No. 1 January 5, 1981

A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

Reodjustment of the Notionol Economy

Selected Writings of Zhou Enloi lnternational Situation: 1980 in Retrospect HI,GHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

Selected Writings ot Zhou takes on the one hand and the Enlai counter-revolutionary criminal offences of the Lin Biao and detailed review the A of Jiang Qing cliques on the other Selected Writings of Zhou Enlai (p. 21). "Victory Belongs to the Heroic (Vol. 1) which is now on sale Afghan People." throughout the country. The .bg Wang Weili volume contains 60 of the late Notes From the Editors Premier's important writings - which summed up the exper- A New Column ience of the Chinese revolution One Year of Soviet lnvasion by applying the Marxist theory Ot Atghanistan to solve a series of major ques- 198p in Retrospect It's a ydar now since the So- tions such as building up the viet Union invaded -A.f ghan- A review of'the first year of Party, the army and revolution- istan, a major step in i's drive 1980s shows ary base areas. the that in the for global supremacy. But the present-day turbulent world, it courageous Afghan people hare Volume t has been translated is necessary to proceed from a demonstrated that they can into Japanese. English, French, long-term and overall strategic never be conquered. The So- Spanish and Russian editions are point of view in order to safe- viets are in for a long and ex- being prepared (p. 29). guard world peace (p. 11). pensive war of attrition (p. 11). Crimes and ,lristakes' Our list of ten major events On-the-spot reports by our Renmin Riboo's Special Com- in China (p. 5) and ten land- correspondent on the Afghan re- mentator deals with the dif- .marks in the international sit- sistance fighters and the ref- ferences in nature between mis- uation (p. 13). ugee camps (p. 15).

BEIJING REVIEW New Policy for Building North- ARTICLES & DOCUMENTS west Chino Distinguishing Crimes From Ground Woter ond Terrestriol M isto kes A mojor issue LL a Heot Found f4,#!. concerning- the big triol 21 Eight Million Wotches o Yeor Report From the Court (6): ln- Forum on Educotionol Work vestigotions lnto Jiong Qing's Pubalshed in English, French, Chino's T,V. University Crimes Completed Xinhuo Spanlsh, loponese and Regulotions on Acodemic De- correspondent- 24 German ealltions grees Pokiston Foreign Minister's CUTTURE & SCIENCE 26-28 Vol. 24 No. 1 lonuory 5, l98l Visit Joint Ventures BOOKS 29-30

CONTENTS INTERNATIONAT 11-14 HUMOUR tN CHINA 31 1980 in Retrospect: The lnier- NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 3.4 notionol Situotion Xinhuo Correspondent Chen- Si Reodjustment of the Notionol o Economy Londmorks of 1980

The Triol Doesn't lnvolve SPECIAT FEATURE Choirmon Moo Afghoniston: One Yeor After Published every ilondoy in Beiiing, the lnvosion: Ihe People's Republk ol (hino LETTERS 4 Soviet Aims ond Difficulties of Ag- Di3tribuled by GU0JI SHUDlll{, gressors EVENTS & TRENDS 5.10 "Beijing Re- (Chino Publko?ions Cenlre), view" news- onolyst Yi Min 15 (hino Moo Zedong's Newly Published P.0. Box 399, Beiiing, Letter Meeting the Resistonce Fighters Our Correspon- 5ub:triplion prkes (l yeor): Ten Mojor Domestic Events in dent Zheng- Fongkun 17 tustrolio...... A,il2.50 u.s.a...ustl3.50 1 980 A Visit to the Refugee l{ew leolond...NZ.tl{;50 U.|L.....:..'€6.80 Fulfilment of 1980 Torgets Comps 19 (qn0d0...... (on.$15.60 Notes Frorn the Bditors

with readjustment of the econ- fleadjustment ol the Views on Chino's domestic situo- omy. A number of projects in policy tion ond her foreign ore os heavy must be stopped ilational Economy uoried os they ore numerous obrood. industry Some ore misconceptions ond some or postponed. ore mere speculotions. Mony reoders Norv that China has decided hove wriften to us for clorificotion. The appearance oI deficits is to reduce capital construction on !n this new column, our editors will only temporary. So is large- giue their personol opinions on these large scale, what are ' the a questions insteod of replying to the scale readjustment. What's economic prospects? letters seporotely. important is that the stoppage According to the decision of or postponement of some the State Council, the central capital construction projects task of economic work this Af ter the smashing of the makes it possible for money year wiII be readjustment, and gang of four in October 1976, and materials to be diverted for the scale will surpass that of readjustment should have been use in urgently needed under- the previous two years. In- made without delay. Unfor- takings. In short, readjustment dications are readjustment of tunately, this was not done in will create conditions for the the economy, which started in the foliowing two years. As a national economy to develop in 1979, will take more than three result of an inadequate under- a better way. years to accomplish. standing of the seriousness of the disproportionate develop- A step backwards today will The situation on the eco- ment of the economy and over- mean greater advances in the nomic front last year was good. eagerness for quick results in days to come. With the raising of the pur- the modernization drive, mis- Economic Editor Jin Qi chasing prices for agricultural takes of impetuosity and rash - and sideline products and the advance were committed. There adoption flexible agricul- of a were, for instance, the slogans tural policy. the peasants' en- lhe Trial lloesn't to "build ten Daqing oilfields," thusiasm for production has "realize farm mechanization by lnYolYe been greatly enhanced. The Ghairman ilao 1980" and "boost steel produc- livelihood of the peasants has Will the trial of the gang oI tion to 60 million tons a year improved, and the income of four lead to a negation of Mao by 1985." Moreover, a large the workers and staff members Zed,ong? number of capital construction in the cities and towns has also projects were started in a rash The gang of four has been increased, what with pay raises way. put on trial for their criminal and bonuses. The market in offences. It has nothing tc do both town and countryside is Since last year, the seri- with Comrade Mao Zedong's brisk. The pace of deveJ.opment ousness of the disproportionate of light industry, which used to development of the economy responsibility or his contribu- lag behind, has outstripped has fully revealed itself. The tions and mistakes. His mis- that of heavy industry. How- planned scale of capital con- takes are entirely different in ever, it must not be over- struction has proved to be nature from the crimes of the looked that China's economy beyond the nation's economic gang. and financial capabilities, and still faces difficulties. It was Chairman Mao who some imported projects are not The ten-year turmoil starting had saved our Party and coun- suited to the actual conditions from 1966 and sabotage by the try on many critical occasions. in China. This has resulted in gang of four had brought the Were it not for him, the Chi- a deficit of more than 10,000 country's economy to the brink nese people would have groped million yuan. of collapse by 1976. The de- much longer in the dark. His velopment of agriculture, light When a man is iII, he should greatest contribution was to industry and heavy industry not hesitate to get immediate integrate the principles of Marx- was seriously out of proportion. treatment. So the situation ism-Leninism with the con- as was the relationship be- today calls for resolute measures crete practice of the Chinese tween accumulation and con- to reduce the scale of capital revolution and point out the sumption. construction and press ahead correct road to achieve victory

January 5,7987 and the cultural revolution, which as well as the problems of the I think were correct. But these past (such as the history of the were twisted by the Lin Biao and French Communist Party). I Lt t ttRS Jiang Qing cliques at a time when u'ould like to express my thanks Meo Zedong and Zhou Enlai were lo Beijing Reuieus for giving me both in poor health. The current great help in this respect. Leoders Are Not Deities trial of the ten principal members of the Lin-Jiang cliques confirms Marc Asmus Langres, France The article "Power Should Not that more than 700,000 people wers hurt, and among them about Be Concentrated in the Hands of lnternotionol Reports Individuals" carried in issue No. 35,000 good people were framed On 44 (1980) struck home. and persecuted to death. It is un- imaginable that human beings The Beijing Retieu' ne\\'s In places where power has been analysis in the international could commit such crimes. They probably over-concentrated in the hands of should be sentenced to death. As column is the most in- a few individuals, the result was an old proverb says: "Crime, not teresting and valuable part of much suffering by the people. Not people, your magazine because this is should be hated." How- part gives- a few examples of this sort can ever, this is not applicable to the that the readers the be cited. wolves official views of the Chinese Peo- them, because they are in ple's human clothing. Republic. Even the "friend- I always feel surprised and ly" Western press does not print pleased when the Chinese leaders Kanichi Komoda your official announcements admit their mistakes and try to Kawanoe, Japan "word by word" but your inter- draw lessons from them. Out- national columrl -does. standing state leaders always The Essence of Soviet Policy emerge. Never has thers been a T. Yan Denau Windsor, Australia person who makes no mistakes. I am particularly attracted by In China's revolution, quite a bit your articles on international I think your international of credit is due to its leaders. situation, for it is closely linked column is very informative. And However, they can never attain with my interests. I have grown I am particularly interested in their objectives without relying up under pro-Soviet shackles foc the article "Olympic Games With- on the masses. And the Chinese ths past tvvo decades. Only after out Olympic Spirit" published in people are by no means led by studying China'i argument on your issue No. 30 (1980). imperialism and disguises did deities. its Reuieus comprehen- gain clear understanding of Beijing is a I a journal helps readers Hiltlegartl Nurnus the essence Soviet policy. sive and of It situation China was become understand the in Weilburg, W. Germany not easy for me to the world. conscious of this I am now aware and other countries of Therefore, it give$ me a very good Lir-Jiong Cliques On Triql of many of the problems that exist today in reality (the Vietnam- lmpressron. For the good of China, Mao Ze- ese in Kampuchea, for instance, Juan Jose Fernandez dong initiated the 1958 struggle and the question of Afghanistan), Sevilla, Spain in the revolution. It should be no small mistakes and brought Lin Biao. Jiang Qing anLl their said that, before the 1960s or, misfortunes to the Party, the cohorts. rather, before the last few country and the people. Chalrman Mao's contribu- years of the 1950s, many of his The Lir Biao and Jiang Qing tions occupy the first place thoughts had guided the Chi- counter-revolutionary cliques while his mistakes are secon- nese people to advance from f ramed and persecuted Party dary. It is reported that the victory to victory. and state leaders as well as the Chinese Communist Party will However, because of victory, cadres and masses, plotted to soon make an overall appraisal he became Iess prudent. Un- assassinate Chairman Mao and of his contributions and mis- healthy ideas, mainly "Leftist" conspired to launch an armed takes. ideas, began to emerge when rebellion. Their aim was to he was advanced in years. He seize state power. They must The Chinese Communist gradually lost touch with the bear responsibility for serious Party and the Chinese people actual conditions and failed to criminal offences. As regards will always remember Mao adhere to the fine style Chairman Mao, he only com- Zedong as a founder of the of work of the past, such mitted mistakes in his work Party and the state. One thing as democratic centralism and and his intention in launching is certain: The Chinese people the mads line. During the "cultural revolution" was will never do to Chairman Mao his later years, especially to prevent the restoration of as Khrushchov did to Stalin. during the "cultural revolu- capitalism. Thus there is the tion" which he personally in- difference in principle between Political Editor itiated and led, he dommitted his mistakes and the crimes of - Zheng Bian

