmental education, and may influence the way Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered (IUCN 2015). students think, seek solutions and take actions. Researchers still The main threats to sea turtles are incidental capture in several debate the importance that should be given to how this knowledge types of fishing gear and marine pollution, and other factors such is transmitted to children and for a more effective delivery, there as urbanization and lighting on beaches (Eckert 1996; Fuentes et should be a stronger focus on teacher training (Basile 2000). al. 2009; Lohmann et al. 1996) as well as global warming (Fuentes In the United States and Israel, studies conducted on the content & Porter 2013; Pike 2014). of environmental education lessons being applied to teachers Environmental education is an important tool for the conservation have made it clear that there is a big gap in the training of these of species, since it enables the expansion of knowledge about professionals in relation to knowledge about the subject (Goldman animal ecology and also promotes favorable attitudes that protect et al. 2006; Mckeown-Ice 2000) and also in how it is transmitted the environment and the conservation of natural resources (Reigada (Mckeown-Ice 2000). One of the proposals from researchers to fill & Tozoni-Reis 2004). These actions seek to promote behavior this gap in the preparation of educators was the development of change, which is of great importance for the success in long- environmental education guidelines (Mckeown-Ice 2000). term conservation programs (Jacobson 1987). The application of A survey of the literature conducted by the authors has shown the environmental education for children has proven to be effective in rarity of Portuguese reference materials about the various aspects the process of awareness about environmental issues, since this is of sea turtles. Thus, both educators and the general public, who the key period for learning about the environment and for educating are not involved with the study of sea turtles, have little access to the next generation of decision makers (Basile 2000). Studies have information about these animals and their conservation in a practical shown the ability of children to influence their parents’ behavior way. This may be improved with the addition of a specific guide around environmental issues (Damerell et al. 2013; Evans & Gill or booklet. The development of tools and the training of educators 1996; Vaughan et al. 2003). are important because they allow the dissemination of information The impacts of environmental education programs related to about sea turtles in Brazilian territory, the importance of these behavioral changes as regards to the global environment, however, animals in their environment, the impact that humans can have is not immediate, since there is a time interval between the period on their survival, a presentation of conservation strategies and when children and students learn and the time that they may be in the the development of environmental education activities that reach roles of planners and decision makers (Evans & Gill 1996). Previous different age groups. In addition, sea turtles are considered flagship Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 15 species, i.e., charismatic species that captivate audiences and have performing a specific type of puzzle, denominated ‘Tangram,’ the ability to attract attention to other environmental concerns because the one made for the guide had a higher number of pieces (Campbell & Smith 2006). than those they were used to. As to the interest of the students, The aim of this study was to develop a guide for educators 91.7% of respondents indicated that students were very interested containing information on the biology and conservation and of sea in performing the activities. A study by Lindemann-Matthies (2002) turtles, and to contribute ideas about how to present this material. indicated that students aged between 8-16 years have a similar As well, we assessed the acceptance and effectiveness of the guide interest in topics related to biology. We also found this to be true with teachers at a public school in São Paulo. for this work, since the activities were carried out with students In Brazil, public schools suffer from a lack of extracurricular close to this age group. activities, and therefore have little or no contact with the conservation The same percentage (91.7%) thought that the students had theme; a fact that highlights the relevance of this work specifically assimilated the content addressed during the activities. This is a for this audience. Furthermore, the nearest beach to the city of São matter of extreme importance, since the assimilation of content is Paulo is 70 km away, making it difficult to access information on a key stage in the formation of knowledge (Freire & Tavares 2003), marine animals or the conservation of this ecosystem. Most children which, in turn, is related to understanding, concern (Dimopoulos & from the city go to the beach only during vacation or holidays as Pantis 2003) and perception of the ability to change the surrounding tourists and therefore contact with environmental information about environment through behavior (Pe'er et al. 2007). Studies like the ocean is quite limited. the one conducted by Reis (2001), showed the improvement in Apart from information about sea turtles, the guide contains knowledge about sea turtles with the use of computer games on interdisciplinary activities on environmental education that is the topic. applicable for children from 7 to 14 years old. These activities are Teachers were also asked about their level of satisfaction and of meant to ensure that teachers are transmitting to the students the the students’ satisfaction regarding the suggested activities. For both information they learned from the guide. The steps involved in questions, 83.3% reported a 'high' level of satisfaction and 16.7% making the guide included a literature survey on information for reported a ‘medium’ level of satisfaction. The satisfaction of the the guide, the creation of images by an artist, layout and printing of teachers seemed to be closely related to the students' satisfaction the materials. This was followed by the presentation to 25 teachers with the activity. The Lindemann-Matthies (2002) study showed that in São Paulo. teachers felt rewarded when they increased the time invested in the During the literature survey we found that specific activities like project, and this also increased the students' knowledge on the theme. word searches and tangram were frequently found, which indicated About 83% of teachers reported that the information contained their widespread use and acceptance. Other activities were developed in the guide helped ‘a lot’ in executing the activities, while by a team of monitors of the OSCIP Passatempo Educativo, which the remaining respondents reported that the content assisted has experience in the development and application of educational ‘reasonably,’ in other words, they didn’t use the full form guide content for children of different age groups. For four days in October as a source of information for the activity. There was also a high 2011, twenty-five teachers of the EMEF Roge Ferreira School, percentage of teachers (66.7 %) who used external materials such located in Jaragua, a district of São Paulo, Brazil, received a copy as films, textbooks, the internet and music to introduce the topic of the guide, the evaluation questionnaire that contained 11 multiple before carrying out the activities. choice questions and a space for suggestions. Furthermore, they were The results presented in this study contradict those presented in given some photographs of species of turtles found