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Cretaceous/Paleogene Boundary in the Haymana Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey: Micropaleontological, Mineralogical and Sequence Stratigraphic Approach

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Cretaceous/Paleogene Boundary in the Haymana Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey: Micropaleontological, Mineralogical and Sequence Stratigraphic Approach CRETACEOUS/PALEOGENE BOUNDARY IN THE HAYMANA BASIN, CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY: MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL, MINERALOGICAL AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC APPROACH A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY SELEN ESMERAY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AUGUST 2008 Approval of the thesis: CRETACEOUS/PALEOGENE BOUNDARY IN THE HAYMANA BASIN, CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY: MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL, MINERALOGICAL AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC APPROACH submitted by SELEN ESMERAY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geological Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen _____________________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Vedat Doyuran _____________________ Head of Department, Geological Engineering Prof. Dr. Demir Altıner _____________________ Supervisor, Geological Engineering Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sevinç Özkan Altıner _____________________ Co-Supervisor, Geological Engineering Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Asuman Günal Türkmenoğlu _____________________ Geological Engineering Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Demir Altıner _____________________ Geological Engineering Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bora Rojay _____________________ Geological Engineering Dept., METU Assist. Prof. Dr. İsmail Ömer Yılmaz _____________________ Geological Engineering Dept., METU Dr. Zühtü Batı _____________________ Research Center, TPAO Date: 22.08.2008 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Selen Esmeray Signature: iii ABSTRACT CRETACEOUS/PALEOGENE BOUNDARY IN THE HAYMANA BASIN, CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY: MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL, MINERALOGICAL AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC APPROACH Esmeray, Selen M. Sc., Department of Geological Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Demir Altıner Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sevinç Altıner August 2008, 271 pages An integrated micropaleontological, mineralogical and sequence stratigraphical investigation was carried out across the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/P) boundary in the Haymana basin, Turkey. A 29.41 m thick boundary section consisting of limestones and marls was measured and 90 samples were analyzed. Biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic works are based on the planktonic foraminifera. 64 planktonic species were identified and 5 biozones were established. The biozones are, in ascending order, Planoglobulina acervulinoides zone, Racemiguembelina fructicosa zone, Pseudoguembelina hariaensis zone for the Late Maastrichtian; Guembelitria cretacea (P0) zone and Parvulorugoglobigerina eugubina (P1a) zone for the Early Danian. In order to detect the mineralogical changes across the boundary bulk and clay minerals were analyzed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Calcite, quartz, feldspar and the clay minerals composed of smectite (montmorillonite) and chlorite are the main components of the rocks. A decrease in calcite and an increase in the detrital minerals (quartz, feldspar) and the clay minerals were detected in the boundary beds. iv In order to find out the depositional history of the area a detailed microfacies study was performed and 10 microfacies type were determined. The microfacies types defined correspond to slope to basin environment. Based on microfacies analyses, the sequence stratigraphic framework of the boundary beds was constructed. K/P boundary beds were recorded in the transition of transgressive systems tract to highstand systems tract, coinciding with a maximum flooding surface. These beds show a similar pattern with many other K/P boundary beds in different locations of the world indicating eustatic sea- level variations overprint the tectonic control in the basin. Keywords: Cretaceous/Paleogene Boundary, Planktonic Foraminifera, Microfacies Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy, Bulk and Clay Mineralogy, Haymana Basin v ÖZ HAYMANA HAVZASI’NDA (ORTA ANADOLU, TÜRKİYE) KRETASE/PALEOJEN SINIRI: MİKROPALEONTOLOJİK, MİNERALOJİK VE SEKANS STRATİGRAFİK YAKLAŞIM Esmeray, Selen Yüksek Lisans, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Demir Altıner Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Sevinç Altıner Ağustos 2008, 271 sayfa Orta Anadolu’da yer alan Haymana Havzası’nda Kretase/Paleojen sınır tabakaları boyunca mikropaleontolojik, mineralojik ve sekans stratigrafik çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kireçtaşı ve marnlardan oluşan 29,41 metrelik bir kesit ölçülmüş ve bu kesit boyunca alınan 90 adet örnek incelenmiştir. Biyostratikrafik ve kronostratigrafik çalışmalar planktonik foraminiferlerle yapılmıştır. 