4 Beijing Reuieu, No. 7 cillNll\ EVEN'TS & IITTNIDS

get no more than a bit to eat and PO LTTTCAL wear; everyone is treated ECONOM tC equally, from Commander-in- Mao Zedong's iiewly Chief to cooks. For our Party tulfilment of 1980 is working for the country, the Published Letter nation and the toiling people Targets A1] the leading newspapers with no regard for personal in- o Despite unfavourable wea- throughout China published on terests; all are equal and work ther, China had a good harvest December 26 last year (87th without salary." last year, and the output was anniver-sa11' of Mao Zedong's He added in the letter: "The second only to 19?9 which was birthc:.i') a letter written by the difficulties your family faces are the peak year grain produc- late C:airman Mao on Novem- in not unique. Most of the nation tion. Though last year's grain ber' l?. 1937 to his cousin, is in the same plight. The only output was l0 to 15 million tons Wen Yunchang. In the letter way out is for the people to put Mao Zedong, who was then Iess than in 1979, it was 5 to 10 up a united struggle and drive million tons more than in 1978. Ieading the War of Resistance out the Japanese imperialists." Against Japan in Yanan, told o Cotton output dropped in his cousin, who was in his The letter reflected the dif- the southern parts of China be- home town in Hunan Province, ficult conditions in the anti- cause of natural calamities, but not to go to .Yanan if he just Japanese base areas and the rev- an overall good harvest in north u,anted to find a job to support olutionary spirit of the Com- China was achieved. The state his family. He explained: "We munist Party and the people. had already purchased 22.05 million tons of ginned cotton by the first half of last December. o Annual targets for 14 major light industrial products were Ten Major llomestic EYents in 1980 fulfilled or overfuifilled. Among (1) The Flfth Plenary Session of the llth Central Committee of them the output of bicycles, the Chlnese Communist Party re-established the Secretariat of the Central Committee and elected Hu Yaobang General Secretary sewing machines and wrist- of the Central Committee. watches increased by about 30 per (2) Comrade Liu Shaoqi, former Chairman of the People's Re- cent as compared with 1979, public of China, was rehabilitated. while the total output value of Iight industry upped per (3) The Third Session of the Fifth National People's Congress L4 appointed Comrade Zhao Ziyang to the post of Premier of the cent. State Council o The state plan for the (-1) Trial of the Lin Biao and Jiang Qing counter-revolutionary power industry was overful- cliques tilted. By December 23, some (5) The Central Committee of the C.P.C. adopted the "Guiding 290,000 million kwh. of electri- Principles for Inner-Party Political Life." city were generated, an increase (6) The Central Committee of the C P.C. issued a document on of 6.5 per cent over 1979. Hy- strengthening and improving the system of responsibility for farm production. dropower stations accounted for 52,300 million kwh. (7) A number of state-owned enterprises adopted the new man- agement system under which these enterprises have their own o The state targets for steel, business accounting, pay taxes to the state and are responsible for rolled steel and pig iron were their own profits and losses. met ahead of time. By Novem- (8) The capsizing of the oil rig Bohai No. 2 was sternly dealt ber 18, over 33.1 million tons with by the State Council. (See Beijing Reoiew issues 31 and steel, 24.1 million of 36, 1980.) of tons rolled steel and 34 million tons (9) China successfully launched its first carrier.rocket to the of pig iron had been produced. destined area in the Pacific Ocean. They represent increases of 8.4, (10) The new Marriage Law was adopted at the Third Session 9.6 and 5 per cent respectively, of the Fifth National People's Congress. compared with the same period of 1979.

January 5, 1981 Lcft: The newly built z,I0-metre-long Wudou Bridge in Guangdong Province Iinks up Guangzhou and Foshan with Aomen (Macao). Middle: Rich cotton harvest in Xiaiin County of Shandong Province. Right: A power station in southern Hebei Province.

o The state plan for copper, ilew Policy for Building arid climate and little vegeta- aluminium, tin, tungsten and tion, soil erosion has alwaYs Jlorthwest Ghina six other non-ferrous metals been serious. were fulfilled five weeks ahead Since liberation in 1949, the of schedule, while annual tar- Simultaneous attention should state has appropriated large gets for major rare-earth metal be paid to farming, forestry and amounts of money and materials products were fulfilled three animal husbandry in northwest to build up the northwest. But months before the year ended. China, instead of developing owing to the one-sided emphasis Output of non-ferrous metals grain production alone. This on grain production in the past, and rare metal products went was said by Wang Renzhong, the peasants there destroYed pastureland to up 6.5 per cent and 30 per cent Member of the Secretariat of large tracts of grow grain. This was detri- respectively over that of 1979. the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, at a mental to the ecological condi- o By December 20, the state symposium on the moderniza- tions on the plateau and added plans for cement, glass fibre, tion of agriculture in northwest to the soil erosion in the area. graphite, gypsum and ten other China where the loess plateau In recent years, the Chinese major buiiding materials and can be turned into a forestry Academy of Sciences and other non-metal mineral products had and animal husbandry centre. departments concerned have set been fulfilled. In the case of The symposium was held in up experimental centres in 14 cement. output by the end of Lanzhou, Gansu Province. counties on the plateau. Prac- November was 12 per cent more tice has proved that it is feasible In the next three or five to build animal husbandry and than what was planned for the noted, years, Wang Renzhong forestry centres in the area. whole year. The output was grass should be sown either by 74.6 million tons, an increase of hand or from the air wherever Northwest China accounts for 'cent 13 per over Wla1 of the possible on the loess plateau. more than half of the nation's and natural conditions same period of 1979. This wiil help control soil ero- territory there vary from place to Place. sion, increase the acreage of o The 140 chemical fibre This should be taken into con- forage grass and raise soil fertil- works throughout the country sideration, Wang Renzhong said, produced 420,000 tons of it;r, thereby creating conditions and the various localities should chemical fibres, which was 31 for the expansion of stock- go in for farming, afforestation per cent more than in 1979. breeding and farming in the or stock-breeding as they see northwest. fit. o Annual targets for 18 major chemical industrial products Located in the upper and He also noted that the were fulfilled ten days to two middle reaches of the Huanghe peasants should change their months ahead of time. Among (Yellow) River and with a layer habit of extensive cultivation them the output of caustic of loess 100 metres deep in some with low yields and build stable- soda, chemicai fertilizer, soda places. the plateau where 30 and high-yield farmland in- ash, dyestuff and plastic million people live covers an stead. The use of methane gas products was 7 to 42 per cent area of 530,000 square kilome- should be popularized, fuel more than planned. tres. Because the region has an forests should be grown to over-

6 Beiling Revteu, No. 7 CiIII\IA EVENI'IS & 'TITTNIDS come the f uel shortage there. river coUrses and water-rich water of very high tempera= He also suggested that efforts zones. One new well, in a zone ture, were found mainly in the be made to develop apiculture, 125 kilometres long and five southwestern and northwestern sericuiture and fruit production, kilometres wide along the Ji- parts of the country. One well and grorv more mdicinal herbs. ning-Erlian Railway, provides drilled in a heat belt in Yun- 1,000 to 3,000 tons of water nan's Xishuangbanna region Ground lUater and daily, sometimes up to 6,000 produces 1,000 to 3,500 tons of tons. The zone is believed to hot The zone, 450 Terrestrial Heat Found water a day. 'be capable of providing enough kilometres by 330 kilometres in A hydrogeological unit of the water f or 60,000 hectaies of size, has been listed by the Peopie's Liberation Army has pastureland. state enepgy department as a f ound rich ground water re- On the grasslands of north- key construction site. A power sources in the arid areas of the generat- western the station of 100,000 kw. Inner Mongolian Autonomous Sichuan Province, discovered ground ing capacity can be built there Region and Gansu Province. unit has water resources wit} an annual if all the heat is utilized. Prep- Nlore than 1,000 terrestrial heat arations under way storage of 5.200 million cubic are now spots in Yunnan and Sichuan to build a geothermal power Provinces have metres of water. This has also been dis- station there. cor-ere d. already been tapped for irriga- tion. More than 20 heat zones and The unit, formed in 1974, has completed surveys on more than In the karst areas of south- some hot springs have been 1.9 million square kilometres of west China. the unit has found found in the Qilian Mountain land in China's border prov- some 2.000 subterranean rivers area and the Hexi Corridor in inces and autonomous regions. whose total length is twice that northwest China, where facto- ries have already started to The Inner Mongolian grass- of the 5,800-kilometre-long Changjiang (Yangtze) River, the harness the heat. lands constitute one of the country's major stock-raising longest in China. It is estimated that about 250,000 million cubic regions. Areas some b0,000 metres water flow through Eight Million Uatches square kilometres in size, which of these rrvers, enough for local Year were f ormerly unusable be- A domestic or industrial needs. cause of dryness, now have More and more watches are greater potential following the Terrestrial heat spots, about being produced in Shanghai unit's discoverv of 14 ancient 70 per cent which yieid of every year. The increase for each of the two years 1978 and 1979 was one million. The city's annual output in 1980 was over eight million, with a greater variety than before. The achieveireent resulted mainly from the readjustment

made in the watch . factories plus a small amount of invest- ment from the state, Previous- ly, there was no clear division of work among the four wf,tch factories in the city, with the result that their products were more or less the same. Later they were reorganized into seven factories; each producing different types of watches, Members of a P.L.A. capital conslruction engineering unii thereby greatly raising the searching for water in the Gobi Desert in Gansu Province. Iabour productivity.

J.anuary 5, 7987 Take the No. 3 Watch Fac- In the case of higher educa- fully recovered from the evil tory for instance. Three months tion, there were 1.13 million consequences. Much still remains after it was reorganized into college students in September to be done. The emphasis be- a factory specializing in the last year, which was 9.6 times tween norr and 1985 is on read- manufacture of small watches the number in 1949 when the justment so that educational for women, its output jumped country was liberated, or 67.7 work will move ahead together from 330,000 watches in 1979 to per cent more than in 1965, with economic construction and half a million in 1980. the year before the "cultural all the schools and universities will steadily develop in a plan- While increasing output by a revolution" started. The number proportionate big margin, the factories saw to of postgraduates was 22,600, ned and way. it that quality was maintained. which exceeded the total At present, it is imperative to At a national quality contest number of postgraduates (16,000) popularize primarl' school held in Xian in northwest Chi- from 1949 to 1966. There were, bducation, restructure secondary na towards the end of last year, of course. also increases in the education and develop voca- watches made in Shanghai won number of students of other tional and technical education. the first three prizes schools. It is also necessary to run well Educational work suff ered the broadcasting and television great setbacks during the "cul- universities, correspondence tural revolution" in the years co1leges. evening colleges and 1966-?6. and has not to this day other forms of adult education.

Ghina's IU UniYersity The Central Broadcasting and Television Universit]' in Beij.ing is. in a sense, the Iargest university with the most students in China today. It was founded in 1979 and its 410,000 students are scattered al1 over the country except Taiwan Province and the Tribet Autonomous Region. Eighteen basic and specialized courses are offered, with more than 30 hours a week, and teachers from a number of key univer- sities are invited to give lectures. Digital watches produced at the In Beijing a1one.16,388 students have obtained certificates Shanghai No. 5 Watch Factory. for their English courses. Among the students enrolled in l9?g. 81.5 per cent passed their first-year final examinations for higher mathematics, ph1'sics, chemistry and English. As a form of higher education, the broadcasting and television EDUCATIONAL university is u'elcomed by young people who did not have a chance to studl' during the "cultural revolution." A student in faraway Xinjiang U5'gur Autonomous Region once sent a package of raisins to a professor together with a letter saying: ,,you Forum on Educational llork seem to have lost u'eight on TV. I arn sending you a package of raisins and I hope 1,ou'll take care of yourself." The central task of educa- tional work at present is to make the necessary readjustments. #t,. strengthen the leadership of the schools and colleges, reinforce the ranks of teachers, improve the conditions in the schools and steadily raise the level of educa- tion. This was the consensus at a national forum on education sponsored by the Ministry of Education. Held in the city of Tianjin from December 1 to 13 Iast year. the forum reviewed the situa- End-of-term examinations for students of the broailcasting tion in education and agreed and trelevision university in Beijing's Xicheng District. that it was generally good.