in Brazil and the other studies in which teachers reported having difficulties in class main threats they face. They were instructed how to use the guide to address issues that were not part of the school curriculum, such and how to apply the activities from the guide for their students. as those related to environmental education (Bizerril & Faria 2001; Finally, after collecting the questionnaires, the answers provided by Disinger 2001; Parlo & Butler 2007). the teachers were analyzed to verify the effectiveness of the guide. The contextualization of the subject by teachers using other tools, Of the twenty-five teachers who received the guide and such as those presented above is important for making adjustments orientation, 48% (12) returned the questionnaire evaluating the in both content and approach of the guide. The use of other materials, material and activities. This percentage was probably due to the short among other factors, contributed to 100% of the teachers believing time that the teachers had to evaluate the material (approximately 15 that they had reached the goals proposed by the activities. Likewise, days), apply the activities and return the completed questionnaire. all teachers expressed that they consider the guide and its activities The time for returning the questionnaires was related to the short an appropriate tool for environmental education for children, academic deadline for the submission of the data gathered in the indicating that the content of the guide met the expectations of the project. In addition, factors such as extensive loads of content to teachers. Only one teacher suggested making games with recyclable be taught, unpreparedness to deal with the issue of environmental materials. The absence of more suggestions, however, may be related education and the lack of materials that address the theme are also to the short time limits that teachers had to perform a careful and possible reasons for the low percentage of participation. Studies detailed analysis of the guide. indicate these reasons, among others, as limiting for the inclusion Based on the results obtained in this study, the necessary and success of environmental education projects in schools (Bizerril reformulations will be performed and the guide will be published & Faria 2001; Disinger 2001; Heimlich et al. 2004; Parlo & Butler and distributed among researchers and in schools where training will 2007). be conducted; it will also be available for free access on the internet. All teachers rated the guide as a simple and good understanding The answers provided through the questionnaires allowed for a clear tool; however 33.3% of teachers reported students' difficulty in assessment of the acceptance of this type of tool. In addition, it led Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 16 to a reflection on the relevance of the development of materials IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. that introduce important concepts about environmental education www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 22 June 2015. in the classroom. Therefore, we conclude that materials like the one HEIMLICH, J.E, J. BRAUS, B. OLIVOLO, R. MCKEOWN-ICE developed in this work, may be added to school curricula, since its & BARRINGER-SMITH L. 2004. Environmental education and multidisciplinary approach allows discussions on the subject during preservice teacher preparation: A national study. The Journal of classes in different disciplines. Environmental Education 35: 17-21. Acknowledgments. The authors thank FAPESP (process number JACOBSON, S.K. 1987. Conservation education programmes: 18042-9/2012) and the whole team of the OSCIP Passatempo evaluate and improve them. Environmental Conservation 14: Educativo for their assistance in this work. 201-206. BASILE, C.G. 2000. Environmental education as a catalyst LINDEMANN-MATTHIES, P. 2002. The influence of an for transfer of learning in young children. The Journal of educational program on children´s perception of biodiversity. The Environmental Education 32: 21-27. Journal of Environmental Education: 33: 22-31. BIZERRIL, M.X.A. & D.S. FARIA. 2001. Percepção de professores LOHMANN, K.J, B.E. WITHERINGTON, C.M.F. LOHMANN sobre a educação ambiental no ensino fundamental. Revista & M. SALMON. 1996. Orientation, navigation, and natal beach Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos 82: 57-69. homing in sea turtles. In: Lutz, P.L. & J.A. Musick (Eds). The CAMPBELL L.M. & C. SMITH. 2006. What makes them pay? Biology of Sea Turtles. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. pp. Values of volunteer tourists working for sea turtle conservation. 107-135. Environmental Management 38: 84-98. MCKEOWN-ICE, R. 2000. Environmental education in the United DAMERREL, P., C. HOWE & E.J. MILNER-GULLAND. 2013. States: A survey of preservice teacher education programs. The Child-orientated environmental education influences adult Journal of Environmental Education 32: 4-11. knowledge and household behaviour. Environmental Research PARLO, A.T. & M.B. BUTLER. 2007. Impediments to environmental Letters 8: 015016. education instruction in the classroom: a post-workshop inquiry. DISINGER, J.F. 2001. K-12 Education and the Environment: Journal of Environmental & Science Education 2: 32-37. Perspectives, Expectations, and Practice. The Journal of PE´ER, S, D. GOLDMAN & B. YAVETZ. 2007. Environmental Environmental Education 33: 4-11 literacy in teacher training: attitudes, knowledge, and environmental DIMOPOULOS, D.I. & J.D PANTIS. 2003. Knowledge and behavior of beginning students. The Journal of Environmental attitudes regarding sea turtles in elementary students on Education 39: 45-59. Zakynthos, Greece. The Journal of Environmental Education PIKE, D.A. 2014. Forecasting the viability of sea turtles eggs in a 34: 30-38. warming world. Global Change Biology 20: 7-15. ECKERT, K.L. 1999. Designing a Conservation Program. In: Eckert, PRITCHARD, P.C.H. 1996. Evolution, phylogeny, and current K.L., K.A. Bjorndal, F.A. Abreu-Grobois & M. Donnelly. (Eds). status. In: Lutz P.L. & J.A. Musick. The Biology of Sea Turtles. 1999. Research and Management Techniques for the Conservation CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 2-28. of Sea Turtles. IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group REIGADA, C. & M.F.C TOZONI-REIS. 2004. Educação ambiental Publication No. 4. pp 1-3. para crianças no ambiente urbano: uma proposta de Pesquisa- EVANS, S.M. & M.E. GILL. 1996. Schoolchildren as educators: Ação. Ciência & Educação 10: 149-159. The indirect influence of environmental education in schools on REIS, M.A.S. 2001. As revistas em quadrinhos como recurso parent´s attitudes toward the environment. Journal of Biological didático no ensino de ciências. Ensino em Revista 9: 105-114 Education 30: 243-249. TAVARES, C. & I.M. FREIRE. 2003. "Lugar do lixo é no lixo": FUENTES, M.M.P.B. & W.P. PORTER. 2013. Using a microclimate estudo de assimilação da informação. Ciência da Informação 32: model to evaluate impacts of climate change on sea turtles. 125-135. Ecological Modelling 251: 150–157. VAUGHAN, C, J. GACK, H. SOLORAZANO & R. RAY. 2003. FUENTES, M.M.P.B, J.A. MAYNARD, M. GUINEA, I.P. BELL, The effect of environmental education on schoolchildren, their P.J. WERDELL & M. HAMANN. 2009. Proxy indicators of sand parents, and community members: A study of intergenerational temperature help project impacts of global warming on sea turtles and intercommunity learning. The Journal of Environmental in northern Australia. Endangered Species Research 9: 33-40. Education 34: 12-21. GOLDMAN, D., B. YAVETZ & S. PE’ER. 2006. Environmental literacy in teacher training in Israel: Environmental behavior of new students. The Journal of Environmental Education 38: 3-22.

Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 17 REPORT ­­President’s Report on the 35th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, 18-24 April 2015, Dalaman, Mugla, Turkey

Yakup Kaska Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey (E-mail: [email protected])

The 35th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation were the two main pre-symposium meetings. The regional meetings was held in Dalaman, Mugla, Turkey on 18-24 April, 2015. The for Africa, Latin America, East Asia, and Indian Ocean-South East theme of the symposium was “Hospitality.” It was chosen as meeting Asia were also held. The Marine Turtle Specialist Group meeting participants will be attending from around the world and hospitality was set on Wednesday 22 April, 2015. reflects Turkey’s friendly and inviting culture. Furthermore, Key Note Speakers: Three keynote speakers each delivered Turkey brought everyone together, “bridging the civilizations,” a 30-minute address to symposium participants. Richard Reina’s bridging Europe, Asia and Africa. This is was a great opportunity for presentation gave the audience a comprehensive overview of the the people from these continents to participate in the Symposium, as topic Climate Change and Sea Turtles: What It is, What it isn’t it was easier for them to travel from their home countries. Besides and What We Need to Do About It, which came after the opening the regular sessions normally held at past symposia, specific to ceremony of the symposium and was presented to all of the the meeting in Turkey, is we celebrated “World Children Day” on symposium participants. Mohd Uzair Rusli gave his keynote talk on 23 April with special sessions for children’s activities. Without a Synchronous Activity Lowers The Energetic Cost of Nest Escape by doubt, today’s children are the future sea turtle researchers and Green Turtle Hatchlings in the Nesting Biology-I session on Tuesday conservationists, and so we wanted to ensure that we pass our 21 April, 2015. On Wednesday, 22 April 2015, Kate Mansfield gave mission on to the younger generation her talk at the In-Water Biology-II session on Out With the Old, in A total of 610 people from 80 countries registered for the with the New Hypothesis: Swimming Behavior and Ontogenetic Symposium. An additional 250 local students and educators attended Habitat Shifts Among Wild-Caught Oceanic Stage Turtles. All three particular sessions. The venue for the symposium was the Hilton keynote talks were excellent and well received by the audience. Hotel-Dalaman, Turkey. The program included 4 regional meetings Symposium Sessions: This symposium included traditional (Africa, IOSEA, Retomala and East Asia), 9 workshops, 2 special sessions held at previous symposia, such as Anatomy, Physiology sessions (Mediterranean Turtle Conference and Freshwater turtle and Health; In-Water Biology Session (Ecology, Telemetry, Session), and a Video Night that showed 12 videos. In addition to Foraging, Behavior); Nesting Biology (Ecology, Behavior, and the regular sessions, we hosted the 5th Mediterranean Conference Reproductive Success), Population Biology and Monitoring (Status, on Marine Turtles. A total of 135 oral papers and 230 posters were Modeling, Demography, Genetics, Nesting Trends, In-Water presented. Trends), Fisheries and Threats Session; Conservation, Management Workshops: A total of 9 workshops were offered the weekend and Policy; Education, Outreach And Advocacy; and Social, before the symposium started. These were the Fourth Workshop on Economic and Cultural Studies. In addition to those sessions, we Stabile Isotope Techniques in Sea Turtle Research: Lessons Learned also scheduled poster discussion hours for each session and these and Future Steps, Temperature-dependent Sex Determination, were productive times for participants to meet with all presenters Sea Turtle Rehabilitation and Health, GIS, Tourism and Turtles, in one room, facilitated by session chairs. Biologging For Sea Turtles, Fisheries Observer Programs: Key to Business Meeting: Important issues were addressed during Successful Fisheries Management, Children Activities and New the plenary business meeting conducted on the last day of the Techniques. The first parts of two of the workshops were held on symposium. The travel committee report, the Treasurer’s report and Thursday, 23rd April 2015. Unfortunately, the Novel Techniques for other issues related to our society were discussed. Environmental Campaigning Workshop that was scheduled had to ISTS Elections: The report of the ISTS Nominations Committee be cancelled. The attachment of four satellite devices and releasing presented the following names of the winners of the 2015 Elections: of sea turtles within the Biologging For Sea Turtles Workshop II and President Elect: Frank Paladino, Board of Directors: Andrea Phillott Children Workshop activities were carried out at the DEKAMER and Laura Prosdocimi, and Nominations Committee: Michael Sea Turtle rescue center. This event attracted many local people and Jensen, Thushan Kapurusinghe and Andy Estrades. authorities as well as children. A 3D printed section of mandible was Board meeting: The Board meeting was held on Tuesday 21 attached to an injured turtle on 23 April, attracting many local and April, 2015. The meeting was fruitful and lasted until midnight. international media. These activities overlapped with ISTS’s mission The Board received and discussed reports from the Nominations to bring people together to promote the exchange of information that Committee, Student Committee, Travel Committee, Students advance the global knowledge of sea turtle biology and conservation Awards Committee, Awards Committee, as well as reports from Pre-symposium Meetings: The 5th Mediterranean Conference the Treasurer. on Marine Turtles and the Terrapin, Tortoise & Freshwater Meetings Student Committee: Since its inception at the 31st Symposium,

Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 18 the ISTS Student Committee has played an increasingly important Keco for Ed Drane Award for Volunteerism, Flegra Bentivegna for role in the meeting. For the meeting in Turkey, the Committee was Champions Award. President’s Awards were given to Ibrahim Baran chaired by Itzel Sifuentes and Adriana Cortez. Student participation and June Haimoff. Congratulations to the all awardees. in the Symposia is critical to the future of our Society’s mission, and Archie Carr Student Awards: There were 41 oral presentations we commend and encourage continued productive activity by the and 67 poster presentations entered by students in the Archie Carr Student Committee. They organized around 50 volunteer evaluators Student Awards. The Program Chairs worked with the Student Award to provide valuable presentation feedback for about 100 students Chairs to minimize conflicting student presentation times, thereby that requested it. They were actively involved in New Techniques ensuring all student presentations were seen by the judges, but we Workshop and organized Student Committee Mixer on Tuesday encourage future Program Chairs to liaise with the Student Award afternoon. Chairs early in the planning process to minimize the requirement for Travel grants: A total of 162 registrants received a travel grant last minute work by all parties. Judges of the student presentations at ISTS35. This level of travel grant awards represents about 25% of in Turkey were: Ana Barragan, Cynthia Lagueux, Dave Owens, the total registered participants. Travel grants took the form of room Emma Harrison, Kate Mansfield, Marc Girondot, Mariana Fuentes, and board grants, which was highly advantageous for the awardees Paolo Casale, Ray Carthy, Roldan Valverde, Sara Maxwell and and for the Society. Only 16 people who received Travel Grant had Zoe Meletis. The winner for Best Biology Poster was Abilene to cover their food shares. The Travel Grant Committee was chaired Colin Aguilar (CICESE, Mexico). Best Conservation Poster went by Alexander Gaos, with Angela Formia, Kelly Stewart, Karen to Mireia Aguilera Rodà (Univ. