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Linux Administration Time : 2½ Hrs.] Prelim Question Paper [Marks : 75 T.Y. B.Sc. (IT) : Sem. V Linux Administration Time : 2½ Hrs.] Prelim Question Paper [Marks : 75 Q.1 Attempt any TWO: [10] Q.1 (a) Explain Linux distributions. [5] (A) Linux Distributions Although there is only one standard version of Linux, there are actually several different distributions. Different companies and groups have packaged Linux and Linux software in slightly different ways. Red Hat Linux [Any five distribution 5 marks] Red Hat Linux is currently the most popular Linux distribution. As a company, Red Hat provides software and services to implement and support professional and commercial Linux systems. Red Hat freely distributes its version of Linux under the GNU Public License. Red Hat generates income by providing professional level support, consulting, and training services. Red Hat originated the RPM package system used on several distributions, which automatically installs and removes software packages. Red Hat maintains an extensive library of Linux documentation that is freely accessible online. On its Web site, you can link to its support page, which lists the complete set of Red Hat manuals, all in Web page format for easy viewing with any Web browser. Red Hat offers several commercial products and services for business and e- commerce solutions. Mandrake Mandrake Linux is another popular Linux distribution with many of the same features as Red Hat. It focuses on providing up-to-date enhancements and an easy-to-use installation and GUI configuration. SuSE Originally a German language-based distribution, SuSE has become very popular throughout Europe and is currently one of the fastest growing distributions worldwide. Vidyalankar Debian Debian Linux is an entirely noncommercial project, maintained by hundreds of volunteer programmers. 1 Vidyalankar : T.Y. B.Sc. (IT) Linux Its aim is to enhance Linux with new and improved applications and implementations. Caldera Caldera OpenLinux is designed for corporate commercial use. Caldera has organized its OpenLinux distribution into several different packages, each geared to different markets. These include the eDesktop package, which is designed for basic workstation operations, and the eServer package, which is designed for Linux servers. Caldera also offers a line of commercial and proprietary Linux packages. Slackware Slackware is available from numerous Internet sites, and you can order the CD from Walnut Creek Software. The Slackware distribution takes special care to remain as closely Unix compliant as possible. TurboLinux TurboLinux provides English, Chinese, and Japanese versions of Linux. It includes several of its own packages, such as TurboPkg, for automatically updating applications. Q.1 (b) How loader works? State the difference between grub and lilo. [5] (A) Grub : Grub stands for Grand Unified Bootloader. The bootlader is the software program. If you have multiple kernel images installed on your system, you can choose which one to be executed. GRUB displays a splash screen, waits for few seconds, if you don’t enter anything, it loads the default kernel image as specified in the grub configuration file. (grub.conf in /boot) GRUB has the knowledge of the filesystem (the older Linux loader LILO didn’t understand filesystem). Grub configuration file is/boot/grub/grub.conf (/etc/grub.conf is a link to this). [Working of loader 3 marks and difference 2 marks (4 points)] GRUB LILO GRUB stands for GR and Unified Stands for Linux Loader VidyalankarBootloader. GRUB supports an unlimited number LILO supports only up to 16 of boot entries. different boot selections; GRUB can boot from network. LILO cannot boot from network. 2 Prelim Paper Solution There is no need to change GRUB LILO must be written again every when the configuration file is time you change the configuration changed as GRUB is dynamically file. configurable. GRUB has an interactive command LILO does not have an interactive interface. command interface. GRUB has the knowledge of the file LILO doesn’t have the know ledged system. file system. Q.1 (c) State any 5 linux supported file systems and explain ext3 and ext 2. [5] (A) 5 Linux Supported File System [1 mark] 1. ext3 2. ext2 3. Reiser 4. FAT 5. NTFS ext2(non-journaling file system) [2 marks] xt2 stands for second extended file system. ext2 does not have journaling feature. On flash drives, usb drives, ext2 is recommended, as it doesn’t need to do the over head of journaling. Can handle file systems up to 4 TB It supports long file names up to 1012 characters. In case user processes fill up a file system, ext2 normally reserves about 5% of disk blocks for exclusive use by root so that root can easily