8 Beijing Rersieu, No. 7 ciltNu\ EVENIS & TRENIDS

In addition. the proportion be- Ievel may qualify for master's scientific lields as well as a tween the various departments or doctor's degrees through long-awaited event, fol' those and specialities in the universi- examinations, including oral concerned. ties rriil be readjusted; in par- tests. The degrees conferred The academic degrees com- ticular. eff orts will be con- will be the same as those mittee stressed that, in imple- centrated on running well a universally acknow).edged. menting the regulations, it is number of key institutions of The State Council has set up necessary to show due respect hilher learning while putting a national academic degrees for science and uphold aca- the emphasis on those branches committee in accordance with demic standards. In awarding of learning of major importance. the regulations approved in academic titles, quality should The forum stressed that atten- February last year by the be ensured and attention tion should be paid to primary Standing Committee of the Na- should be paid to facilitating sbhool education which is the tional People's Congress" The the selection of qualified peo- foundation and is of key im- committee rvhich held its first ple. The regulations have pro- portance to raising the general meeting in Beijing last Decem- vided opportunities {or those level of education. To run the ber discussed the ways of im- who have through self-study primary schools well depends plementing the regulations. and practice made outstanding mainly on the state, but the in- Chairman of the academic achievements in their specializ- itiativeness of the people's com- degrees committee is Fang Yi, ed fields. munes and production brigades, who is concurently President In addition, the regulations the factories and other enter- of the Chinese Academy of stipulate that academic degrees prises must also be brought into Sciences and Vice-Premier of obtained in foreign countries play. It is hoped that primary the State Council. The grant- will be recognized; academic school education will be ing of academic degrees, he degrees will be conferred on popularized all over the countrl' noid. ri'ill encourage people to for-eign students and scholars in the 80s. obtain solid achievements in studying or doing research At the forum the participants their specialized fields, speed work in China on application if also discussed the reforms to be up the training of qualified they are up to the required carried out in school manage- people. improve China's educa- standard. Honorary doctor's ment. the question of colleges tional and academic ]evels and degrees will be conferred on and universities having more promote exchanges between outstanding Chinese and rights to make their own deci- Chinese and foreign scholars. foreign scholars and noted puL sions, the development of spare- All this wili contribute to the Iic figures in recognition of time schools and education realization of the four moderni- their contributions. among the national minorities. zations Apart from the chairman, the Regulations on Academic The 20-point regulations academic degrees committee constitute an important legisla- consists of four vice-chairmen llegrees tion in China's educational and and 36 other members. Regulations on academic degrees came into effect on January 1 this year. The regulations stipulate that B.A., M.A. and Ph. D. degrees rvill be conferred in accordance with the common practice in most countries of the world. College graduates with the re- quired qualifications will be given the B.A. degree, while postgraduates studying in the universities or scientific re- search institutes and other peo- ple with the same academic ['irst enlarged meeting of the academic degrees committce. January 5,1981 They inelude'vice-presidents the relevant U.N. resolutions. ventures such as the Beijing of the Chinese AcademY Foreign Minister Agha Shahi Air Catering ComPanY, Ltd. of Sciences and the Chinese said that both China and Paki- and the Shanghai Elivator Academy of Social Sciences, stan have consistently upheld Works of the China-Schindler the Minister of Education and the principle of non-interference Elevator Company, Ltd. and Under other uoted scholars and Pro- in other corrntries' internal af- 15 other enterprises. Chinese fessors. fairs. "We have stood firmly these agreemerits, both for creating an environment of and foreign partners Provide peace in which the capital and management and FOREIGN and stability people of our two countries share risks as well as Profits RELAT]ONS could move forward on the road and losses. to progress and prosperity," he Another tl'pe is known as Pakistan Foreign added. "We are opposed to ex- contractuai 'oint ventures. The pansionism, hegemonism and usual practice under these ilinister's Uisit imperialism in all their forms." agreements is that the foreign Pakistan Foreign Minister He stressed that these common firms provide funds and equiP- Agha Shahi and his Party left aspirations constitute the basis ment, while the Chinese side is Beijing on December 26 after a for bilateral relations between responsible for land. factorY tour-day friendly visit to China. the two countries and are con- premises, labour and manage- During his stay in Beijing. sistent with the policy of ment. The two Parties share Foreign Minister Agha Shahi maintaining friendly relations the profits at an agreed ratio met with \rice-Chairman Deng with neighbours to which both and all assets go to the Chinese Xiaoping and Premier Zhao Pakistan and China have always side when the cot'rtract exPires' adhered. Ziyang. Vice-Premier and There are also a few agree- Foreign Minister Huang Hua On Pakistan's relations wtih ments on joint exploration of held talks with Foreign India. he said: "It is in the con- offshore oil with foreign firms. Minister Agha Shahi. TheY texi of building peace in our For example. the Petroleum had an exchange of views region and friendship rvith our Corporation of the PeoPle's Re- on the international situa- neighbours that Pakistan has public of China and the Na- tion, the regional situation and, endeavoured to evolve jointly tional Elf. Aquitaine CorPora- particular, Afghan and in the with India a mutually acceptable tion of France jointiy ProsPect Kampuchean questions as well solution of the Jammu and and exploit the oil resout'ces in as other issues of mutual inter- Kashmir dispute. The non-use the eastern part of the Bohai a est. Both sides stressed that of force for the settlement of Sea. solution to the Afghan question disputes constitutes [be basis of The experience in the last depends on the compiete and the Simla agreement and is Year or so shows that equalitY and immediate rvithdrawal of Soviet Pakistan's relations central to mutual benefir are important troops from that country. with India." to the successful operation of Speaking of China-Pakistan joint ventures. They help Pro- Minister friendship. Foreign Joint [entures mote China's economic growth Huang Hua reiterated that the joint ventures while foreign businessmen are Chinese Government and people A number of able to get reasonable Profits. will always stand on the side of were started in 1979 on a the government and peoPle ot trial basis in accordance with In the years to come the Pakistdn in their struggle to the needs of readjusting the establishment of joint ventures safeguard national independence national eeonomy. Up to now will be geared to the readjust- and state sovereignty and oP- China has signed more than 300 ment of China's national econ- pose foreign aggression and in- agreements on joint ventures omy. The emphasis rvill be on terference. He expressed his with foreign firms. Some are small and medium-sized pro- already operation, others are appreciation f or Pakistan's in jects and on the renovation, policy in improving and under construction, and still transformation and tapping of developing its relations witlr others are being planned. These the potential of existing facili- neighbouring countries and its joint enterprises cover light and ties in light industry, commu- efforts in seeking a fair settle- textile industries and tourist nications, agriculture, animal rnent of the Kashmir issue in facilities. husbandry, building materials the spirit of the Simla agree- There are three tyPes of joint industry as well as projects to ment and in accordance with ventures. One is equitY joint explore and save energy. Beijing Retsieu, No. 7 10 tNlrERNtl\ noNi\l RepoR ts & colY\MtN ts

1980 in Retrospect tried to incite India to attack Pakistan. It should also be noted that follorving ttre ry'ietnamese The lnternational Situation incursions into Thailand iast June. the Thai Government re- T|HERE was lnore turmoil in sistance and threaten Thailand. vealed that it had evidence of a r '.he world in the first 12 This was a bid to bring the Vietnamese scheme to absorb monlhs of l980s. The num- ASEAN nations knees the to their about a dozen eastern and north- ber of hot spots proliferated and and set up an "Asian Security eastern Thai provinces into a crises erupted in quick suc- System." If tl-re Soviet Union Vietnamese r:ontrolled "Indo- cession. In this crisis-plagued rvere to succeed in taking con- china Federation." period, it is vital to have trol of the Strait of Malacca. a correct approach to solr,- u.'hich links the Middie East and The attitude to take tcwards ing problems. Proceeding the Persian Gulf with Southeast the patriotic forces of Kam- f rom temporary. regional in- Asia, it would be able to close puchea and Afghanistan is terests, even though it made the strategic east-west link en- another issue which must be s'ith an eye to detente consiciered from a and security. could global strategic point lead to greater dang- The world was more turbulent in 1980. In of view. Because of ers. But proceeding this period of crises, it is vitally important to the early mistakes flom Iong-terrn. assess the u'orld situation from a long-term, made by the Govt'rn- or.erall strategic con- overall strategic point of view. ment tfi Democratic siderations could ease Kampuchea with re- crises, preserve world spect to internal peace or at Ieast delay the out- circling Europe and more ol less policies. some people irave l'ailed break of a majol war. complete its projected global to recognize tire important strategic deployment. This role Democrntic Kampuchea Afghoniston ond Kompucheo would give the Soviet Union a plays today in resisting The Soviet invasion of Af - stranglehoid on the United St-rviet-Vietnamese expansion. ghanistan and the Vietnamese States. Weslern Europe and Apart from fighting for the irr- occupation oI Kampuchea with Jap:n by threatening to cut off dependence ol Kampuchea^ it Soviet backing are two major the suppl5, of oii f rom the f ulfils an important role ot Gulf . other problems affecling the vu,irole Middle East and the shielding Thailand and rvorld. They are not "local" Should it succeed in reaiizing ASEAN countries Irom the full problems concelning only the this strategy. the lvorld u'iIl brunt of Soviet-Vieinamese security of Asia. They are global have to choose between surrend- military pressure, De mocratic problems, for the Soviet Union's ering and going to war. Kampuchea is earnestly correct- southward thrust is a majcr.stc.p The rvhole situation is devel- ing its mistakes and rallying f Afghan in its drive to attain global oping along this direction. The patriotic orces. The guerrillas fighting hegernony. Soviets are not confining them- are likewise for the independence and free- In Middle selves to Afghanistan and Kam- the East and the dom of their ccruntt'y. and at the Persian Gulf. the Soviet Union puchea. They are already cast- is making ing covetous eyes on Iran. Pak- same time serving as a screening Afghanistan its force holding back Moscol's springboard to reach out for the istan and Thailand. It is no drive south into the subcon- clil-producing areas and the In- secret that they are taking tinent and the Persian GuIf . dian Ocean. It is aiming at advantage of the Iran-Iraq rvar. This has a bearing on the, peace grabbing cril resoLlrces, con- They have attempterJ to inter- and security of Asia and the rest trolling vital oil ):outes and vene in Iran and exploit the Baluchi national problem to tr1' of the worid. The struggle put realizing the old tsarist dream ol' dismember up by the patriotic armed forces selzrng u'arm water ports. to Iran and Pak- istan. Shortly before Brezh- and peoples of these two coun- In Sr-iutheast Asia. the Soviet nev's visit to India, former In- tries have pinned down 100,000 Union incited Vi,et Nam to in- dian Prime Minister Desai dis- Soviet atrd over 200,000 Viet- vade Kampuchea. wipe out re- closed that the Soviet Union had namese troops. Without the re- j98l January 5, 11 sistance put up lry lhese t'*ct independent rruclear' Iorces. If those West European coun- countries. Russian tanks couid Tirey plar:e their hopes on Sor.,iet tries which o',.erestimate their ah.ead.v be irrsi,:e Polanci and 1;he '"u,illingness" not to do anything teinpororv difficulties crt horne Thai pr-ovinces taken over by" iurtlier to tirreaten the security nou' slacken or weaken tireir' Viet Nam. In vier-v cf l,heir roles of the West. They are unwilling defencc' and from a posilir,n of in the orrerall :.,lti-iregernonist ltl sce the V/t:st adopt a hard weakness pin their hopes on Scl- struggl+:, the Algi.rnrr arLd, Karn- Hne rvhich tna1, di"pLease I\4os- viet "restraint," oni;v a few- vears puchean people's jr;.st siruggies corv. Thei| vieu,s. of course. are ',r,ill elapse before the Soviet merit all-round artd ef feetive enlirell accepl;able to Moscow. Union attains overall military 1.he international superiority over the West and support from Br-rt cioes not mean that tliai compleies its global strategic communiiy. 1\Ic,st:on' going to obligingly is deployment. Then the West will exercise reslraint. On the con- have to choose betrveen fighting The U.S. ond Western Europe eims to milk eve!'y trary, it back and be defeated, or advantage from ''detente," us:lng The on-going Soviet offensive abjeetly sun'endering w-ithout a between offensives has forced Western Eurclpe and the time in struggle. the United States to long de- tri consoiidate and get ready to bates on defence tnatters. take another step to colnPletc N{any people of vision in the its global strategic deployment. world maintain thai in flri:e of At the end of I9?9, the NATO grou'ing war threat, West- alliance approved a five-year The more disturbing aspect of the Europe and Japan ri(led arms programme requesting the problem, however. is the ern U.S. co-operatron. and the member nal ions to increase fact that the Soviel strategic nu- United States also needs both their real annual defence expen- elear force has already caught Westem Europe and Jnpan" diture by 3 per cent and decided, up with that of the United States Thr:re is a grolving awareness as from 1983. to deploy 5?2 new- and its tactical nuclear fr:rce and in ilie Western world for the rriedium- and long- conventional force in EuroPe type U,S. need to co-ordinate Western range nuclear missiles in Brit- have a clear edge over: those of policies, settle their disputes ain, West GermanY, ItalY and the West. Despite this. the So- to political and other West European eountries. viet Union is slill intensifying its in the economic, The United States has accord- arms expansion and war prep- military fields. including the ingly increased its 1980 defence aralions and seeking bigger all- expanding burden of defence over budget. round military superiority and establishing and strengthen- the West. In the last five years, ing their relationship based on However'. some people, be- real Soviet military expenditure equal partnership. These are cause of temporary difficulties has been going up 5 per cent proposals stemming fr<.rm an ap- in Western Europe, want a annualIy, and in 1979, it reached preciation of overall strategic slash in military expenditure, a a record 136 billion U.S. dollars, demands. unilateral arms reduction. and which is 2i per cent more than United States. disbandment of theil country's that of the The United Stotes ond Chino

