Features of the Development of the Physical Culture and Sports Movement in the Far East in 1920-1940S Years (Pre-War) of Xx Century

Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 13, 2020

FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORTS MOVEMENT IN THE FAR EAST IN 1920-1940S YEARS (PRE-WAR) OF XX CENTURY

1Sergey A. Kasintsev, 2Inna V. Pchela, 3Alexander V. Kostenko, 4Irina S. Kalnibolanchuk, 5Dmitry A. Rybel, 6Evgeny V. Kharchenko

Far Eastern Federal University, Russky Island, Ajax village. 10, Vladivostok 690922, Russia

Received: 15.04.2020 Revised: 10.05.2020 Accepted: 06.06.2020

Abstract The article examines the regional features of the development of the physical culture and sports movement in the Far East in 1920- 1940 (pre-war) years of the XX century. The role of Vsevobuch in the creation of the first physical culture clubs and the organization of sports competitions is noted. The main work on physical culture and sports at enterprises, establishments, schools, secondary educational institutions was carried out by physical culture groups and sports organizations. During this period, district, city and regional sports festivals were held. Sports festivals and championships of voluntary sports societies were organized, in which many athletes participated.

Key words: Far East, physical culture and sports movement, sports competitions, sports festivals, sports societies, military sports work.

INTRODUCTION In the fall of 1920, Chita became the capital of the Far Eastern The relevance of the study of physical culture and sports Republic (FER). The administrative structures for the physical movement in the Far East in the 1920-1940s of the XX century and military-physical education of the population, the means is conditioned by the lack of its comprehensive analysis. The and methods of physical education that existed at that time in state of the national economy in the pre-war and wartime, the the RSFSR were transferred to the FER. Physical culture and activities of the education, the historical aspect of military sports works were in charge of the General Directorate of operations in the Far East have been sufficiently studied. The Vsevobuch of the Far Eastern Republic. The first Komsomol and need to study the physical culture and sports movement in the trade-union physical culture clubs and cells were formed. In Far East during this period is associated with the expediency of 1922, the Council of Physical Culture was created in Chita - a using positive experience to improve physical culture and public body, which included representatives of trade unions, sports in the region at the present time. Innovations in the the Komsomol, the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far physical culture movement of the country were perceived by Eastern Republic, and Vsevobuch. I. Malkov was elected as its the population with great enthusiasm, and the assigned tasks in first chairman. In 1921, a physical culture festival was held in many cases were successfully implemented. Chita, which included competitions in athletics, gymnastics and Introducing physical culture and sports into the life of the football. people, the Soviet state pursued two goals: functional - Physical culture in the Far East in the early 1920s received a preparing the population, especially young people, for labor certain development and, possibly, in terms of the level of mass, and defense of the country, and political and ideological - using it was higher than the pre-revolutionary one. In 1922 the civil physical culture and sports to strengthen a new social system war in Primorye ended. The restoration of industry, agriculture and form a new worldview on the appropriate theoretical basis. and transport, which were destroyed by the five-year war with Physical qualities and sports skills as sports achievements were the white guards and interventionists, began. New sports practiced as a direct national property, physical culture and organizations had not yet been created and all work on physical sports were considered as the duty of citizens, their national culture and sports at that time was carried out by Vsevobuch. In duty. 1923, it held pre-conscription training classes, several basketball competitions. Since 1924, sports festivals began to RESULTS AND DISCUSSION be held - Primorsky and Far Eastern. Primorsky athletes were During the change of power in 1917-1920, there was a clear the strongest at the I Far Eastern Spartakiad, held in decline in the sports movement in the Far East, explained by the Khabarovsk [1]. At the beginning of 1925, a branch of the sports difficulties of the transition period. community "Dynamo" was created in Primorye, which developed an active work on organizing a sports base and physical culture clubs.