recover from that situation. Ext3 [2 marks] Ext3 stands for third extended file system. Starting from Linux Kernel 2.4.15 ext3 was available. The main benefit of ext3 is that it allows journaling. Journaling has a dedicated area in the file system, where all the changes are tracked. When the system crashes, the possibility of file system corruption is less because of journaling. (If no journaling, then fsck commend(file system consistency check) is used to check for the corrupted file and to repair that file). Vidyalankar Under ext2, when a file system is uncleanly mounted, the whole file system must be checked. This takes a long time on large file systems. ext3 keeps a record of uncommitted file transactions and applies only those transactions when the system is brought back up. 3 Vidyalankar : T.Y. B.Sc. (IT) Linux Maximum individual file size can be from 16 GB to 2 TB Overall ext3 file system size can be from 2 TB to 32 TB You can convert a ext2 file system to ext3 file system directly (without backup/restore). Q.1 (d) Explain RAID levels with diagram. [5] (A) RAID : Is an acronym for Redundant Array of Independent Disks. Used for maintaining copy of the data. There are two types of RAID – hardware RAID and Software RAID. Hardware RAID – in H. RAID, the disks have their own RAID controller with built in software that handles RAID disk setup. The controller is a card in one of the system’s expansion slots. Ot it may be built onto the system board. The O/S does not control the RAID level used, it is controlled by the hardware RAID controller. Software RAID – there is no RAID controller card. The O/S is used to set up a logical array and the O/S controls the RAID level used by the system. Six RAID levels are commonly used. The three most commonly used RAID levels are RAID level 0 – stripping [½ mark] This level requires at least two disks and uses a method called striping that writes data across both drives. There is no redundancy provided by this level of RAID, since the loss of either drive makes it impossible to recover the data. This level does give a speed increase in writing to the disks. Vidyalankar 4 Prelim Paper Solution RAID level 1 – Mirroring [½ mark] This level requires at least two disks and uses a method called mirroring. With mirroring, the data is written to both of the drives. So, each drive is an exact mirror of the other one and if one fails the other still holds all the data. There are two variants to level 1 with one variant using a single disk controller that writes to both disks. The other variant uses two disk controllers, one for each disk. This variant of RAID level 1 is known as duplexing. RAID level 2 – Error Checking and Correction [1 mark] Requires minimum 3 disks. RAID 2 adds error checking and correcting checksums to RAID-1. ECC is Error correcting code in which each data signal confirms to specific rules of construction so that departures from this construction in the received signal can generally be automatically detected and corrected. RAID 2 A1 A2 A3 A4 Ap1 Ap2 Ap3 B1 B2 B3 B4 Bp1 Bp2 Bp3 C1 C2 C3 C4 Cp1 Cp2 Cp3 D1 D2 D3 D4 Dp1 Dp2 Dp3 Disk 0 Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 Disk 4 Disk 5 Disk 6 RAID level 3 – Byte-Level Striping with Parity Disk [1 mark] Requires minimum 3 disks. It does striping, like RAID-0, but at a very Vidyalankarsmall granularity. It also adds parity disks which helps in error detection and recovery. 5 Vidyalankar : T.Y. B.Sc. (IT) Linux RAID 3 A1 A2 A3 Ap(13) A4 A5 A6 Ap(46) B1 B2 B3 Bp(13) B4 B5 B6 Bp(46) Disk 0 Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 RAID level 4 – Block-Level Striping with Parity disk [1 mark] requires minimum 3 disks. It attempts to add error checking and recovery to RAID-3 by doing block level striping with the addition of a single parity disk. RAID 4 A1 A2 A3 Ap B1 B2 B3 Bp C1 C2 C3 Cp D1 D2 D3 Dp Disk 0 Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 RAID level 5 – Block-Level Striping with Distributed Parity [1 mark] It requires at least three disks and uses striping to write the data across the two disks similarly to RAID 1. But unlike 1, this level uses the third disk to hold parity information that can be used to reconstruct the data from either, but not both, of the two disks after a single disk failure. RAID 5 A1 A2 A3 Ap B1 B2 Bp B3 C1 Cp C2 C3 Dp D1 D2 D3 Vidyalankar Disk 0 Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 The information of system’s RAID configuration is stored in /etc/traidtab . 6 Prelim Paper Solution Q.2 Attempt any TWO: [10] Q.2 (a) How to manage rc scripts using chkconfig? [5] (A) To configure any software package to work at boot time use this command with following options: [Each point 1 mark] 1.
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