Some shadows darkened Sino- l* American relations in 1980 mainly because cortain Ameri- cans kept their eyes only on old relations with Taiwan, on their investments and interests in that Chinese province. They faiied to see, or they underesiimated, the strategic significance of the development of Sino-American relations to world peace and se- curity. In their minds, China is poor and weak, menaced by the Soviet Union, and in need of capital and technology from the West. In their opinion, China Kampuchean just has to have helP from the

12 Beijing Reuieu', No. 7 ITEPOII tS & COMIAENTS

pendent and self-re- attempting to solve the disputes. liant defence policy and if the policy-makers qf both it wiil never resort to sides took into fuller considera- sheltering under an tion the overall situation and external protective um- have world peace in mind, the problems may be solved earlier. brella. China's develop- ment is based mainly on The Polish crisis is another self-reliance, helped by example, and ihe shadow of external aid wherever Soviet intervention still looms possible. China seeks large. The Polish people. the from an extensive and government and the trade unions have apparently adopted Cartoon by Gen Hua far-reaching angle to develop its relations an overall point of view. Many United States. and would even- with the United States. Its in the world consider this crisis tually acquiesce and .srvallow considerations cover biltrteral as a critical event that could the bitter pill of "two Chinas." interests between China and the affect the u'hoIe world, because This stems from miscalculation United States. and what is it i.s related to the peace and about China's actual position more important. they are con- stability of Eastern and other and is not unconnecteC with nected with matters of global parts of Europt, and ultimately their o-wn self-interests. In concern. This view is shared the whole',vor1d. The Poles and reality it runs counter to U.S. by many Americans and mem- many far-sighted persons else- strategic interests and to global bers of the two U.S. political where are quite clear about this. peace and security. It is not parties. In this world of crises, keep- accidental that the tu,o political ing the overall situation in mind parties in the United States, the Gulf ond Other lssues is both necessary and wise. Democratic and the Republican. Sometimes some measures seem There are crises or threats of hirve formed a common line in justifiable proceeding from a crises in many parts ot' the regard to the development of re- point of world today. The tI.S.-Iranian local and temporary lations rvith It was vie,*'. but it is not wise to adopt China. hostage crisis is not yet over' u,orked out meet the United such measnres from a strategic. to and the Iran-Iraq conflict con- long-terrn point of view. States' f undamental interests tinues. Both sides may have and thrlse of world peace in some justification for their atti- Xin.hua Cor"respon- genelal. Under present world tude to each other. But in - dent Chen Si circumstances, the development of Sino-American relations can- not but become a global Londmorks of 1980 issue, and it rvould be a mistake of historic proportions if Sino- mHE wolld .siluation . was over',','helming majority of 104 American relations rvere taken I charactcrized bv turbulence votes. The call was reiterated as a bilateral issue or as one during 1980. Of th,: numei'ou.s at the 35th Session of the onl;.' concerning business in- events u'hich took place last U.N. Genelal Assembly which terests between the U.S. and year. ten stood out: aclopted a re.solution on Novem- Taiwan. and the mainland. ber 20 by an even bi.gger ma- tt) Soviet Fiasco in Afghani- jority. 111 vote.s. This decision China has no intention of con- stan. Af ter its invasion of by the rvorld communit-v cealing its poverty and technical Afghanistan on December 2i. against Soviet aggressicln in Af- backwardness. But. it is not an 1979, Moscow tried to subdue ghanistan reflects the common insignificant country, nor rvill it the country by throwing in desire of the justice-upholding ever barter away its sovereignty more troops. A resolution at a and peace-loving countries and and principles It is an illusion special emergency session of the peoples of the world. to think that China will ever U.N. General Assembly on accept "two Chinas.'' China has January 14 asking fol the with- always sought to build its se- drawal o1' fureign tro<.rps from 2', Failure of Vietnamese Dry cnrity on the basis of an inde- Afghanistan was passed by an Season Offensive in Kam-

,lanuary 5, 1981 1' puchea. From winter 1979 to personages took part. They 8) Iran-Iraq War. A full-scale April 1980, over 200,000 Viet- called for democracy, abolition armed conflict between Iran namese troops carried out of martial law and an end to .and Iraq broke out on Septem- search-and-destroy operations the fascist "Yushin (revitalized ber 22. Though both countries in Kampuchea. They hoped to system) constitution." On May paid a heavy price. there is no wipe out the base areas of re- 18. the south Korean authori- indication that the war will sistance. But their a[tempt was ties proclaimed an "extraordi- come to a close. As continua- foiled by the Kampuchean peo- nary martial law" and carried tion will harm both countries, ple and army. This was a out mass arrests. The day while only the superpowers will turning point in the war situa- aIter. when 50,000 .students in profit at their expense. it is tirln in Kampuchea. At the same Kwangju took to the streets in hoped that the belligerents will time. Democratic Kampuchea prote.st. the authorities cracked find a reaiistic and rational summed up the experience gain- down on them. Trvo days iater. settlement through mediation ed anci lessons learnt. corrected about 200,000 Kwangiu stu- by f riendly countries and in- mistakes. changed policies anci dents and residents demon- ternational organizations. This enlarged and consolidated na- strated again, fighting against will help restore stability and tional unity. the army anrl police. This was peace in the Gulf area. the largest mass struggle 3) Independence of Zimbabwe. against fascist rule in the past 9) Kosygin Down and Out. The Republic of Zimbabwe ,uvas 20 years. Brezhnev told an October 23 f ounded on April 18. The Supreme Soviet meeting that Zimbabwean people finally won 6) Polish Workers' Strike, Alexei Kosygin haci been re- by elections after g0 years of Strikes by workers in cities lieved of his post as Chairman hard struggle, including over along the Baltic coast. ignited of the Council of Ministers and ten years of armed struggle. by the July 1 meat price hike, Nikolai Tikhonov was succeed- The birth of independent Zim- rapidly fanned out to other ing him. This was the most babr.ve will have a great impact parts of the country. They outstanding of the recent Per- on the settlement of the Namib- lasted for trvo months. Strikers sonnel changes in the Kremlin. ian issue and the defeat of set up the independent trade Foreign news agencies reported racism in South Africa. It will union Solidarity rvhose mem- that bad health [and eventual promote Zimbabwe's unity with bership rose to some 10 million. death] was not the only reason its independent neighbours. As a result. First Secretary of for Kosygin's fall. He had the Polish United Workers' "clashed" with Brezhnev over 4) Tito Dies. Josip Broz Tito Party Gierek was relieved of many issues. economic PoIicY in passed a\e'ay orr May 4. The his post. This rt'as the third parlicular. Thc former Premier Yugoslav leader was an out- biggest watr e of strikes by -was made the scaPegoat for the standing proletarian revolution- Polish workers, the first occur- failure of .the Soviet tenth five- ary. He won world renown as ring in 1970, the second in year plan. When Podgorny was hero ."r'ho people a led his to 1 976, removed from office as head oi victory in the anti-fascist rvar state in 19??. Brezhnev took and in the struggle to uphold 7l Moscow Olyrnpic Games over his post. With KosYgin national independence. uncowed Boycotted. Moscow was the out of the waY. the trltrmviraie Olympic by brute force in international venue of the 22nd is now one-ma-t Iule affairs. His death rvas a great Games. July 19 to August 3. lo.ss to the Yugoslav people as Because the Soviets invaded l0) Reagan Elected President. ',l,ell as to the international Afghanistan and re1'used to im- The U.S. elections ()n Nov- communist movement. the non- plement the U.N. General As- ember 4 saw RePublican can- folr aligned rnovemcnt and the serobly resolution calling didate Ronald Reagan chosen as their rvithdrarval, a movement cause of 'uvorld peace. the 40th LI.S. President. He re- was set off in many countries 469 electoral votes to 5) Mass Struggle Against to boycott the games in Mos- ceived Reagan's Tyranny in South Korea. The cow. Of the 147 I.O.C. members, Jimmy Carter's 45. struggle against l'ascist rule 66 countries and 50 individual victory indicates that the rose to a new high in March. sports associations in more than American people, worried bY Besides the 250,000 students l0 countries stayed away. The the worsening domestic eco- from around 90 univer.sities 1980 games rvere the least par- nomic situation and declining and high schools, tens of thou- ticipated since the Rome Olym- U.S. prestige abroad, were in sands of citizens and democratic pics 20 years ago. the mood for a change.

14 Beijing Reuiew, No. 1 SPECIAT FEATURE/AFGHANISTAN Alghanistan One Yeor After the Soviet Invosion

lgnoring oll norms of internotionol relotions, the So- to 30,000. The Karmal regime viet Union on December 27, 1979, invoded Afghoniston, o has tried buying the soldier's third world ond non-oligned notion outside its "froternol loyalty with higher pay and comp." lt mode worid heodlines in the first doys of this more food. But despite the pay decode olthough the Kremlin leoders were only following being nine times higher, which their tsqrist predecessors. They used the unsettled situo- is about what a ranking govern- tion in the West Asion region to moke o big strotegic move ment official gets, the regime towords seizing control of the Persion Gulf. This hos grovely has found it almost impossible threotened world peoce. A whole yeor hos possed since to fill its army's depleted num- the Soviet invosion ond the world is entering the srecond bers. yeor of the 1980s. Whot is the situotion inside Afghon- The Karmal regime is also isto n ? fatally flawed by acute internal Following is the orticle by our news onolyst ond re- factional fighting. All govern- portS by our correspondent from Pokiston on the Afghon ment departments have to lis- resistonce movement ond the refugees. ten to their Soviet advisers. Even Kannal's bodyguards are not Afghans but Soviets. So Aims and Difficulties of Aggressors much for the regime's popular support. The truth is that it could fftHE Soviets had planncd to quietly replaced them with not last a day without armed I seize Afghanistan at one units traindd for "counter-in- Soviet backing. The Soviet stroke. Now. it is evident that surgency" warf are. Still not Union is said to spend up to 5 they had gravely miscalculated. much success has been at- million U.S. dollars a day to Despite some 100,000 men and tained. Airstrips, military keep its puppet in power. The tanks, armoured cars, artillery, bases. cities and transportation Soviet Union is in fcr a long jet f ighter-bombers, helicopter Iines have been repeatedly at- and expensive war of attrition. gunships and toxic gas, they tacked by guerrillas. The Soviets have fai-led to overcome the re- declared that their forces in Because of its Afghan adven- sistance of the Afgban people. Afghanistan were "limited." ture, the Soviet Union has been Moreover, they have been re- roundly condemned the This has been proven to be by ported to have sustained about world and finds itself very much false. They are there in force. 10,000 casualties. To hide alone. The resolutions adopted the truth from the Soviet peo- Armed guerrilla action has by overwhelming majorities ple, their dead are no ionger been joined by demonstrations at the special session of the shipped home f or burial but in Kabul and other cities. The U.N. General Assembly and the are buried on hostile soil. A Soviet attempt to use Afghans 35th General Assembly last coffin factory has been built against Afghans, using the January and November, un- in Kabul solely for this pur- Karmal regime to deceive,tf"il"d sup- equivocally demanded an im- pose. Soviet wounded are press and rule, has too. mediate foreign troop withdraw- treated in the hospitals of Afghan conscripts have revolted al from Afghanistan. At the several East European coun- or deserted in droves, unlvill- Islamic conferences last January tries. Since heavy equip- ing to die for the Soviet and May, resolutions were ment has not been able to ac- aggressors and to slaugh- adopted supporting the strug- complish their goal, the men in ter their own people. Reports gle of the Afghan people and Moscow changed tactics. They of whole units moving off with also demanding an immediate. declared a "partial pullout" their arms to join the guerril- total and unconditional with- and, with great fanfare, called las in the mountains have been drawal of Soviet troops. The back their useless rocket, anti- frequent. Government troop Soviet Union's claim that it is tank and artillery units and strength has fallen from 100,000 the "natural ally" of the third