Table 1 The best results shown by primorsky athletes in 1924 at the I provincial Spartakiad Sport Last name City Result Note Men 100 metres Vladivostok 12,1 400 metres Stoyanovskiy Vladivostok 57,4 1500 metres Stoyanovskiy Vladivostok 4:56,5 Far East record High jump Stromberg Nikolsk-Ussuriysky 155 cm Far East record Long jump Nikolsk-Ussuriysky 5,33 m Far East record Triple jump Stromberg Nikolsk-Ussuriysky 10,70 m Far East record Pole vault Anapolsky Nikolsk-Ussuriysky 2,60 Far East record Shot put Kochkin Nikolsk-Ussuriysky 10,00 m Javelin throw Tarasenko Vladivostok 38,06 m Discus throw Kochkin Nikolsk-Ussuriysky 28,33 m

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Decathlon Stromberg Nikolsk-Ussuriysky 41.83 p Far East record Relay race Sheglyug, Stromberg, Nikolsk-Ussuriysky 4:44,8 Kochkin, Anapolsky

The table is compiled according to [1] 1937, it was planned to organize 558 new physical culture Winter sports were widely developed in Khabarovsk in 1926: groups at enterprises, transport and educational institutions cross-country skiing, friendly hockey matches, mass trials at the and 480 physical culture groups on collective farms [7]. Amur Flotilla along the Khabarovsk-Blagoveshchensk route - the first difficulty-ski run in the USSR [2]. Primorye is a border region, an outpost of the country in the Far East. And, of course, applied and paramilitary sports were It should be noted that the physical culture movement in the Far developed here in the 30s. There were no physical education East in the 20s faced great difficulties, which were associated groups without the shooting sports section. with the poor equipment of the material sports base. The lack of qualified specialists was also acutely felt in the region. These Physical culture and sports in the country in the 40s entered a years can be called the time of formation of physical culture and period of rapid rise in mass and the growth of sports sports in the Far East. achievements. In the Far East, residents were actively involved in sports. In January 1940, in Vladivostok, during the school At the turn of the 1930s, the Soviet state entered a period of holidays at the skating rink of the sports society “Sudostroitel”, economic modernization and the creation of the foundations of the city committee for physical culture and sports held a socialist society. At that time, radical transformations were children's ice-skating competitions. Ryzhov, a student at school carried out in many spheres of social life, it was finished with No. 9, won in the 100- and 250-meters race in the boys' group technical, economic, and cultural backwardness. And at the (100 meters - 13.6 seconds; 250 meters - 36.1 seconds). In the same time, the authoritarian regime that was taking shape in group of girls, the 100 m distance was won by Tsvetova - society, the command-administrative system of government student at school № 18 [8]. fettered the creative initiative of the masses. In 1930, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR In Khabarovsk, in early February 1940, regional skiers' adopted a resolution “On the establishment of the All-Union competitions were held along the paramilitary distances of the Council of Physical Culture”. Physical education was introduced RLD complex (5 km - women, 10 km - men). Immediately from as a compulsory subject in higher education institutions. Thus, the start, the participants walked 500 meters in gas masks, then a certain increase in the mass character of the physical culture on the last kilometer, without taking off their skis, they movement was ensured. overcame a hedge of one-meter height for men and 0.8 meters for women. Then three hand grenades were to be thrown. At the beginning of the 30s, a decision was made in the country Moisev from club «Dinamo» showed an excellent result at a 10- to switch from a club-territorial structure of physical culture kilometer distance - 41 minutes 19 seconds. Among the women, organizations to a production one. Instead of physical education his team-mate Druzhina excelled. The athletes of the 2nd clubs, the physical culture collectives at enterprises, Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army won the overall team establishments and educational institutions were recognized as competition. [3] the primary physical education organizations. In the Primorsky Territory, in the 40s, serious attention was An important stage for the comprehensive physical training of paid to the development of rural sports. In mid-September the population was the RLD complex (Ready for Labour and 1940, a regional collective farm sports festival was held in Defense). The schoolchildren underwent preparation for Vladivostok, in which representatives of 10 districts of the passing the RLD standards in the Far East in physical education region took part. During the competition, 12 regional collective lessons, in sports clubs, in sports societies. In 1932, in farm records were set [9]. In October 1940, 2,772 athletes took Khabarovsk only, more than 5000 people received the RLD part in the mass cross race named after Voroshilov at the badges [3]. With each season, the geography of Far Eastern stadium of the Pacific Fleet in Vladivostok. 1950 athletes took sports expanded, all new sports became popular among part in the 1000 m race [10]. athletes. In January 1936 in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky there was a winter sports festival for children, and the first training However, there were certain difficulties in the development of springboard for ski jumping was commissioned at the stadium mass sports (especially in the preparation of RLD badge named after Menzhinsky in Khabarovsk. In February of the holders) in the Primorsky Territory. In Artem for 8 months of same year the city jamborees of Voroshilov Sharpshooters took 1940, no badge holders were prepared. In Voroshilov in 1940 place in Vladivostok, Nikolsk-Ussuriysky, Khabarovsk, there were voluntary sports associations "Dynamo", "Spartak", Blagoveshchenksk, Komsomolsk [4]. During 1935 in the Far "Lokomotiv", "Burevestnik", "Medic", "Molniya", "Uchitel", Eastern Territory, 95063 badges of the 1st stage of the RLD "Voskhod". There were city and regional committees for were issued [5]. physical culture and sports. But the listed sports societies did not fulfill the main role - the mass involvement of workers in the However, there were many shortcomings and mistakes in the physical culture movement [11]. work on physical education in the Far East. A major drawback was the significant lag of the leadership of the regional council In 1941, the traditional winter and summer trade union- of physical culture (executive secretary Medyakov) and the Komsomol crosses were held in the Far East. In February 1941, bureau of physical education of the regional trade union in Blagoveshchensk, over 600 people took to the start of ski (chairman Lebedev) from the rapidly developing physical cross. The best results were achieved by the famous skier culture movement in the Far Eastern region. As a result, Letkov. He covered the 10 km distance in 44 minutes 17 physical culture groups spontaneously emerging on the ground seconds. A team of girls led by Korn covered the first distance often did not know what to do (they were disorganized, not of 15 km. Most of the participants of the cross passed the RLD strengthened in right way). The lack of leadership led to the fact ski standards [12]. that many such groups fell apart. Examples: groups at the plant At the beginning of April 1941, the youth of Bikin joined the All- named after Ordzhonikidze in Khabarovsk, at the Milling Union gymnastic competitions, 2,400 boys and girls were grinding plant and at the Soviet farm “Partisan” in the Amur united in 240 teams, 724 participants passed the RLD standards Oblast [5]. in gymnastics. The competitions were especially good at Bikin The All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports factory-and-workshop school, at the collective farm provided great assistance to the Far Eastern Territory, it sent "Proletarka", in the fishing artel "Collective Labor". In 22 physical education instructors from the graduates of Komsomolsk, more than 1400 people took part in gymnastics SCOLIPE and SOLIPC named after P.F. Lesgaft. in 1936 [6]. In competitions [13].