64 adet tür tayin edilmiş ve 5 adet biyozon belirlenmiştir. Bu biyozonlar, aşağıdan yukarıya doğru, Maastrihtiyen’de Planoglobulina acervulinoides zonu, Racemiguembelina fructicosa zonu, Pseudoguembelina hariaensis zonu; Erken Daniyen’de ise Guembelitria cretacea (P0) zonu ve Parvulorugoglobigerina eugubina (P1a) zonudur. Sınır birimleri boyunca görülen mineralojik değişimleri belirleyebilmek için, örneklerde X-ışını kırınımı (XRD) metodu ile tümkaya ve kil mineralleri incelenmiştir. Kayaçları oluşturan ana mineraller kalsit, kuvars, feldispat ve kil minerallerinden simektit (montmorillonit) ve klorittir. Sınır birimlerinde kalsit mineralinin yüzdesinde bir düşüş gözlemlenirken, kuvars ve feldispat gibi detrital minerallerde ve kil minerallerinde bir artış tespit edilmiştir. vi Alanın çökelim tarihçesini belirleyebilmek için detaylı mikrofasiyes çalışmaları gerçekleştirlmiş ve 10 adet mikrofasiyes tipi belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen mikrofasiyes tipleri çökelimin yamaçtan havzaya doğru bir bölgede gerçekleştiğini göstermektedir. Mikrofasiyes analizleri temel alınarak sekans stratigrafisi çatısı oluşturulmuştur. Kretase/Paleojen sınır birimlerinin transgresif sistem çökelleri ile yüksek deniz seviyesi sistem çökelleri geçişinde, ve bir maksimum sellenme yüzeyine denk gelecek şekilde çökeldiği belirlenmiştir. Sınır birimleri, dünyanın farklı bölgelerdeki Kretase/Paleojen sınır birimleri ile benzerlik göstermekte, bu durum da havzadaki östatik deniz seviyesi değişimlerinin tektonik kontrollü değişimlerden daha baskın olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kretase/Paleojen Sınırı, Planktonik Foraminifer, Mikrofasiyes Analizi ve Sekans Stratigrafisi, Tümkaya ve Kil Mineralojisi, Haymana Havzası vii To my beloved parents and sister viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Demir ALTINER for his wisdom, clear guidance, critical vision, encouragements and endless support in every stage of this thesis. He has always been a role model for me with his scientific curiosity, endless eagerness to research and as well as with his motivating, sensitive and understanding approach towards to the people he works with. It is a great honor to feel his trust, support and appreciation. I would like to express my appreciation to my co-supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sevinç ÖZKAN ALTINER for monitoring each step of this thesis with a great concern and supporting the progress of the work with her valuable advices. I am especially grateful for her clear guidance and her endless help during the micropaleontological work. It was a great chance for me to have had utilized her profound knowledge on the taxonomy of the planktonic foraminifera. Whenever I was discouraged she motivated me with a wise and affectionate manner and gave me the strength to continue my work. I would like to thank Assist. Prof. Dr. İ. Ömer YILMAZ for his scientific support and encouragement during this study. His valuable advices about the mineralogical analyses were very useful for me. I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Mevlüt ERTAN in the Department of Pharmacy at the Hacettepe University for his precious information about the disintegration techniques of the rocks. He has a great contribution to the improvement of the washing techniques. I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Asuman GÜNAL TÜRKMENOĞLU for her time, consideration and valuable advices for the interpretation of the XRD results. ix I would like thank to Assist. Prof. Dr. Fatma TOKSOY KÖKSAL for allowing me kindly to use the equipments in the clay mineralogy laboratory and for her information related to the mineralogical analyses. I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Isabella PREMOLI-SILVA for her help in identifications of certain species. It was an honor for me to have had discussions with her about the taxonomy of the planktonic foraminifera. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Gerta KELLER for the valuable information that she has given through e-mail. I would like to thank to Dr. Doğan ALAYGUT for his help during the XRD analysis in the Research Center of TPAO and to Mr. Orhan KARAMAN for helping in the field studies and for preparing the thin sections. I would like to thank to my dear friends Mrs. Ayşe ATAKUL ÖZDEMİR, Ms. Sabire Aslı OFLAZ and Ms. Hayriye ÇAKMAK for their motivation and to Mr. Elnur AMIROV for helping me in washing some samples. I am grateful to Mr. Turgay SENLET for his endless help, technical support, patience and motivation during my study. Without his company and the bright and practical solutions he suggests to each problem, this study would not have been completed. I would like to thank to the Scientific and Technological Research
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