January 5,1981 I5 SPEC!AT FEATUREiAFGHANTSTAN world is a grlm joke. The pet in Kabul and thus get the Asia and thus join forces deceptive state of "detente," world to accept its occupation with its Pacific Fleet which which the Soviet Union wants as a fait accompli and also clear now has the Strait of Malacca so much, has run into snags. At itself of the stigma of invading within its reach after the the foliow-up conference on a third world and non-aligned Vietnamese invaded Kampu- European security and co{p- country. This is the essence chea. Last year, Soviet troop eration held in Madrid, which of the so-called "political concentrations and the con- was supposed to look into how settlement" of the Afghanistan struction of military facilities the spirit of. the Helsinki Final problem that the Soviet Union were observed along Afghanis- Act had been implemented. the peddled so earnestly last year. tan's borders with Pakistan Sovlet invasion of Afghanistan The Soviet stance over Af- and Iran. The Soviets are now rvas the big issue that stopPed ghanistan demonstrates that the positioned to attack the two anything being accomplished. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan nations. At the same time, the Economic sanctions imposed bY was not accidental. It was a ma- Soviet Union has fostered pro- the United States and some jor step in its drive for global Soviet forces and secessionists Western countries against the supremacy. Afghanistan stands inside Pakistan and Iran to Soviet Union and the OlymPic strategically where the Middle foment trouble. It can be seen boycott were all expressions of East, the Persian GuIf and what an important role Afghan- repugnance and revulsion for South Asia meet. The Middle istan occupies in Soviet global the Soviet armed invasion and East and the Persian Gulf flank strategy. This is the only way to occupation of Afghanistan. Europe and provide most of the interpret the Soviet occupation Soviet Global Strategy. A1- West's oil. South Asia occupies of Afghanistan. If the Afghan though the Soviet Union has a central position in relation to issue is merely seen as a region- found itself in deep trouble the Indian Ocean, Asia, Austra- al issue, then the world falls in Afghanistan. it still re- lia and Africa. Since the late right into the Soviets' trap fuses to pull out its trooPs. 1950s, the Middle East and by underestimating their he- At the same time as it South Asia have been the main gemonist scheme. turns a deaf ear to the world's targets of Soviet , infiltration Stopping the Soviet Scheme. demand, it has stepped uP suP- and expansion. Through pro- Although the Soviet Union is a pression against the PeoPle of viding so-called "aid" it has in- superpower armed to the teeth, Afghanistan. It also attempts vested heavily in money and it could not accomplish every- to legalize its occupation bY weapons in these places. thing it set out to do in Afghan- signing an agreement with its In the late 70s, the balance of istan last year. Afghanistan is own puppet regime in KabuJ. It strength between the Soviet a poor, third world country. has built permanent militarY Union and the United States Its people lack arms. Their facilities, including missile underwent a major change. The methods of fighting and their bases in Afghanistan, and Pur- Soviet Union has won footholds unity could be improved. But sues a policy of colonization. The in the Red Sea and tHe Aden the might of the Soviet super- Soviet intention is clearlY long- Gulf and its occupation of Af- power has been unable to crush term occupation. It told the ghanistan has put it in a posi- them. On the contrary, resist- Kabul regime to put forward a tion to move against Iran from ance to the invaders is growing "proposal" and some *sugges- the east and to control the Per- stronger. It is another confir- tions" for bilateral talks with sian Gulf and forge a link mation that no highly moderniz- Pakistan and Iran, .so as to de- with its forces in the Red ed aggressor, however well ceive the world and mute criti- Sea and the Aden Gulf. Striking equipped, can hope to win in cism. It desperately wants to east it could invade Pakistan to Asia throtigh a lightning strike. acquire legal status for its puP- open up the way to South The militarily and technological-

2 ? In Kabul. Corloon bg Fong Cheng . According to foreign reports: AII embassies in Kabul, except the Soviet Em- bassy, have issued their staff and citizens with a card reading: "I'm not a Russian."

16 Beijing Retsiew, No. 7 SPECIAT FEATURE/AFGHANISTAN ly superior aggressor may be strength of the enemies' motor- " Brezhnev miscalculated, send- able to overrun an Asian coun- ized troops. The war waged by ing troops into our country. try, but it is impossible for it to the Afghan people against the He probably had thought it exercise effective and long-term Soviet invaders fills the world would be a walk-over like in control over it. Poverty and with confidence that their strug- Czechoslovakia in August 1968," backwardness are handicaps, gle against hegemonism is in- a leader of the Afghan resistance but thel' become assets in a war vincible. The resistance fighters forces said. resistance against Afghanistan of a highly of are telling the Through the centuries, the world developed aggressor state be- loud and clear that So- people of Afghanistan have been cause its people can endure viet expansion can be effective- known as a peace-loving nation tremendous hardships and the ly countered. but fearless fighters if their in- extrenre underdeveloped state - " Beijing Reoieus" neuts dependence and freedom are of communications nullifies the analgsg Yi Min challenged. Imperial Britain was humbled in three wars with the tribesmen of Afghanistan. Meeting the Resistance Fighters A story I heard recounted among the refugees in Pesha- by Our Correspondent Zheng Fongkun war was about some freedom fighters destroying a Soviet T[f HEN I was in Peshawar, I urban residents to prevent guer- tank. A couple of intrepid guer- W spoke with many who had rillas infiltrating the cities. The rillas managed to climb on top left Afghanistan after the Sovibt alien invaders are made to feel of a stationary tank undetected occupation. Among them were in many ways they are unwant- and drenched it with gasoline. several leading resistance ed by the Afghan people "The enemy jumped out of the fighters. Several foreign col- Morale Is High. "We have a burning Russian tank to be leagues I met there were very saying," said one tall, bearded picked off by our men." This helpful. They. too, were full of Afghan, "Afghans would rather is just one of many stories cir- admiration and sympathy for die 100 times over than submit culating among the people I the courageous people of Af- once!'' Another member of t}e met. There is no doubting ghanistan f ighting for their resistance who had crossed over that these people do not country's independence. the border showed me a poster lack courage. In a guerrilla The resistance fighters of- and translated the words, war, t'etreat is inseparable from fered to take me into Afghani- ''Slavery is not the way of the attack but, retreat to these stan to see them fight. Nothing Afghan people" below the plucky people is cowardice, so could have brought the point picture of an Afghan .snrashing guerrilla casualties are often home more emphatically than the fetters formed by a hammer heavier than necessary. It is this that the Russians do not and sickle. The hammer and not for outsiders to .iudge the exercise effective control of Af- sickle which symbolize the unity resistance fighters. They are ghanistan. of workers and peasants the fighting well. despite their Nationwide Resistance. They world over has now been turned lack of modern weapons and claimed that at least 80 per cent into manacles by the Soviets. ammunition. of the country were in theil (luerrillas hands. "We have a guerrilla in Kunar Province learning to use a eaptured A-A gun, hospital with foreign doctors in a mountain village a mere 30 kilometres from Kabul." they told me proudly, as if to emphasize how the invaders were being kept conf ined to cities. And there are not many citie-s in Afghanistan, The So- viets are in the cities and seldom dare move out. Even then. thcy are not immune to attack, despite a strictly enforced system of passes for

Jonuary 5,1981 SPECIAT FEATUREAFGHANISTAN

guerrillas can move more swiftly in winter than their opponents. their ability ro hit and hult the enemy i.s enor'rnous.

Defend Afghoniston, Defend World Peoce One of the resistance leaders pointed out that they wert no1, lighting Soviet aggression only fol their country. He is quite right. The Afghan peopie are making tremendous sacrifices to save their country and to frus- trate the Soviet drirre south into warm water ports. Half a million people are esli- rnated have lost lives The Soviets are beginning to weapons we have. the quickel to their realize that they cannot conquer we'll be able to drive th-- Rus- since the Soviet occupation. such a nation. sian invaders out of our coun- Fields are left una'rtended. Vil- lages have been bombed and In contrast to the freedom try.'' they said. razed to the ground. The fighters, morale among tJre men Continental Alghanistan's Soviet slaughter of innocent in the Soviet occupation army guer- 'n,inter is severe and the villagers stili go on. But the is low. Some of them even sur- are short warm clotlt- rillas of Afghans are stubbornly fighting reptitiously sell guns and bullets ing and footwear, but they see back. Their fight is helping to to the resistance forces. "They'd the harsh winter as helping foil Soviet plans for world hege- trade their mothers for an ounce them. The Soviet gunships spit- of hashish," a lean. old Afghan ting death out of the sky and the monism and to defend world man said, and spat. tanks are less of a threat. and peace. The war against Soviet Plenty of Difficulties But .. .. the cold is helping to sap Soviet aggression in Afghanistan is making Soviet Union think Their hatred for the invaders is morale rnore. General Winter is the 'see sending tanks intense and bitter, They again at u,otk here agarnst an hard before its into Poland. Soviet helicopter gunships and invading . army. The guerrillas tanks mow down their people, have poor weapons and poor The Afghan resistance fight- old and young, men and women. logistics support. But they have ers have called fon aid from all Like all alien invaders, the So- the support of the people, who uphold peace and iustice. viets are pitting superior weap- the problems of supplies and lf the Russians succeed in quell- ons against human courage. shelter are less severe. More- ing resistance in Afghanistan killing in cold blood and burning over. as the lightly armed today, the same tragedy would and looting tcr in an attempt The Khyber Pass. subjugate the Afghans. The So- viets are using to poison gas and planting mines disguised to Iook like innocent toys. "Give us arms," is the familiar cry one hears everywhere. The Af- ghan resistance fighters ask for weapons to fight back against the helicopters and tanks. "We need weapons. any weap- ons. and short-distance com- municalion equipment." they said. They do not lack men or determination. "The more tlt70 SPECIAL FEATURETAFGHANISTAN be repeated in another country As I drove through the fa- off the border, because of the tomorrow, they warned. mous Khyber Pass, I read on the close ties of the:,illhabitants and paths are The part of the Hindu Kush sign-post that the pass was also because the from mountain ridges Mountains in Afghanistan have merely 50 kilometres along high kilometres and over very difficult terrain. foiled aggressors in history, but Peshawar and 220 This has always aliorved Afghan the paths through this range from Kabul. This high plateau refugees make way in have also led aggressive armies of Afghanistan, I suddenly real- to their groups and families into Pak- into Scuth Asia. It is time, ized, was not just a range of the Afgharr resistance fighters remote mountains. Whatever istan. stressed. that people outside happens in these mountains has The number of Afghan r:ef- AfghanLstan should give serious a vital bearing on our lives. ugees increased sharply after thought to this. Should the It could stop a world war, it the Soviet invasion at the end aggressors be stopped in the could help maintain world of 1979. The highest figure was Hindu Kush Mountains or peace. Helping the people of 90,000 a month. Over the past should they be allowed to sweep Afghanistan is helping to save ten months an average of 80,000 through the Khyber Pass? world peace. refugees, or 2,000 each day, have fled to Pakistan. The world was once deluged A Yisit to the Refugee Camps by reports of Vietnamese refugees drowning at sea. Their and ragged refugees not. He joined the oiher ref- TIRED awful plight has been recorded I from Afghanistan wander- ugees making their way over the and documented, but the suf- ed the streets of Peshawar, cap- mountains to safety, hoping to ital of Pakistan's North West find his relatives. ferings of the Afghan refugees, whose nurnbers are no fewer Frontier Province. Most of He was still looking when I newcomers, than those driven out of Viet them were with met him in Feshawar. He was grievances IIam and whose conditions are bitter ready to tell in bad shape. The wounds he whoever would listen. no less tragic, have not aroused received lr'ere still unhealed and as both his feet u'ere badly the world to condemn those who Abdut Bori Old cut, he moved with great dif- have perpetuated them. Halifa Abdul Bari said he was ficulty. At refugee camps I visited I close eighty years He to old. There are 1,300,000 Afghan saw the new graves, fields of lived in Katvaz, Paktika Prov- refugees like Abdul Bari reg- them. These had died after suc- Afghanistan, Kar- ince, until isiered in Pakistan alone. No cessfully overcoming 1,he ha- mal's troops, led by Soviet one knows how many more zards of the mountains. But army of ficers, stormed and have been made homeless by how many more had perished on took the village following the Soviet invasion. their way from Soviet bombing? a destructive bombing at- They, too, had to leave their tack by Soviet aircraft. ViI- A Humon Flood lagers were killed or forced to homes and belongings. They Living on either side of the flee. All of 'Abdul Bari's fami- went hungry for days and days, Pakistan-Afghanistan bordet' Iy of 17 were killed or had fled. over barren. rocky wind-swept people, OnIy Abdul Bari stayed behind. are the hardy Pathan telrain, trekking under a scorch- His captors tied him up and tried who share a common culture ing sun and spending the to force him to speak. They and religion and do not feel nights on freezing mountains. could not get a word out of the much inconvenienced by a Like the Vietnamese boat peo- old man about the guerrillas border. Their courage and hos- ple, only about half survive the nor get him to swear allegiance pitality are proverbial. Even journey, many say. I was told to Karmal's regime, He was former enemies are given food that about B0 per cent of the spitting mad at what they had and shelter if they ask for it. refugees registered were wom- done. They had bombed his They move back and forth en and children. The males village and killed innocent peo- across the border as they have were moslly older men. This ple. Abdul Bari later managed for centuries, and many have was one reason for the appalling to escape after being tortured relatives on the other side number of deaths. This tallied and interrogated. He was phys- of the border. I was told that with what I was able to see in ically broken but his spirit was it was infeasible to try and seal the camps.

