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Das Karolingerzeitliche Hügelgräberfeld Von Wimm

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Das Karolingerzeitliche Hügelgräberfeld Von Wimm Arheološki vestnikDas karolingerzeitliche(Arh. vest.) 56, 2005, Hügelgräberfeld str. 391-433 von Wimm, MG Maria Taferl, VB Melk, Niederösterreich 391 Das karolingerzeitliche Hügelgräberfeld von Wimm, MG Maria Taferl, VB Melk, Niederösterreich Untersuchungen zur Problematik frühmittelalterlicher Bestattungssitten im niederösterreichischen Donauraum Wolfgang BREIBERT Izvleček Abstract Karolinškodobno gomilno grobišče Wimm leži v Avstriji, The Carolingian tumulus cemetery at Wimm is situated in zvezni deželi Spodnji Avstriji, v bližini poznanega romarskega Austria, in the federal province of Lower Austria. It lies in the središča Maria Taferl, v okraju Melk, na ledini ”Hurd” v Wald- vicinity of the well-known place of pilgrimage Maria Taferl, in viertlu, na delu višavja iz granita in gnajsa. Načrtno ga je ra- the Melk district, on the ”Hurd” field in Waldviertel, in the ziskoval H. Friesinger v obdobju od 1973 do 1978. Dokumen- granite and gneiss highland. H. Friesinger carried out system- tirali so 55 gomil z 79 pokopi. Vsi grobovi, brez izjeme, so atic excavations at the site between 1973 and 1978. 55 tumuli okostni. V gradivu se združujejo poznoavarske in zgodnjekaro- with 79 burials were documented. Without exception, all of linške prvine. Avtor si je prizadeval, da na njegovo kronološko the burials were inhumation graves. The material goods incor- analizo najdb ne bi vplivala zgodovinska prelomnica, kot jo porate Late Avar and Early Carolingian elements. The author kažejo pisni viri z avarskimi vojnami in njihovimi posledicami strove not to let the historical turning point, which written po letu 800. Upošteval je možnost, ki jo nudijo najdbe, da je sources ascribe to the Avar wars and consequences thereof njihov mešani poznoavarski in zgodnjekarolinški horizont mogoče after the year 800, influence the chronological analysis of material datirati v celotno 8. stoletje. Nadalje je raziskal možnost et- finds. He allowed for the possibility presented by the material ničnega vrednotenja gradiva. S tem je povezano vprašanje et- finds, that the mixed inventory of Late Avar and Early Carol- ničnih in kulturnih razmer, pogrebnih običajev in obredov v ingian horizon might also be dated to the entire 8th century. zgodnjekarolinškem obdobju oziroma v poznoavarskem času v He further researched the possibility of ethnic evaluation of spodnjeavstrijskem Podonavju. the inventory. This leads to issues regarding ethnic and cultur- al circumstances, funerary rites and customs during the Early Ključne besede: Avstrija, spodnjeavstrijsko Podonavje, zgodnji Carolingian period and the Late Avar period in the Lower Austrian srednji vek, gomilni grobovi, datiranje, etnije Danube region. Keywords: Wimm, Austria, early Middle Ages, cemetery, skeleton graves, grave architecture, tools, weapons, attire, pottery Abb. 1: Wimm, frühmittelalterliches Hügelgräberfeld. Sl. 1: Wimm, zgodnjesrednjeveško gomilno grobišče. 392 Wolfgang BREIBERT 1. Der Naturraum ........................................................................................................................................ 392 2. Fundgeschichte ........................................................................................................................................ 392 3. Die Gräber ................................................................................................................................................ 393 3.1 Hügelgräber ........................................................................................................................................ 393 3.2 Flachgräber ........................................................................................................................................ 393 3.3 Steinpackungen und Steineinbauten ........................................................................................... 393 3.4 Särge und Holzeinbauten ............................................................................................................... 394 3.5 Orientierung und Körperhaltung der Bestatteten ................................................................... 394 3.6 Mehrfachbestattungen und Überlagerungen ............................................................................ 395 3.7 Horizontalstratigraphie................................................................................................................... 395 4. Das Fundmaterial ................................................................................................................................... 395 4.1 Schmuckformen ................................................................................................................................ 