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Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Urban Diseases And CHARTER FOUR SPATIO-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN DISEASES AND HEALTHCARE FACILITIES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Methodology 4.3 General Mortality Pattern of Urban Areas of Kolhapur District 4.4 Trends of Mortality Pattern of Diseases in Kolhapur City 4.5 Trends of Mortality Pattern of Diseases in Ichalkaranji City 4.6 Trends of Mortality Pattern of Diseases in Jaysingpur City 4.7 Trends of Mortality Pattern of Diseases in Gadhinglaj City 4.8 Trends of Mortality Pattern of Diseases in Kurundwad City 4.9 Trends of Mortality Pattern of Diseases in Kagal City 4.10 Trends of Mortality Pattern of Diseases in Pethvadgaon City 4.11 Trends of Mortality Pattern of Diseases in Murgud City 4.12 Trends of Mortality Pattern of Diseases in Malkapur City 4.13 Trends of Mortality Pattern of Diseases in Panhala City 4.14 Ranking of Diseases 4.15 Health Care Facilities in Some Cities 4.15.1 Introduction 4.15.2 Methodology 4.15.3 Medical Facilities in Different Cities 4.16 Conclusions References 8G CHAPTER FOUR SPATIO-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN DISEASES AND HEALTHCARE FACILITIES 4.1 INTRODUCTION The spatio-temporal distribution of diseases in any region is closely related to physical and socio-cultural factors of a particular region. It is clear that certain diseases are more common in specific region. Therefore, the study of spatio- temporal analysis in relation to changing environmental factors becomes the important study of Medical Geography. While studying, the researcher has proposed to study the spatio-temporal distribution of diseases in relation to the environmental factors in urban areas of Kolhapur district. The researcher has collected the data about mortality and morbidity of selected diseases occurring in the areas of different municipalities, distribution throughout Kolhapur district for a span of 20 years (1971-1990). Here, the city- wise data are also presented. 4.2 METHODOLOGY The collected data has been shown in the form of line graphs in Figs.4.1 to 4.20. There are ten cities of Kolhapur district for the study of selected diseases whose mortality data were available from different municipal records of Kolhapur district and the annual vital statistics of Maharashtra State. The year-wise cause-specific mortality rates were calculated and the dotted line on each graph shows the average death-rate 87 of particu1ar diseases for last 20 years (from 1971 to 1990). The nine diseases selected for the study are as follows: 1. Cholera, 2. Dysentery & Diarrhoea, 3. Tuberculosis, 4. Leprosy, 5. Tetanus, 6. Meas1e, 7. Malaria, 8. Cancer, and 9. Pneumonia. The researcher has tried to correlate the dependent variables, wherever possi ble, with major diseases in the cities of Kolhapur district. The ten cities selected for the study are as follows: 1. Kolhapur 2. Ichalkaranji, 3. Jaysingpur, 4. Gadhinglaj, 5. Kurundwad, 6. Kaga1, 7. Pethvadgaon, 8. Murgud, 9. Malkapur 10. Panhala. 4.3 GENERAL MORTALITY PATTERN OF URBAN AREAS OF KOLHAPUR DISTRICT Kolhapur district is situated in the southern-most corner of Maharashtra State and has latitudinal extent of 15*43' \ and 17*10' North and longitu-dinal extent of 73*40' and 74*42* East with an area of 7,747 sq.kms. and population of 29,89,507 as per 1991-Census. The urban population of the district is 7,87,002, which is 26.33 percent of the total population. There are 10 (ten) urban centres situated in this district They are*. Kolhapur, Ichalkaran ji, Jaysingpur, Gadhinglaj, 88 Kurundwad, Kagal, Pethvadgaon, Murgud, Malkapur and Panhala. Of these towns, Kolhapur and Ichalkaranji have 'A* Class Municipal Councils while the remaining towns have 'C' Class Municipal Councils. The information regarding each of the above municipal towns has been presented separately in respect of different items. The present information is related to mortality and morbidity of selected diseases like Cholera, Dysentery and Diarrhoea, Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Tetanus, Measle, Malaria, Cancer and Pneumonia, for 20 years from 1971 to 1990. Fig.2.12 shows that the general mortality rate has decreased by 41.41 percent as a whole in the district and the rural as well as urban death rates have also decreased by 42.71 percent and 11.23 percent throughout the 20 years period from 1971 to 1990. In Kolhapur district, tuberculosis, diarrohea, cancer and pneumonia are the major diseases. Amongst them, tuberculosis is of serious nature, which has remained the first rank disease in almost all other diseases in Kolhapur district. Diarrhoea, cancer and pneumonia show 2nd, 3rd and s4th rank, which show more variations throughout 20 years. But diarrhoea was of first rank in 1971, then it has shifted to 2nd, 3rd and 4th rank. The disease like tetanus ranked 5th and 6th during the study period. Leprosy, malaria and dysentery generally occupy 7th, 8th and 9th ranks, respectively {fig.2.17). It is observed that tuberculosis, cancer and pneumonia are the dominant diseases of Kolhapur district. 