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) and Eckert, Alan Rees, Alejandro Fallabrino, Aliki Panagopolou, Maggie runner up was Aurora Oliver de la Esperanza (Univ. Zaragoza, Muurmans, Andrea Phillott and Emma Harrison as members. Spain). The Best Biology Oral was won by Natalie Wildermann Participant distribution for Travel Grant was 28% from Europe, (James Cook University, Australia) and Joseph Pfaller (University 18% from America, 14% from US/Canada and %14 Central and of Florida, USA) was Runner Up. The Conservation Oral winner South America, 11% from Africa, 7% from Asia-Pacific and 4% was Sarah Nelms (University of Exeter, England), and Aliki from South Asia and 4% from Middle East. Panagopoulou (Drexel University, USA) was Runners-Up. Social Events: Welcome Social, Live and Silent Auctions, Grassroots Award: The Grassroots Conservation Award is Farewell party, Student Awards were some of the social events given for the poster or oral presentation that best demonstrates a held during the symposium. A welcome cocktail and Turkish Folk positive contribution towards the conservation of marine turtles Dance were performed on Sunday evening. Children performed and/or their habitats. This year the Award went to the Fundação folk dances on Sunday and Monday evenings. The popular “Speed Maio Biodiversidade for “Community-based conservation is a key Chatting with the Sea Turtle Experts” session made an appearance to successful sea turtle protection in Maio Island, Cape Verde” with on Wednesday afternoon and was enjoyed by the experts as well the authors of Adilson Passos, Amanda Dutra, Franziska Koenen, as the participants that plied them with questions on topics ranging Alexandra Morais, and Mafalda Navas. The judges were Alejandro from techniques to career advice. On Tuesday evening, Video Night Fallabrino, Angela Formia, Jack Frazier, Manjula Tiwari and Ingrid provided informative entertainment to Symposium participants as Yanez. they enjoyed 12 video presentations from around the world. On the Funding: Generous funding by many entities made it possible final day of the Symposium, together with the Gala dinner, the Archie for the ISTS35 to be a success. The organizing committee deeply Carr Student Awards and the ISTS Awards were followed. The thanks the donors below for their generosity. At the Platinum formal portion of the evening closed with words of appreciation from level ($25,000 and above): Turkish Government (Ministries, the President and the ceremonial passing of the ISTS Presidential Governors and Mayors), Pamukkale University, and Marine Turtle Trowel to incoming President Joanna Alfaro Shigueto. On Friday, we Conservation Fund. At the Gold level ($5,000 - $19,999): WWF- organized three tours and participants visited Pamukkale, Ephesus Turkey, International Seafood Sustainability Foundation, Regional and Dalyan lagoons. Activity Center, UNEP-RAC/SPA, Istanbul Aquarium and The Auctions: The proceeds from the annual Live and Silent auctions Ocean Foundation. At the Silver level ($1,000 - $4,999): Hilton- contribute to Travel Grant funding for students and international Dalaman, Wildlife Computers, Istanbul SeaLife Aquarium, Sirtrack, participants. We had the usual fantastic response from the sea turtle Mugla Trade and Commerce Union, BTC Pipeline Company, community in the way of unique donated items for both auctions. Disney’s Animal Science and the Environment, Telonics, Mersin With ISTS promoting a more socially responsible outlook, the Municipality, Vaughan W. Brown Charitable Trust, Bern Convention Auction Team found themselves pushed to the limits to find creative of European Council. At the Bronze level ($500 - $999): Sea Turtle and fun ways to raise funds. The results of their efforts were brilliant Conservancy, MEDASSET, Denizli Trade and Commerce Union, and provided new paying and entertaining activities, including “Jail The Leatherback Trust, DOKAY, Mac-ART Design Agency. and Bail” and “A Sea Turtle Beauty Pageant”. The live auctioneer Vendors: This year’s Vendor tables were Wildlife Computers Rod Mast did again an excellent job. The dedication of Auction Inc, Collecte localisation satellite, Wipsea, Kaptan June Sea Chairs, Jennifer Homcy and Marina Zucchini, for the success of Turtle Conservation Foundation, Qarapara Sea Turtles Chile these important events is appreciated by all. NGO, Karumbé, Endangered Wildlife Trust, IUCN Marine Turtle Awards: During the gala dinner, a series of awards were made Specialist Group, WWF International, MEDASSET, ARCHELON, to prominent members of our society. Lily Venizelos and Henri Loggerhead Marinelife Center. Reichart were awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award for their Carbon Offsets: A meeting the size of the ISTS Symposium extensive and significant contributions to the promotion of sea represents a considerable use of resources, primarily for travel, but turtle biology and conservation. Awards were also given to Kutlay also for onsite lodging and activities. This year, a coordination and Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 19 follow-through by Erin Seney and Ray Carthy, the ISTS introduced G. Barrientos-Muñoz; Exhibitor/Vendor Chairs Çisem Sezgin an initiative to offset the carbon footprint of the meeting. The and Nilüfer Araç; Speed Chatting Coordinators Emma Harrison organization made a donation to Carbonfund.org to offset the full and Zoe Meletis; Internet Gurus Doğukan Mutlu, Logo Designers on-site footprint of the meeting. We also gave one flask as a gift for Yıldız Duman Ercan and Mümin İnan; Nominations Committee participants to use in the future as a way of reducing plastic use. Chair Nancy Fitzsimmons and members Shaleyla Kelez, Edward Memorial Tribute: During the opening and closing ceremonies Aruna, Milagros Lopez-Mendilaharsu and Alberto Abreu Grobois; of the symposium, we observed one minute of silence in tribute to ISTS Awards Committee Chair Sally Murphy and members Dean the lives that were lost since the last symposium, especially the Bagley, Jim Spotila, Brad Nahill and Blair Witherington; Student recent loss of Prof. Nicholas Mrosovsky. Committee members Itzel Sifuentes and Adriana Cortez; Student Acknowledgments. Organizing the symposium took a significant Awards Committee Co-Chairs Andrea Phillott and Matthew number of hours and effort. The successful organization strongly Godfrey;Video Night Co-Chairs Anna Stamatiou and Kerem Yekta benefit from the selfless work of a large number of volunteers. My Atatunç; Poster Chairs Yusuf Katılmış and Serap Ergene; Book of personal thanks goes to all organizing committee members. My Abstract Compilers Bektaş Sönmez, Onur Türkecan and Çisem deepest thanks go out to every single one of them for their hard Sezgin; Terrapin, Tortoise, and Freshwater Turtle Meeting Planners work, friendship, and their dedication to the International Sea Chuck Shaffer and Dincer Ayaz; Carbon Offset organizers Erin Turtle Society. Without the vision and generosity of our Sponsors Seney and Ray Carthy; English Proofreader Robin Snape; Workshop this Symposium would not have been possible, and I thank them organizers Daniela Freggi, Andrew DiMatteo, Sandra Hochscheid, all for embracing our interests and cause as their own. I also thank Kate L. Mansfield, Yonat Swimmer, Marc Girondot, Şükran Yalçın the ISTS Board of Directors and its Executive Committee for their Özdilek, Simona Ceriani, Kim Reich, Jeffrey Seminoff, Emine Dinç, guidance and support, and thank every single one of the various Jane Akalay, Fikri Türkeş, Ayşe Oruç and Konstantina Kostoula. I Committees’ chairs. My Program Officer Ingrid Yanez did a great also thank Luis Cardona and his organizing committee for organizing job of fund raising under trying conditions. Thanks to the Program 5th Mediterranean Conference on Marine Turtles within the ISTS35. Staff: Oğuz Türkozan, Brian Shamblin and Wayne Fuller, program Additional gratitude goes to the schoolchildren and teachers of coordinator: Eyüp Başkale, Event Coordinator: Dogan Sözbilen, Muğla Province for their participation in our outreach program. ALL and all of the outstanding Session Chairs. OF THE VOLUNTEERS FROM ISTS AND THE PAMUKKALE I am grateful to the Logistics Staff: Registrar Serdar Düşen UNIVERSITY! I am also grateful to those of you un-named here, and Olcay Düşen; Volunteer Co-Chairs Natalie E. Wildermann who gave freely of your time, energy, and enthusiasm when I called and Can Yılmaz, Onur Candan, Alejandro Fallabrino and Karla upon you.

Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 20 ANNOUNCEMENT ­­36th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, 29 February - 04 March 2016 in Lima, Peru

Joanna Alfaro Shigueto ProDelphinus, Octavio Bernal 572-5, Lima 11, Peru; Universidad Científica del Sur, Peru (E-mail: [email protected])

Mi Casa es su Casa: Bienvenidos al Peru! The Annual Symposium We expect over 700 participants from around the world. This year on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation hosted every year by the the Symposium’s theme will be Crossroads, highlighting the need International Sea Turtle Society (ISTS) is moving to South America for multi-disciplinary, multi-taxa, multi-national, and multi-gender for the first time. This event gathers multidisciplinary participants efforts in advancing marine conservation worldwide. This meeting from around the world with a shared interest: conserving sea turtles seeks to break down barriers and boundaries between people and and their environment. countries in order to achieve marine conservation through its most The 36th Annual Symposium will be held from February 29– global flagship, the sea turtle. March 04, 2016 at the Maria Angola Convention Center and Univer- Our website will contain all the vital information about the 36th sidad Cientifica del Sur, both located in the capital of Peru, Lima, a symposium (www.internationalseaturtlesociety.org) , and will be city full of rich flavors, unique experiences, and the mystic union of updated throughout the year. Here you will find important informa- the past and the present. Besides providing common advantages of a tion about Lima and Peru, as well as registration, costs, and general big city, Lima gives you the opportunity to learn about the Peruvian information regarding the symposium. We hope you find it useful. culture and as a coastal city, it reflects how we have related to the Mark your calendars, start practicing your Spanish, and begin sea for many years. It may also serve as a starting point towards planning your trip to the 36th Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology other Peruvian natural destinations such as the Amazon rainforest, and Conservation! Andes Mountains and northern subtropical beaches.

Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 21 RECENT PUBLICATIONS This section is compiled by the Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research (ACCSTR), University of Florida. The ACCSTR maintains the Sea Turtle On-line Bibliography: (http://st.cits.fcla.edu/st.jsp). It is requested that a copy of all publications (including technical reports and non-refereed journal articles) be sent to both: The ACCSTR for inclusion in both the on-line bibliography and the MTN. Address: Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research, University of Florida, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. The Editors of the Marine Turtle Newsletter to facilitate the transmission of information to colleagues submitting articles who may not have access to on-line literature reviewing services.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS et Ethologie, Unite Mixte de Recherche 7178 CNRS-ULP, 23 rue ALFARO-NUNEZ, A., M.P. JENSEN & F.A. ABREU-GROBOIS. Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France. (E-mail: marie- 2015. Does polyandry really pay off? The effects of multiple [email protected]) mating and number of fathers on morphological traits and survival BEHERA, S., B. TRIPATHY, K. SIVAKUMAR & B.C. in clutches of nesting green turtles at Tortuguero. PeerJ 4: e880. CHOUDHURY. 2015. Stomach contents of olive ridley turtles A. Alfaro-Nunez, Univ Copenhagen, Nat Hist Museum Denmark, (Lepidochelys olivacea) occurring in Gahirmatha, Odisha coast Ctr GeoGenet, Copenhagen, Denmark. (E-mail: alonzoalfaro@ of India. Proceedings of the Zoological Society (Calcutta) 68: 91- gmail.com) 95. S. Behera, Wildlife Inst India, POB 18, Dehra Dun 248001, ALLMAN, P., D. BARBOUR & A. AGYEKUMHENE. 2015. Chandrabani, India. (E-mail: [email protected]) Loggerhead sea turtle nesting activity in Ghana. African Sea BERNALDO DE QUIROS, Y., M. MOORE, D. GARCIA- Turtle Newsletter 3: 13-14. PARRAGA, P. JEPSON, J.L. CRESPO-PICAZO, A. FAHLMAN ANGEL RAMOS, E. 2014-2015. Eyes in the sky help sea turtle & A. FERNANDEZ. 2014. Grand paradigm shift in diving research. SWOT Report Volume 10: 7. physiology: the likelihood of the bends in marine vertebrates. 2014 APS Intersociety Meeting: Comparative Approaches to ANGIELCZYK, K.D., R.W. BURROUGHS & C.R. FELDMAN. Grand Challenges in Physiology: 48-49. 2015. Do turtles follow the rules? Latitudinal gradients in species richness, body size & geographic range area of the world's BEZY, V.S., R.A. VALVERDE & C.J. PLANTE. 2015. Olive turtles. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B-Molecular and ridley sea turtle hatching success as a function of the microbial Developmental Evolution 324B: 270-294. K.D. Angielczyk, Field abundance in nest sand at Ostional, Costa Rica. PLoS One 10(2): Museum Nat Hist, Integrat Res Ctr, 1400 South Lake Shore Dr, e0118579. V.S. Bezy, Univ North Carolina, Dept Biology, Chapel Chicago, IL 60605 USA. (E-mail: [email protected]) Hill, NC 27515 USA. (E-mail: [email protected]) ANON. 2015. Ocean myth busted: ‘toddler’ sea turtles are very BHATPURIA, D., H.U. SOLANKI, S. VARGHESE & P. active swimmers. Eco (May): 15. CHAUHAN. 2015. Applications of satellite derived meso-scale features and in-situ bycatch to understand sea turtle habitats along ANYEMBE, D. & C. VAN DE GEER. 2015. The first photo- the Indian Coast. Current Science 108: 326-329. H. U. Solanki, documented hybrid of a green turtle, Chelonia mydas & a ISRO, Space Application Center, Ahmadabad 380015, Gujarat, hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, in east Africa. African India. (E-mail: [email protected]) Sea Turtle Newsletter 3: 42-45. BUCCHIA, M., M. CAMACHO, M.R.D. SANTOS, L.D. BOADA, ARUNA, E. 2015. Guest Editorial: Impact of the Ebola Virus P. RONCADA, R. MATEO, M.E. ORTIZ-SANTALIESTRA, Disease outbreak on conservation efforts in Sierra Leone. African J. RODRIGUEZ-ESTIVAL, M. ZUMBADO, J. OROS, L.A. Sea Turtle Newsletter 3: 5-6. HENRIQUEZ-HERNANDEZ, N. GARCIA-ALVAREZ & O.P. BARCENAS-IBARRA, A., H. DE LA CUEVA, I. ROJAS- LUZARDO. 2015. Plasma levels of pollutants are much higher LLEONART, F.A. ABREU-GROBOIS, R.I. LOZANO- in loggerhead turtle populations from the Adriatic Sea than in GUZMAN, E. CUEVAS & A. GARCIA-GASCA. 2015. First those from open waters (Eastern Atlantic Ocean). Science of the approximation to congenital malformation rates in embryos and Total Environment 523: 161-169. O.P. Luzardo, Univ Las Palmas hatchlings of sea turtles. Birth Defects Research (Part A)-Clinical Gran Canaria, Dept Clin Sci, Toxicol Unit, Plaza Dr Pasteur S-N, and Molecular Teratology 103: 203-224. A. Garcia-Gasca, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35016, Spain. (E-mail: octavio.perez@ Ctr Investi Alimentac & Desarrollo, Ave Sabalo Cerritos S-N, ulpgc.es) Mazatlan 82100, Sinaloa, Mexico. (E-mail: [email protected]) BURCHFIELD, P.M. & L.J. PENA. 2014. Report on the Mexico/ BAUDOUIN, M., B. DE THOISY, P. CHAMBAULT, R. BERZINS, United States of America restoration project for the Kemp's ridley M. ENTRAYGUES, L. KELLE, A. TURNY, Y. LE MAHO & sea turtle, Lepidochelys kempii, on the coasts of Tamaulipas, D. CHEVALLIER. 2015. Identification of key marine areas for Mexico, 2014 season. Programa Binacional de la Tortuga Lora, conservation based on satellite tracking of post-nesting migrating 22pp. P. Burchfield, Gladys Porter Zoo, 500 Ringgold St., green turtles (Chelonia mydas). Biological Conservation 184: 36- Brownsville, TX 78520 USA. (E-mail: [email protected]) 41. M. Baudoin, CNRS-IPHC, Departement Ecologie, Physiologie

Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 22 BURNS, T.J., D.J. MCCAFFERTY & M.W. KENNEDY. 2015. mydas) regional movement patterns. Biogeosciences Discussions Core and body surface temperatures of nesting leatherback turtles 12: 4655-4669. M. Detjen, Dept of Ecology, Evolution and (Dermochelys coriacea). Journal of Thermal Biology 51: 15-22. T. Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam J. Burns, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA. (E-mail: md2986@caa. Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, columbia.edu) Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 DODGE, K.L., B. GALUARDI & M. E. LUTCAVAGE. 2015. 8QQ, Scotland, UK. (E-mail: [email protected]) Orientation behaviour of leatherback sea turtles within the North CALVILLO GARCIA, Y., M.T. RAMIREZ-HERRERA, C. Atlantic subtropical gyre. Proceedings of the Royal Society B DELGADO-TREJO, G. LEGORRETA-PAULIN & N. CORONA. 282: 20143192. K. L. Dodge, Department of Biological Sciences, 2015. Modeling sea-level change, inundation scenarios & their University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA. effect on the Colola Beach Reserve - a nesting-habitat of the black (E-mail: [email protected]) sea turtle, Michoacan, Mexico. Geofisica Internacional 54: 179- DOMENECH, F., F.J. BADILLO, J. TOMAS, J.A. RAGA & F.J. 190. M. T. Ramirez-Herrera, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Lab AZNAR. 