395 4.2 Trachtbestandteile ............................................................................................................................ 405 4.3 Waffen ................................................................................................................................................. 408 4.4 Werkzeuge und Geräte..................................................................................................................... 410 4.5 Keramik ............................................................................................................................................... 412 4.6 Bovidenschädelreste ......................................................................................................................... 413 4.7 Funde anderer Zeitstellung ............................................................................................................ 413 5. Zur Interpretation des Gräberfeldes .................................................................................................. 413 5.1 Heidentum und Christentum ......................................................................................................... 413 5.2 Wimm und das ”südböhmisch-österreichische Hügelgräbergebiet” .................................... 415 5.3 Wimm und das Problem des frühen ”slawischen Körpergräberhorizontes” .................... 418 6. Datierung .................................................................................................................................................. 422 6.1 Zur Chronologie des karolingerzeitlichen Fundstoffes im heutigen Österreich ............ 422 6.2 Das Gräberfeld Wimm und seine relative zeitliche Stellung............................................... 426 6.3 Konsequenzen ................................................................................................................................... 427 1. DER NATURRAUM nach der alten Viertelteilung von Niederösterreich ”Viertel ob(er) dem Manhartsberg”2. Geologisch Das karolingerzeitliche Hügelgräberfeld von wird das Waldviertel im wesentlichen aus den Wimm, MG Maria Taferl, p. B. Melk (ÖK 1 : 50.000, kristallinen Gesteinen der Böhmischen Masse Blatt 54 Melk, O 148 mm, N 37 mm) liegt nörd- aufgebaut3. lich der Donau im Weitener Hochland knapp vor Das Waldviertel gehört in den Bereich des dem Steilabbruch in das Donautal in der Flur ”Hurd” pannonisch geprägten Hochlandklimas, einem auf der Parzelle 133/1. Die Parzelle liegt im Bo- Montanbereich mit trocken-kontinentalem Charakter, gen der von der KG Unterthalheim zur KG Obert- hohen Tagesamplituden, starker winterlicher Ab- halheim führenden Landstraße. Das Gelände fällt kühlung, starker sommerlicher Erwärmung und sanft nach Nordosten ab. Dieser Abschnitt des ausgeprägten Trockenklemmen im Sommer an4. Donautals wird Nibelungengau genannt. Westlich Dieses Klima und die Braunerdeböden bzw. Bö- grenzen das Ybbsfeld und weiter stromaufwärts den aus alten Verwitterungsdecken ermöglichen der Strudengau an. Flussabwärts, in östlicher nur eine eingeengte landwirtschaftliche Nutzung Richtung liegt die Donaulandschaft der Wachau. und der Boden ist sehr kalkarm5. Geographisch gehört die Gegend zum nieder- österreichischen Waldviertel, das der nordwestlichste Teil Niederösterreichs ist und eine landschaftli- 2. FUNDGESCHICHTE che Einheit bildet. Im Norden wird es von der Staatsgrenze zur Tschechischen Republik begrenzt, Gemeldet wurde das Gräberfeld im Jahre 1957 im Osten vom unteren Kamptal mit dem Horner durch den Heimatforscher F. Hutter6. Das gesam- Becken und dem Manhartsberg. Die Grenze nach te Areal war zum Auffindungszeitpunkt mit Wald Süden bildet die Donau mit dem Dunkelsteiner bedeckt. Zu Beginn der Rodung im Jahre 1975 waren Wald und die Grenze nach Westen die Feldaist die Hügel im Gelände sichtbar. Die erste Probe- und die Freistädter Senke1. Diese Landschaft hieß grabung wurde 1964 von F. Hampl durchgeführt, 1 Atlas von Niederösterreich (und Wien), hrsg. von der Kommission für Raumforschung und Wiederaufbau der österreichi- schen Akademie der Wissenschaftenund dem Verein für Landeskunde von Niederösterreich und Wien. - Wien 1951-1958, Kar- tenblatt 124: Die Landschaften Niederösterreichs. 2 Rosenkranz 1925, 3. 3 Thenius 1974, 9 und Abb. 1. 4 Nestroy 1996, 4. 5 Nestroy 1996, 4. 6 Hutter 1956-1960, 151. Das karolingerzeitliche Hügelgräberfeld von Wimm, MG Maria Taferl, VB Melk, Niederösterreich 393 er öffnete die Hügel 4 und 97. Die systematischen Nachweis von Brandbestattungen gelten. Zwischen Grabungen begannen 1973, unter der Leitung von Hügel 23 und 25 wurde in einer Steinsetzung 20 H. Friesinger und H. Kerchler (Institut für Ur- und cm über dem Boden Rand- und Bodenbruchstük- Frühgeschichte der Universität Wien) wurde das ke eines Topfes angetroffen (Taf. 30: 9)11. Keine Gräberfeld
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