4.4 TRENDS OF MORTALITY PATTERN OF DISEASES IN KOLHAPUR CITY Kolhapur city is located on the southern bank of Panchaganga river. Kolhapur, with a population of 4,06,370, and an area of 67.20 sq.kms. as per 1991-Census, and it has latitudinal and longitudinal location of 16*42’ North and 74*14' East, which is a great commercial, religious and educational centre of Southern Maharashtra State. Kolhapur city is the headquarters of the district and of the 'A* Class Municipal Council of Maharashtra. Kolhapur city, as a commercial centre, is wellknown. It is a big market of ^GurJ and Kolhapuri Chappals. Kolhapur is also known as an important religious centre in South Maharashtra. It is also called as 'Dakshin Kashi'. The Pune-Bangalore National Highway (NH.4) passes through the eastern side of Kolhapur city. Kolhapur city gets its water from three sources, i.e. Kalamba and Rankala Tanks, Bhogawati River and from Panchaganga River. Figs.4.% and 4.2 shows that the general death rate of Kolhapur city is showing gradually increasing trends throughout 20 years period. In Kolhapur city, the male death rate is always higher than the female death rate. Tuberculosis, cancer, dysentery, diarrhoea and pneumonia are the dominant diseases in Kolhapur city. The death rate of cancer was 16 in 1971 and it has increased upto 36/100,000 in 1990. The death rate of pneumonia was 25 in 1971 and it also has increased upto 33/100,000 in 1990. 90 YEARS -9 0 1971 RATE DEATH YEARS SPECIFIC CAUSE - CITY KOLHAPUR YEARS NOUVIfldOd 1S3 000001 add 3XVd H1V30 CD YEARS 1971-90 RATE DEATH 4-2 FIG. SPECIFIC YEARS CAUSE - CITY KOLHAPUR YEARS MEASLE ( 6 ) t/i o o o o m o — — 3 CL O CL a. IU l I P < _! cr < cc » < UJ Q o Ui The graph shows that the remaining diseases are of declining trends with more variations throughout 20 years period. Deaths by tuberculosis are rapidly declining, tuberculosis death rate was 81 in 1971 and it has reduced to 36/100,000 in 1990. 4.5 TRENDS OF MORTALITY PATTERN OF DISEASES IN ICHALKARANJI CITY Ichalkaranji (16*40' North and 74*25' East) with a population of 2,14,950 as per 1991-Census. It is one of the 'A' Class towns of Kolhapur district and covers an area of 32.8 sq.kms. The town lies on the left bank of Panchaganga river and is about 1.6 km to the north side of Panchaganga River. Ichalkaranji city is situated in Hatkanangale Tehsil of Kolhapur district. It is 9.6 km. south-east of Hatkanangale Railway Station. A number of cotton mills are located in Ichalkaranji city hence, it is known as 'Manchester of Southern Maharashtra'. Hells and piped water form the main sources of water supply and scarcity of drinking water is felt during the non-rainy season. Figs.4.3 and 4.4 indicate that the death rates by tuberculosis, dysentery, diarrhoea and pneumonia are more in number in Ichalkaranji city. Cancer and tetanus are also more remarkable or notable diseases in this city. Other diseases like leprosy and measle are prevalent in minor forms. The line graph of total diseases shows that the mortality rates were higher than the average death rate in the period of 1971 to 1979, then the death rate has gradually decreased. This might 93 YEARS 90 t 1971 RATE DEATH SPECIFIC YEARS CAUSE - CITY ICHALKARANJI YEARS 94 87 5 8 3 8 81 9 7 7 7 YEARS 5 7 73 1971-90 71 90 RATE 7 8 DEATH 5 8 83 1 8 4-4 SPECIFIC 9 7 FIG. 77 YEARS CAUSE 5 7 - 73 CITY 71 0 9 7 8 5 8 ICHAIKARANJI 83 1 8 9 7 77 YEARS 5 7 73 71 95 be due to the improvement in medical facilities. The average death rate of tuberculosis was 79.9, it is very high than other diseases. Cholera and malaria have been completely eradicated from the city. Deaths by tuberculosis and cancer might be due to low standard of labour population working in ginning and cotton mills. Air pollution might be responsible for high death rate because of tuberculosis. People use water from wells and river where there is every possibility of contamination. 4.6 TRENDS OF MORTALITY PATTERN OF DISEASES IN JAYSINGPUR CITY The latitudinal and longitudinal location of Jaysingpur city is 16*41* North and 74*30* East, respectively. Jaysingpur, a *C' Class municipal town, is situated in Shirol Tehsil and the district headquarters, i.e. Kolhapur City, is 32 kms. away from the town. It was established in 1942 at the end of the Second World War.
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