Januarfu d, 1981 I9 SPECIAT FEATURE/AFGHANISTAN

In addition to natural hazards, that was all the possessions the I found a primary school and a the refugees. I was told, had refugees had. The tents were simple ciinic. Some attempts to dodge €nemy pursuit. The about ten square metres. There were being made to organize Vietnamese boat people did not were no trees to afford even the refugees to weave blankets have Soviet helicopters strafing some shade. In summer the and make things to meet their them, and sometimes pursuing temperature inside the tents are own needs. them into Pakistan itself. The as high as 48 degrees C. It One of the saddest sights was Soviet Union is probably the must be hell to live in those the cheery little children who firsl to apply "hot pursuit" to squalid tents. winter and sum- ran barefoot over alien soil fleeing refugees! The Pakistan mer. after the visitors. Even the Government has officially pro- In the Surkhab camp the in- little orphans, all smiles and tested this. habitants had put up low, clay shouting gleefully. were ap- walls about their tents to keep parently blithely ignorant of From Peshowor to Quetto out the driving wind and sand. the sufferings and woes of their On a sweep of wilderness not Twelve people had died of cold elders. What will they grow up far from Peshawar are several in the early spri.ng of 1980, to be? Will they be able to re- fields of grey tents. This i.s the I was told, Baluchistan has turn to build up their home- Kacha Garhi Refugee Camp, a high-altitude continental cli- Iand. with 16,000 people. There are mate. There is a great drop in 79 such refugee camps of dif- temperature between day and Why They Hod Fled night. Baluchistan winters are ferent dimensions in the North These Afghans did not chose not known their mildness. West Frontier Province, and 25 for exile freely. Like old Abdul My heart went out the in neighbouring Baluchistan to ref- Bari, they were ,forced to make ugees in those . . Province. Most Afghan refugees tents. the choice. However much the are in these two provinces. Another impression of my Soviet media claim that the A third rvorld nation, Pak- visit to those refugee camps Afghan refugees were proper- istan is hard-pressed to feed was the relief work. The tied people the Afghan "revolu- and clothe and house so many administration appeared to be tion" had expropriated, the refugees. iVlanv countries have as good as possible under the truth cannot be covered up. given aid, in cash and in kind, circumstances. There were peG- They are almost all ordinary to Afghan refugees in Pakistan ple in charge of distributing Afghan citizens. What Karmal through the U.N. administrative tents, blankets and food. I was and his Soviet rnasters declare office in Islamabad. Obvious- told refugees were given some to be the "revolution" is no Iy, funds and supplies are money. In one of the camps. more than the Soviet-inspired woef ully inadequate. One military coup that overthrew Pakistan official in charge of President Daoud in April 19T8. refugee work told me that the After thati people began to leave government and people of Afghanistan. The stream of ref- Pakistan have been depriving ugees grew into a flood when themselves to provide for these Soviet troops swarmed into refugees. Afghanistan in December 1979 In another camp I visited. on the pretext of nendering "in- the Surkhab Refugee Camp ternationalist fraternal assist- near Quetta, capital of Balu- ance." According to official chistan Province. the tent city Soviet claims. Abdul Bari and covered both banks of a dry hundreds of thousands of others riverbed. I was told there were like him should have welcomed 25.000 Afghan ref ugee.s living the change. They should have there in those acres of tents. been delighted. But Abdul Bari I was struck by the spartan was rendered homeless and harshness of life in the camp. forced to flee along with more The tents are low. One can than 1.300,000 others. Many stand up straight only in the more had fled to other coun- centre. Sume sacks on the tries. It is simply inconceivable ground. a couple of water jars that one-tenth of Afghanistan's outside the door ancl a fe*' pots. A ,ounE reluge€, (Continued on p. 25.)

20 Beijing Reui,eut, No. 7 Artieles & IDoeurrents

Distinguishing Crimes From Mistakes

A major issue concerning the big trial -

"Renrnin Ribao" on December 22,1980,'prtb- have sonte connections rvith certain shortcomings lished an article by its Special Commentatar of a particular individual in his style of work und,er the title "A Milestone of Socialist Democ- and personality, but they difler in essence from counter-revolutionary racy and the Legal System." Some of the es- criminal offences. They .sh

January 5,1981 2t objective lawsrCriminal offences are a1l kinds of aI and popular interests, including mistakes in behaviour that endanger society, and the of- Iine which bring serious consequences. fender is punishable according to law. Any act jeopardizing the People's Republic of China. Second, the means adopted are different. The aimed at overthrowing the political power of means used in carrying out a mistaken deed are generally the dictatorship of the proletariat and the so- in conformity with ncrmal working cialist system, is a counter-revolutionary of- procedures and organizational principles and are permissible under polieies and of fence. Mistakes are matters rvhere criticism and the laws the Whereas means education come in, rvhere one should draw les- time. the adopted to com- rnit a crime are improper ones and are pro- sons from them and accept Party and govern- hibited by the criminal law of a Biao, ment disciplinary measunes. whereas in the case state. Lin of a criminal offence, a person shall bear crim- Jiang Qing and their followers, to achieve their inal responsibitity for his offence and is pun- criminal aim of usurping Party and state leader- ship, rvere used ishable by law. Mistakes are a matter of right unscrupulous in the means they and wrong consisting of sociai or political con- and there was no extreme to which they would go. tradictions among the people themselves, where- not Apart from resorting to political murder, as counter-revolutionary crimes are contradic- coup d'etat and rebellion, they also engaged in tions between the enemy and ourselves (not all all kinds of underhand means to frame Party criminal offences, however, are contradictions and state leaders and suppress large numbers of between the enemy and ourselves). Under Chi- cadres and people. na's Criminal Law, attempting to subvert the One means was to stop at nothing to government. split the country, instigating re- bring false charges against others. Lin Biao and bellion, murdering and wounding people Ye Qun, in cahoots with Jiang Qing. concocted for counter-revolutionary purposes are all materials out of nothing to frame Comrade Liu c<.runter-revolutionary oflences which must Shaoqi and persecute him to death. This was severely punished. The counter-revoiu- be one of the examples. The second means was to tionary clique of Lin Biao. after careful produce false evidence. For instance, Jiang Qing plotting, f oliowing a written order from and her accomplic€s tried liy coercion to extort Lin Biao dated September 8, 1971, tried to stage depositions from NIeng Yongqian and Ding Jue- an armed coup in a vain attempt to seize political qun to use as "evidence" to prove that Liu power throughout the country, or to set up an- Shaoqi was a renegade. They illegally withheld other centre to split the iountry, while conspir- materials written by Meng and Ding rvho sev- ing to murder Chairman Mao by using flame- eral times asked to rectify their previous dep- throwers to attack his train, or by bomblng it. ositions and state their reasons for the rectifi- The counter-revolutionary clique of Jiang Qing. cation. They kept these materials from people in accordance u'ith well-laid p1ans. acting on or- at the top and tlagrantly replaced true evidence

22 Beijing Reoieu, No. 7 1967 armed clash alone, as directed personally did not change its nature, or oupcountry change by Wang Hongwen with Zhang Chunqiao's its political colour. backing, more than 1,000 people were wounded, The hearings of the Special Court of the over 800 kidnapped and five detained and later Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic sentenced. The fifth was to organize secrret of China have provd that the indictment agents for underhand activities. Under Zhang against the ten main culprits of the counter-rev- Chunqiao, there was a secret service organiza- olutionary cliques of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing tion code-named the "You Xuetao Team." Fi- are backed by solid facts and incriminating evi- nanced by him, it engaged in such activities as dence. The question of the two counter-revolu- shadorving and kidnapping people, raiding peo- tionary cliques is decidedly not one of their hav- ple's homes, detaining people and interrogating ing made mistakes, but of having violated the thern under torture. All this proves to the hilt Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, that the frame-up of Party and state leaders and since they have been found guilty of either at- the suppression of cadres and masses were pre- tempting to subvert the government, or split the meditated counter-revolutionary criminal ac- country, or of organizing armed revolt, of tivities, and that all the means they adopted counter-revolutionary murder or injury, of to'uvards these ends were offences strictly counter-revolutionary frame-ups, of organiz- forbidden by China's Criminal Law. ing counter-revolutionary cliques, of carry- ing on counter-revolutionary propaganda and Third, the ends of the two are not the same. agitation, of interrcgating people under When a person makes mistake, ge4erally a torture to exact confessions and of illegally speaking, his intentions good are and he means detaining people. To hold them criminally to be revolutionary. The opposite is the case responsible according to law is entirely with a criminal offence; a counter-revolutionary a matter of implementing the principle that offence is committed for an expressed counter- "violations of the lalv must be investigated revolutionary purpose. From the viewpoint of and dealt with." In the trial of the counter-rev- jurisprudence, in judging whether or per- not a olutionary cliques of Lin Biao and Jiang Qin€i, son's behaviour constitutes a counter-revolution- the line between counter-revolutionary offences ary offence, the prerequisite is to establish and mistakes has been drawn strictly according rvhether or not the person in question subjective- to principle. Only their counter-revolutionary Iy harbours counter-revolutionary motives or offences are to be dealt with, not their mistakes. not. Under the Criminal Law, it is counter-rev- This is in full conformity with the basic require- olutionary if the airn is to "overthrow the polit- ments of China's sociali.st legal system. ical power of the diciatorship of the proletariat The crimes of the two counter-revolutionary and the socialist sy'stem." And it was with this cliques are so heinous, their effects so damaging very aim in mind that Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and and the number of people persecuted'so great company had committed these offences. If we as to be something rarely seen in the past or make an overall analysis of their counter-revolu- present, either in China or anywhere else in the tionary programme of "changing the dynasty," world. But ours is a socialist country where of all their criminal deeds. such as the attempt Marxism serves as the theoretical basis guiding on Chairman Mao's life, plotting to stage an our thinking. In our dealings with the counter- armed coup, pianning an armed rebellion, fram- revolutionary cliques of Lin Biao and Jiang ing Party and state leaders in an organized and Qing, rve do not proceed from things like eter- premeditated manner. suppressing and persecut- nal justice. ultimate morality or indignation, jng vast numbers of cadres and people at large, but strictly according to the principles of social- then we can see clearly that their purpose was igt democracy and the legal system which speak to overthrow the people's political porver and for the will of the people and shall mete out found a feudal, fascist "dynasty" instead. This punishment according to law. The current trial, is completely different from mistakes in work conducted in the basic spirit of the Chinese law and in line made by others prompted by the now in force and its specific provisions, can good intention of trying to ensure that our Party stand the test of history. tr

