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La Comunicazione Politica Cinese Rivolta All'estero

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La Comunicazione Politica Cinese Rivolta All'estero Memorie del Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza dell’Università di Torino TANINA ZAPPONE La comunicazione politica cinese rivolta all’estero: dibattito interno, istituzioni e pratica discorsiva MEMORIE DEL DIPARTIMENTO DI GIURISPRUDENZA DELL’UNIVERSITÀ DI TORINO 5/2017 TANINA ZAPPONE LA COMUNICAZIONE POLITICA CINESE RIVOLTA ALL’ESTERO: dibattito interno, istituzioni e pratica discorsiva Ledizioni Opera finanziata con il contributo del Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza dell’Università di Torino Il presente volume è stato preliminarmente sottoposto a un processo di referaggio anonimo, nel rispetto dell’anonimato sia dell’Autore sia dei revisori (double blind peer review). La valutazione è stata affidata a due esperti del tema trattato, designati dal Direttore del Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza dell’Università di Torino. Entrambi i revisori hanno formulato un giudizio positivo sull’opportunità di pubblicare il presente volume. © 2017 Ledizioni LediPublishing Via Alamanni, 11 – 20141 Milano – Italy www.ledizioni.it [email protected] Tanina Zappone, La comunicazione politica cinese rivolta all’estero: dibattito interno, istituzioni e pratica discorsiva. Prima edizione: novembre 2017 ISBN 9788867056798 Progetto grafico: ufficio grafico Ledizioni Informazioni sul catalogo e sulle ristampe dell’editore: www.ledizioni.it Le riproduzioni a uso differente da quello personale potranno avvenire, per un numero di pagine non superiore al 15% del presente volume, solo a seguito di specifica autorizzazione rilasciata da Ledizioni. Indice Ringraziamenti 8 Introduzione 11 L’emergere di una nuova visione della comunicazione internazionale: il dibattito cinese su diplomazia pubblica e soft power 13 Capitolo 1 L’introduzione delle nozioni di diplomazia pubblica e soft power nel discorso strategico cinese 17 1. Gli strumenti del governo, le perplessità del mondo occidentale e l’evoluzione del ruolo degli intellettuali 24 2. Il caso del soft power 36 2.1. Riferimenti occidentali e definizioni cinesi 36 2.2. Cultura e riforme nazionali nel dibattito sul soft power 39 2.3. I problemi di traduzione 44 2.4. Le risorse del soft power cinese 52 2.5. Le critiche degli intellettuali 56 3. Il caso della diplomazia pubblica 60 3.1 Origine e definizione del concetto in Occidente 60 3.2. L’introduzione del concetto nella letteratura accademica cinese 63 3.3. Le principali definizioni cinesi 66 3.4. Definizioni contrastive di diplomazia pubblica 71 3.4.1. Diplomazia pubblica e diplomazia tradizionale 72 3.4.2. Diplomazia pubblica e propaganda 73 3.4.3. Diplomazia pubblica e altre forme di diplomazia non tradizionale 74 3.4.4. Diplomazia pubblica e minjian waijiao 76 3.5. I diversi traducenti in cinese 78 3.6 Le risorse della diplomazia pubblica cinese 90 3.7. Il diritto di critica 97 4. Comunicazione culturale e nativizzazione nei due dibattiti 99 5. La nuova visione delle comunicazione internazionale 104 Capitolo 2 Produzione e diffusione all’estero del messaggio politico internazionale cinese: istituzioni e media 109 1. Il contributo del mondo accademico 109 1.1. La concezione tradizionale della comunicazione in Cina 109 1.2 L’evoluzione degli studi di comunicazione politica nella Cina continentale 117 1.3. La guida dell’opinione pubblica 120 2. Il sistema istituzionale della propaganda esterna 126 2.1. Le origini e lo sviluppo del sistema 126 2.2. Il sistema istituzionale oggi: gli organismi al vertice 132 2.3. Il braccio amministrativo della propaganda esterna: l’Ufficio Informazione del Consiglio di Stato e l’Ufficio per la Propaganda Esterna del Partito 136 2.4. Dipartimento Centrale per la Propaganda 139 2.5. Amministrazione di Stato per la Stampa, l’Editoria, la Radio, il Cinema e la Televisione 142 2.6. Ministero della Cultura 144 2.7. Ministero degli Affari Esteri 144 2.8. Altre diramazioni del sistema 146 3. L’espansione dei media cinesi all’estero 147 3.1. L’evoluzione del mondo dei media e il loro ruolo nella propaganda esterna cinese 149 3.2. Agenzie di stampa 157 3.2.1. Nuova Cina 157 3.2.2. Cina informazioni 160 3.3. Radio Cina Internazionale 161 3.4. Le televisioni cinesi all’estero 163 3.5. La carta stampata 171 3.5.1. China Daily 172 3.5.2. Global Times 174 3.5.3. Beijing Review 174 3.5.4. China Today 175 3.5.5. Shanghai Daily 175 3.5.6. Shenzhen Daily 175 3.5.7. Guanzhou Morning Post 176 3.6. microblog Internet, di siti governo istituzionali e 176 3.7. La promozione dell’editoria cinese all’estero 184 3.8. Il rapporto tra media e governo nella prospettiva della propaganda esterna 185 Capitolo 3 Il messaggio politico cinese nella pratica comunicativa: il sistema dei portavoce 197 1. Nascita e primo sviluppo del sistema dei