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The Messier Catalog

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The Messier Catalog THE MESSIER CATALOG G. Iafrate, M. Ramella INAF - Astronomical Observatory of Trieste Information and contacts: http://vo-for-education.oats.inaf.it - [email protected] Within this use case you meet representatives of the most interesting categories of celestial objects. From stellar clusters to galaxies. All objects are from the Messier catalog that includes some of the most viewed objects of the deep sky. If used in the classroom this use case is basic and needs only modest supervision from teachers. Pupils will be able to explore the Messier catalog on their own and extend their exploration to the PR images of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. 1 Introduction Following this use case you will explore some of the most representative objects Most objects visible in the sky by naked of the Messier catalog. You will retrieve eye are stars, i.e. point sources. It is and visualize them with Aladin and enough to watch the sky with an amateur Stellarium, an application that will let you instrument to discover that there are also check where to look for objects visible luminous extended sources displaying from your location. quite a variety of different shapes. In 1781, the French astronomer Charles Messier published the first catalog of 103 2 The Messier catalog extended, or “nebular”, objects. Seven more objects entered the catalog after its The Messier catalog has been the first publication. astronomical catalog of celestial objects The 110 objects contained in the still different from stars. It has been edited by popular Messier catalog are the most the French astronomer Charles Messier, easily observable among all deep sky with the original name of Catalogs del objects. In fact, if you live under a very Nèbuleuses et des Amas d’Etoiles, and dark sky, you can see some of them even published in 1774. by naked eye. Messier was searching for comets, as Messier objects are a mixed population many other astronomers of the same that includes galaxies, gas clouds (or period. A comet appears, observed nebulae) and star clusters. through a telescope, like a faint nebular object very similar to a galaxy, a nebula Our project depends on your support. If you found our material useful, we kindly ask you to acknowledge it in your publications, or to write us an email ([email protected]), or like it on our Facebook page (www.facebook.com/VOedu). Thanks! or a star cluster. Messier filled out his the constellations and simulate catalog in order to be able to easily astronomical phenomena such as meteor distinguish between a new comet and the showers and solar or lunar eclipses. other similar objects fixed in the sky. Stellarium may be used as an educational The Messier catalog includes galaxies, tool for kids of all ages, as an nebulae, open and globular star clusters observational aid for amateur and supernova remnants. astronomers wishing to plan an observing night, or simply to explore the sky (it is fun!). Stellarium shows a realistic sky, 3 Aladin very close to what you see with naked eye, binoculars or telescope. Stellarium Aladin is an interactive sky atlas gives astronomical data (coordinates, developed and maintained by the Centre magnitude, distance, etc.) of most of the de Donnèes astronomiques de celestial objects visualized on the screen. Strasbourg (CDS) for the identification of You can freely download Stellarium from astronomical sources through visual our site http://vo-for-education.oats.inaf.it analysis of reference sky images. It is or from http://www.stellarium.org. available for download here: https://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/java/Aladin9.0.jar. Aladin allows the user to visualize 5 Supernova remnants digitized images of any part of the sky, to superimpose entries from the CDS Start Aladin and enter “M1” in the location astronomical catalogs and tables, and to field. The Aladin main window shows the interactively access related data and allsky map centred on the M1 supernova information from various data servers remnant, also called the “Crab Nebula”. (like SIMBAD, NED, VizieR). In this A supernova remnant is the material left usecase we use Aladin in the by the huge explosion of a supernova. A undergraduate mode: start Aladin and supernova is a big, bright and hot star switch to the undergraduate mode from that collapses and then explodes the menu: expelling most of its matter having consumed its nuclear fuel at the end of its edit -> user preferences -> profile -> life-cycle. undergraduate. M1 is one of the most famous supernova remnants and the first object catalogued Restart Aladin in order to validate the new by Messier (M stands for Messier and 1 is configuration. for object #1). 