2015. Epibiont communities of loggerhead marine Univ Geofis Ambiental, Ciudad Univ, Mexico City 04510, DF, turtles (Caretta caretta) in the western Mediterranean: influence Mexico. (E-mail: [email protected]) of geographic and ecological factors. Journal of the Marine CARPENTIER, A.S., D.T. BOOTH, K.E. ARTHUR & C.J. Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95: 851-861. F. LIMPUS. 2015. Stable isotope relationships between mothers, Domenech, Univ Valencia, Marine Zool Unit, Cavanilles Inst eggs and hatchlings in loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta. Biodivers & Evolutionary Biol, Valencia 46980, Spain. (E-mail: Marine Biology 162: 783-797. A.S. Carpentier, Univ Queensland, [email protected]) Sch Biol Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. (E-mail: alice_s_ DONNELLY, K., T.B. WALTZEK, J.F.X. JR. WELLEHAN, [email protected]) D.A. SUTTON, N.P. WIEDERHOLD & B.A. STACY. 2015. CHENG, I.-J., C.-H. LIN & C.-T. TSENG. 2015. Factors influencing Phaeohyphomycosis resulting in obstructive tracheitis in three variations of oxygen content in nests of green sea turtles during green sea turtles Chelonia mydas stranded along the Florida coast. egg incubation with a comparison of two nesting environments. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 113: 257-262. B.A. Stacy, Univ Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 471: 104- Florida, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Service, Duty Stn, POB 111. I-J. Cheng, Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan 110885, 2187 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. (E-mail: Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan 202-24, Taiwan, ROC. [email protected]) (E-mail: [email protected]) DUNBAR, S.G. & H. ITO. 2014-2015. Picture perfect: photography COMER SANTOS, K. 2014-2015. Up "grade" your volunteer for turtle monitoring. SWOT Report Volume 10: 10-11. program with academic internships. SWOT Report Volume 10: EWERS-SAUCEDO, C., M.D. ARENDT, J.P. WARES & D. 34-35. RITTSCHOF. 2015. Growth, mortality & mating group size D'CRUZE, N., M. BALASKAS, T. MORRISON & R. ALCOCK. of an androdioecious barnacle: implications for the evolution 2014-2015. Sea turtle farming - past, present & future? SWOT of dwarf males. Journal of Crustacean Biology 35: 166-176. C. Report Volume 10: 26-27. Ewers-Saucedo, Univ Georgia, Dept Genetics, 120 E Green St, DA SILVA MENDES, S., R.H. DE CARVALHO, A.F. DE FARIA Athens, GA 30602 USA. (E-mail: [email protected]) & B.M. DE SOUSA. 2015. Marine debris ingestion by Chelonia FERREIRA, R. 2015. Sea turtle artisans of Sao Tome and Principe. mydas (Testudines: Cheloniidae) on the Brazilian coast. Marine African Sea Turtle Newsletter 3: 25-33. Pollution Bulletin 92: 8-10. S.D. Mendes, Univ Fed Juiz de Fora, FONSECA, L.G., R. ARAUZ, D. CHACON-CHAVERRI, R. Dept Zool, Inst Ciencias Biol, Cidade Univ, BR-36036900 Juiz MAST, C. MARIO ORREGO, S. TROENG, D. GODFREY, E. De Fora, MG, Brazil. (E-mail: [email protected]) HARRISON & R.A. VALVERDE. 2014-2015. Costa Rica: a DANISE, S. & N.D. HIGGS. 2015. Bone-eating Osedax worms superlative sea turtle country. SWOT Report Volume 10: 18-23. lived on Mesozoic marine reptile deadfalls. Biology Letters FRETEY, J. 2015. Updates from West Africa! African Sea Turtle 11: 20150072. S. Danise, Univ Plymouth, Sch Geog Earth & Newsletter 3: 21-24. Environm Sci, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England. (E-mail: FUENTES, M.M.P.B., I. BELL, R. HAGIHARA, M. HAMANN, [email protected]) J. HAZEL, A. HUTH, J.A. SEMINOFF, S. SOBTZICK & H. DE MACEDO, G.R., T.B. TARANTINO, I.S. BARBOSA, T.T. MARSH. 2015. Improving in-water techniques of marine turtle PIRES, G. ROSTAN, D.W. GOLDBERG, L.F.B. PINTO, M.G.A. abundance by adjusting aerial survey counts for perception and KORN & C.R. FRANKE. 2015. Trace elements distribution availability biases. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology in hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and green turtle and Ecology 471: 77-83. H. Marsh, College of Marine and (Chelonia mydas) tissues on the northern coast of Bahia, Brazil. Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Marine Pollution Bulletin 94: 284-289. M.G.A. Korn, Institute Queensland 4811, Australia. (E-mail address: helene.marsh@ of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Ondina, jcu.edu.au) Campus UFBA, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. (E-mail: FUENTES, M.M.P.B., J. BLACKWOOD, B. JONES, M. KIM, [email protected]) B. LEIS, C. J. LIMPUS, H. MARSH, J. MITCHELL, F.M. DETJEN, M., E. STERLING & A. GOMEZ. 2015. Stable isotopes POUZOLS, R.L. PRESSEY & P. VISCONTI. 2015. A decision in barnacles as a tool to understand green sea turtle (Chelonia framework for prioritizing multiple management actions for Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 23 threatened marine megafauna. Ecological Applications 25: 200- KAWAZU, I. & H. OKABE. 2014. Mating season of loggerhead 214. M.M.P.B. Fuentes, James Cook Univ, Australian Research turtles in western waters of Okinawa Island. Umigame Newsletter Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, of Japan 100: 2-7. (E-mail: [email protected]) Qld 4811, Australia. (E-mail: [email protected]) KAYOU, M. & I. KAWAZU. 2014. Observation of a nesting GONZALEZ CARMAN, V., N. MACHAIN & C. CAMPAGNA. loggerhead turtle with a missing rear flipper. Umigame Newsletter 2015. Legal and institutional tools to mitigate plastic pollution of Japan No. 100: 21-25. (E-mail: [email protected]) affecting marine species: Argentina as a case study. Marine KELLY, T. R., J. BRAUN MCNEILL, L. AVENS, A.G. HALL, L.R. Pollution Bulletin 92: 125-133. V. G. Carman, Consejo Nacl Invest GOSHE, A.A. HOHN, M.H. GODFREY, A.N. MIHNOVETS, Cient & Tecn, Inst Nacl Invest & Desarrollo Pesquero INIDEP, W.M. CLUSE & C.A. HARMS. 2015. Clinical pathology Paseo Victoria Ocampo 1,B7602HSA, Mar Del Plata, Buenos reference intervals for an in-water population of juvenile Aires, Argentina. (E-mail: [email protected]) loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in Core Sound, North GROSS, M. 2015. Can we avert mass extinctions? Current Biology Carolina, USA. PLoS One 10(3): e0115739. C.A. Harms, Center 25: R209-R212. (www.michaelgross.co.uk) for Marine Sciences and Technology and Department of Clinical GUILDER, J., B. BARCA, S. ARROYO-ARCE, R. GRAMAJO & Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State R. SALOM-PEREZ. 