portavoce 197 1.1. Duemilatre: l’anno dei portavoce del governo 199 1.2. La normativa sulla pubblicità della informazione di governo 204 1.3. Le nuove frontiere del sistema: i portavoce online 207 1.4. La figura del portavoce nella manualistica 209 2. Il discorso politico cinese 213 2.2. Influenza della retorica classica 221 2.3. Evoluzione del “burocratese”: ironia, originalità e colloquialità 223 3. La comunicazione politica cinese: tra continuità e cambiamento 230 Riferimenti bibliografici 235 Riferimenti bibliografici in lingue occidentali 235 Riferimenti bibliografici in lingua cinese 258 Ringraziamenti Ringrazio il prof. Gianmaria Ajani per la disponibilità e il sostegno costanti durante tutta la realizzazione del presente studio, fin dalla sua prima idea- zione; la prof.ssa Stefania Stafutti per il grande contributo di conoscenze e materiali scientifici negli anni; il dott. Zhao Guojun per avermi guidato nella prima scelta delle fonti nel complesso mondo della letteratura in lingua ci- nese; il prof. John Mirikitani, la prof.ssa He Jiangping e il dott. Li Ren per l’aiuto fornito durante l’analisi dell’articolato universo dei media cinesi; il prof. Scarpari per l’esempio e l’incoraggiamento all’oggettività e al rigore scientifico; la prof.ssa Paderni e la prof.ssa Lavagnino per consigli e critiche stimolanti e puntuali; infine, il prof. Li Xiguang e il prof. Liu Wenke per essersi resi disponibili a incontri e interviste che hanno arricchito il lavoro di opinioni altamente qualificate. China’s greatest strategic threat today is its national im- age. The country’s most important strategic issues, chal- lenges as diverse as sustaining economic growth and the threat of Taiwanese independence, have at their root a shared connection to China’s national image (guojia xingxiang). [...]For one of the few times in its history, this famously inwardlooking nation is vulnerable to how it is seen abroad. Joshua Cooper Ramo, 2007 Introduzione Agli inizi del nuovo millennio si registra un mutamento di tendenza nella reto- rica e nell’azione politica della Repubblica Popolare Cinese. All’immagine, diffusa negli anni Novanta, di una paese economicamente e militarmente forte, intento a perseguire i propri interessi nazionali, si affianca l’ipotesi di un nuovo atteggia- mento internazionale, caratterizzato da un approccio responsabile, neoliberale e cooperativo alle questioni globali. Le importanti iniziative politiche adottate negli ultimi vent’anni, in termini di normalizzazione dei rapporti, integrazione e iniziativa nella comunità internazio- nale, insieme con i cambiamenti operati all’interno del sistema della propaganda esterna cinese (对外宣传 duiwai xuanchan), sotto il profilo istituzionale, retorico, degli obiettivi e dei modelli comunicativi, sembrano corroborare questa lettura. La comunità scientifica si è interessata a questo fenomeno per lo più in pro- spettiva politologica, mentre ha prestato relativamente scarsa attenzione agli aspet- ti prettamente comunicativi a esso inerenti, e alle loro implicazioni teoriche e istituzionali. Il presente studio si propone di colmare, almeno in parte, tale lacuna, e di ana- lizzare la comunicazione politica della Cina contemporanea nella sua dimensione internazionale, indagando i processi di formazione e distribuzione del messaggio politico, confezionato per l’uditorio straniero, e la sua applicazione nella pratica comunicativa. Il lavoro si articola in tre capitoli. Il primo capitolo esamina la prospettiva cinese sul ruolo della comunicazione nella politica estera, analizzando il dibattito sorto negli ambienti intellettuali e politici intorno all’introduzione e allo sviluppo delle nozio- ni di soft power e diplomazia pubblica. Nella diversità delle sue voci, tale dibattito suggerisce elementi di comprensione della percezione che il paese ha del proprio ruolo nello scenario internazionale e degli strumenti e degli obiettivi strategici che ne derivano. In particolare, il dibattito sulla definizione e sulla traduzione in cinese dei concetti di soft power e diplomazia pubblica fa luce sulla graduale nativizzazione delle due nozioni e dell’idea stessa di comunicazione politica internazionale. LA COMUNICAZIONE POLITICA CINESE RIVOLTA ALL’ESTERO Il secondo capitolo, dopo aver indagato l’evoluzione dalla tradizionale conce- zione di comunicazione politica attraverso una revisione della letteratura cinese, mira a descrivere sinteticamente il quadro istituzionale entro cui viene prodotto e distribuito il messaggio politico destinato all’opinione pubblica straniera. La sezio- ne considera non solo il sistema istituzionale della propaganda esterna e quello dei media cinesi all’estero, ma anche il ruolo dei nuovi media e il modo in cui questi interagiscono con il governo. Il terzo capitolo, infine, rivolge l’attenzione alla introduzione del sistema dei portavoce del governo e alla relativa pratica comunicativa.
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