Januarg 5,1981 23 Report From the Court (6)

lnvestigations lnto Jiang Qing's Grimes Gompleted

f)N December 23, the Special Court finished Because of this false accusation by Jiang r-z its investigations of the charges stated in the Qing, Wang Kun was discreciited and detained indictment against Jiang Qing. At this session for eight years. il, presented mass solid evidence proving a of The court then investigated the charge that that Jiang had framed and persecuted Qing Jiang Qing had framed Su:: Ya.ng. late Vice- large numbers of cadres and masses with cruel President of the People's University of China means. At the court, Jiang attack on Qing's Irr a speech she made ln September 1967 the judges and prosecutors and denunciation of ',vhich rvhile receiving some univer:r:1' and college the witnesses aroused great indignation on the studenis. Jiang Qing said: "\\-a have long part of the people attending the hearing knorvn that Sun Yang of ir're People's Soon after the court hearing started at thc, University is an enerrl- agent. He is n,rt only a First Tribunal, Jiang Qing attacked President Kuomintang secret agenr. but quire possibl.r- a of the Special Court Jiang Hua, Chief of Special Japanese secret agent. anci s:i--i. ::e na1' have Procuratorate Huang Huoqing and the pros- some relations with the Soviet Union The ecutor. and slandered the court as "Kuo- speech was read out at the court. Aftel Sun mintang" and "fascist." Jiang Hua told her: "You Yang was persecuted to death, Jiang Qing con- have disrupted the order of the court and you tinued to denounce him as a member of the are liable to receive a heavier sentence." Fuxing Society which was a Kuomintang organization of special agents. In the same Judge Gang Ying (female) questioned Jiang talk, she made trumped-up charges against Liu Qing: "Did you once say that Wang Kun, the Baiyu. former Vice-Chairman of the Chinese noted singer of the Oriental Song and Dance lVriters' Association, and labelled him as an Ensemble. had maintained illicit relations with enemy agent. In that speech, the recording of foreign countries?" Jiang replied that she Qing which was played at the court, Jiang said: did not remember. The court then had the text Qing "In my opinion, the problem of Liu Baiyu is not of a speech she made on September 4, 1.968 read simple. The Minguo University at r.l,hich he once out, and a tape of the same speech piayed. In studied was not a reguiar one. It rva*. a pou-erful it was her false accusation against Wang Kun organization for training enernl' agents. If you Jiang had to admit that these words wele Qing can straighten that out. rvill do rveli." hers. ]'ou The investigation also proved that Jiang Qing's accusation that Chen Huangmei, former \ rce-Minister of Culture. was a renegade could not be substantiated. The prosecutor pointecl out that Jiang Qing had fabricated many frame-ups and persecuted a large number of cadres and masses. Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng and company had per.secuted some principal leaders of provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions and departments of the Party Central Com- miitee, such as Huang Yan, former Governor of Anhui Province, Li Qiming, former Governor of Shaanxi Province and Zhang Linzhi, late Alternate Member of the Eighth Party Central Committee and Minister of Coal Industry. The prosecutor's speech was followed by examination of evidence showing that Jiang Qing had falsely denouneed Shi Chuanxiang, a Playwright Ah Jia (right) testitying at courl nationally famous sanitation worker of Beijing,

24 Beijing Reuieu, No. 1 as a "scab. Ah Jia, playwright and former sustained no less than 30 injuries. After Deputy Director of the China Beijing Opera Zhang was persecuted to death, a large number Theatre. and Lin Mohan, former Deputy Head of of people of the coal mining industry, from the Propaganda Department of the Party Central engineers, tebhnicians and mine directors to Comm:::ee. as "counter-revolutionaries," and deputy ministers, were denounced as Zbang Zhang L:rzhi as a "sworn foliower" of Peng Linzhi's "sworn followers" and "agents" and Zhen i:.:,r'mer Mayor of Beijing and now Vice- persecuted, some to death. Chair=:n of the Standing Committee of the Photos of. Zhang Linzhi being struggled Natio:.1 People's Congress). Shi Chuanxiang against and of his remains were projected on and Zrang Linzhi were persecuted to death. a screen during the hearing. During the investigations, the court read Confronted by such evidence, Jiang Qing out s:a:ements in testimony and exhibited other had to keep her mouth shut. evlde::ce Shi Chunli (Shi Chuanxiang's son). The prosecutor finally pointed out that. Ah Jia and Yang Ke (Deputy Secretary of the harbouring the aim of usurping Party and state Partl' Committee of the _Mi.nistry of CoaI Ieadership and of overthrowing the political Industr5,) were summoned to the court as power of the dictatorship of the proletariat, witnesses. Jiang Qing had, from the very beginning to ihe Testifying in court, Yang Ke said that after end of the "cultural revolution," directed her Jiang Qing falsely accused Zhang Linzhi as a spearhead against Party and state leaders as "sl-orn folLower of Peng Zhen" on December well as Party, government and army leading 14. 1966, Zhang was denounced and struggled cadres at various levels. She must be held against at meetings, and his health was greatly responsible for the serious offences of framing damaged. According to a record, he was in- and persecuting these people. The prosecutor terrogated 52 times during the 33 days of his also requested that the court hold her criminally illegal detention. At a struggle meeting on the responsible for the new offence of attacking and night of January 21, 1967. the eve before he vilifying the court. was persecuted to death, he was beaten and - Xinhua correspondent

(Continued from p. 20.) 15 million people would will- ingly abandon their homes tcr llve in want in an alien country if the "revolution'' brought them hope and benefits. No real rev- olutionary or popular progres- sive movement rvould cause so much suffering to so many. In the 20 months from the April coup in 1978 to the armed Soviet aggression in December 1979. 310,000 people fled into Pakistan. In 1980, one million &* more followed. This huge exodus took place after the So- viet invasion. The numbers in- Rcfugee tents. creased as the Soviet aggressors stepped up their suppression of tion of Afghanistan have caused correspondent: "The permanent the move- .Afghan resistance untoid suffering to the people solution to this problem lies ment. heard people I from who of Afghanistan. There are whoIly with the withdrawal of months had amived in recent already more than a million the Soviet troops and a peaceful tell how Soviet air attacks have refugees in neighbouring Pak- environment in Afghanistan, so become more more and ruthless. istan, and they have to be fed. that the more than one million #*4 What is the solution? Pakistan refugees can return with honour Soviet invasion and occupa- President Zia Ul Haq told this and security." n \ January 5, 1981 25 CUI'IURE & SCIE}ICT

Rencaixue Society was founded popular songs is part of a rapid FRONTIER SCIENCE in 1979. At present, scientists development now taking place New Bronches of are emphasizing theoretical in China's mu.sical world. Tired so as to lay a theoretical o1d political songs and Learning study of the foundation for the formulation slogans they grew up with, China's three new branches of the country's principles, young people today are search- of learning have in recent years policies and regulations. ing for a new style of music to begun stressing introducing give expression to their true Futureology. Formed in Janu- foreign trends and results of hopes and interests. Foreign ary 1979, the Chinese Future research and integrating their music has some popularitY, but Research Society has set up its study with practice in China. of late, the attention and in- branches in more than a dozen audiences seems to The Science of Sciences (the provinces and municipalities terest of have been captured by a new study of the laws governing and published its orvn journals. generation young. sciehce and technology and The Future ond DeueLopment of Previous- 11- Chinese singers their relationship to social and The Future Wofld. Current unknown and musicians. phenomena - known in the study is related to society, United States as the sociology science, technology, economy of science). The first sympo- and military affairs. sium on this subject was held in national symposium deal- July 1979. Several thousand A the three branches specialists, professional and ing with was December, the amateur, are mainly studying held in in Hefei in east China. the essence and characters of city of Five hundred scientists and ex- science, as well as the laws perienced workers presented governing its development. The and exchanged experi- scientists have been carrying essays meeting. The sub- out research work in different ences at the jects included the reform of the parts of the country and a na- administration of the country's tional liaison group has been science and technology, the re- set up. The Shanghai Science of econ- Sciences Institute has offered lationship between the policies on its suggestions for that city's omy and the technology, the loi-rg-term economic plan and, science and and administration of &*. considering the problems con- training scientists and techniciarx, the Young singer Su Xiaoming. cerning present policies, it has in lead- also carried out theoretical re- composition of Persons Among the most popular of ing positions, the education of search on soft science. the singers is a woman named gifted children, future Prob- Su Xiaoming, a member of the Scientists in Tianjin, with the lems likely to confront Song and Dance Troupe of the the basic theory of science of' Chinese Communist PartY, the P.L.A. Navy. Her well-known sciences as their starting point, possibility of reaching the eco- performance of. Night in a Na- are studying improvements in nomic goals of the moderniza- ual, Harbour, describing the the administration of China's tion drive and the develoPment to science and technology. The of education in the coming 20 mood of a sailor returning Chinese Academy of Sciences, years. his home port at the end of a the major sponsor of the long voyage, is now a favourite science of sciences, is preparing among young people, partic- to set up a research office of MUSIC ularly sailors. this branch of learning. rising is Zh'u New Singers ond Styles Another star "Rencaixue" (the study of mak- Mingying, a woman soloist ing the best use of people with , Emerging whose specialty is singing special ability). Sponsored by The recent emergence of both African songs. Listeners are several dozen scientists, the pre- outstandlng new young singers always impressed by her loud, paratory group of the Chinese and new lyrical diversity in clear voice, the versatilitY of

26 BeLjtng Reuietu, No. 7 her range and tone and the obvious feeling she pours into her songs At the welcoming conceri erven in honour of the visiting P-esident of 'Zaire last March Z.lu's solo performance of tha.: country's songs was praise: :^s having been sung by a leading singer from Zaire. -ier rendition of lVish- ing L's -iil Success while per- forrn::-= a traditio,nal African dance '.i':s also well received. Zhc; .lianxia has been rvlde- ly acc-:lmed for her perform- ance ,-- Song oJ the CraCi-e. a ne\\' ::-k song f r-om north- easie:-.- China. Thts \\'oman's unic-:e st1'le of singrng has been hor -:red rv:th :he title of Mount Siguniang, "si^r'i:-:-'::e--.:r'^e" coloralura sopraic an ancient story well known to tries have A )Ieeting of Young Friends already climbed such inhabitants in the area. One mountains as the 8,848-metre is one of the many new songs day, according to the legend, a Xixabangma performed by the new singers, Qomolangma and young girl rvas playing with a peaks An- rvho previously had received in Tibet, Mount group of pandas when suddenly yemaqen in northwest Qinghai no f ormal music education. a leop,ard sprang on one of the Province and Mount Composed by a Beijing woman Gongga in smaller pandas. The giri rushed Sichuan Province. musician, this song expresses to save her helpless friend and the ideals of youth by prais- was killed by the leopard. With Three American expeditions ing the devotion of several tears in their eyes, the girl's have recently been given per- young friends to the cause of mission by the C.M.A. to climb three sisters carried her body the four modernizations. Like Mount Siguniang. all of the popular new music, to a bamboo forest to be buri- this song is rich in feeling and ed. Alt at once, the earth reveals the searching of China's shook, lightning flashed in the singers. musicians and youth sky and the four girls were ARCHJTEOLOGY today f or a musical road of turned into today's four snowy their oun. peaks of Siguniang. Exhibition ol Ancient The mountain is located Corpses SPORTS about a day's drive from the provincial capital, Chengdu, Every day more than a New Peoks Opened to through China's largest panda thousand people in Urumqi re- Foreign Mountoineers preservation area, Wolong. cently attended an exhibition of six human bodies buried 1,000 The heretofore unconquered The main peak is 6,250 metres years Mount Siguniang, in southrvest high. The rainy season in the to 3,000 ago. The corpses China's Sichuan Province, rvill area extends from June to on display in the capital of Xin- be opened to foreign moun- August. jiang Uygur Autonomous Re- taineers this year, the Chinese gion were selected from some Since the beginning of last Mountaineering Association one hundred found in ancient year, China has opened eight (C.M.A.) recently announced. Xinjiang tombs hy Chinese mountains to f oreign expedi- archaeologists over the past two Siguniang (literally "four tions, including some of the decades. girls") has four peaks, each highest peaks in the world. over 5,000 metres above sea Twenty-two mountaineering Located in the heart of Asia, level, anfl takes its name from teams lrom eight foreign coun- Xinjiang has a desert climate.

