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A History of the Nawuri Village of Balai 1900-2000

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A History of the Nawuri Village of Balai 1900-2000 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh UNIVERSITY OF GHANA A HISTORY OF THE NAWURI VILLAGE OF BALAI 1900-2000 BY BURUKUM ACHOR (10199545) THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MPHIL DEGREE IN AFRICAN STUDIES JULY, 2016 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I hereby declare that apart from the quotes and paraphrases, which I have duly acknowledged in this thesis, this work is from my effort carried out at the Institute of African Studies under the Supervision of Dr. Richard Asante. ….………………………. ………………………. BURUKUM ACHOR DATE (Student) ….………………………. ………………………. DR. RICHARD ASANTE DATE (Supervisor) i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my late father Kamabukong Brukum whose fatherly care and advice still reigns in memory. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First gratitude goes to God Almighty for his grace, mercies and blessings without which I would have been able to do nothing. I remain grateful to my Supervisors, Dr. Richard Asante and Prof. Irene Odotei for their comments and review in the course of supervision. Special thanks particularly go to Dr. Ntewusu Samuel Aniegye, whose presence at the Institute of African Studies has been a great blessing and a motivator to me to continue my studies even when I concluded turning down the programme of studies. Thanks to my family for your support and continual prayer. I cannot forget my friends especially Richard Awubomu, Rev. Jean-Paul Agidi and Osuman Yussif for your prayer, advice and support in diverse ways. To Mr. Wilson Laribah and Mr. Nikabou Gao Kambo, Quinton Sherlock, and Divine Yaw Amu, I say, God bless you for proofreading the thesis drafts. To my field assistants (Mr. Bakane M. D Nathaniel and Nkiane Ntayadong) who have assisted me during the data collection, I acknowledge your hard work. I am particularly grateful to my lovely wife Mrs, Achor Dzigbordi your love and care. My deepest gratitude goes to my respondents whose inputs have resulted into this thesis. May the good Lord richly bless you all for the diverse roles you have played in the success of this thesis. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TERMINOLOGIES Alfai: the name used to refer to the Nawuri Traditional Area by the migrant Gonja Ayaforli: Youth Ayaforli Eblisa: Youth leader Ewura: refers to a chief Ewureche: Female chief or women’s leader Eblisa: Elder Ekpanpu: Hunter Kakpan: Hunting Kibii: hill/mountain Ebun: River Ekaator: Boundary Ai: Home Tutukpeni: Vain hunting Misaawu: My in-law is dead Kiwareware: A special ritual food prepared by a daughter in-law before the burial of a father in-law among the Nawuris of Balai Kigbiriwura/Eseipu: Fetish Priest Kigbelebi: Chain Nawuri Traditional Area: The Nawuri Traditional Area is used in this thesis to mean land occupied and controlled by Nawuri people whose language is Kinawuri iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................... i DEDICATION .............................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................ iii TERMINOLOGIES ......................................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................ix ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. x CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................ 1 1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Statement of Problem ............................................................................................ 2 1.2 Main Objective ..................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Research questions ................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................... 3 1.5 Methodology......................................................................................................... 4 1.5.1 Research Design ............................................................................................. 4 1.5.2 Sources of Data .............................................................................................. 5 1.5.3 Primary Sources ............................................................................................. 6 1.5.4 Secondary sources .......................................................................................... 7 1.5.5 Sample Size and Technique ............................................................................ 8 1.5.6 Methods of Data Collection ............................................................................ 8 1.5.7 Instrument for Data Collection...................................................................... 10 1.5.8 Ethical Considerations .................................................................................. 11 1.6 Limitations and Delimitation of the Study ........................................................... 12 1.7 Duration of the Study .......................................................................................... 12 1.8 Organization of the Study ................................................................................... 13 v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 1.9 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................... 14 1.10 Literature Review ............................................................................................. 17 1.10.1 The origin of the Nawuri people ................................................................. 17 1.10.2 The Religious, Economic and social Life of the Nawuris ............................ 22 1.10.3 Effect of Globalization ............................................................................... 24 1.11 Relevance of previous studies ........................................................................... 28 1.12 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 28 CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................... 29 ORIGIN, MIGRATION AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF BALAI ...... 29 2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 29 2.1 The social structure of the Nawuris ..................................................................... 29 2.3 Balai in focus ...................................................................................................... 30 2.4 Indigenous Groups .............................................................................................. 34 The Anwulachina (Balai) Clan .................................................................................. 34 The Akosi (Kabiso) Clan .......................................................................................... 38 2.5 The Migrant Groups ............................................................................................ 41 Chaaga clan .............................................................................................................. 44 The Chintimai Clan .................................................................................................. 45 2.6 The Relationship between Indigenes and Migrants and the Impact of .................. 46 2.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................... 50 INDIGENOUS RELIGION AND TRADITIONAL POLITICS IN BALAI .................. 50 3.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 50 3.1 The Origins of “Kankpe” .................................................................................... 50 3.2 Linking religion to traditional politics and leadership in Balai ............................. 54 vi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 3.3 Benefits derived from the worship of Kankpe ..................................................... 55 3.4 Days of worship and taboos of the deity .............................................................. 57 3.5 Other Deities worshiped by the people of Balai ................................................... 58 3.6 Kankpe and the emergence of chiefs and chieftaincy in Nawuriland.................... 60 3.7 Aseipu (fetish priests) ......................................................................................... 61 3.8 The Chief (Ewura) .............................................................................................. 62 3.9 Balai Chieftaincy
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