4 Stellarium Stellarium is a free software that transforms a home computer in a planetarium. It calculates the positions of Sun and Moon, planets and stars, and draws the sky how it would be seen from an observer anywhere on the Earth and at any epoch. Stellarium can also draw Our project depends on your support. If you found our material useful, we kindly ask you to acknowledge it in your publications, or to write us an email ([email protected]), or like it on our Facebook page (www.facebook.com/VOedu). Thanks! Fig. 1: Image of the Crab Nebula M1. Fig. 2: Image of the globular cluster M13. In visible light, the Crab Nebula consists A globular star cluster is a system of of a oval-shaped mass of filaments that hundreds of thousands of stars bound by are the remnants of the progenitor star's gravity. Globular clusters are among the outer gas layers (fig. 1). At the centre of oldest objects in the Galaxy with ages in the nebula lies the exotic neutron star excess of 10 billion years, they orbit called Crab Pulsar, a very small, around the centre of our Galaxy as extremely dense and fast rotating star satellites forming a halo. Globular clusters made of tightly packed neutrons. The have been used as probes to determine Crab Pulsar emits pulses of radiation the structure of the Milky Way. We know from gamma rays to radio waves. more than 150 globular star clusters M1 is an historical supernova. It means around the Milky Way, plus perhaps other that we have historical records of its to be discovered. appearance: in 1054DC both Chinese M13 is located in the constellation of and Arab astronomers recorded the Hercules, and is sometimes called the position of a new star, bright enough to Great Globular Cluster in Hercules. It be seen in the daytime. The Crab Nebula, counts more than 300.000 stars and can observed by Messier exactly in the be seen by naked eye under a dark sky. position recorded by Chinese M13 was discovered by Edmund Halley in astronomers, became the first 1714 and then catalogued by Charles astronomical object to be connected to a Messier. supernova explosion. 7 Open clusters 6 Globular clusters Enter “M45” in the location field. The Enter “M13” in the location field. The Aladin main window shows the allsky Aladin main window centres on the M13 map centred on the Pleiades open globular cluster. cluster. Adjust the zoom level (reduce it) up to see a field of at least 1,5°x1,5°. Our project depends on your support. If you found our material useful, we kindly ask you to acknowledge it in your publications, or to write us an email ([email protected]), or like it on our Facebook page (www.facebook.com/VOedu). Thanks! An open cluster contains up to a few 8 Planetary nebulae thousands stars, all of them formed at the same time from the same molecular gas Enter “M27” in the location field. The Aladin main window shows the allsky map centred on the M27 planetary nebula, known as the “Dumbbell Nebula”. A planetary nebula is an astronomical object that appears, if observed at low magnification, nebular and disk shaped. Due to the aspect vaguely similar to that of a planet, the astronomer William Herschel introduced in 1785 the name “planetary nebula”. Fig. 3: Image of the Pleiades open cluster (M45). and in fact open clusters lose rather easily their stars with time. Our Sun may have been once in an open cluster. Open star clusters are relatively young objects, they are at most a few hundred million years old, and are composed by bright and hot stars. Because the stars of an open star cluster have the same age and the same Fig. 4: Image of the planetary nebula M27. chemical composition, differences Today we know that a planetary nebula is between them are only due to their mass. not related to planets. It originates from This fact makes open star clusters very the last steps of the life-cycle of a star, important to understand stellar evolution. when the star ejects its outer layers. In the Milky Way astronomers have While the nucleus contracts in a white observed more than 1000 open clusters. dwarf, the ejected gas creates a gas The best known and easiest to recognize cloud expanding around it at high is M45 (the Pleiades open cluster), which velocity. is easily observable by naked eye. Also our Sun, according to the last Ancient people used the Pleiades open theories on stellar evolution, will end its cluster as a sight test: people able to life-cycle creating a planetary nebula. distinguish the seventh dimmer star by Planetary nebulae are not visible by naked eye have a good sight. naked eye, Charles Messier was the first to discover them. Our project depends on your support. If you found our material useful, we kindly ask you to acknowledge it in your publications, or to write us an email ([email protected]), or like it on our Facebook page (www.facebook.com/VOedu).
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