January 5,7987 27 which probably accounts for the rests on a pillow in the tradi- good state of preservation of tional shape of a cock, signify- To Our Reoders the bodies. They were found ing that a woman should rise Beginning from the first one or two metres, or even four before dawn. Beside the pillorv issue of 198f , we shall to five metres, underground. is a rattan-woven dressing case publish "Humour in China" once a month. The column Included in the exhibition with a comb, a powder bag and "The Land & People'' will was China's earliest and best- a bronze mirror. She was wear- be cr-:continued. - Ed. preserved corpse, unearthed in ing a necklace of translucent Hami Prefecture in 1978. It was glass beads and a copper ring the body of a young woman with plum blossom designs on who is thought to have died in her right index finger. mumnles i,.'r:ich were embalm- her 20s some 3,200 years ago Nearby in the exhibition hall ed or i:ea::: r'.-ith preservatives, when Xinjiang was in the later were two women dating back -\ rese:::l^. at the Xin- period of primitive clan society. 1,300 years. Their clothes show ,::'oup ji.ang )Iei:c.- C-,Ilege studied a This estimate is based on a car- that the-'* were ordinary people. middle-agec ie=.ale corpse over bon 14 dating of the casket. Their faces were covered with 1,000 years oli v,'^:n blood type silk. as was required by the The woman's brownish yellow "A." The rvhole ccrpse was burial custom of Xinjiang at hair is curled and plaited. Her dried and only some rnuscles on that time, The silk is now glued skin has turned a brownish the inside of the lefr thigh re- to the skin. black, but the nails and muscles tained a degree of elasticitl' X- are fairly well preserved. The exhibition also featured ray revealed a large amount of The tomb of a senior general. a reconsiructed full-size model gas of unknown properties who died in 633 A.D. at the age of a t;-pical tomb of the Tang within the brain pan, analysis of of 50, reveaLed much about his D5-nastv rvith a sloping pas- which showed to have a fairly Iife and family history. From a sage. small courtyard, ante- high content of oxygen, purer sandstone tomb tablet found in chamber. main room and side than the present city air of Turpan in 1973, it was learnt chambers. Urumqi. A silver Persian coin that General Zhang Xiong was The Xinjiang corpses were was found at the back of her the highest military commander dried out natr-rralIy, and they mouth. Placed there at buriai, of the border state of Gaochang. weighed from one-fifth to one- it is of the Sassanid Dynasty and which was conquered by the fourth of their original weights, bears a design of an altar wiih Tang Dynasty (618-907) and They differ from Egyptian rising flames flanked by priests. turned into an administrative region in 640. Archaeologists estimated that Zhang Xiong was 1.80 metres An Updoted Textbook for Students of Chinese tall. His muscular body was positioned as if he were astride ELEMENTARY CHINESE READERS a horse, a result of his long mi1- itary career. His face is square This is o 4-vo ume series specioily prepored for {oreigners leorning and has a calm expression. The the Chinese longuoge. Edited by the Beijing Longuoges lnstitute, greying hair, eyebrows and this series tokes into occount the specific requirements of foreign students who wish to leorn Chinese for everydoy use. Eoch lesson beard can still be discerned. contoins ex6rcises oimed ot helping the students reinforce whot they A husband and wife buried hove leornt. The moteriol furnishes concise explonotions of Chinese grommor ond expressions, supplemented by drills in speech ond writing. together in a poplar coffin in Io further oid the students, oll simplified chorocters ore occomponied by the Taklimakan Desert in their originol forms, After completing these four volumes, students will hove mostered bosic potterns common southern 1,800 the sentence ond obout 1,600 Xinjiang about expressions in modern Chinese. years ago have yielded informa- The two occomponying penmonship books which begin with the tion on the aspirations and dress bosic strokes will help students develop colligrophic skills in o com- of that time. The man was wear- porotively short period. The series olso includes cossette topes using ing a silk robe decorated with the stondord Beijing pronunciotion. designs that symbolize "eternal Published by FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS, Beijins, Chino happiness, longevity and nu- Distributed by GUOJI SHUDIAN (Chino Publicotions Centre), merous descendants." A bow P.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino and a quiver of arrows are by his side. The woman's head

28 Beijing Reuieus, No. I Books Head of the Organization De- partment of the Party Central Committee, Secretary of the Mil- Historicol Documents won tremendous victory and the itary Commission of the Party Kuomintang Right wing was Central Committee, Secretary of Ot the Chinese stepping up its counter-rev- the Central Bureau of the C.P.C. Revolution Central Committee in the Cen- tral Soviet Area and Vice- Selected \fritings of Zhou En- -,.-:- Chairman of the Revolutionary lai I in Chinese) Military Commission of the 16 conditions under which he People's Publish- Pub'.,s':,-d by waged hard struggles on many ing itoLLse, fronts were extremely com- Distric'."ted by Xinhua Book- plicated, and he wrote much on store Party building, the guan (de work in Renntir.bi.3.80 lure), White (Kuomintang-controlled) 1.10 yuan (paperback). areas and building the Red Na:ionwide distribution of Army and the revolutionary Selected Writings of Zhou Enlai ,.1',.i base areas. E1even of these (Vol I) compiled by the Editori- articles are included in this aI Committee for Documents olutionarv acti\rities. Zhou En- volume. under the C.P.C. Central Com- lai was ti:en a Member of "Thoroughly Eliminating All mittee began on New Year's the StanC::g Committee of Non-Proletarian Ideology in the D"y. This volume includes 60 the CPC Guangdong-Guangxi Party," written in November of Zhou Enlai's important writ- Cornrci: -e : and concurrently 1928, is an important document ings during the period of the de- ch-e: ,: :-. military affairs history Chinese new-democratic revolution in the of the pa:.:::-::: He not only expound- Communist Party which sums the years from the First Rer-cl:-- ec ::-. 'ac:-cal line of the Com- up Party building experience tionary Civil \\'ar' (192i-l ,' :: n:u:::s: Par:f in f orming a after the founding of the Party. the eve of the rc *::i-:= : ':-r. r,::::ec iront during that period People's Repuc--c ::. i -tr19 T:.:1' ar:i ccunlered the attacks by "A Letter of Instruction of have been comp:^.d -r. rtt t - :::e K'-lcnrrtang Right wing but the Party Central Committee to logical order; 40 haci :.eve: cc::. also res:sted the capitulationist the Front Committee of the published before. tendsncv inside the Communist Fourth Red Army," drafted by Zhou Enlai was one of the Par:r' represented by Chen Chen Yi (then Secretary of the outstanding leaders of the Com- Dux:u The second, "Send Military Commission of the munist Party of China. His Troops Immediately to Fight Fourth Red Army) on behalf of writings not only record his Chiang Kai-shek," was a mem- the Party Central Committee in revolutionary feats but also orandum to the Party Cen- accordance with Zhou Enlai's mirror his brilliance. splendid tral Committee written by talks on many occasions and the qualities and fine style of work Zhou Enlai and signed by him guidelines of the Party Central as great a Marxist and a pro- and several others after Chiang Committee's meetings, was ap- Ietarian revolutionary. These Kai-shek launched the counter- proved and finalized by Zhou writings profoundly sum up the revolutionary coup d'etat in Enlai. After analysing the polit- experience of the Chinese rev- Shanghai in April 1927. Stay- ical situation in 1929, it points olution by applying the Marx- ing in Shanghai at that time, out that because of China's ist theory to solve a series of Zhou Enlai u,as Secretary of the economic foundation, the Chi- important questions. Military Commission of the nese revolution is characterized Volume I includes two articles Party Central Committee and by first organizing the Red written in the First Revolution- concurrently Secretary of the Army in the rural areas and ary Civil War period. The first, Military Commission of the then seizing political power in "We, Who Are Amid the Present C.P.C. Jiangsu-Zhejiang Com- the cities. It also sums up the Political Struggle," was written mittee. experience of the Red Army and at the historical juncture in the During the period of the Sec- explains its fundamental task winter of 1926 when the War ond Revolutionary Civil War and the many problems that of Northern Expedition had (1927-37). Zhou Enlai was the emerged in its development.

January 5, 1981 29 "Telegrams About the Smash- guiding the building of Party gress'" and "Negotiations in ing of the Fourth 'Encirclement organizations in all of the White the Past Year and Their Fu- and Suppression' Campaign" areas. fq1s" analyse the characteris- contains eight telegrams from "How to Be a Good Leader" tics of- the different stages in Zhou Enlai to the Party Central was an outline of a report made the negotiations, expound the Committee and the Central by Zhou Enlai in 1943 to the stand of the Communist Party Bureau of the C.P.C. Central cadres of the Southern Bureau of China and expose Chiang Committee in the Soviet Area, of the Party Central Committee. Kai-shek's moves to undermine and an order signed jointly by It puts forward an overall re- agreements reached in peace Zhou Enlai and Zhu De (then quirement for the leading cadres negotiations. Commander-in-Chief of the Chi- of the Party at all levels, which "Learn From Mao Zedong" is nese Workers' and Peasants' Red still plays an important guiding an excerpt from a report made Army) in 1933. Zhou Enlai was role today. by Zhou Enlai in May 1949 at then directing the battle against The volume also includes the First A]I-China Youth Con- Kuomintang troops at the Zhou Enlai's articles summing gress. He pointed out that Com- frontline in the Jiangxi Central irp the experience of the pre- rade Mao Zedong was a leader Soviet Area. At the time, Mao vious revolutionary period. The who emerged from among the Zedong had been forced out most important ones are "Re- ordinary people amidst a pro- of the Red Army by leaders of lationships Between the Com- longed revolutionary movement. the "Left" opportunists. These munist Party and the Kuomin- He should not be regarded qs a telegrams put forward the prin- tang From 1924 to 1926." "The unique. mysterious, born leader eiple of concentrating a superior Study of the Party's Sixth from rlhom people could hardly force to annihilate the enemy Congress" and "On the United learn. nor rvas he an isolated piecemeal in mobile warfare. It Front." lord. He noted that Mao Zedong was under the command of Zhu Revolutionary The Third Thought had experidncbd a his- De and Zhou Enlai that the Civil War period started in torical development. fourth campaign against 'fencir- August !1945 foliowing the con- clement and suppression" was clusion of the war against Other articles in the volume ,the victorious. Japane-se aggression and ended include those on work in During the War of Resistance in October 1949 when the Peo- Kuomintang-controlled areas! Against Japan (1937-45), Zhou ple's Republic was founded. In land reform and literature and Enlai, as the representative of August 1945, Zhou Enlai ac- art work. the Party Central Committee companied Mao Zedong to The publication of the Select- and Secretary of the Southern Chongqing for negotiations with' ed Writings of Zhou Enlai (Yol. Bureau of the Party Central the Kuomintang. Later^ he led I) is a great event for the Chi- Committee, did united front the delegation of the Communist nese Communist Party and the work and led the Communist Party to continue the tit-for-tat Chinese people, for doing prop- Party struggle in Kuomintang- struggle against the U.S. and aganda and theoretical work controlled areas. The volume Chiang Kai-shek reactionaries on Marxism-Leninism in China. includes 15 articles he wrote in Chongqing and Nanjing. He It will be of very great helP to during this period. returned to Yanan (seat of the studying Marxism-Leninism- " Ihe Crisis in the Present Communist Party Central Com- Mao Zedong Thought as well Anti-Japanese War and the Task mittee) in November 1946 and as the history of the Chi- of Persevering in the Struggle took part in leading the War of nese revolution. and to learning in North China" was a weli- Liberation in the following and inheriting the theoretical known speech delivered by Zhou years. Thirty-two articles dur- legacy of the proletarian Enlai at a mass meeting in ing this period are included in revolutionaries of the older Shanxi Province's Linf en in this volume. generation so as to promote the November 1937. It was very in- A record of the history of modernization drive in socialist fluential in mobilizing the peo- fighting against the Kuomintang China. ple of north China to persist in reactionaries at the negotiation This volume has already been the struggle in the enemy's rear table, the three articles "A translated into Japanese and is area. Talk About the Second Plenary- now being translated into "Building a Strong, Militant Session of the Kuomintang English. French, Spanish and Party Organization in South- Central Committee," (rA Russian. These editions will be rvest China." written in 1942. Solemn Statement on the published and distributed has universal significance in Kuomintang's 'NationaI Con- gradually beginning May 1981.

304 Ber.jing Reoieus, No. 7 1' ?qr,rurn ?o 06n4d

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