2015. Jaguars (Panthera onca) increase kill University, 303 College Circle, Morehead City, North Carolina utilization rates and share prey in response to seasonal fluctuations 28557, USA. (E-mail: [email protected]) in nesting green turtle (Chelonia mydas mydas) abundance in KINASTON, R.L., D. ANSON, P. PETCHEY, R. WALTER, K. Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica. Mammalian Biology 80: ROBB & H. BUCKLEY. 2015. Lapita diet and subsistence 65-72. J. Guilder, GVI Costa Rica, 230-60601 Quepos, Costa strategies on Watom Island, Papua New Guinea: new stable Rica. (E-mail: [email protected]) isotope evidence from humans and animals. American Journal of HAMILTON, R.J., T. BIRD, C. GERENIU, J. PITA, P.C. Physical Anthropology 157: 30-41. R.L. Kinaston, Univ Otago, RAMOHIA, R. WALTER, C. GOERLICH & C. LIMPUS. 2015. Dept Anat, POB 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. (E-mail: Solomon Islands largest hawksbill turtle rookery shows signs of [email protected]) recovery after 150 years of excessive exploitation. PLoS One KINO, M. & I. KAWAZU. 2014. A stranding report of a young 10(4): e0121435. R. J. Hamilton, Nature Conservancy, Asia juvenile olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) at Yagajijima Pacific Division, 245 Riverside Dr, Brisbane, Qld 4101, Australia. Island, Okinawa. Umigame Newsletter of Japan 100: 7-11. (E-mail: [email protected]) (E-mail: [email protected]) HANCOCK, J.M., H. CARVALHO, B. LOLOUM, H. LIMA & L. KNIGHT, K. 2015. Magnetic sense essential for correct turtle OLIVEIRA. 2015. Review of olive ridley nesting in Sao Tome turning. Journal of Experimental Biology 218: 963. (E-mail: and Principe Islands, West Africa, with a new nesting occurrence [email protected]) in Principe Island. African Sea Turtle Newsletter 3: 34-38. KOBAYASHI, H. and T. GOTO. 2014. Current nesting status ISHIHARA, T. and M. UETSUKI. 2014. Report of 24th Japanese and historical utilization of sea turtles on Kuchinoerabu Island, Sea Turtle Symposium in Makinohara. Umigame Newsletter of Kagoshima prefecture, Japan. Umigame Newsletter of Japan 98: Japan 98: 8-9. (E-mail: [email protected]) 2-6. (E-mail: [email protected]) JACKSON, F.D., D.J. VARRICCHIO, R.A. JACKSON, A.D. KOBAYASHI, H., K. OMUTA & T. GOTO. 2014. First record of WALDE & G.A. BISHOP. 2015. Taphonomy of extant desert green turtle nesting in Kuchinoerabu Island, Kagosima prefecture. tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) and loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta Umigame Newsletter of Japan 100: 15-17. (E-mail: newsletter@ caretta) nesting sites: implications for interpreting the fossil umigame.org) record. Palaios 30: 207-223. F.D. Jackson, Montana State KOLINSKI, S.P., J. CRUCE, D.M. PARKER, G.H. BALAZS & Univ, Dept Earth Science, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. (E-mail: R. CLARKE. 2014. Migrations and conservation implications [email protected]) of post-nesting green turtles from Gielop Island, Ulithi Atoll, KAMROWSKI, R.L., C. LIMPUS, K. PENDOLEY & M. Federated States of Micronesia. Micronesica 2014: 1-9. J. Cruce, HAMANN. 2014. Influence of industrial light pollution on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Guam National Wildlife Refuge, the sea-finding behaviour of flatback turtle hatchlings. Wildlife P.O. Box 8134 MOU-3, Dededo, Guam 96929, USA. (E-mail: Research 41: 421-434. R. L. Kamrowski, School of Earth and [email protected]) Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, LAI, O. R., A. DI BELLO, S. SOLOPERTO, D. FREGGI, G. Qld 4811, Australia. (E-mail: [email protected]) MARZANO, L. CAVALIERE & G. CRESCENZO. 2015. KAWAZU, I., M. KAYOU & K. MAEDA. 2014. A loggerhead Pharmacokinetic behavior of meloxicam in loggerhead sea turtle with a remigration interval of one year: first record from turtles (Caretta caretta) after intramuscular and intravenous Jashiki Kunigami of Okinawa Island, Japan. Umigame Newsletter administration. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 51: 509-512. O.R. of Japan 100: 17-21. (E-mail: [email protected]) Lai, Univ Bari, Dept Vet Med, Sp Casamassima Km 3, I-70010 KAWAZU, I., M. KINO, K. MAEDA & H. TERUYA. 2015. Age Valenzano, BA, Italy. (E-mail: [email protected]) and body size of captive hawksbill turtles at the onset of follicular LAMONT, M. M., I. FUJISAKI & R. R. CARTHY. 2015. Estimates development. Zoo Biology 34: 178-182. I. Kawazu, Okinawa of vital rates for a declining loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) Churashima Fdn, 888 Ishikawa, Motobu, Okinawa 9050206, subpopulation: implications for management. Marine Biology Japan. (E-mail: [email protected]) 162: 491. M.M. Lamont, USGS, Southeast Ecological Science Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 146, 2015 - Page 24 Center, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. (E-mail: mlamont@usgs. MILTON, S., P. KEATING & P. SPOSATO. 2014. Ecosystem health gov) and environmental influences on innate immune function in the LEE-GONZALES, I., A. RUIZ-URQUIOLA & E.P.B.L.J. PEREZ- loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and green (Chelonia mydas) sea BERMUDEZ. 2015. Ethological and phenetic characterization turtle. 2014 APS Intersociety Meeting: Comparative Approaches of sea turtle's fishing stock in Jardines del Rey archipelago to Grand Challenges in Physiology: 76. (Cuba). International Journal of Marine Science 5: 1-16. A. Ruiz- MONCADA, F. G. & S. ROMERO. 2015. Nota sobre los registros Urquiola, Center for Marine Research (CIM-UH), University of del genero Lepidochelys (Cryptodira: Cheloniidae) en Cuba. Havana, 16 Street #114, Playa, La Habana, Cuba. (E-mail: ariel. Solenodon 12: 161-163. F.G. Moncada, Ctr Invest Pesqueras, [email protected]) 5ta Ave & 248, La Habana, 19100, Cuba. (E-mail: tortugas@ LEVY, Y., N. PERRY, D. TCHERNOV & G. RILOV. 2014. Use of cip.alinet.cu) an intensive care tank for treatment of sea turtles. Herpetological MULLIE, W.C., A. DJIBA & A. DIAGNE. 2015. Sea turtle Review 45: 632-635. Y. Levy, Israel’s Sea Turtle Rescue Centre, strandings between Dakar and Saint Louis, Senegal: Witness of Nature & Parks Authority, Mevoot Yam, P.O.B. 1174 Michmoret a sad reality. African Sea Turtle Newsletter 3: 7-9. 40297, Israel. (E-mail: [email protected]) NICHOLS, W. J. 2014-2015. The true value of sea turtles. SWOT LI, T.-H., C.-C. CHANG, I.-J. CHENG & S.-C. LIN. 2015. Report Volume 10: 32-33. Development of a summarized health index (SHI) for use in OKAMOTO, K., S. UENO & N. KAMEZAKI. 2014. Bibliography predicting survival in sea turtles. PLoS One 10(3): e0120796. C-C. of the sea turtles in Japan: additional literatures part II. Umigame Chang, Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, Newsletter of Japan 98: 7. (E-mail: [email protected]) National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, OYERONKE MOJISOLA, A., O. FISAYO CHRISTIE, O. ROC. (E-mail: [email protected]) JUSTINA & A. STEPHANIE. 