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By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the Far East, as well as throughout the country, there was an increase in the physical culture movement. The war for four years, if not suspended the development of physical culture and sports in the region, then, of course, significantly reduced the pace of their development. In contrast to the western regions, which were engulfed in war, in the Far East physical culture and sports gradually developed albeit slowly.

CONCLUSIONS Thus, the data noted in the article indicate a stable process of development of physical culture and sports in the Far East in the specified period. The physical culture and sports movement in the Far East in 1920-1940 was an integral part of the general physical culture movement in the country, which was influenced by the development of production forces and the social significance of physical education. In the conditions of the development of the Far Eastern region, the state and authorities were forced to deal with the problems of preserving and strengthening the health of the population, to develop new forms of establishing a healthy lifestyle, physical culture and sports activity.

REFERENCES: 1. Salanin I.V. (1974), Today and yesterday. From the history of Primorsky sport, Far East Publisher, Vladivostok. 2. Lysunets V.A. The historical aspect of the development of physical culture and sports in the Khabarovsk Territory in the 20-30s. Proc. 8th scientific conference of young scientists of the Far East. Khabarovsk, 2005, pp. 112 – 115. 3. Ed. Ilyukhov A., and Khokhlov E. (1980). Amur starts: Khabarovsk sport - yesterday, today, tomorrow. Khabarovsk. 4. “Ready for Labor and Defense.” Red Banner, 7 March 1936, p. 4. 5. Treskovsky Z. “Physical culture in the Far East.” Red Sport, 13 February 1936, p. 2 6. Yudintsev S. “Sports history of the Far East.” Sports newspaper of the APA, 2001, No. 1., pp. 8-9. 7. “For the mass character of the physical culture movement in the Far Eastern Higher School of Education.” Pacific Star, 22 November 1936, p. 4. 8. “The results of children's competitions.” Red Banner, 16 Jan 1940, p. 4. 9. “Regional collective-farm sports festival.” Red Banner, 15 October 1940, p. 4. 10. “Mass cross race named after K. E. Voroshilov.” Red Banner, 18 October 1940, p. 4. 11. Pokrovenko M. “Party organization and physical culture.” Red Banner, 10 December 1940, p. 4. 12. “Komsomolsk ski cross” Pacific Star, 5 Feb 1941, p. 4. 13. “All-Union gymnastic competitions” Pacific Star, 13 April 1941, p. 4.

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