2015. Sea turtles still nest in Lagos, LILES, M.J., M.J. PETERSON, J.A. SEMINOFF, E. ALTAMIRANO, southwestern Nigeria. African Sea Turtle Newsletter 3: 17-20. A.V. HENRIQUEZ, A.R. GAOS, V. GADEA, J. URTEAGA, P. PENIE, I., M. LOZANO & K. SLATER. 2014-2015. Ancient Mayan TORRES, B.P. WALLACE & T.R. PETERSON. 2015. One size "Place of the Turtles" copes with modern-day tourism. SWOT does not fit all: Importance of adjusting conservation practices Report Volume 10: 28-29. for endangered hawksbill turtles to address local nesting habitat needs in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Biological Conservation 184: PEREIRA, M.A.M. 2015. Official celebration of 20 years of 405-413. M. J. Liles, Dept of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, monitoring and conservation of marine turtles at the Ponta do Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. (E-mail: Ouro Partial Marine Reserve, Mozambique. African Sea Turtle [email protected]) Newsletter 3: 39. MANCINI, A., I. ELSADEK & B. MADON. 2015. When simple is PERRAULT, J.R., J.R. SCHMID, C.J. WALSH, J.E. YORDY better: Comparing two sampling methods to estimate green turtles & A.D. TUCKER. 2015. Brevetoxin exposure, superoxide abundance at coastal feeding grounds. Journal of Experimental dismutase activity and plasma protein electrophoretic profiles Marine Biology and Ecology 465: 113-120. A. Mancini, Hurghada in wild caught Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) Environm Conservat & Protect Assoc, Hurghada, Egypt. (E-mail: in southwest Florida. Integrative and Comparative Biology 55 [email protected]) (Suppl. 1): E314. Notes: Meeting Abstract: P3.99. J. R. Perrault, Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL USA. (E-mail: jperrault@mote. MARGARITOULIS, D., T. E. RIGGALL & A. F. REES. 2014- org) 2015. A tale of two beaches in Greece. SWOT Report Volume 10: 24-25. PFALLER, J.B., J. ALFARO-SHIGUETO, B. GIFFONI, T. ISHIHARA, J.C. MANGEL, S.H. PECKHAM, K.A. BJORNDAL MARTIN, S. L., S. M. STOHS & J. E. MOORE. 2015. Bayesian & J.A. BAEZA. 2014. Social monogamy in the crab Planes inference and assessment for rare-event bycatch in marine major, a facultative symbiont of loggerhead sea turtles. Journal fisheries: a drift gillnet fishery case study. Ecological Applications of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 461: 124-132. J.B. 25: 416-429. S. L. Martin, Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Pfaller, Univ Florida, ACCSTR, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, Oceanog, 9500 Gilman Dr Dept 0208, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. FL 32611 USA. (E-mail: [email protected]) (E-mail: [email protected]) PIEAU, C. 2015. Remembering Nicholas Mrosovsky. African Sea MCDERMID, K.J., J.A. LEFEBVRE & G.H. BALAZS. 2015. Turtle Newsletter 3: 46-47. Nonnative seashore Paspalum, Paspalum vaginatum (Poaceae), consumed by Hawaiian green turtles: evidence for nutritional PILCHER, N., M. ANTONOPOULOU, L. SHRAKE PERRY & O. benefits. Pacific Science 69: 48-57. K.J. McDermid, Marine KERR. 2014-2015. Important turtle areas in the Persian Gulf. Science Department, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West SWOT Report Volume 10: 12-13. Käwili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA. (E-mail: mcdermid@ PROSDOCIMI, L., L. BUGONI, D. ALBAREDA & M. I. REMIS. hawaii.edu) 2015. Are stocks of immature loggerhead sea turtles always MILTON, S., G. BOSSART, L. FLEWELLING, C. WALSH & C. mixed? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 466: COCILOVA. 2014. Brevetoxin metabolism and physiology using 85-91. L. 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Journal of Experimental Biology SEA TURTLE ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN. 2014. A circular notice 218: 1044-1050. (Address same as above) on sea turtles in 2013. Umigame Newsletter of Japan 99: 2-29. RENDALL ROCHA, P. & T. MELO. 2015. Loggerhead (E-mail: [email protected]) conservation in Santa Luzia Island, Cabo Verde: a partnership SEGNIAGBETO, G., D. OKANGNY & J. FRETEY. 2015. First with the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. African Sea Turtle observation of a loggerhead, Caretta caretta, in Togo, West Africa. Newsletter 3: 10-12. African Sea Turtle Newsletter 3: 15-16. REOLID, M., A. SANTOS & E. MAYORAL. 2015. Grazing SHAMBLIN, B.M., D.A. BAGLEY, L.M. EHRHART, N.A. activity as taphonomic record of necrobiotic interaction: A case DESJARDIN, R.E. MARTIN, K.M. HART, E. NARO-MACIEL, study of a sea turtle carapace from the Upper Jurassic of the K. RUSENKO, J.C. STINER, D. SOBEL, C. JOHNSON, T.J. Prebetic (south Spain). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas WILMERS, L.J. WRIGHT & C.J. NAIRN. 2015. Genetic 32: 21-28. M. Reolid, Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de structure of Florida green turtle rookeries as indicated by Jaen, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaen, Spain. (E-mail: mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. Conservation [email protected]) Genetics 16: 673-685. B.M. Shamblin, Univ Georgia, Daniel B REVUELTA, O., C. CARRERAS, F. DOMENCH, P. GOZALBES Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. & J. TOMAS. 2015. First report of an olive ridley (Lepidochelys (E-mail: [email protected]) olivacea) in the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterranean Marine Science SHAMBLIN, B.M. & C. J. NAIRN. 2014-2015. A new way to tag. 16: 346-351. O. Revuelta, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and SWOT Report Volume 10: 8-9. Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, SMOLOWITZ, R.J., S.H. PATEL, H.L. HAAS & S.A. MILLER. E-46071 Valencia, Spain. (E-mail: [email protected]) 2015. Using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to observe RINGS, C.C., A.R. RAFFERTY, M.L. GUINEA & R.D. REINA. loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) behavior on foraging 2015. The impact of extended pre-ovipositional arrest on grounds off the mid-Atlantic United States. Journal of embryonic development and hatchling fitness in the flatback Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 471: 84-91. R. sea turtle. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 88: 116-127. Smolowitz, Coonamessett Farm Foundation, Inc., 277 Hatchville R.D. Reina, Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Rd, East Falmouth, MA 02536, USA. (E-mail: rjsmolowitz@ Australia. (E-mail: [email protected]) cfarm.org) ROBERTS, K., J. COLLINS, C.H. PAXTON, R. HARDY & J. STACHOWITSCH, M., C. FELLHOFER-MIHCIOGLU, M. DOWNS. 2014. Weather patterns associated with green turtle LAMBROPOULOS & E. RAMEDER. 2014. 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